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Container Carriers

Manuel Ventura

Ship Design IMSc in Marine Engineering and Naval Architecture

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Historical Note

• The first container carrier was the “Ideal X”, which started on 26th April 1956 a line from Newark, New Jersey, to Houston, Texas.

• The Ideal-X was a tanker converted, whose deck was reinforced to carry 58 containers of 35’.

• The idea was from Malcom McLean (1914-2001) owner of truck companies

• McLean founded the SeaLand on 1960, that was bought by Maersk on 1999

• The IdealX was in service from 1956 to 1965.

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Fleet Analysis

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Typical Sizes of the Ships

2475Total

854000-Post-Panamax

2003000-3999Panamax

3702000-2999Sub-Panamax

7701000-1999Handy-size

485500-999Feedermax

465100-499Feeder

No.TEUType

According to “Naval Architect” (June 1999) the distribution of the existing container carriers by size classes, was at the time:

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Fleet of Container Carriers

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Global Evolution of the Fleet

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Profile of the Operators

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Profile of the Operators

• The industry of liners is not as concentrated as other sectors.

• There are about 300 groups which employ about 4,650 ships and on Dec. 2001 they represented 6.3 million TEUs.

• 19 of these operators are involved in lines East-West (Transatlantico, Transpacifico, Asia-Europa).

• The largest operator is Maersk-Sealand which operates a capacity of about 725,000 TEU, representing 11.8% of total active capacity in TEUS.

• The second is P&O Nedlloyd with 6.2% of the total capacity.

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Transport of Containers (2006)

• Between 1990 and 2005 the market of containers has increased with an average rate of 10%/year

• Factors from the demand side– International division of the work– Increasing importance of the goods appropriate for container

transport

• Factors from the supply side– Considerable increase of fleet of container carriers– Faster load/discharge (shorter round-trip times)

• The number of containers carried in 2005 was about 114 millions TEU

Source: www.dbresearch.com (Deutche Bank)

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Transport of Containers (2006)

• Previsões da evolução do transporte de contentores– Continuação do aumento do

mercado à taxa média de 9%/ano até 2015

– As rotas mais importantes serão as intra-asiáticas, as EUA/Ásia e as Europa/Ásia

– O transporte entre os EUA e a Europa aumentará, mas menos

– Entre 2006 e 2008 a capacidade da frota mundial aumentará em 50%

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Container Handling (2006)

Trade -> Inclui apenas transporte de contentores cheios

• O frete por TEU transportado da Europa para o extremo oriente é 13% menor em navios com capacidade > 8.800 TEU comparado com um de 6600 TEU

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Container Handling (2006)

Container handling has increased faster than the transport, due to:

• Transhipment – economy of scale associated to the large ships

• Includes the handling of the empty containers

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Container Transport (2006)

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Characterization of the Fleet (2006)

The average age of these ships is of about 11 years (22.4 years for the general cargo ships)

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Characterization of the Fleet (2006)

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Characterization of the Fleet (2006)

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Links

• www.aclcargo.com (Atlantic Container Lines)• www.dbresearch.com (Deutche Bank)• www.isl.org (Institute of Shipping Economics and Logistics)

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Container Ports

From the 25 largest container ports in the world, 16 are in Asia, 3 in the USA and 6 in Europe

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Types of Container Carriers

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Feeders

OOCL Sweden 900 TEU (2006)

Superstructure extremellycompact and located aft

Cellular guides for the containers carried on deck (outside of the hatch covers)

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Feeder Ships

• Forecastle deck protected

• Cranes mounted asymmetrically at side

• Free-fall lifeboats aft

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Free-Fall Launching Type Lifeboat

• In container carriers the use of these lifeboats has become quite common due to the resulting space savings at side, SB/PS

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Panamax Ships

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Panamax Ships

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Panamax Ships

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Post-Panamax Ships

OOCL Europe, 8063 TEU (710 frigoríficos), construído pela Samsung (2006)

L = 323 mB = 42.8 m

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Post-Panamax Ships

COSCO Germany, 8204 TEU, built by Hyundai (2006) L = 334 mB = 42.8 mT = 14.5 m

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Very Large Container Carriers (VLCC)

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Ultra Large Container Ships (ULCS)

• Ships with capacity > 10,000 TEU• Propulsion:

– 1 propeller, Vs = 23.5’– 2 propellers, Vs = 25’

