CONTENTS · 2016-09-03 · groundwater-soil-systems and water resource management. ... SpS 1B.4S...

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CONTENTSGreeting ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2

Welcome to AquaConSoil 2015! ....................................................................................................................................................... 3

Sessions at-a-glance with day, time and lecture hall ................................................................................................................. 4

AquaConSoil 2015 Programme ........................................................................................................................................................ 6

Opening / Closing Session / Highlights at-a-glance ................................................................................................................... 6

Tuesday • 9 June ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 6

Wednesday • 10 June ............................................................................................................................................................................ 11

Thursday • 11 June ................................................................................................................................................................................ 18

Friday • 12 June ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 26

Technical Tours on Friday, 12 June 2015 ......................................................................................................................................... 28

Exhibitors ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31

General Information .............................................................................................................................................................................. 45

Matchmaking | Networking ................................................................................................................................................................ 46

Events ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 47

Abstracts .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 55

Index of Authors ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 203

Sudoku ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 207

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The ATV Foundation on Soil and Groundwater, The Capital Region and Growth Forum are proud to welcome this highly esteemed conference to Copenhagen – and indeed to Scandinavia – for the first time.

AquaConSoil 2015 with its delegates from universities, private enterprises, consultants, and environmental authorities present an excellent platform for networking, creating new partnerships, sharing and expanding knowledge within the field of groundwa-ter-soil-systems and water resource management. It will ensure a major step forward in the exchange of knowledge and develop-ment for all participants of the conference.

Worldwide, water scarcity coupled with water contamination increases the need for management and effective solutions to address these problems. In the ATV Foundation on Soil and Groundwater we see the AquaConSoil conference as a perfect forum for experts within the field to meet and – through knowledge

Greeting

exchange across borders – develop solutions for contaminated groundwater-soil-systems and water resource management.

For decades, groundwater-soil-systems and water resource management have been highly prioritized in the Danish society. This prioritization is natural as groundwater constitutes 99% of the drinking water resource and due to the high degree of urban-ization and intense agriculture which has created an intense pressure on our groundwater and surface water resources. The efforts started during the 1970’ies and 1980’ies and are favoured by a long tradition of an integrated research among authorities, universities and private companies having been established to solve water related issues. This is also reflected in the work carried out by the ATV Foundation on Soil and Groundwater. Throughout the last 30 years, since the organization was founded, one of the main objectives has been to support sharing of knowledge as the key to progress and development.

The long involvement and tradition within the field of contaminated groundwater-soil-systems and water resource management makes Denmark one of the pioneering countries, where new solutions in this field are developed and tested.

The tradition of cross-disciplinary cooperation between Danish authorities, companies and research institutions/universities has resulted in the development of new solutions which can be used to meet the increasing water issues around the world.

Ida Holm Olesen President of the ATV Foundation of Soil and GroundwaterATV-Fonden for Jord og Grundvand

AquaConSoil 2015 in Wonderful Copenhagen –

Experience the Danish commitment to research and development of solutions for contaminated groundwater-

soil-systems and water resource management

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AquaConSoil 2015 is proud to offer:

• almost 70 thematic sessions comprised of more than 200 oral presentations (from a selection over 550 submitted abstracts)

• 26 special sessions organised by research groups, organisa-tions and project teams in an interactive setting with ample time for discussion (including 3 US EPA sessions)

• 200 posters• 6 half-day technical tours• Exhibition booths of companies and research organisations• Poster awards (for PhD students)• 4 courses that are organized prior to AquaConSoil, in the

same conference venue and free of charge for AquaConSoil delegates

• Matchmaking at AquaConSoil 2015 on 10 June 2015 at the conference centre: An event which brings together inno-vative companies, scientists and policy makers seeking to collaborate to mutual commercial and technology benefit.

• Networking about town: A sightseeing event to explore Copenhagen on Wednesday, 11 June 2015, in the evening and to continue to network with your fellow delegates (signing up near registration desk).

