CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE Dr. Yasir Sakr Presentation
Transcript
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CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE Dr. Yasir Sakr Presentation
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Brutalism architecture is a style of architecture which
flourished from the 1950s to the mid 1970s, spawned from the
modernist architectural movement. Initially the style came about
for government buildings, and its often from concrete construction.
And it used also to construct low cost Housing, and shopping
centers to create functional structures at a low cost. After that
it adopted to create college Buildings for universities. The term
Brutalism derived from the French phrase buton brute which a phrase
Used by Le Corbusier. J. Edgar Hoover Building in Washington,
D.C.
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Brutalism grew out of the Bauhaus Movement and the bton brut
buildings by Le Corbusier and his followers. Brutalism buildings
usually are formed with striking repetitive angular geometries.
Brutalism as an architectural philosophy, rather than a style, was
often also associated with a socialist utopian ideology, which
tended to be supported by its designers
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The best known early Brutalism architecture is the work of the
Swiss architect Le Corbusier, in particular his Unit d'Habitation
(1952) and the 1953 Secretariat Building in Chandigarh, India.
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Form follow function. Rough and unfinished surface. Precast
concrete construction. Low cost construction. Quickly and
economically constructed. Massive shapes and sculptures.
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Location: Marseille, France Architect: Le Corbusier Year
:between 1947 and 1952. Type : modernist residential housing
design.
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The term Unit d'Habitation means (Housing Units). The concept
formed the basis of several housing developments designed by him
throughout Europe with this name, and to create a whole
neighbourhood in one building. Le Corbusier created his own modular
inspired from the human proportions and the golden section. This
building is derived carefully from his modular. In Le Corbusier
book Toward A New Architecture He put the five principles of modern
architecture in his vision.
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free standing supports pilots the roof garden the free plan the
ribbon window the freely composed faade
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In Unit d'Habitation Le Corbusier used from the principles: 1.
free standing supports
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2. The roof Garden
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On the top floor there is roof garden with fantastic landscape,
includes: 1. gymnasium and running track. 2. a nursery school. 3.
tunnels and caves for children play in. 4. a swimming pool. 5.
seats, cantilevered balcony. 6. restaurant.
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3. The freely composed faade. Its taken carefully from his
modular.
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carefully taken from the Modulor. 337 split-level apartments in
23 different types. Apartments entered from wide internal corridors
or streets. There are 18 floors. About third of the way up, the
internal corridor like a street. a two storey shopping mall
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Interior Shot
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Year:1968 Architect: Kallmam Mackinell and Knowles Location:
USA, Boston Architectural School: Brutalism
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it is an example of the brutalism style. City Hall is part of
the Government Centre complex, a major urban redesign effort in the
1960s. The designers designed City Hall as divided into three
sections the City Hall was designed to create an open and
accessible place for the city's government, with the most heavily
used public activities all located on the lower levels directly
connected to the plaza. the architects sought to create a bold
statement of modern civic democracy, placed within the historic
city of Boston. Many of the elements in the design have been seen
as abstractions of classical design elements.
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Divisions: The lowest portion of the building, the brick-faced
base, which is partially built into a hillside, consists of four
levels of the departments of city government where the public has
wide access The intermediate portion of City Hall houses the public
officials: the Mayor, the City Council members, and the Council
Chamber. The oversize scale and the protrusion of these interior
spaces on the outsideinstead of burying them deep within the
buildingreveal these important public functions to the passerby,
and create a visual and symbolic connection between the city and
its government. The upper stories contain the citys office space,
used by civil servants not visited frequently by the public, such
as the administrative and planning departments.
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The top of the brick base was designed as an elevated courtyard
melding the fourth floor of the city hall with the plaza. Because
of security concerns, city officials in recent years blocked access
to the courtyard and to the outdoor stairways to Congress Street
and the plaza.
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City Hall was constructed using mainly cast-in-place and
precast Portland cement concrete and some masonry. About half of
the concrete used in the building was precast.
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Architect: Alison and Peter Smithson. Location: Poplar, London
Year: in the late 1960s. Architectural School: Brutalism
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It was intended as an example of the 'streets in the sky'
concept: social housing characterised by broad aerial walkways in
long concrete blocks, much like the Park Hill estate in Sheffield;
it was both informed by, and a reaction against Le Corbusier, 's
Unite dhabtation. . It covers about two hectares and consists of
two long blocks, one of ten storeys, the other of seven, built from
precast concrete slabs and containing 213 flats Its on Brutalist
Architecture. The campaign to save Robin Hood Gardens drew very
little support from those who actually had to live in the building,
with more than 75% of residents supporting its demolition when
consulted by the local authority
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Architect: JAMES STIRLING LOCATION: UK, LEICESER YEAR:
1964.
