CONTENT · 2017. 1. 23. · international specialized course electoral risk management 2 content 1....

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INTERNATIONAL SPECIALIZED COURSE ELECTORAL RISK MANAGEMENT

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CONTENT

1. PRESENTATION 3 A. COMMUNITY OF DEMOCRACIES´ WORKING GROUP ON ELECTIONS 3 B. CAPACITIES´ REINFORCEMENT 4 C. INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR ELECTORAL TRAINING AND RESEARCH (CICIE) 5

2. JUSTIFICATION AND COURSE´S OUTLINE 7 A. OBJECTIVE 7 B. PARTNERS 8 C. COLLABORATORS 9 D. METHODOLOGY 10 E. TERMS OF REFERENCE 10

3. PROGRAM 12 4. SPECIALISTS´ PROFESSIONAL PROFILE 16 5. PARTICIPANTS´ LIST 20 6. COMPARATIVE INDEX CHART 25 7. POLITICAL AND ELECTORAL SYSTEMS FROM PARTICIPATING COUNTRIES 27


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A. COMMUNITY OF DEMOCRACIES´ WORKING GROUP ON

ELECTIONS

The International Specialized Course: Electoral Risk Management is developed within the frame

of the Working Group on Elections of the Community of Democracy.

In 2000, the Community of Democracies, as intergovernmental coalition of states, was born to

respond new democratic world order, in which more and more countries were adopting its

norms and practices.

In that sense, the Community defines its mission through supporting democratic transition and

consolidation worldwide and helps bridge the gap between principles of democracy and

universal human rights and their practice by assisting societies in the development and

strengthening of democratic institutions and values. 1

The Working Group of Elections responds as mechanism to achieve the democratic

strengthening by supporting one of the premises of the Warsaw Declaration: the right of citizens

to choose their representatives through regular, free and fair elections, with universal and equal

suffrage, open to multiple parties, conducted by secret ballot, monitored by independent

electoral authorities, and free of fraud and intimidation.

In that sense, the members of WG of elections’ defines its vision and mission as following:

a) Vision

Be an effective collaboration mechanism for the Community of Democracy contributing to

the strengthening of the democratic electoral systems.

b) Mission

Encourage democratic and electoral practices, through the promotion of horizontal international

exchange and cooperation.

According the mission of the Group, the mandate was defined in three areas as the following:

I. Capacities’ reinforcement of Electoral Management Bodies (EMBs), as well as of

electoral stakeholders, including political parties, observers’ groups, civil society

organizations and international organizations particularly active in the field of elections

- Organization of global/regional meetings, seminars and workshops to exchange

experiences on topics related to the improvement of the “quality of elections” and

“elections integrity”

1 http://www.community-democracies.org/Visioning-Democracy/Mission


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- Development, publication and dissemination of studies on electoral processes

focusing on the area of professionalism of EMBs, comparative analysis on

constitutional and legal frameworks regulating elections, best current practices in

the conduct of elections, and promotion of equal participation and representation

of women and marginalized groups

II. Improvement of electoral processes

- Well-in-advance identification of upcoming elections in countries that have recently

embarked upon a process of democratization or with a minimum experience in

conducting elections

- Track update information on the electoral cycle, with particular focus on the pre-

election phase, including – but not limited to – electoral laws and regulations

governing the process, voters’ registration, access to vote, etc.

The Working Group is co-chaired by Mexico and The Philippines.

B. CAPACITIES´ REINFORCEMENT

The International Specialized Course is an initiative framed within the spheres of Capacity

Building of the Working Group. This area is supported by the National Electoral Institute of

Mexico

INE and members of the Working Group acknowledges the new dynamic of the political-

electoral systems.

Today, the democratic system must face new and diverse challenges as the result of complex and

changing context. This context is characterized by: more competitive political-electoral systems,

reliable and equitable electoral process and a dynamic relation between technology and election

evolution.

The conditions in which are developed the electoral responsibilities demand more quality of the

electoral authority´s action for fulfilling new standards.

The changes in the evolution of the electoral agenda demand new skills (knowledge and ability)

and new attitudes (values and behaviors) of the person in charge of electoral organization.

In this regard, the international cooperation would provide knowledge of best practices and

comparative systems models

The National Electoral Institute is in charge of this area through the International Center of

Electoral Training and Research.


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The CICIE has the mandate to coordinate the international collaboration, providing

professionalization programs addressed to electoral authorities and strategic stakeholders,

offering diversity on training programs, such as international workshops, international courses,

internships and international seminars.

C. INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR ELECTORAL TRAINING AND

RESEARCH (CICIE)

Since 2004, Mexico´s federal electoral authorities, the National Electoral Institute, and the

Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judicial Branch (TEPJF), along with the country´s United

Nations Development Program (UNDP) carried out several activities intended for the

authorities of other countries electoral bodies, by carrying out workshops in which compared

experiences about specific subjects on electoral management and conflict resolution are shared.

Since May 2008 a new outline on international horizontal cooperation was inserted under an

International Training and Research Electoral Program (PICIE).

On September 2010, INE´s General Council approved the creation of the International Center

for Electoral Training and Research (CICIE), which since that date, continues an active

collaboration with those electoral bodies requesting training and assistance.

Since 2011 started the first specialized courses, as presented in the following chart:

Date Course Participating countries October 3-

7th 2011 First Specialized

Course of Financing, and Oversight of the

political parties resources for the Latin

American Electoral authorities.

15 electoral officers from 13 countries: Costa Rica, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Uruguay, Panamá, Paraguay, Peru and Dominican Republic

November, 21-25th, 2011

First Specialized Course of Electoral

Register for authorities of Africa and Haiti.

15 electoral officers from 11 countries: Botswana, Ethiopia, Haiti, Kenya, Mauricio, Namibia, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia y Zimbabwe.

May 28th to June 1st, 2012

Specialized Course of Electoral Campaign Regulation for Latin America Authorities

18 electoral officers from 12 countries: Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Chile, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay

November 5th – 9th,2012

Specialized Course on Political Parties’

Regime for Europe’s electoral officials

Participation of 7 electoral officers from 6 countries: Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Lithuania, Romania and Russia

May 27th Specialized Course on Participation of 20 electoral officers from


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-30th, 2013 Voting out of the Country for Latin America’s electoral

officials

11 countries, including Mexico, Argentina, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay and Peru

December 2nd-6th, 2013

Specialized Course on Electoral Systems and Results Transmission

21electoral officers from: Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia Europe: Georgia, Lithuania, Moldova, Romania and Russia. Latin America: El Salvador

March 11th-14th,,2014

Dialogue on Electoral Administration and Dispute Resolution: Exchange between

countries of the Arab Spring Revolution and

Latin America

40 electoral officers from: Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Costa Rica, Uruguay, Argentina, Peru and Mexico and UNDP and IFES specialists.

July 7th- 11th, 2014

Specialized Course on Electoral Systems and Results Transmission

Participation of 14 electoral officers from 11 countries: Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, Paraguay, Dominican Republic, Uruguay

November 10th to 14th,

2014

Specialized Course: the Use of Technology in the

Electoral Process

Participation from 24 electoral officers from 15 countries: Nigeria; Argentina; Brazil; Chile; Colombia; Costa Rica; Peru; Ecuador; Mexico; Philippines; Indonesia; Estonia; Georgia; Lithuania; and Ukraine.