The social programme includes:• Welcome Reception at Copenhagen City Hall • Monday,

8 June • 18.30 h (included in conference fee),• Poster social at the conference centre • Tuesday, 9 June,

17:30–18:30 h (included in conference fee), • Conference dinner at the National Aquarium Denmark – the

Blue Planet • Thursday, 11 June (€ 60).

Dear delegates,

It is with great pleasure that Deltares and UFZ welcome you at this conference on Sustainable Use and Management of Soil, Sed-iment and Water Resources. After touring through various Euro-pean cities, the 13th edition of AquaConSoil is the first to take place in a Nordic country.

Since two years our Danish hosts have been supporting the preparation of this conference in any possible way. We received strong support from the ATV Foundation on Soil and Ground-water, the Capital Region of Denmark and Growth Forum. This consortium also formed a local “Knowledge Exchange Group” of Danish scientists, consultants and policy makers to create ideas for Special Sessions, side events and technical tours. Our hosts invite us to experience Copenhagen and the surroundings by bi-cycle, boat or bus. So, besides from an attractive scientific core programme you will have the chance to enjoy this truly “green” hospitable European capital.

We also wish to express our gratitude to the members of the Programme Committee who selected approximately 250 out of 550 submitted abstracts as proposals for lectures and sessions. The group of 12 international colleagues safeguarded a well-bal-anced suit of high quality presentations of state of the art topics. Excitedly we are looking forward to meet all known and new members of the AquaConSoil family, to share experiences, new ideas and moments of inspiration in sustainable soil and water management.

Prof. Dr. ir. Huub RijnaartsDeltares

Dr. Reinart FeldmannUFZ

Conference Chairmen:

Prof. Dr. Holger Weiss UFZ

Conference Organizers:

Suzanne van der MeulenDeltares

Welcome to AquaConSoil 2015!

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THEMATIC SESSIONS (ThS) and SPECIAL SESSIONS (SpS)

Theme 1. Dealing with contamination of soil, groundwater and sediment – Developments in technologies, policies, concepts, regulation, management

1A. Assessment and monitoring

ThS 1A.1 Passive sampling: Tue 11–12:30 h, Meeting Room 19ThS 1A.2 Molecular monitoring: Tue 16–17:30 h, Auditorium 10ThS 1A.3 Novel monitoring approaches 1: Wed 9–10:30 h, Meeting Room 19ThS 1A.4 Novel monitoring approaches 2: Wed 11–12:30 h, Meeting Room 19ThS 1A.5 Persistence of historical and emerging subsurface contaminants: Thur 14–15:30 h, Meeting Room 19ThS 1A.6 Adaptative monitoring based on real time data, model driven: Wed 16–17:30 h, Meeting Room 19SpS 1A.7S US EPA Session 1: Best Practices for Site Characterization: Wed 14–15:30 h, Meeting Room 19

1B. Risk assessment and management

SpS 1B.1S Implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive – how to manage contaminated sites threatening surface waters: Tue 14–15:30 h, Auditorium 10SpS 1B.2S Workshop on groundwater contamination from pesticide point sources: a) Tue 14–15:30 h, Meeting Room 19, b) Tue 16–17:30 h, Meeting Room 19SpS 1B.3S After 25 years of contaminated land-related human exposure models: READY, STEADY, GO? Thur 9–10:30 h, Auditorium 10SpS 1B.4S TRIAD investigations of soil and groundwater contamination – experiences and future possibilities, pros and cons: Thur 11–12:30 h, Auditorium 10SpS 1B.5S Vapor intrusion – state of the art: Wed 14–15:30 h, Auditorium 10ThS 1B.6 Environmental Risk Assessment – soil and groundwater 1: Wed 9–10:30 h, Auditorium 10ThS 1B.7 Environmental Risk Assessment – soil and groundwater 2: Wed 11–12:30 h, Auditorium 10ThS 1B.8 Indoor air pollution from soil and groundwater: Wed 16–17:30 h, Auditorium 10ThS 1B.9 Risk modelling: Thur 16–17:30 h, Auditorium 10ThS 1B.10 Risk management and practice: Fr 9–10:30 h, Auditorium 10

