11/22/2017
1
Dr. Soliman Mohammed Soliman
Lecturer of Infectious Diseases,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University
Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia is a serious highly contagious
respiratory disease of cattle.
CBPP is characterized by chronic pneumonia and pleurisy
CBPP cause mortality rates of up to 80%.
Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 2
11/22/2017
2
Etiology
Natural hosts : Cattle (bovine and zebu), buffaloes
Mycoplasma mycoides mycoides
(bovine biotype)
- Small colony type
- Quickly inactivated in environment
Susceptibility
Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 3
Geographic distribution
CBPP is endemic in parts of Africa (Zambia, Tanzania, Botswana).
Sporadic outbreaks are also reported in the Middle East, due to importation of cattle from Africa.
The situation in Asia is uncertain, but in the past, this disease was reported in many countries.
Although CBPP reemerged in Europe in the 1980s and 1990s, it was eradicated and has not been reported since 1999.
The Western hemi-sphere remained free of the disease during the recent outbreaks
Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 4
11/22/2017
3
Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 5
Transmission
Inhalation of infected drops of coughing from
infected animalMode of infection
Introduction of carrier animal to susceptible
herd is the main cause of outbreaksMode of Transmission
The organism is present in saliva, urine, fetal membranes, uterine discharges
Indirect transmission is not important, The organism survive for a few days in the environment
Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 6
11/22/2017
4
Morbidity / Mortality
Increases with close confinement
Can reach 100% in susceptible herds
Morbidity Mortality
Ranges from 10-70%
Affected by secondary factors : Nutrition, parasitism
25% of recovered animals may become carriers
Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 7
Clinical Signs
Incubation period: 10 days to 6 months Lethargy, anorexia, fever, cough Thoracic pain, reluctance to move with increased respiratory rate Changes in posture
Neck forward Neck outstretched Legs apart Elbow abduction (Elbows turned out )
AIR GASPING AIR HUNGER
Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 8
11/22/2017
5
Clinical Signs
Congenitally infected calvesPolyarthritis
May not show signs of pneumonia
Subclinical cases can be carriers
Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 9
Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 10
11/22/2017
6
Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 11
Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 12
11/22/2017
7
Post Mortem Lesions
Lung
Thickening, inflammation of lung tissue
Extensive fibrin accumulation, fibrosis Marbling
Thoracic cavity
Up to 10 L straw-colored fluid present
Encapsulated sequestra
Joints enlargedOrganism survives, animal becomes carrier
Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 13
Lung distension Large unilateral lesionSoliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 14
11/22/2017
8
Marbling
Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 15
Marbling
Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 16
11/22/2017
9
Fibrinous pleurisy
Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 17
Fluid in thoracic cavity Tendosynovitis and arthritis
Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 18
11/22/2017
10
Diagnosis
Unilateral pneumonia
Polyarthritis in calves
PM lesions helpful
Clinical signs Differential Diagnosis
East Coast fever
Bovine pasteurellosis
Bronchopneumonia, TB
Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 19
Diagnosis
Serology
Complement fixation (CFT)
Used only for herd diagnosis, not individual
Useful with subclinical cases
Competitive ELISA
Hemagglutination
Active herd outbreaks
PCR
Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 20
11/22/2017
11
Treatment
Antibiotics are ineffective in chronic cases
Recommended only in endemic areas
Treatment can not eliminate the organism, so it promote sequestration of organism and the development of carrier animals
Recommended action in outbreak
Slaughter and necropsy of a suspect animal
Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 21
Control
The disease is notifiable (by law) to veterinary authorities
In clean areas outbreaks are eradicated with
a) Testing of infected farms and slaughter of infected and contact animals
b) Quarantines
c) Movement control
d) Cleaning and disinfection : many routinely used disinfectants are effective against the organism
Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 22
11/22/2017
12
Control
In endemic areasa) Quarantine, movement control
b) Testing of infected farms and slaughter of infected and contact animals
c) Vaccination with attenuated vaccine (eg, T1/44 strain), efficacy is limited (33-67%)
d) Cleaning and disinfection : Sodium hypochlorite (3%) , many routinely used disinfectants are effective against the organism
Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 23
Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 24
11/22/2017
13
Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 25
Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP)
Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae
Other mycoplasmas cause similar but distinct disease in small ruminants
Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 26
11/22/2017
14
History
1873: First described in Algeria
1881: Major outbreak in South Africa Diseased goats led to spread
Discovery that CCPP is highly infectious
1976: Mycoplasma F38 isolated In vitro
1993: Officially classified as M. capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae
Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 27
Economic Impact
Direct costs
High mortality rates
Reduced milk and meat production
Treatment and control costs
Indirect costs
Trade restrictions
Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 28
11/22/2017
15
Geographic Distribution
CCPP endemic in: Africa
Asia
Middle East
Eastern Europe
Former USSR
Never been found in North America
Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 29
Morbidity / Mortality
Often 100%
Disease severe in nave animals
Chronic disease in endemic areas
Morbidity Mortality
Ranges from 60 to 100%
Increased with close contact
Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 30
11/22/2017
16
Transmission
Highly contagious
Direct contact
Inhalation of infectious respiratory droplets
Carrier animals may exist
Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 31
Clinical Signs
Incubation period: 6 to 10 days. Respiratory symptoms
Peracute
Minimal clinical signs and affected goats can die within 1 to 3 days
Acute
High fever, anorexia, productive cough, wide stance, extended neck
In the final stages of disease, the goat may not be able to move and stands with its front legs wide apart, and its neck stiff and extended.
Chronic
Cough, nasal charge, debilitation
Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 32
11/22/2017
17
Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 33
Post Mortem Lesions
Granular lung appearance
Fibrinous pneumonia
Chronic changes
Pleuropneumonia
Pleuritis
Adhesions
Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases34
The lesions of CCPP are limited to the respiratory
system
11/22/2017
18
Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 35
Differential Diagnosis
Pasteurellosis Peste des petits ruminants Caseous lymphadenitis Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides large-colony type
Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 36
11/22/2017
19
Soliman Mohammed Soliman, PhD, Infectious Diseases 37