November 9th to 14th

International Specialized Course: The role of Electoral

Management Bodies in Political Parties System

Participation from 14 electoral officers of 10 countries: Cameroon, Nigeria, Norway (in representation of Kenya), Costa Rica, Ecuador, México, Peru, Nepal, Albania, and Russia.

November 23rd to 27th , 2015

Specialized Course on Electoral Results

Management: Compared Perspectives from Latin

America and the Arab World

Participation from five representatives of two countries: Tunisia and Lebanon.

19-21 April, 2016

Electronic Voting from Abroad

Officers from electoral administration bodies from: Brazil’s Supreme Electoral Tribunal; Panama’s Electoral Tribunal; Peru’s National Electoral Processes Office and Estonia’s National Electoral Commission. International specialized bodies: Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe International experts on: juridical, technical, cybernetic and system audit: from Spain, Romania, Norway, Argentina and Mexico Three enterprises who provide specialized computer services: INDRA (Spain); Everyone Counts (USA) and Smartmatic (Venezuela).


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This course has been designed within a context where electoral processes are more competitive,

with much disputed results, and with high levels of polarization on citizens’ preferences towards

specific candidates. These situations have created a series of protests and violent actions towards

candidates, citizens and polling officials. Hence, this course is aimed towards electoral authorities

in order for them to get to know the experiences of other electoral officers around the world.

The course will have the participation of several electoral international experts that will provide

the main breakthroughs on their research, as well as tools and methodologies that can contribute

to the mission of electoral management bodies.

This International Specialized Course is aimed at electoral justice and management bodies’

officials, therefore, the thematic axis will focus on the realm of their functions and attributions

during electoral processes. It will also provide tools and strategies that can contribute to the

prevention of risks and conflict mitigation.

A. OBJECTIVE

Identify the different factors that might affect the optimal development of electoral processes,

in order to carry out risk management measures, and if need be, conflict mitigation.

Reflect upon the economic and socio-political context of the countries as

external risk factors during electoral processes.

Place the risks that come from different political and electoral models

Reflect upon the electoral justice and management bodies’ actions and decision

making regarding prevention and electoral conflict mitigation mechanisms,

according to their legal framework.

Identify the tools that might contribute to prevent risks, and know

communication strategies to mitigate or solve conflicts.

Open up new avenues for institutional exchange and collaboration.


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B. Partners

National Electoral Institute

(INE)

The National Electoral Institute is the autonomous public body

responsible for organizing federal elections, that is, the election of the

President of the Republic, Deputies and Senators that make up the

Congress of the Union, and organize, in coordination with the electoral

bodies of the Federal entities, local elections in the states of the

Republic and Mexico City.

Community of Democracies

The Community of Democracies is an intergovernmental coalition of

states established in 2000 to bring together governments, civil society

and the private sector in pursuit of the common goal of supporting

democratic rules and strengthening democratic standards And

institutions around the world.

Mexican Agency for

International Development

Cooperation (AMEXCID)

Through AMEXCID, Mexico offers and receives cooperation for

development. On the one hand, it shares experiences of success,

strengthens capacities and we exchange human, technical and

financial resources with developing countries, particularly in Central

America and the Caribbean. On the other hand, it works with strategic

partners to strengthen our capacities, improve our institutions and

generate tangible results that strengthen Mexico.

Ibero-American Secretariat

General (SEBIG)

It is the international organization to support the 22 countries that make

up the Ibero-American community: the 19 Latin American countries in

Spanish and Portuguese, and those in the Iberian Peninsula Spain,

Portugal and Andorra. They are the only official space for

convergence, work, monitoring, and agreements of the Ibero-

American region that brings together countries on both sides of the

Atlantic.


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C. Collaborators

International IDEA

The International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance is an

intergovernmental organization whose aim is to support sustainable

democracy around the world. The Institute's objectives are to provide

support for stronger democratic institutions and processes and more

sustainable, effective and legitimate democracies.

IFES

The International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) Supports the

right of citizens to participate in free and fair elections. Its international

experience strengthens electoral systems and builds local capacities to

develop and deliver sustainable solutions.

UNEAD

The United Nations Electoral Assistance Division, (UNEAD) performs key

functions to ensure consistency and consistency within a wide range of

entities within that organization in the interest of providing electoral

assistance.

ECES

The European Center for Electoral Support (ECES), is a private non-profit

foundation that promotes sustainable democratic development that

promotes advisory services, operational support, and project and fund

management in favor of electoral processes. ECES works with all strategic

electoral actors, including electoral management bodies, civil society

organizations involved in civic and voter education programs, political

parties and legislators involved in electoral policy reforms, the media,

Institutions focused on the resolution of electoral disputes.

EOM

The Electoral Observation Mission (EOM) carries out a technically

rigorous electoral observation through instruments of measurement of

"quality of elections", which have been built under the technical assistance

of the Center for Electoral Assistance and Promotion (CAPEL) of the Inter-

American Institute of Rights Humans.


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D. Methodology

The course is dynamic and requires an active participation on behalf of the EMB representatives.

The course will be divided in 5 stages and each of them will have questions and answers sessions.

Stage 1. Introduction of experts, scholars and international specialists. Each day,

an expert will provide a general presentation on the subject at hand.

Stage 2. Presentation of national experiences. According to the list of

participants, they will be assigned topics for the presentation of national cases.

They shall be based on a current situation analysis that will be determined by the

Technical Committee.

Stage 3. Discussion Group. The participants will be part of several discussion

groups and will create reflections regarding a particular topic. The objective is

that these groups create proposals or ideas for the solution of problems and

challenges.

Stage 4. Participation in workshops or group dynamics as a guide to elaborate

preventive tools and negotiation and political communications models and

strategies.

Stage 5. Presentation of concluding remarks. Taken from the discussion groups’

reflections, the concluding remarks will be presented in the closing session of

the course.

E. Terms of Reference

A series of topics recommended for their analysis and consideration for the presentation of the

course’s themes are listed below; this does not mean that they must be developed.

1. Quality of democracy: expectations and disenchantment

Objective: Analyzing the levels of democratic quality and soundness in countries today, and their

relation with the current economic, social and political state, as well as human rights protection.

Dwell upon the main indicators or standards that determine the level of the quality of

democracy.

Present a general outline of the state of development in the countries involved and their

levels of respect for human rights.

Draw forth the relation that might exist between quality of democracy and citizens’

perception indicators.

Outline the countries’ democratic evolution trends.


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2. Electoral risk, conflict and violence

Objective: Outline the area of study on electoral risks, conflicts and violence.

Concept definition of electoral risks, conflict and violence.

Reflect upon the causes, factors and actors (external and internal) that have an impact in

the creation of political conflicts that might turn into electoral risks.

3. Electoral political systems

Objective: Explain the main characteristics of the different electoral political systems that

currently prevail and their institutions.

Analyzing the degree of citizens and political actors understanding of the political

systems.

Understanding from the political actors the relation between the population vote and

representation in Parliament/Congress.

4. Electoral integrity

Objective. Define the standards involved within the concept of electoral integrity.

Characteristics, roles and attributions of EMBs

Independence, impartiality and autonomy of the EMBs

Identify the relevant risk factors to the attributions of electoral organisms.

Socio-political and economic contexts that have an impact on the electoral organization

and logistics.

5. Risk management strategies in the electoral organization

Objective: Present the risk prevention mechanisms and strategies before the electoral process.

Presentation of conflict prevention tools; example: mapping risk situations, geography,

social and economic development conditions.

