ESTIMATING THE CARBONFOOTPRINT OF TOURISM

IN SOUTH TYROLMattia Cai

Consumer Behavior in Tourism Symposium – 2013

Overview

• Aim:– Quantify the greenhouse gas (GHG)

emissions associated with tourism in South Tyrol (ST)

• Methodological approach:– Input-Output (IO) analysis– Multi-regional model

1

South Tyrol and tourism

Population ≈ 505,000

2

Origin Visitors (mln, 2008)

Nights(mln, 2008)

South Tyrol 1.4 0.6Other 8.2 32.1Total 9.6 32.6

The contribution of tourism to South Tyrol’s economy

3

Direct Direct and indirect

Value added(% of total)

1,731 mln €(11.2%)

1,903 mln €(12.4%)

Employment(% of total)

– 41,300 FTE(15.3%)

Source of data: ASTAT (2012). Impatto economico del turismo. Astat Info nr. 15.

The carbon footprint of tourism

• ‘Unfortunately, there has been little attempt to measure CO2 emissions associated with individual tourism destinations’(Dwyer et al. 2010)

• Some notable exceptions:• Jones and Munday (2007), Wales• Dwyer et al. (2010), Australia• Whittlesea and Owen (2012), South West

England

4

Carbon footprints and IO models

• The use of IO models to analyze carbon footprints is well established

• Hendrickson et al. (2006)

• Minx et al. (2009)

• Applications to tourism using multiregional IO at a very local level?

5

Main practical difficulties

• No ‘tourism industry’ in official statistics.

• Very limited data availability at the subnational level.

6

Outline of presentation

• Model structure and data requirements

• Preliminary results• the estimated carbon footprint of tourism in ST

• Concluding remarks• (Current) limitations, ongoing work, potential

extensions

7

STRUCTURE AND DATA REQUIREMENTS OF THE MODEL

Money spent by tourists on different

products in ST

Multi-regionalIO model

Estimates of GHG

emission(direct and

indirect)

IO modeling and carbon footprints

9

• 59 industries (NACE rev. 1.1)

• 5 regions

Why multiple regions?

Emission factors of agriculturein Italy, 2005

10Source of data: ISTAT (2009) NAMEA: emissioni atmosferiche regionali

LiguriaCalabria

TrentoSiciliaPuglia

ToscanaCampania

BozenLazio

AbruzzoEmilia R.

MarcheBasilicata

VenetoUmbriaMolise

Friuli V.G.SardegnaPiemonte

LombardiaV. d'Aosta

(direct) tons of CO2 equivalent per mln EUR of value added

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Emission factors of energy production in Italy, 2005

11Source of data: ISTAT (2009) NAMEA: emissioni atmosferiche regionali

V. d'AostaBozenTrento

BasilicataMolise

CampaniaMarche

AbruzzoPiemonte

LombardiaEmilia R.ToscanaCalabria

LazioVenetoUmbria

SardegnaFriuli V.G.

SiciliaPugliaLiguria

(direct) kt of CO2 equivalent per mln EUR of value added

0 5 10 15 20

Regions of the model

12

South Tyrol

NortheastNorthwest

Rest of country

+ REST OF WORLD

Data requirements of the model

1. Final demand by tourists by industry

2. Interregional matrix of input coefficients

3. Regional emission factors by industry

4. Rest of the world region13

Hotels and restaurants

62%

Trade 11%

Food, beverages and

tobacco 6%

Transport and storage

5%

Agriculture 2%

Other 14%

1. Tourism demand by industry, 2010

3,460 mln €

14Source of data: ASTAT (2013), Tavola Input-Output per lAlto Adige 2010. Astat info nr. 70.

2. Interregional input coefficients

• Input coefficients estimated as:

15

Share of all i used in s that comes from r

(Laboriously estimated from Bank of Italy industry survey data)

i needed per unit of j in Italy

(from national IO table)Product i from region r needed to produce one unit of product j in region s

3. Emission factors

• 2005 emission data at regional level from ISTAT

• carbon dioxide (CO2)• methane (CH4)• nitrous oxide (N2O).

• ‘Updated’ to 2008 (base year of the model)

16

4. The rest of the world

• Assumed German technology and emission factors (WIOD data)

• Working on improved representation• more foreign regions in the model

17

PRELIMINARY RESULTS

Tourism(2010,

modeled)

All productive activities (2005,

ISTAT)Direct emissions(kt CO2e)

169 1,892

Direct emissions of ST’s tourism

19

Tourism(2010,

modeled)Direct emissions(kt CO2e)

169

Hotels and restaurants

29%

Trade 10%

Food, beverages and

tobacco 6%

Transport and storage

22%

Agriculture 23%

Other 10%

Direct emissions by industry

20

169 kt CO2e

Direct and indirect emissionsof ST’s tourism

21

Tourism(2010, modeled)

Total emissions(% direct)

1,262 kt CO2e(13.4%)

Carbon intensity 372 t CO2e/mln €of output

Emissions per visitor* 131.8 kg/visitor

Emissions per night* 38.7 kg/night

Carbon intensity of ST’s industries

22

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Comm., soc., pers. serv.

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Hotels and restaurants

Mining and quarrying

Energy, gas, water

Agriculture

Carbon emission from tour ism in ST (kt CO2e)

0 50 100

150

200

250

300

350

South TyrolNorth−eastNorth−westRest of the countryRest of the world

Carbon emissions of ST’s tourism by industry and region

23

CONCLUDING REMARKS

Some issues with the current version of the model

• Overestimating import dependence of South Tyrol?

• Results sensitive to choice of rest of the world technology

• Treatment of emissions from transport

25

Potential extensions (subject to data availability)

• Include other environmental externalities

• Carbon footprint of more narrowly defined products or types of tourism

• Easy to replicate in other parts of the countrys

26

mattia.cai@unibz.it

Familiar limitations of IO models

• Linearity

• Fixed interregional trade patterns

• Underlying data quality issues

28

Emission factors of hotels and restaurants in Italy, 2005

29

SardegnaLazioSicilia

LombardiaBozen

Friuli V.G.Liguria

ToscanaVeneto

PiemonteEmilia R.

MarcheCampania

TrentoPuglia

AbruzzoMolise

BasilicataCalabriaUmbria

V. d'Aosta

tons of CO2 equivalent per mln EUR of value added

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Source of data: ISTAT (2009) NAMEA: emissioni atmosferiche regionali