ContentWhere China carbon study is?
1.What kinds of terrestrial carbon data we have
2.What we have done in evaluating carbon budget
3.What the situation of carbon budget is:uncertainty
4.What is essential to Chinese carbon study
1.What kinds of terrestrial carbon data we have
1.1 Ecosystem research data
1.2 IGBP-transect research data
1.3 Forest inventory data
1.4 Eddy flux data
♣ Time: May, 1998 – Present♣Typical ecosystems
•Changbai Mountain Forest Ecosystem Research Station
– Quercus mongolica forest ecosystem– Pinus Koraiensis forest ecosystem
•Changling Grassland Station
•Inner Mongolia Grassland Ecosystem Research Station
Changbai Mountain Forest StatiChangling Grassland Stati
Inner Mongolia Grassland Stat
NEP synthetic observation inLeymus chinensis grassland
-meadow steppe & meadow steppe farmland
-Fenced & grazing Leymus chinensis grassland– Fenced & grazing Stipa gradis grassland– Dry steppe
1.1 Ecosystem research data
•Contents-Daily and seasonal soil CO2 fluxes-Plant community photosynthesis -Leaf ecophysiology-Dynamical biomass and NPP -C、N、P、S of dominant species-Soil property -Microclimate gradient observation
Soil property
Micro-climate gradient observation
Biomass measurement Leaf areaLeaf eco-physiology
Soil respiration/Plant community
photosynthesis
mid-latitude semi-arid areasLat. 42°∼46° NLong.112° ∼130.5° ELength: 1,600 kmWidth: 300 km
1.2 IGBP-transect research dataInvestigation time:
–1994–1997–1998–2001
• Land use database– Time: 1997 & 2001– Sampling plots:81(every 25 kilometers one spot)– contents:location, land use types
• Soil carbon database– Time: 1997 & 2001– Sampling plots:30– contents:Bulk density,C、 N、 P、 K and effective C、N、P、S, K、Na
、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn and effective K、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn, Cation exchange capacity, pH, Electronic conductivity, Soil water-holding capacity, Soil texture(International system)
• Soil CO2 flux– Time: 2001– Sampling plots:30– Contents:Soil CO2 emission, Soil temperature: 0, 5, 15, 20cm
• Plant community Photosynthesis– Time: 2001– Sampling plots:30– contents: Photosynthesis of plant community
• Plant leaf physiological database– Time: 1997– Sampling plots:100 plots, 252 species– contents: location,leaf photosynthesis, leaf conductance, leaf transpiration,
air temperature, air relative humidity, etc• Plant community investigation
– Time: 1997 & 2001– Sampling plots:51(1997)/30(2001)– Contents:
– tree:LAI, number and DBH of every species– Shrub:LAI, number,coverage and height of every species– grass in forest sampling: number,coverage and height of each species– grass in grass sampling:coverage,height and frequence
Up to now, national level forest inventory survey in China has been executed five consecutive times from 1973 to 1998
1973-1976
1977-1981
1984-1988
1989-1993
1994-1998
1.3 Forest inventory data
NECT NECT
Boreal Forest Station, Helongjiang
Typical steppe, Inn Mongolia(Stipa krylovii)
Agricultural station(Maize),Liaoning
Wetland station, Liaoning(Paddy rice, phragmites
communis )
CMA Flux Station(9)
Managed Korean pine Forest Station,
Helongjiang
ChinaFlux Station(8)
Agricultural station(Paddy rice),Anhui
Agricultural station,Hebei(Maizei)
Desert steppe station, Xinjiang
Agricultural station, Ganshu(highland barley)
1.4 Eddy flux data
1Wetland
42Agriculture
22Grassland
24Forest
CMA
CAS
Distribution of EC tower in China
2.What we have done in evaluating carbon budget
2.1 FID-based NPP model