6. Political violence during the electoral process

Objective: Analyze the factors that create electoral-political violence.

Insecurity, organized crime and political violence involved in the elections: candidacies,

electoral officers, media

Gender and political violence

Deficient electoral justice


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MONDAY NOVEMBER 28TH

INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE´S METHODOLOGY

9:30 – 10:00 h Carlos Navarro

WELCOMING AND OPENING REMARKS

10:00 – 10:30 h Opening

AMEXCID-SRE representatives

SEGIB Representative

Maria Leissner, CoD´s Secretary General

Edmundo Jacobo, Executive Secretary, INE

10:30 – 10:40 h Break

KEYNOTE LECTURES

10:40 – 11:45 h Preventing and managing electoral risk: Mexico´s experience. Edmundo Jacobo Molina, INE´s Executive Secretary Moderator: Maria Leissner, Secretary General, CoD

11:45 – 12:00 h Break and group picture

12:00 – 13:30 h Panel on risk, violence and electoral conflict: Differentiation, reach and implications on the electoral processes´ integrity and credibility. Sead Alihodzic (IDEA), Alejandra Barrios (MOE ) and Delia Ferreira Moderator: Manuel Carrillo, INE

13:30 – 15:00 h Lunch

WORKING GROUPS

Hotel

16:00 – 18:00 h

Prevention and mitigation of electoral risks through

institutionalization of risk management processes

Sead Alihodzic, International IDEA


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TUESDAY NOVEMBER 29TH

INTRODUCTORY PANEL

10:00 – 11:15 h

Risks of illicit political funding and State capture

Presenter: Delia Ferreira, international expert

Moderator: Carlos Navarro, CAI-INE

11:15 – 11:30 h Break

11:30 – 13:30 h Antonio Costas

TSE-Bolivia

Daniel Duta

AEP-Rumania

Fernando

Argüello

TSE- El

Salvador

Navaraj

Dhakal

EC-Nepal

13:30 – 15:00 h Lunch

WORKING GROUPS

Hotel

15:30 – 17:30 h

Criteria and tools for mapping electoral risks

Alejandra Barrios, MOE


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WEDNESDAY NOVEMBER 30TH

INTRODUCTORY PANEL

10:00 – 11:15 h

How to overcome lack of credibility in an election?

Presenter: Dong Nguyen-Huu. International expert

Moderator:

11:15 – 11:30 h Break

11:30 – 13:30 h

Víctor

Pruteanu

CCETC-CEC,

Moldova

Roberto

Cardiel

INE-México

Chandra

Bhushan

Kumar, EC-

India

ONPE-JNE

Peru

Moderator: Sead Alihodzic, IDEA

Lunch 13:30 – 14:30 h

WORKING GROUPS

Hotel

15:00 – 16:15 h Electoral security: challenges and lessons learned from the inter-

institutional exchange during elections

Presenter: Máximo Zaldívar, International Expert

16:15 – 16:30 h Break

16:30 – 17:45 h Electoral conflict control strategies: tools and mechanisms

Presenter: Adolfo Cayuso, ECES

Moderator:


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THURSDAY DECEMBER 1ST

HOTEL

INTRODUCTORY PANEL

10:00 – 11:15 h

Identifying and managing electoral violence in scenarios with high

volatility: experience in the Arab world

Presenter: Francisco Cobos, International Expert

Moderator:

11:30 – 13:30 h

Zurab

Khrikadze

CEC-Georgia

Ngwasiri

Myra-Pearl

ELECAM-

Camerún

Carlos

Mauricio

Tayupanta

CNE-Ecuador

Luis Felipe

Brosed

TSE-Costa Rica

Moderator: Manuel Carrillo, INE

13:30 – 14:30 h Lunch

15:00 – 16:15 h

A framework for addressing violence against women in elections

Presenter: Rakesh Sharma, IFES

Moderator:

16:30 – 17:45 h

Presentation: Policy for prevention and mitigation of electoral

violence

Presenter: Tadjoudine Ali-Diabacte, UN-EAD Division

Moderator:

FRIDAY DECEMBER 2ND

KEYNOTE CONFERENCE

10:00 – 11:20 h

Electoral management in high risk situations

Presenter: Rafael López Pintor, International Expert

Moderator:

11:20 – 11:30 h Break

11:30 – 12:50 h Balance session and final considerations

Sead Alihodzic, International IDEA

12:50 – 13:00 h Break

13:00 – 13:45 h Closing ceremony


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Edmundo Jacobo has been Executive Secretary of the National Electoral Institute since 2008. He holds a degree in Philosophy and Letters from the University of Guanajuato (UG). He has been a full-time professor at the UG and the Autonomous University of Baja California, and director of training at the Mexican Petroleum Institute. He is founder of the journal El Cotidiano of the Division of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universidad Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco. In that institution he was, among others, head of the Department of Economics, director of Planning and Institutional Development, rector of said Unit and Secretary General of that house of studies.

Ambassador Maria Leissner has served as secretary general of the Community of Democracies, a global intergovernmental organization, since 2012. As secretary general, she leads the organization’s permanent secretariat in Warsaw and serves as a vocal advocate for democracy, human rights and rule of law around the world. She served as a member of the Swedish Parliament from 1985-1991. As a legislator, she sat on the Foreign Affairs Committee and was party spokesperson for refugee and immigration issues. Ms. Leissner was elected leader of the Liberal Party (FP) in 1995, becoming the first woman to lead that party. Ambassador Leissner joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 2000. She served as Sweden’s envoy to Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Belize and Costa Rica (2000-2004) and ambassador-at-large for democracy (2006-2012).

Rafael López Pintor, is a Spanish electoral expert and professor of sociology at the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. He holds a doctorate in Law from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid and a PhD in Political Science from the University of North Carolina. He was director general of the Center for Sociological Research and one of the founders of the company Demoscopia. Since 1989 he has collaborated with the UN, International IDEA, the European Union, and the International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES), among others, in over thirty countries throughout the world´s regions, and currently in the Middle East and North Africa. He is the author of numerous books and articles specialized in electoral issues and peace processes.

Alejandra Barrios has been the national Director of the Electoral Observation Mission (MOE) of civil society in Colombia since it was created in 2006. She has a bachelor’s degree in Finance and International Relations from the Externado University in Colombia and a specialization in Conflict Resolution. She was a council for Latin American integration groups at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and a Deputy Director at the Ministry of Foreign Commerce. From 2010 to 2013 she was Secretary General for the Lima Agreement. She has been a consultant for the Department of Protection of Citizen’s Rights and in different projects for the protection of Human Rights.


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Francisco Cobos, He holds a PhD in Political Science from the University of Berlin. He has worked in the last 25 years in electoral assistance in more than 50 countries. He has also been part of various electoral assistance missions in America, Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Oceania in collaboration with institutions such as the United Nations, European Union, Organization of American States, as well as governmental and non-governmental organizations. In addition, it has provided technical assistance to electoral bodies, civil society, political parties and electoral observers. He is currently an electoral consultant.

Delia Ferreira is an Argentinian scholar. She is a lawyer from the National University of Córdoba and holds a PhD in Law by the Complutense University of Madrid. Since 1983 she worked for the government of Córdoba, and in 1988 she was a counselor for the Deputy Secretary of Foreign Affairs. Between 1990 and 2005 she was the Head of counselors of all Representatives at the National Congress and then General Counselor for the Nation. She has been an independent consultant since 2007 for organizations like OAS, UNDP, International IDEA, IDB, etc. In 2008 and 2014 she was member of the International Board for Transparency International.