• Compatible with Suez Canal limitations (16.4 m) and most of existing terminals

• Costs 19% less than previous 8,700 TEU and 25’ class of ships

• Malacca Strait is the new max. draught limitation (21 m) that will set a limit of abt. 18,000 TEU for the new generation of ships

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ULCS - Propulsion

• The currently available Diesel engines are limited to 68.000 kW• ULCC ships at 25’ will require power > 100 MW (136,000 BHP)

• Recent studies show gains of efficiency and economy with the usage of CRP POD driven by slow Diesel engines

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Evolution of the Midship Section (1)

Navios Panamax

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Evolution of the Midship Section (2)

Ships post-Panamax

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Evolution of Midship Sections (3)

• 12,500 TEU• B = 54.20 m• T = 16.00 m

ULCS ships

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VLCC

• MSC Pamela, 9,200 TEU, built by Samsung• Delivered on July 2005• Largest container carrier in service (2005)

L = 336.70 m

B = 45.60 m

D = 27.20 m

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VLCC

MSC Maria Elena, 6th ship of the MSC Pamela class, 9200 TEU (Sept. 2006)

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Evolution of the Main Dimensions

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Largest Container Carrier (2006)

Emma Maersk, construído na Dinamarca, Odense SteelShipyard (Set. 2006)

11,000 TEU (1,000 reef.)

145 Milhões US$

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Emma Maersk

L = 397.70 m

B = 56.40 m

D = 30.0 m

T = 15.54 m

Motor Diesel Wartsila 14 cil.

PD = 110,000 Hp (80,960 KW), 102 rpm

V = 27’

GT = 170,000

Crew: 13 (accommodations for 30)

Superstructure at midships

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Largest Container Carriers (2009)

• MSC Daniela (2008), 14,028 TEU

• MSC Danit (2009), 14,028 TEU

• MSC Beatrice (2009), 14,028 TEU, built by Daewoo Shipping in Korea

L = 365.50 m

B = 51.20 m

D = 29.90 m

T = 16.00 m

V = 25.0’

MAN B&W 12K98 MC-CPD = 98,152 Hp (72,240 KW)GT = 153,092

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MSC Danit (2009)

IMO No. 940 4649

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Cargo Securing Manual (CSM)

• SOLAS Chapter VI and VII requires a Cargo Securing Manual (CSM) for all types of ships engaged in the carriage of cargoes other than solid and liquid bulk cargoes.

• The CSM shall be drawn up to a standard at least equivalent to relevant guidelines IMO MSC/Circ. 745 - 13 June 1996.

• The requirements were implemented 1 January 1998.

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General Notes

• Cargo/TEU for stability computations: 14 tons• The percentage of containers carried on deck has been

increasing along the years:– 35% (years 70)– 50% (currently)

• From 1st August 2007 the FO tanks must be located inside a double-hull – nowadays it is already quite common in large ships to locate the tanks transversely between holds

• For new designs of ship with more than 13,000 TEU it is probable that the bridge and the accommodations will be located forward

• Check the visibility requirements from SOLAS!

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Structural Aspects

Critical points of the hull structure in accordance to an ABS study

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Links

• www.alphaship.com.ua• www.vega_reedrei.com• www.chineseshipping.com.cn• www.searates.com/container (Freight rates)

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Multi-Purpose Ships

Manuel Ventura

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Multi-Purpose Ships

• Designed to carry both containerized (unitized) and dry bulk cargoes

• Box shaped cargo holds with dimensions optimized for containers but without cell guides

• Eventually provided with tween deck(s)• Typically provided with lifting gear• Greater flexibility compared to container ships and dry bulk

carriers• Comparatively less efficient at handling both product types

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Multipurpose Ships

M/V Andromeda Main Characteristics:Length, o.a. 118.55 mBreadth (moulded) 15.20 mDraught 6.30 mDeadweight 6,725 tGross Tonnage 4,893 tCargo holds: 2Main Engines Mak M-32Power Output 3,840 kWService Speed 14 kt

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Ships for Reduced Air Draft

Telescopic bridge in the raised position

Ships for inland waterways and coastal navigation, subject to air draught limitations

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Limitations of Air Draft

• Technical options to overcome the air draft limitations:• Folding masts

• Folding chimney

• Retractable bridge

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Leiria

High-Skew Propeller

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Gorch Fock