1C. Remediation technologies and approaches

ThS 1C.1 Comparison of sustainable remediation approaches: Tue 14–15:30 h, Meeting Room 20ThS 1C.2 Integrating sustainable remediation into other policies: Tue 16–17:30 h, Meeting Room 20ThS 1C.3 Decentralization and harmonization: Wed 9–10:30 h, Meeting Room 20SpS 1C.4S Practices in achieving sustainable remediation – avoiding greenwash by striving to demonstrate better results: Wed 14–15:30 h, Meeting Room 20SpS 1C.5S Contaminated site remediation – practical decision making: Wed 11–12:30 h, Meeting Room 20SpS 1C.6S Sustainability in contaminated site management – case Finland: Thur 9–10:30 h, Meeting Room 20ThS 1C.7 Strategies for remediation and brownfield regeneration: Thur 11–12:30 h, Meeting Room 20ThS 1C.8 Uncertainty in remediation: Thur 14–15:30 h, Meeting Room 20ThS 1C.9 Bioremediation of chlorinated solvents in groundwater 1: Tue 11–12:30 h, Auditorium 11ThS 1C.10 Bioremediation of chlorinated solvents in groundwater 2: Tue 14–15:30 h, Auditorium 11ThS 1C.11 Bioremediation of coal tar and fuels: Wed 11–12:30 h, Auditorium 11ThS 1C.12 In situ remediation technologies 1: Thur 11–12:30 h, Auditorium 12ThS 1C.13 In situ remediation technologies 2: Thur 16–17:30 h, Auditorium 12ThS 1C.14 Combined treatment technologies 1: Tue 14–15:30 h, Auditorium 12ThS 1C.15 Combined treatment technologies 2: Wed 11–12:30 h, Auditorium 12ThS 1C.16 In situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO) 1: Wed 9–10:30 h, Auditorium 11ThS 1C.17 In situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO) 2: Wed 14–15:30 h, Auditorium 11ThS 1C.18 Miscellaneous remediation topics 1: Tue 11–12:30, Auditorium 12ThS 1C.19 Miscellaneous remediation topics 2: Wed 16–17:30 h, Auditorium 12

Sessions at-a-glance

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ThS 1C.20 New remediation technologies 1: Tue 16–17:30 h, Auditorium 11ThS 1C.21 New remediation technologies 2: Fr 9–10:30 h, Auditorium 12ThS 1C.22 Zero valent iron: Wed 16–17:30 h, Auditorium 11SpS 1C.23S Nanoremediation 1 – all you wanted to know (a practical guide to nanoremediation): Thur 9–10:30 h, Auditorium 11SpS 1C.24S Nanoremediation 2 – your future business opportunities (strategic and market intelligence): Thur 11:00–12:30 h, Meeting Room 17ThS 1C.25 Phytoremediation: Fr 9–10:30 h, Auditorium 11ThS 1C.26 Thermal remediation 1: Thur 14–15:30 h, Auditorium 11ThS 1C.27 Thermal remediation 2: Thur 16–17:30 h, Auditorium 11SpS 1C.28S European advances in nanoremediation technology: Thur 14–15:30 h, Auditorium 10SpS 1C.29S Four countries’ approach to solving a contaminated site issue: Thur 14–15:30 h, Auditorium 12SpS 1C.30S US EPA session2: Evolution of optimization programs and key trends in cleanup and R&D: Thur 16–17:30 h, MR 20SpS 1C.31S US EPA session 3: Optimizing remedies, greener cleanups and trends in site cleanup: Fr 9–10:30 h, Meeting Room 19