Sead Alihodzic, is a Senior Program Officer in the Electoral Processes Program at the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA International) where he is in charge of the Elections and Conflict Project. Prior to joining International IDEA in 2008, he gained extensive experience in dealing with elections, post-conflict democratization, and security issues at the OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina where he performed Program Officer and Head of Field Office duties. He led the development of the Electoral Risk Management Tool (ERMTool).

Rakesh Sharma manages Monitoring & Evaluation (M&E) and public opinion research initiatives at the International Foundation for Electoral Systems, and oversees IFES efforts to effectively utilize program and research data to evaluate and inform its programming around the world. Sharma directs IFES efforts to monitor and evaluate its programming for project management and learning, and developing lesson learned to strengthen future programs of support in democracy and governance. Sharma has also worked with IFES electoral experts to develop methodologies to systematically evaluate electoral processes. Sharma has also worked on programs focused on monitoring and mitigation of election conflict in several countries, and recently managed the development of the Violence against Women in Elections (VAWIE) framework produced by IFES. Sharma has a BA in Economics from the University of Western Ontario, and a MA in Comparative Politics from American University.

Tadjoudine Ali-Diabacte, Deputy Director of Electoral Assistance Division for the Department of Political Affairs, United Nations. Proffesor of Philosophy and Social Sciences in the University of Lome (1983), Vice President of the Electoral Commission of Togo, General Secretary for the Ministry of National Education (1994), Senior Electoral Officer for NDI (USA), Chief Technical Advisor (CTA) for United Nations in several countries (2000).


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Adolfo Cayuso, got involved in the first elections in Bosnia in 1996 after the

end of the Balkan war. Since then, he has been working for the Office of

Democratic Institutions and Human Rights of the Organization for the Security

and Cooperation in Europe as a Short-Term and Long-Term Observer,

Supervisor, Registration Officer, International Adjudicator and from 2006 as an

Election Analyst. He was also Deputy Chief Observer of the Carter Center and

was a Regional Coordinator with the Organization of American States. For a

few years he worked for the European Commission as an Election Desk Officer

designing and launching a number of Election Observation Missions. He has

also participated in some Technical Assistance Missions with the UNDP, the

European Commission, and the International Foundation for Electoral Systems

and the Council of Europe. He has participated in 3 UN Peacekeeping

Operations (Rwanda, Guatemala and RDC). He has been an accredited

BRIDGE facilitator since 2009 and a trainer for the Spanish Ministry of Foreign

Affairs and the former European Commission´s Network for Enhanced

Electoral and Democratic Support. He recently joined the European

Commission´s Election Observation and Democratic Support as a trainer for

Core Team candidates. He studied international trade and conflict resolution.

Nguyen Huu Dong is an international senior expert on electoral affairs. He is

retired member of the United Nations Electoral Assistance Division.

He holds a PH.D on Economics Sociology granted by the Université V of Paris,

France, a M.A. in Sociology granted the Université du Paris-Sorbonne and a

B.A. In Political Sciences granted by the Université de Lausanne, Switzerland.

He was appointed for several missions on electoral observation in the world

(Nicaragua, Haiti, El Salvador, Eritrea, South Africa, Mexico, and Fiji, for

mention some). As part of Electoral Assistance Missions at Niger, Ivory Coast,

Kenya, Lebanon, Indonesia, Haiti, South Africa, Liberia, Guinea Conakry,

Djibouti, Panama, Bolivia, Yemen, Afghanistan, Western Sahara, Seychelles just

to mention some of them.

His relation with Mexico started in 1994 and for 17 years was head in Mexico

of a unique electoral project of UNDP in the world as international coordinator

of the Electoral Unit where he coordinated from 1994 to 2009 the domestic

electoral observation support fund.

Máximo Zaldívar Calderón Salvadoran consultant, holds a Bachelor's degree

in Political Science and a Master's Degree in Human Rights, both from the Jesuit

University Rafael Landívar of Guatemala. The Mtro. Zaldívar has more than 18

years of experience in democratic strengthening. His current position is as

Director of the Impact Social Organization for Mexico. He recently served as

Director of the Electoral Assistance Project to the National Electoral


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Commission (CNE) and the Technical Secretariat for Electoral Administration

(STAE) in East Timor. Previously he served as Director of the Electoral

Assistance Project, the Supreme Electoral Tribunal (TSE) in Guatemala for

General Elections 2015, and as a specialist in organizational development in the

Electoral Assistance Project for the High Electoral Commission of Iraq (IHEC),

during 2013-2014. Previously, he served as Regional Adviser for Latin America

and the Caribbean and as Director of the Electoral Assistance Project to the

TSE in Guatemala, for the General Elections of 2011, all these positions in

electoral matters with IFES.


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Continent Country Name Position Experience Electoral

Management Body

Africa

Cameroon

Ngwasiri Myra-Pearl

Fortung Voter

Registration Officer

He has spent five years coordinating voter registration operations, publishing periodic lists of voters, and producing and distributing voting credentials.

Elections Cameroon

Eko Henry Monongo

Head of Unit for Electoral Logistics

He has 3 years of experience in assisting the care, distribution, storage and maintenance of election materials, including political party campaign urns; Also monitors that the devices used by the parties comply with the laws in force.

Bekongcho Ngufueat

Data Analyst

He has been responsible for the integrity and security of information for three years at the Cameroon Biometric Registration Center.

Njuh Ephraim Tah Kang

Head of Unit for Electoral Training

and Capacity Development

It has designed curricula and implemented training and development programs for local electoral staff, as well as for political party officials.

Ebai Georgeclean

Program Officer

He has been working for two years in developing tools for training and designing the best practices of the Electoral Management Body.

Center for Democracy and Electoral Studies

(CDES)

Carmen Dunia

Sandoval Chairperson

Responsible for the financial area of the Supreme Electoral Tribunal of Bolivia with a year and a half experience in the area.

Supreme Electoral Tribunal


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Bolivia

Supervises the mobilization of economic resources to reduce electoral risks

Antonio José Iván Costas

Sitic

Vice President

Responsible for the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) area at national level and the National Civic Register Service with 10 years of experience. It has promoted the use of technological tools in electoral processes.

Costa Rica

Luis Felipe Brosed Lizano

Professional on Electoral

Management

He has been in charge of monitoring and evaluating the electoral programs that are implemented to attend the electoral logistics for five years.


Ecuador Carlos

Mauricio Tayupanta

Noroña

National Electoral Councilor

He worked for 20 years in Public Administration at the managerial level. He currently serves as National Electoral Counselor, since he has held for five years.

National Electoral Council

El Salvador

Fernando Arguello

Tellez Magistrate

He has served in the electoral service for eight years, and is currently a member of the Coordinating Commission for the 2018-2019 Electoral Process.


Mexico

Roberto Heycher

Cardiel Soto

Director for Electoral Training

and Civic Education

Since 2003, she has worked as executive director in several entities in Mexico. Since 2015 he has served as Executive Director of Electoral Training and Civic Education.

National Electoral Institute

Oswaldo Chacón Rojas

President Councilor

Electoral and Citizen Participation

Institute of Chiapas

Guillermo

Arturo Rojo

Martínez

Executive Director for Electoral Management


22

Rodolfo Antonio García

Coronado

President Councilor ´s

Private Secretary

He has a year of experience in the electoral field, has performed functions of electoral officer and in charge of the agenda and support to the President.