2.2 Terrestrial ecosystem dynamic model
0. 00
0. 02
0. 04
0. 06
0. 08
0. 00 0. 02 0. 04 0. 06 0. 081/ V
1/B
0. 00
0. 01
0. 02
0. 03
0. 04
0. 00 0. 01 0. 02 0. 031/ V
1/B
Natural larix forest Planting larix forest
B=V/(0.9365+0.0018V)R2 =0.96,n=17
B=V/(1.2728+0.0011V)R2 =0.92,n=17
0
5
10
15
20
0 2 4 6B/ A
NPP
0
5
10
15
20
0 5 10B/ A
NPP
NPP=B/(0.2017A+0.0224B)R2=0.64,n=17
NPP=B/(0.1747A+0.0662B)R2=0.51,n=17
B=aV (Brown & Lugo,1984)or B=aV+b(Fang et al., 1996)
NPP=f(B),Linear,Exponential and Power functions(Fang et al.,1996)
Natural larix forest Planting larix forest
2.1 2.1 FIDFID--based NPP modelbased NPP model
y = 0. 91x + 0. 67, R2 = 0. 82
y = 0. 70x + 2. 34, R2 = 0. 65
0
4
8
12
16
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18Measur ed NPP val ues( t · hm- 2· a- 1)
Simu
late
d NP
P(t·
hm-2
·a-1
)
Regarding the difference between natural and planting larix forest
Disregarding the difference between natural and planting larix forest
� � � � Type of forest stands
� � � 2� � � � � Parameters in Eq.2 a b n r2
� � Cuninghamia Lanceolata 0.808 0. 0067 29 0. 64 � � � � � � � Pinus Massoniana, P.yunanensis 1. 428 0. 0014 27 0. 79 � � � Larix spp. 0. 94 0. 0026 34 0. 94 � � � Picea, Abies 0. 56 0. 0035 26 0. 85 � � P.tabulaeformis 0. 32 0. 0085 32 0. 86 � � � P.armandii 0. 542 0. 0077 17 0. 73 � � � � Other pines and conifer forests 1. 393 0. 0008 15 0. 72 � � � Cypress 1. 125 0. 0002 21 0. 97 � � � � � Mixed conifer and deciduous forests 2. 558 - 0. 0038 11 0. 95 � � Populus 0. 587 0. 0071 21 0. 92 � � Betula 0. 975 0. 001 14 0. 91 � � Quercus 0. 824 0. 0007 48 0. 92 � � � � � Cinnamomum, Phoebe 0. 76 0. 0012 10 0. 87 � � � Casuarina 0. 807 - 0. 0001 14 0.88
� � � � � � � � � � � Sassafras� Eucalyptus and mixed broad-leaf forests 0. 727 - 0. 0012 21 0. 75 � � Nonmerchantable woods 0. 98 - 0. 0007 14 0. 95
Application of FID-based model in forest of China( ,B and V are biomass(Mg/ha) and volume(m3/ha),a、b are constants)bVa
VB+
=
2.2 Terrestrial Ecosystem Dynamic Model(TEDM)
Atmosphere(Land surface model of GCMs)
Photosynthetic allocation(based on BIOME-BGC)
Human activities(based on CENTURY)
Multi-scale NEP model based on photosynthetic mechanism
Soil(based on GCMs)
water、heat and CO2 exchanges
Water and heat exchanges
Vegetation
Past climate and Past vegetation
validation
GCM
PFTs
Carbon balance
Ecosystem services
Evaluating the effects
Adapting and mitigating strategy
application
Changbai Forest Station
Changling Meadow Station
Inner Mongolia grassland station
Long-term ecosystem research observation
Experiments of simulating water stress on representative plant species in northern China
Scaling up
FeedbackFeedback
Feedback
NECT field survey and Remote sensing image
SpotLeaf
Indivi-dual
Ecosystem
Line
area
t ~ minutes to hours t ~ days to weeks
Land Surface Module
Belowground Carbon & Nitrogen Cycling Module
Vegetation Dynamics ModuleBiomass Production: GPP, total
respiration, NPP
Aboveground Carbon Cycling
Plant Physiology: photos. & leaf respiration, stomatal conductance
Soil Physics: energy and water balance
Canopy Physics: energy & water balance, aerodynamics
ATMOSPHERE(prescribed atmospheric datasets)
Vegetation Phenology Module:budburst & senescence
GPP, foliage respiration
Vegetation structure & biomass
Daily LAItemperature, photosynthesis
leaf nitrogen content
t ~ years
Weather Generator (sub daily) Hourly Meteorological Dataor
stresss
Carbon cycling: decomposition of littter & soil organic matter, soil respiration