1D. Regional approaches for groundwater quality management

ThS 1D.1S Contaminated sites – evolution from the fumbling start to state of the art: Wed 9–10:30 h, Thur 14–15:30 h, Auditorium 12ThS 1D.2 Large scale inventories and strategies for dealing with contamination: Fr 9–10:30 h, Meeting Room 20ThS 1D.3 Risk mitigation and intervention measures: Wed 16–17:30 h, Meeting Room 20SpS 1D.4S Holistic water planning: How do we protect groundwater in Denmark? Tue 11–12:30 h, Meeting Room 20SpS 1D.5S From source tracing to remediation and dealing with contamination risk: Wed 14–15:30 h, Auditorium 12

Theme 2. Soil, groundwater and sediment in the biobased, circular economy – Reuse of contaminated land, soil, sediment and water

SpS 2.1S The carbon dilemma: biomass for the biobased economy or for soil fertility? On how to develop a biobased economy into a circular economy: Fr 9–10:30 h, Meeting Room 18SpS 2.2S “Towards Urban Land Management 2065” – Brownfields the secret weapon for sustainable cities: Tue 11–12:30 h, Meeting Room 18ThS 2.3 Redevelopment of brownfields part 1: Tue 14–15:30 h, Meeting Room 18ThS 2.4 Redevelopment of brownfields part 2: Tue 16–17:30 h, Meeting Room 18ThS 2.5 Reuse of contaminated soil and sediments – Part 1: Wed 9–10:30 h, Meeting Room 18ThS 2.6 Reuse of contaminated soil and sediments – Part 2: Wed 11–12:30 h, Meeting Room 18ThS 2.7 Reusing materials from mining activities and landfills: Wed 14–15:30 h, Meeting Room 18

Theme 3. Managing multiple functions of the subsurface Competing claims in the subsurface, new subsurface activities, interference

SpS 3.1S Challenges for application of Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage in Europe: Thur 9–10:30 h, Meeting Room 18SpS S Get inspired – help shape the European strategic research agenda on soil, land use and land management: Thur 16–17:30 h, Meeting Room 18SpS 3.3S Unforeseen events in management of the subsurface: learning practice: Thur 11–12:30 h, Meeting Room 18ThS 3.4 Subsurface planning and management: Thur 14–15:30 h, Meeting Room 18ThS 3.5 Ecosystems services and combined approaches: Wed 16–17:30 h, Meeting Room 18

Theme 4. The role of the subsurface in climate change adaptation

ThS 4.1 Adaptive water quantity and quality management in urban areas: Thur 9–10:30 h, Meeting Room 19SpS 4.2S Artificial Recharge of coastal Aquifers: Thur 11–12:30 h, Meeting Room 19SpS 4.3S Climate robust water availability management for industry and agriculture: Thur 16–17:30 h, Meeting Room 19

Sessions at-a-glance

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Get TogetherMonday, 8 June, 18.30–20.00 h, Copenhagen Town HallThe Get Together will take place at the beautiful Copenhagen Town Hall. Let’s gather at a glass of wine and some snacks to get the right inspiration for a great conference in Copenhagen. (Registration on Mon: Before joining the Get Together, you have the chance to register for the conference at Bella Center, 16–18 h; we strongly recommend to do so, as it avoids queues on Tue morning.)

Opening SessionTuesday, 9 June, 9.00–10.30 h, Bella Center, Auditorium 1st floorChairmen: Holger Weiss, Huub Rijnaarts

• Welcome by chairmen

• Presentation by Ida Holm Olesen, President of the ATV Foundation of Soil and Groundwater, Head of Section Depart-ment of Environmental and Natural Resources, The Region of Southern Denmark

• Lecture by Steen Gade, Member of the Danish Parliament (SF) and the Environment Committee in Parliament, chairman of the Climate, Energy and Building Committee in Parliament, member of the Nordic Council, former CEO of the Danish EPA,

• ‘Assessing the risks posed by multiple stressors to water resources’ Scientific key lecture by Prof. Poul L. Bjerg, Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

Thematic Sessions and Special SessionsTuesday, 9 June – Friday, 12 June, Bella Center

For details on thematic sessions (ThS) and on the special sessions (SpS), please see pages 4 (overview) and 6 (detailed programme).