Electoral Institute of Coahuila

César David Gómez Moreno

Technical Coordinator for the Executive

Secretary

Electoral Institute of the State of Mexico

Jorge Alberto Hernández y Hernández

Electoral Councilor

He has 16 years of experience in the electoral service. Since September 2015 as Electoral Counselor of Veracruz.

Electoral Institute of Veracruz

Carlos Rubén Eguiarte Mereles

Executive Secretary

He has served as Executive Secretary for five years, his functions are to assist the General Council and the president in their functions, as well as to promote coordination with INE through the Technical Unit of Linkage with Local Public Bodies.

Electoral Institute of the State of Queretaro

Pedro Pablo Martínez Ortiz

Executive Secretary

He has served as Executive Secretary for 10 years.

Electoral and Citizen Participation Institute

of Guerrero

Peru

Gilbert Fernando Vallejos Agreda

General Manager

He has been in the electoral service for over 15 years. At present it serves as a coordination link between several areas of the institution. National Office for

Electoral Processes José Roberto

Mostajo Elguera

Chief of Department

He has 11 years of experience as coordinator of legal and electoral counseling programs, as well as monitoring activities with political parties.

Alberto Takao

Kuroiwa

Bermejo

National Director for Oversight and

Electoral Processes

He has 17 years of experience in electoral matters. It is in charge of formulating, executing and controlling the strategic,

National Elections Jury


23

operational, budgetary and general electoral control activities.

Asia

Philippines

India Sudeep Jain Director General

He has been a supervisor of electoral processes for 16 years. He is currently in charge of electronic voting and the Office of Risk Management in the Electoral Commission of India.

Election Commission

Chandra Bhushan Kumar

Chief Electoral Officer

He has 21 years of experience organizing and overseeing national and local electoral preparations in New Delhi.

Indonesia Adiwijaya

Bakti Inspector

He has served for three years as an internal auditor ensuring the quality of financial reports and identifying levels of confidence in the public service.

General Elections Commission

Nepal Navaraj Dhakal

Joint Secretary

He is currently in charge of electoral education programs, training and relations with other countries, by the Electoral Division of the Electoral Commission of Nepal.

Election Commission

Europe

Georgia

Zurab Khrikadze

Member of the Commission

He has six years of experience as an Electoral Administrator. Being president of the Gender Equality Office of the Central Electoral Commission of Georgia.

Central Election Commission

Moldova

Victor Pruteanu

Methodist-specialist

coordinator

Since 2014 he has served as a specialist in communication and the development of didactic materials to transmit knowledge to electoral officials.

The Centre for Continuous Electoral

Training by the Central Electoral


24

Commission of the Republic of Moldova

Rumania

Daniel Dutá Director

Currently he is in charge of the delimitation of electoral districts, the selection and evaluation of databases, as well as the administration, cost, logistics and electoral legislation in Romania.

Permanent Electoral Authority


25

Continent Country Human Development

Index (2014)2:

Conflict Barometer (types of conflict)3

Democracy index4

Freedom House5

Perception of Electoral Integrity6

Rank Rate Conflict Category

Conflict item

Africa Cameroon 153 0.512 1 secession N/A 6.0 (Not Free) 46/100 (low) America Bolivia 119 0.762 3 system/ideology,

resources 56.9 3.0 (Partly Free) 55/100

(moderate) Costa Rica 69 0.766 None None 71.5 1.0 (Free) 81/100 (high) Ecuador 88 0.732 3 system/ideology,

resources 59.2 3.0 (Partly Free) 55/100

(moderate) El Salvador 116 0.666 4 subnational

predominance 61.6 2.5 (Free) 54/100

(moderate)

2The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary measure of achievements in key dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, access to knowledge and a decent standard of living among 188 countries. Minimum and maximum values (goalposts) are set in order to transform the indicators expressed in different units into indices between 0 and 1. Available at: http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-index-hdi Minimum and maximum values (goalposts) are set in order to transform the indicators expressed in different units into indices between 0 and 1. 3 Categorized under: War (1); limited war (2); violent crisis (3); and non-violent crisis (4). These respond to a series of conflict items: System/ideology; national power; territory; secession; international power; autonomy; subnational predominance; and resources. Available at: http://www.hiik.de/de/konfliktbarometer/pdf/ConflictBarometer_2015.pdf 4 Source: Global Democracy Ranking. Available at: http://democracyranking.org/ranking/2015/data/Scores_of_the_Democracy_Ranking_2015_letter.pdf 5 Source: Freedom House. Available at: https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2016 6 It covers 213 national elections in 153 countries from mid-2012 to mid-June 2016, based on the views of 2,417 experts. Source: The Electoral Integrity Project. Available at: https://sites.google.com/site/electoralintegrityproject4/

http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-index-hdi

http://www.hiik.de/de/konfliktbarometer/pdf/ConflictBarometer_2015.pdf

http://democracyranking.org/ranking/2015/data/Scores_of_the_Democracy_Ranking_2015_letter.pdf

https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2016

https://sites.google.com/site/electoralintegrityproject4/


26

México 74 0.756 4 system/ideology; subnational

predominance, resources

57.9 3.0 (Partly Free) 57/100 (moderate)

Peru 84 0.734 3 system/ideology, subnational

predominance, resources

62.7 2.5 (Free) 62/100 (high)

Asia India 130 0.609 3 subnational predominance

55.3 2.5 (Free) 59/100 (moderate)

Indonesia 110 0.684 2 Subnational predominance


Nepal 145 0.548 3 system/ideology, national power


Europe Georgia 76 0.754 2 national power 59.8 3.0 (Partly Free) 59/100 (moderate)

Moldova 107 0.693 2 system/ideology, national power


Romania 52 0.793 1 National power 64.5 2.0 (Free) 51/100 (moderate)


27

AFRICA

Country Form of State Form of Government Executive Branch Legislative Branch Cameroon Unitary Republic Presidential The duties of the Head of State are carried out by the

President of the Republic, while those of the Head of Government by the Prime Minister. The President is elected through a simple majority system for a 7-year period, with the possibility of being re-elected indefinitely. The current President is Paul Biya, in office since 1984. The Prime Minister, designated by the president, is since June 2009 Philémon Yang.

The legislative power is vested in a bicameral Congress, composed of a Senate of 100 seats, of which 70 are elected indirectly by the Municipal Councils, and a National Assembly of 180 seats elected through a parallel system —of proportional representation with simple majority— to serve 5-year terms with the possibility of re-election.

Political division Population Most recent elections It is divided into 10 semi-autonomous regions, each under the administration of an elected Regional Council. Each region is headed by a presidentially appointed governor.

23’739,218 inhabitants. Cameroon is known as “Little Africa” because of its geographic and cultural diversity, since over 230 ethnic and linguistic groups are settled there; the largest being the Cameroonians Highlanders (31%), followed by the Equatorial Bantu (19%), Kirdi (11%), Fulani (10%), and North-western Bantu (8%).

Recent elections: September 30 2013 – parliamentarian

Registered voters: 5’481,226 voters

Turnout: 4’208,796 voters (76.79%)

Upcoming elections: October 2018 – presidential and parliamentarian.