Nitrogen cycling:nitrogen mineralization,
deposition, fixation, fertilizer, plant uptake, leaching
Γ+•++
=-Ci
O/Ko)](1KcRd)[Ci(Amax cmax15V
N360190
maxA+•
=N
0T I
I NN •=
)()]00831T205.9)/(0.-Trexp[(u1
)]/(0.00831Tu-exp[u Nr2
r31T rT TK•
•+=
]}16.273
116.288
1[3000exp{cmax15VcmaxV+
−••=lT
Effects of soil nutrient(Sc,Sn,g/m2) on An
1)(K16.288T/13000S
)10000/130001(}30/)]16.273(15[1{)(K16.288T/13000S
T
2T
2
=>=<=
−+•−−+=<>
r
rC
Crr
rC
TKmg
STTKmg
ʱ£¬»òµ±
ʱ£¬ÇÒµ±
21 )16.273(002.0)16.273(01.08.40u −−−•+= rr TT
)16.273(002.0738.0u 2 −−= rT
)ln(504.2412.97u 3 pN−=
)10*8exp(}1,600/{120 5 ScSnMinN p •−••= −
2;
)33.2(5.4)(;
)/1()( maxmax c
pi
ij
oci
icc
VWC
CJWKOKC
CVW =Γ+
Γ−=
++Γ−
=
Biochemical model: An=min{ Wc,Wj,Wp}-Rd= f (Ci ,Tl,PPFD)
Without soil nutrient effectWith soil nutrient effect
y = 1. 1082x - 9. 0204R2 = 0. 7254
0
100
200
300
400
100 150 200 250 300 350� � ANPP
��
ANPP
1981-1997年羊草草原生�力��
Scaling from leaf to canopy
¾»¹ ⺠ÏËÙÂÊ y = 0.9753xR2 = 0.5234
02468
101214
0 5 10 15
¾»¹ ⺠ÏËÙÂʹ Û² âÖµ (mol¡ ¤m-2s-1)Simulated net primary productivity rate
¾»¹
âºÏË
ÙÂ
ÊÄ
£ÄâÖ
(mol
¡¤m
-2s-1
) S
imul
ated
net
prim
ary
prod
uctiv
ity ra
te
496. 5404. 03
450. 54
0
150
300
450
600
ʵ ²â Öµ CENTURY Ä£ ÐÍ ¹â ºÏ Ä£ ÐÍ
¾»³õ
¼¶Éú
²úÁ¦
(gm-2
)
� 1: I BI S� � � � � � � � � � � ( � � : g/ m2)
050
100150200250300350400
1981 1986 1991 1996
� �� �
R=0. 568( n=14)
F: Changbai Forest Ecosystem Research StationM: Changling Grassland StationT: Inner Mongolia Grassland Ecosystem Research StationP: precipitation (cm)NPP: 10gC•m-2•a-1
SC: total soil carbon(10gC•m-2)
0
20
40
60
80
100
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000Year
NPP(
10gC
m-2
yr-1
) or
SC(
10gC
m-2
)
F- P F- NPP F- SC M- P M- NPP M- SC T- P T- NPP T- SC
503.2
227.1175.8
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Mixed coniferous- broadleaved forestMeadow steppe ecosystemTypical steppe ecosystem
gC m-2 yr-1
CENTURY model
Parameters
CR
OP.
100
GR
AZ.
100
FIX
.100
SITE
.100
FIR
E.1
00
OM
AD
.100
TREM
.100
TRE
E.10
0
Grassland Forest
FILE100 EVENT100 Climate data
Grassland/Forest
Gra
zing
��
TRE
M
��
OM
AD
��
FIRE
Mea
n m
onth
ly P
Mon
thly
Min
. T
Mon
thly
Max
. T
Annual NEP:4.03tC/hm2•a
Annual soil emission:1.91tC/hm2•a
Carbon budget:2.12tC/hm2•a
Boreal Forest is a carbon sink
3.What the situation of carbon budget is:uncertainty
Case studyCase study ⎯⎯ CCarbon budget of the arbon budget of the StipaStipa GrandisGrandissteppe(estimating area:400msteppe(estimating area:400m××400m) in Inner Mongolia400m) in Inner Mongolia
Atmosphere 24.9tC
Soil organ carbon 820.4tC
Pg 45.1tC/aA-Rs 5.3tC/a
Rs 18.0tC/aB-Rs 12.7tC/a
From A-biomass 2.9tC/aLitter 10.1tC/a
From B-biomass 7.2tC/a
Soil and Litter
respiration14.1tC/a
Above-biomass 7.4tCPlant 45.8tC
Below-biomass 38.4tC
Carbon flow Carbon storage Carbon sink 13.0tC/a or 81.2gC/m2•a
0
0. 05
0. 1
0. 15
0. 2
0. 25
0. 3
0. 35
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000� �
NEE(
kgC
m-2 y
r-1 )
NEE of Typical steppe ecosystem in Inner Mongolia by TEDM model
NEE=0.175, CENTURY model
NEE=0.114,Mean,TEDM
NEE=0.081, Observed estimation
NEE=0.077, Flux observation
How to obtain properly carbon flux? E.g. sampling time, data calibration, and EC in mountain region
How to evaluate regional carbon flux by EC? IGBP-transects, remote sensing method
Data fusion: how to integrate different carbon data?
How to mitigate carbon emission and enhance carbon sequestration? Wind energy, bio-fuel
4.What is essential to Chinese carbon study
Thanks!