CONTENT OF THIS PRESENTATION
•Choice of operating system
•Commonly used and new container handling systems
•Kalmar Terminal Development®
CRITICAL ISSUES
•Required storage capacity vs space available
–depends on traffic volume, dwell time and peaks
–cost of space varies: increasing cost of waterfront, cost ofinfrastructure
•Labor costs and availability
–huge labor cost differences between market areas
–percentage of labor costs can vary between below 10% toover 50% of the overall costs
– in the future availability may become an issue
CRITICAL ISSUES
•Size of operation, traffic volume
–small operators need to focus on the risks
–big operators can justify heavier investments, includingautomation
•Dedicated or multipurpose terminal
–higher flexibility required for multipurpose
–dedicated container terminal can focus on handlingefficiency
CRITICAL ISSUES
•Selectivity:
–vessel side: larger vessels or feeders, percentage oftranshipment, average vessel size etc.
– road truck side: random arrival or appointment system
•Shape of terminal, ground limitations
–distance between the quay and container yard
–suitability for block stacking
–max. possible stacking height or wheel loads
COMMONLY USED OPERATING SYSTEMS
•Reach stackers with (or without) terminal tractors onvessel side
•Straddle carriers with (or without) EC lift trucks
•RTG cranes with terminal tractors on vessel side
REACH STACKER SYSTEM
•Reach stackersused for:
•stacking
• loading andunloading ofterminal tractorsand road trucks
• in small terminalsalso fortransportation
REACH STACKER SYSTEM
•Terminal tractorsused fortransporting:
•on vessel side
•between stackingarea and depos, railoperation etc.
REACH STACKER SYSTEM
•Equipment neededper ship-to-shorecrane, includinglandside:
•3-4 reach stackers
•4-5 terminal tractors
•note: depends onrequired productivity,travelling distancesetc.
REACH STACKER SYSTEM
•Low storage capacity:500 TEU per hectare3-high
•High labor, low capitaland mediumoperating costs
•Road trucks allowedto stacking area: maycause trafficcongestion
REACH STACKER SYSTEM
•Optimum solution if:
•new operationstarted, riskminimized
•small to medium sizeterminals
• frequent changes infleet size andlocation
STRADDLE CARRIER SYSTEM
•Straddle carriersused for:
• transporting andstacking
• loading/unloadingof road trucks
•between stackingarea and depos,rail operation etc.
STRADDLE CARRIER SYSTEM
•Equipment neededper ship-to-shorecrane, includinglandside:
•4-5 straddlecarriers
•note: depends onrequiredproductivity,travelling distancesetc.
STRADDLE CARRIER SYSTEM
•Medium stackingdensity:
•500 TEU perhectare 2-high,using 3-highstraddle carriers
•625 TEU perhectare 2,5-high,using 4-highstraddle carriers
STRADDLE CARRIER SYSTEM
•Low labor, highcapital andoperating costs
•High control, roadtrucks not allowedto stacking area
STRADDLE CARRIER SYSTEM
•Optimum solution if:
•medium to largeterminals
•high selectivity andflexibility required
• labor usage needs tobe reduced
RTG CRANE SYSTEM
•RTG cranes usedfor:
•stacking
• loading andunloading ofterminal tractorsand road trucks
RTG CRANE SYSTEM
•Terminal tractorsused fortransporting:
•on vessel side
•between stackingarea and depos,rail operation etc.
RTG CRANE SYSTEM
•Equipment neededper ship-to-shorecrane:
•2-3 RTG cranes
•3-5 terminaltractors
•note: depends onrequiredproductivity,travelling distancesetc.
RTG CRANE SYSTEM
•High stackingdensity: 1 000 TEUper hectare 4-high
•High/medium labor,medium capital andlow operating costs
•Road trucksallowed to stackingarea: may causetraffic congestion
RTG CRANE SYSTEM
•Optimum solution if:
• large and very largeterminals, also withlong travellingdistances
•high storagecapacity andefficient blockstacking required
NEW OPERATING SYSTEMS
•RTG cranes with Shuttle Carriers®
•Automatic stacking cranes with Shuttle Carriers®
•AutoStrad automatic straddle carriers
RTG CRANES WITH SHUTTLE CARRIERS®
•RTG cranes usedfor:
•stacking
•picking up andlanding containerson drive lane
RTG CRANES WITH SHUTTLE CARRIERS®
•Shuttle Carriers®transporting:
•on vessel side
•between stackingarea and railoperation
• loading/unloadingof road trucks
RTG CRANES WITH SHUTTLE CARRIERS®
•Equipment neededper ship-to-shorecrane:
•2-3 RTG cranes
•3-4 ShuttleCarriers®
•note: depends onrequiredproductivity,travelling distancesetc.
RTG CRANES WITH SHUTTLE CARRIERS®
•High stackingdensity: 900 TEUper hectare 4-high
•Medium labor, highcapital andoperating costs
•Good control, roadtrucks kept out ofstacking area
RTG CRANES WITH SHUTTLE CARRIERS®
•Optimum solution if:
• large or very largetransshipmentterminals
•high storagecapacity andefficient blockstacking required
AUTOMATIC STACKING CRANES WITHSHUTTLE CARRIERS®
•AutomaticStacking Cranesused for:
•stacking andinside stacktransportation
• loading/unloadingof road trucks
AUTOMATIC STACKING CRANES WITHSHUTTLE CARRIERS®
•Shuttle Carriers®used fortransporting:
•on vessel side
•alternatively also:
• loading/unloading ofroad trucks
•between stackingarea and rail
AUTOMATIC STACKING CRANES WITHSHUTTLE CARRIERS®
•Equipment neededper ship-to-shorecrane:
•4 ASCs
•2 Shuttle Carriers®on the vessel side
•note: depends onrequiredproductivity,travelling distancesetc.
AUTOMATIC STACKING CRANES WITHSHUTTLE CARRIERS®
•High stackingdensity: 1 000 TEUper hectare 3,5-high
•High ship-to-shorecrane productivity,buffer zone underall cranes
AUTOMATIC STACKING CRANES WITHSHUTTLE CARRIERS®
•Low labor, highcapital andmedium/highoperating costs
•High control, roadtrucks not allowedto stacking area
AUTOMATIC STACKING CRANES WITHSHUTTLE CARRIERS®
•Optimum solution if:
• large or very largeterminals
•high storagecapacity required
• labor usage needsto be minimized
AUTOSTRAD
•Automatic straddlecarriers used for:
• transporting andstacking
• loading/unloadingof road trucks
AUTOSTRAD
•Equipment neededper ship-to-shorecrane, includinglandside:
•4-5 straddlecarriers
•note: depends onrequiredproductivity,travelling distancesetc.
AUTOSTRAD
•Medium stackingdensity:
•500 TEU perhectare 2-high,using 3-highstraddle carriers
•625 TEU perhectare 2,5-high,using 4-highstraddle carriers
AUTOSTRAD
•Very low labor,high capital andoperating costs
•High control, roadtrucks not allowedto stacking area
AUTOSTRAD
•Optimum solution if:
•medium to largeterminals
•high selectivity andflexibility required
• labor usage needs tobe minimized