28

AMERICA

Country Form of State Form of Government Executive Branch Legislative Branch Bolivia Unitary Republic Presidential The executive power is vested in the President, who

is the Head of State and Government, with the support of the vice-president. They are both elected jointly through an absolute majority system, with a second round, if necessary, for a 5-year period with the possibility of immediate re-election.

The current President is Juan Evo Morales Ayma and the Vice-President is Álvaro García Linera, in office since January 22, 2006.

Legislative Power lies in the Plurinational Legislative Assembly, consisting in a Chamber of Senators and a Chamber of Deputies. The former is made up of 36 seats, elected through a closed-lists proportional representation system for a 5-year period with the possibility of being re-elected. As for the Chamber of Deputies, it is composed of 130 seats, chosen through a parallel or segmented electoral system: 70 in single-member majority districts; 53 in multi-member proportional representation districts; and, 7 seats are reserved to represent indigenous population. All of them are chosen for a 5-year period and with the possibility of being re-elected.

Political division Population Most recent elections Bolivia is organised in nine departments, which are in turn divided into 112 provinces, and 339 municipalities and indigenous territories.

10’461,053 inhabitants, of which 30% are mestizos, 30% Quechua, 25% Aymara and 15 Caucasian.

Recent elections: October 12 2014 – presidential and legislative


Turnout: 5’310,437 voters (88.89%)

Upcoming elections: October 2018 – presidential and legislative


29

Country Form of State Form of Government Executive Branch Legislative Branch Costa Rica Unitary Republic Presidential The President is elected for a 4-year period using a

specific —40% of the validly emitted votes— majority system is required to declare the winner. If this fails to occur a run-off election between the two candidates that received the greatest amount of votes takes place. Re-election is not allowed.

The President is both the Head of State and Government. There are also two vice-presidents whose main responsibility is to assist the president and to serve in his or her place during temporary absences.

Vice-presidencies are voted in the same presidential ballot. The Cabinet is part of the Executive Branch and is designated by the President.

Currently, the President is Luis Guillermo Solís Rivera7, the first vice-president is Helio Fallas Venegas and the second vice-president is Ana Helena Chacón Echeverría.

It is a unicameral system. The Legislative Assembly is composed of 57 deputies elected by direct vote for a 4-year term without the possibility of being re-elected. The electoral system is one of proportional representation with closed lists.

The amount of deputies for each province is assigned according with population density. The Supreme Court of Elections reviews and redistributes the seats after every general population census.

Political division Population Most recent elections It is divided into 7 provinces -Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limón, Puntarenas and San José-, 81 cantons; in terms of electoral administration, it is made up of 2,043 electoral districts8.

4’814,144 inhabitants9. 76.8% of its population is urban. 2.4% of its population is of indigenous origins.

Recent elections: February 2, 2014

Registered voters: 3’078,32110

Turnout: 56.50% (68.20% in 2nd round)

Upcoming elections: February 4, 2018, general elections

7 Since none of the presidential candidates obtained at least 40% in the first round celebrated in February 2, 2014, Solís Rivera was elected in the second round that took place on April 6. 8 Data from the Special Statistics Newsletter of February 2014, Supreme Court of Elections of Costa Rica. 9 As of July 2015. 10 From this figure, 12,654 correspond to Costa Ricans registered to vote from abroad.


30

Country Form of State Form of Government Executive Branch Legislative Branch Ecuador Unitary Republic Presidential The attributions of the Head of State and of

Government are exercised by the President of the Republic, who is also the Head of the Executive Branch. Since January 15, 2007, the post has been held by Rafael Correa Delgado, who was re-elected on February 17, 2013 for his third term in office.

The president is voted jointly with a vice-president11 using an absolute majority principle, in which a second round is considered; or, if at least 40% of the valid votes cast are obtained and a difference of more than 10 percentage points with the closest contenders. The term in office is of 4 years, with the possibility of being re-elected.

The Congress of Ecuador is unicameral. The number of seats at the Deputies’ National Assembly varies: 15 in a national circumscription, 2 for each of the 22 provinces, plus 1 in each province for every 200 thousand inhabitants or fraction exceeding 150 thousand, and 6 for Ecuadorians living abroad.12

Currently, it is composed of 137 deputies for a 4-year term with the possibility of a re-election.

Seats in the national circumscription and those corresponding to the provinces with more than 2 seats are allocated using the proportional representation principle. While for those provinces with 2 seats and the 3 circumscriptions abroad, the first seat is assigned to the most-voted listed, while the second is granted to the second-voted list as long as the number of votes obtained by it is equal to 35% of those cast for the most-voted list. Otherwise, both seats are won by the most-voted list.

Political division Population Most recent elections It is divided in 7 regions, 24 provinces, 226 cantons and 1,500 parishes.

15’868,396 inhabitants, of which 7% belong to indigenous communities 7.1% are Montubio, 4.3% African-Ecuadorian, and 1.9% Mulattos.

Recent elections: February 17, 2013 – presidential

Registered voters: 11’675,441 citizens

Turnout: 9’467,062 voters (81.1%)

Upcoming elections: February 2017

11 Jorge Glass, since May 14, 2013. 12 Two for the residents of Europe, Oceania and Asia, two for the residents in Canada and the United States, and the remaining two for Latin America, the Caribbean and Africa.


31

Country Form of State Form of Government Executive Branch Legislative Branch El Salvador Unitary Republic Presidential The executive power is vested in the President and

the Vice-president, who are elected in one formula

through an absolute majority system for a 5-year

period with the possibility of a re-election, but only

after one term.

Currently, the president of the Republic is Salvador

Sánchez Cerén and the vice-president is Óscar

Samuel Ortiz Ascencio, both since June 2014.

Legislative power is represented by the Legislative

Assembly, unicameral, which is made up of 84

members who are in office for 3 years with the

possibility of being re-elected.

National deputies are elected through a

proportional representation system using open

lists, in 14 electoral circumscriptions

corresponding to the departments; each

circumscription is composed of at least 3 deputies.

Political division Population Most recent elections The Republic of El Salvador is

divided into three geographic

regions – Western, Central and

Eastern – made up of 14

departments; divided into 262

municipalities.

6’521,000 inhabitants (Estimate

to 2015).

Recent elections: February 2, 2015 Presidential

Registered voters: 4´955,107

Turnout: 2´741,074 -55%- (1st round) 3´016,958 -61%- (2nd round)

Upcoming elections: 2018 (legislative)


32

Country Form of State Form of Government Executive Branch Legislative Branch Mexico Federal Republic Presidential The executive power is vested in the president of the

republic, who is directly elected by universal suffrage through a simple majority system, to serve a 6-year term. The president cannot be re-elected under no circumstance. The current president is, as of December 2012, Enrique Peña Nieto.

Legislative power is vested upon the Congress of the Union, formed by a Lower Chamber and an Upper Chamber.

The Chamber of Deputies is composed of 500 members, who serve three-year periods and who since the legislative elections of 2015 can be re-elected for up to four consecutive terms. Deputies are elected through a mixed system that combines the First-Past-The-Post (FPTP) and proportional representation. The Senate is made up of 128 members, who serve six-year terms and, as of 2018, will have the possibility of being re-elected for two consecutive periods. Senators are chosen under the same mixed parallel system of FPTP and proportional representation.

Political division Population Most recent elections Divided into 32 geographical entities, that is 31 states and one federal district, Mexico City, its capital city.