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The spate of college and university construction on both sides
of the Atlantic during the past few years has already produced a
just dividend of worthy buildings. Interior
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Architect :Goldfinger, Ern location : london,England Year :
1972
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Building Type: Row house Slab, gallery access skip stop,Tower
Exterior Finish Materials: concrete, wood, metal Construction Type:
poured concrete cross walls, pre-cast concrete
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The original idea of prewar architects was for apartment blocks
set in parkland and containing all the facilities that people and
their families would need
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the sound-proofing (Goldfinger wanted double glazing to help
control the noise from the trains leading into Pancreas Station
lighting, windows that pivoted for cleaning large rooms, individual
fan-coil units for heating and there were spectacular views across
London
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Goldfinger used proportional systems in his buildings applying
a modular grid and regulating lines to achieve more harmonious
results. Apparently, the added 4 floors in Trellick and the
repositioning of the horizontal band of maisonettes were done to
improve the overall proportions over Balfron. The rendered
axonometrics that were an office trademark showcase the precise
proportions of these deep, gridded facades
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The circulation element is rendered as a separate small tower
and, in addition to elevators and stairs, contains mechanical
equipment, including the boiler, as well as shared community
spaces. The bridge elements between slab and tower are insulated
with neoprene pads to achieve sound and vibration isolation. The
opposite end of the building is expressed as a vertical zone of
walls and different windows reflecting the presence of the 2nd
stair and a zone of different dwellings that occupy the end of the
building as compared to the side. Goldfinger was critical of the
shopping floors in the Marseille block. But he included a zone of
marionettes with pulpit balconies at the two- thirds point in
Trellick--that is expressed as a horizontal interruption to the
vertical continuity of the south faade. The gallery facades are
expressed as alternating horizontal bands of gallery windows or
fully glazed dwellings
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The sectional organization features an enclosed gallery at
every 3rd floor with entrance and stairs to flats or maisonettes
above and below the access level. The galleries connect to a
detached vertical circulation tower with bridges at every 3rd
floor. The circulation element is rendered as a separate small
tower and, in addition to elevators and stairs, contains mechanical
equipment, including the boiler, as well as shared community
spaces
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The Trellick tower is a SOCIAL CONDENSER because, as these type
of buildings do, it includes: -Residential buildings with a service
programme associated to the dwellings -Public initiative -Isolated
location in the urban fabric -Exclusive use of the service
programme by residents
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Axonometric Elevations
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The Engineering Building comprises large ground-level workshops
(heavy machinery), covering most of the available site, and a
vertical ensemble consisting of office and laboratory towers,
lecture theaters and lift and staircase shafts The work of James
Stirling is permeated by a mannerist taste for distortion and
paradox, especially at the Engineering School in Leicester
(1960-3), where the diversity of forms, expressive of the internal
functions of the building, is a pretext for the liveliest interplay
of masses. It has been cited in a new national list of famous
structures.
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The Engineering Building was the first post-Modernist building
in the UK. The top storey of the tower, the 11th floor, is a water
tank. The idea for the building came two years after the university
was granted its Royal Charter in 1957. Aim: the university wanted a
building which reflected the confidence of a newly independent
university and an eagerness to embrace the modern and the
innovative.
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One of Le Corbusiers most prominent buildings from India, the
Palace of the Assembly in Chandigarh boasts his major architectural
philosophies and style. Le Corbusiers five points of architecture
can be found within the design from its open plan to the view of
the Himalayan landscape. The program features a circular assembly
chamber, a forum for conversation and transactions, and stair-free
circulation
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The first of Le Corbusiers architectural ideals is the use of
pilotis to lift the structure off of the ground. Reinforced
concrete columns are utilized in a grid throughout the Palace of
the Assembly and are slightly altered to raise a large swooping
concrete form high above the entrance
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This form represents the second point of Le Cobusiers list a
free facade. Pilotis allow the form to express the grandiose
release of space precisely as Corbusier intended. The other various
facades of the building also bestow the free facade via
brise-soleil formed from the golden ratio.
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Le Corbusier used his own paints in the interior design of the
building.
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Inside, the Palace of the Assembly houses an open plan
structured by the grid of reinforced concrete columns. Again, this
structural pattern allows Le Corbusier to manipulated the program
freely and place offices and other private programming along the
outside of the plan and leave the center open for public use
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On top of the building lies an accessible roof supported by the
pilotis. Providing usable space on the roof of a structure complies
with Le Corbusiers fifth ideal of architecture by giving occupants
vertical means of connecting to nature and compensating for the
habitat removed by the building.
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water surfaces existed in the indian / hindu mythology many of
their buildings were floating over water The arches were taken from
bulls.