120’286,655 inhabitants, of which, 62% are mestizos, 28% indigenous people and the remainder 10% European. The main ethnic groups among the indigenous people are: Náhuatl, Maya, Zapoteco, Mixteco, Otomí, Totonaca, Tzotzil and Tzeltal.

Recent elections: June 7, 2015 - legislative


Turnout: 36’623,125 (47%)

Upcoming elections: July 2018 – presidential and legislative


33

Country Form of State Form of Government Executive Branch Legislative Branch Peru Unitary Republic Presidential The president of the Republic, along with two vice-

presidents, are the Heads of State and Government. The three of them are chosen as a formula, by absolute majority, for a five-year term with the possibility of being re-elected after one intermediate period. In case no candidate obtains the absolute majority, a second round must take place 30 days after the first round. In the case of the most recent elections, the second round took place on June 5, 2016. The elected president in the second round was Pedro P. Kuzcynski, who took office on 28 July.

Legislative power is vested in the Congress of the Republic, which is unicameral and is composed of 130 seats. The members are elected under the proportional representation using lists, for a term of 5 years with the possibility of being re-elected.

Political division Population Most recent elections Peru is divided into 25 regions and one province. Such division was established in 2002 to provide greater autonomy (decentralize) to the departments and provinces than with the previous division. Additionally, it was decided to give greater independence to the province of Lima from its department government.

31’490,000 inhabitants, which makes it the seventh most populated country in Southern America. Peru is a multi-ethnic nation, since 45% of its population belongs to different indigenous ethnic groups, the Quechua being the biggest. 37% are mestizos, 15% Caucasian, mostly of Spanish ascent, and an important 3% of Asian origins, mainly Japanese.

Recent elections: April 10, 2016 (presidential legislative); second round June 5


Turnout: 18’734,130 voters (81.80%). (1st round); 18’342,896 voters (80.09%). (2nd round);

Upcoming elections: April 2021


34

ASIA

Country Form of State Form of Government Executive Branch Legislative Branch Indonesia Unitary Republic Presidential The executive power is vested in the president of the

Republic, who is the Head of State and Government,

with the assistance of the vice-president. They are

both elected in the same ballot for a 5-year term with

the option of one immediate re-election. The current

president is Mr. Joko Widodo, and the vice-president

is Mr. Jusuf Kalla (2014). It should be mentioned that

only the political parties with 20% of the seats in the

People’s Representative Council can nominate a

candidate.

Both the president and the vice-president are elected

through an absolute majority system (50% plus one

vote), and if neither candidate obtains it a second

round takes place among the two candidates with the

most votes in the first round (ballotage).

Legislative power lies in the National Assembly

(MPR), which is bicameral: in the 2014 elections,

560 representatives of the People’s

Representative Council (Lower Chamber) and 136

members of the Regional Representative Council

(Upper Chamber) were elected. For the former,

between 3 and 10 members are designated per

district. For the Upper Chamber, there are 4 seats

per province, which amounts to 136 in total.

All members of the Lower Chamber are elected

using an open-list proportional representation

system, while those of the DPD are elected using

a system of single non-transferable vote13, to serve

a 5-year term.

Political division Population Most recent elections Indonesia is an archipelago made up by approximately 17,508 islands. It is divided into 34 provinces, five of which enjoy a special administrative status14. They are divided into

regencies and cities, both responsible of providing most of the government’s services.

260 million inhabitants, which makes it the fourth most populous country in the world and the most populous Muslim-majority country. Indonesia is a multi-ethnic country, with over 300 ethnic groups, most of them with an Austronesian-speaking ascent, which

Recent elections: Presidential and legislative elections (2014)


Turnout: 69.58%

Upcoming elections: Elections of the President by the Electoral College, August 2017.

13 Under a SNTV system, each voter casts a vote for a candidate, but, unlike a simple majority system in single-member districts, more than one seat is in competition at each

district. The seats are obtained by the candidates with most votes. For more information visit www.aceproject.org 14 The provinces of Aceh, Jakarta, Yogyakarta, Papua and West Papua enjoy greater legislative privileges and have a greater degree of autonomy from the central government.

http://www.aceproject.org/


35

was possibly originated in Taiwan. Among the biggest population ethnic groups are: Javanese (50%), Sundanese (14%), Madurese (7.5%), Malay (7.5%), and others (21%).

Country Form of State Form of Government Executive Branch Legislative Branch Nepal Federal Republic Federal Parliamentary Republic It rests in the President and Vice-president, as Heads

of State, and the Prime Minister, as Head of Government, who are indirectly elected by the Constitutive Assembly.

It is also composed by the Council of Ministers –Cabinet-, which is designated by the Prime Minister.

The current president is Mrs. Bidhya Devi Bhandari, in office since October 2015, and the vice-president is Mr. Nanda Bahadar Pun; the Prime Minister is Mr. Puspa Kamal Dahal, appointed in August 2016.

Since 2008, it is vested in a unicameral institution: the Constitutive Assembly, which as of 2015 is also the Legislature with a double responsibility: on one side the constitutive one; and on the other the ordinary building of laws. It will remain as a legislative body until January 2018, once new

elections have taken place15.

It is composed of 601 members, of which 240 are directly elected by simple majority, 335 through proportional representation with closed lists, and 26 are designated by the Cabinet.

Those political parties with more than 30% of the proportional representation seats in the Assembly must observe gender equality quotas and ethnic inclusion.

Divided into 14 zones: Bagmati, Bheri, Dhawalagiri, Gandaki, Janakpur, Karnali, Kosi, Lumbini, Mahakali, Mechi, Narayani, Rapti, Sagarmatha, and Seti.

29’033,914 inhabitants16.

During the 2011 census, 125 ethnic groups were

Recent elections: Legislative 2013 -Constituent Assembly -.


Turnout: 9’463,862 votes (78%)

15 According to the New Constitution, the federal legislative attribution will rest in two Houses, namely the House of Representatives and the National Assembly. 16 Estimated data to July 2016.


36

identified, of which the largest are the Chhetri wth 16.6% and the Brahmin 12.2%. The Newar, which is the original people of Nepal, account for only 5% of the population.

Upcoming elections: Elections: local, municipal and national legislature, no later than

January 21, 201817.

Country Form of State Form of Government Executive Branch Legislative Branch India Federal Republic Federal Parliamentary Republic The State is headed by the President and the Vice-

president, who are elected along for a 5-year term with the possibility of indefinite re-elections. The Prime Minister heads the Government, as well as the Council of Ministers.

The election of the President and Vice-president is made by the Electoral College —composed of members of the Legislative Branch18—. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President and supported by the party holding the majority of seats in the Lower House; the Ministers of the Council are designated by the President following the recommendation of the Prime Minister.

The current president is Pranab Mukherjee, who took office on July 22, 2012; the vice-president is Mohammed Ansari, since August 11, 2007, and the Prime Minister is Shri Narendra Modi since May 26, 2014.

It is a bicameral parliament; the House of the People is the lower chamber and the Council of States is the upper one.

The Council of States is composed of 245 members, of which 233 are indirectly elected by the state and territorial assemblies by proportional representation, while 12 members are appointed by the president, to serve 6-year terms.

The House of the People is made up of 545 seats; 2 are appointed by the president and 543 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms.

Political division Population Most recent elections It is divided into 29 states and 7 union territories: States: Andhra Pradesh,

1,266’883,598 inhabitants19, which makes

Recent elections: Local elections, November 19, 2016 (election of the territorial

17 As stated in the New Nepalese Constitution. 18 Made up of members of the House of the People and the Council of States–Parliament-; as well as by members of the local legislatures. 19 Data as of July 2016. www.cia.gov

http://www.cia.gov/


37

Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and West Bengal; and the union territories are: Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, Lakshadweep, National Capital Territory of Delhi, and Puducherry.

it the second most populous country in the world. Its population is mainly Indo-Aryan 72%; Dravidian 25% and Mongoloid 3%.

assemblies of Aravakurichi and Thanjavur)20.

Registered voters:

Turnout:

Upcoming elections: Election of the President by the Electoral College, August 2017

Country Form of State Form of Government Executive Branch Legislative Branch Philippines Unitary Republic (with the

exception of the Autonomous

Region in Muslim Mindanao)

Presidential The executive branch is vested in the president, who

is the Head of State and Government, with the

assistance of the vice-president. Both positions are

elected directly through a simple majority system,

serving six-year terms, with no possibility of being re-

elected.

The current president is Rodrigo Duterte, and Maria

Leonor "Leni" Gerona Robredo is the vice-president.

The president and vice-president are both elected

separately (not jointly by voting to the same party, as

The legislative branch is vested in a bicameral

Congress consisting of the Senate and the House

of Representatives.

The Senate has 24 seats elected by a Single Non-

Transferable Vote system21 for a 6-year term, with

the possibility of re-election for one further period.

Every three years, half of the seats are renewed.

The House of Representative is composed of 287

seats elected through a parallel system: 230 seats

filled by a simple majority system and 57 seats filled

20 By the time this investigation was made, there was no consolidated data on the registered voters or turnout. 21 Each voter casts one vote for a candidate but (unlike FPTP) there is more than one seat to be filled in each electoral district. Those candidates with the

highest vote totals fill these positions. The most important difference between SNTV and the plurality/majority systems described earlier is that SNTV is better

able to facilitate the representation of minority parties and independents. http://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/es/esd/esd04/esd04a/esd04a01

http://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/es/esd/esd04/esd04a/esd04a01


38

usually happens), reason why the winning candidates

may come from different political parties. This

situation occurred in the last elections of May 2016.

by a proportional representation system, reserved

for minorities. Members of the House of

Representatives serve 3-year terms, with the

possibility of re-election.

Political Division Population Most recent elections Philippines is an archipelago divided into three islands groups: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, which in turn are divided into 18 regions, 80 provinces, 138 cities, 1.496 municipalities, and 42.025 barangays.

100´998,376 inhabitants. 11 millions of Filipinos live abroad, being the U.S. the main host country. The Filipino population is multiethnic and the largest group is the tagalogs (28.1%), cebuanos (13.1%) ilocanos (9%), visayans (7.6%), hiligaynons (7.5%), and samareños (3.4%).

Recent elections: May, 2016 – presidential


Turnout: 81.95% (44´549,848)

Upcoming elections: 2019 – Legislative


39

EUROPE

Country Form of State Form of Government Executive Branch Legislative Branch Georgia Unitary Republic Semi-Presidential The executive power rests in the president, who is

the Head of State and in the prime minister, who is the Head of Government. The president is elected through an absolute majority system, with a second round if necessary. The term lasts 5 years with the possibility of being re-elected. Since November 17, 2013, Giorgi Margvelashvili has been in office as president. The prime minister is nominated by the Parliament and appointed by the president, and is currently Giorgi Kvirikashvili as of December 30, 2015.

The legislative power is vested in the Parliament, unicameral, which is made up of 150 seats, of which 77 are elected by proportional representation and 73 by simple majority (30%), if no candidate reaches the voting threshold, a second round takes place between those with the highest percentages. Each member of Parliament serves a 4-year term with the possibility of being re-elected.

Political division Population Most recent elections It is divided into 2 autonomous republics, 9 regions and one city, Tbilisi; which comprise 70 districts.

4’931,226 inhabitants. As most countries in Eastern Europe, there are a number of minority ethnic groups within its borders; the largest one is that of the Azeri (6.5%), followed by the Armenian (5.7%), and the Russian (1.5%). After Georgia’s independence from the USSR, both the Abkhazians and the Southern Ossetians have tried to separate from the country22.

Recent elections: October 27, 2013 - presidential


Turnout: 1’661,273 (46%)

Upcoming elections: October 2017 - legislative

22 On August 26, 2008, after the second war with Georgia, Russia was the first country to officially acknowledge the independence of South Ossetia, as well as that of Abkhazia.

Nauru, Nicaragua, Venezuela and Tuvalu also recognised their independence, although Georgia considers them as the region of Tskhinvali.


40

Country Form of State Form of Government Executive Branch Legislative Branch Moldova Unitary Republic Parliamentarian The executive power rests in the president, who is the

Head of State, and in the prime minister, who is the Head of Government. The president is chosen directly through an absolute majority system to serve a 4-year term with the possibility of being re-elected. The prime minister is appointed by the president, with the approval of the Parliament, also for a period of 4 years. The current president is Nicolae Timofti (March 23, 2012) and Pavel Filip is the prime minister (since January 2016).

The Republic of Moldova has a Parliament, unicameral, composed of 101 members elected through Proportional Representation Lists to serve a 4-year term, with the possibility of being re-elected. There is a 3% threshold for independent candidates, 6% in case of the political parties and from 9 – 11% for alliances, depending on the number of parties involved.

Political division Population Most recent elections

The Republic of Moldova is divided in 32 districts (“raioane”), three municipalities (Chisinau, Balti y Bender) and two “autonomous territorial regions” (Gagauzia and Transnistria).

3’619,925 inhabitants. Most of the population are Moldovan/Romanian (78.2%), followed by Ukrainian (8,4%), Russian (5.8%), Gagauz (4.4%), Bulgarian (2%), and other Slavic ethnic groups (1.5%).

Recent elections: October 30 and November 13, 2016 (Presidential)


Turnout: 1´432,753

Upcoming elections: 2018 (legislative).


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Country Form of State Form of Government Executive Branch Legislative Branch Romania Unitary Republic Semi-presidential The executive power lies in the president, Head of

State, and in the prime minister, Head of Government. The president is directly elected using an absolute majority system to serve a 5-year term, with the possibility of a second term. Currently, Klaus Iohannis is in office. The prime minister is designated by the president of the Republic, with the approval of the Parliament. Dacian Ciolos is the current prime minister.

Legislative power rests in a bicameral Parliament, composed of a Chamber of Deputies and a Senate. The current Parliament was elected in single-member constituencies, while in December 2016 a different system will be used: proportional representation with lists (which was last used in 2004). The amendments to Law 208 of 2015 in relation to the election of the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies establish, for instance, a regulation for 73,000 inhabitants to be represented by a Deputy and every 168,000 inhabitants, by a Senator, with which the total amount of parliamentarian decreases from 588 to 466: 330 deputies (of which 18 will represent minorities and 4 the Romanian abroad) and 136 senators (of which 2 will represent the Romanian overseas). The term for both legislatures is of four years.

País Political division Population Most recent elections Rumania Romania is divided into 41 counties and

one independent municipality (Bucharest).

Romania has 19’832,389 inhabitants, and its population is made up of various ethnic groups, including: Romanians (88.9%), Hungarian (6.6%), Romany (2.5%), Ukrainian, Russians and German (0.3% each).

Recent elections: November 2014 (presidential)


Turnout: 63%

Upcoming elections: 2019


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