Poster SocialTuesday, 9 June, 17:30-18:30 h

Use this opportunity to discuss this great variety of interesting posters with poster authors and enjoy a drink!

Conference dinnerThursday, 11 June, 20:00 h, Den Blå Planet, € 60

Join you colleagues for a great evening at the new architectural landmark in National Aquarium Denmark – Den Blå Planet on Amager (the Blue Planet). For details, please see page 47.

Address: Jacob Fortlingsvej 1, 2770 Kastrup

Closing SessionFriday, 12 June, 11.00-12.00 h, Bella Center, Auditorium 1st floorChairmen: Holger Weiss, Huub Rijnaarts

• Conference highlights by AquaConSoil chairmen

• Discussion on existing and emerging challenges; opportunities for implementation of promising solutions (Panel discussion)

• Poster awards

Technical Toursin parallel • 10 € • start: 12:30 h • end: approx. 16–17:00 h • start & end at Bella Center. For details, please see page 28.

MatchmakingWednesday, 10 June 2015, Bella Center, please see page 46.

Networking about townWednesday, 10 June 2015, Bella Center, evening, please see page 46.

Tuesday • 9 June • 11:00-12:30 h

ExplanationHall number

Regular thematic session (ThS) or Special session (SpS)

Lecture title, presenter, co-authors, (institution, country)

Highlights at-a-glance Programme Tuesday, 9 June

Meeting Room 19

ThS 1A.1 Passive samplingChair: Frederic Coulon

• Passive sampling for monitoring fate and transport of organic contaminants – field examplesSarah Hale, Hans Peter Arp, Nicolas Morin, Gudny Okken-haug, Gijs Breedveld, Mona Hansen, Espen Eek, Paul Cappel-en, Gerard Cornelissen, Amy Oen (Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, NO)

• Environmental forensic in groundwater by coupling passive sampling and high resolution mass spectrometry for non-tar-get screeningCoralie Soulier, Catherine Berho, Anne Togola (Brgm, DL)

• Development and test of optical sensor for real time measure-ment of volatile organic contaminants in airMette Christophersen, Lars Bennedsen, Jeppe Seidelin Dam, Peter Tidemand Lichtenberg, Christian Pedersen, Nancy Hamburger, Helena Hansen, Mads Terkelsen (Rambøll Den-mark, DK)

• Integrated passive flux measurements in groundwater: Prin-ciples and outlookGoedele Verreydt, Patrick Meire, Eric Struyf, Ilse Van Keer, Piet Seuntjens (University of Antwerp, BE)

• Innovative assessment and modeling tools to minimize con-founding elements in vapor intrusion investigationsTodd Creamer (Geosyntec Consultants, US)

Auditorium 11

ThS 1C.9 Bioremediation of chlorinated solvents in groundwater 1Chair: Magda Grifoll

• Effects of aquifer thermal energy storage on bioremediation of chlorinated ethenes Zhuobiao Ni, Martijn Smit, Tim Groten-huis (Wageningen University, NL), Pauline van Gaans (Del-tares, NL), Huub Rijnaarts (Wageningen University, NL)

• “Post-mortem” of a successful ERD project in a German urban areaLaura Simone, Thomas Held (ARCADIS Deutschland GmbH, DE)

• Bioremediation at low pH - emerging tools and approaches for chlorinated solvent sitesJeff Roberts, Phil Dennis, Peter Dollar, Sandra Dworatzek (SiREM, CA)

• Aerobic biodegradation of trichloroethene without auxiliary substrates

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Programme Tuesday, 9 June

Kathrin Rachel Schmidt, Sarah Gaza, Andreas Tiehm (The German Water Centre - TZW, DE)

• Meeting the challenges for bioremediation of chlorinated sol-vents posed at operational sites: a comparison of case studiesRichard Bewley, Paula Hick, Anthea Rawcliffe (URS Infrastruc-ture & Environment UK Limited, GB)

Auditorium 12

ThS 1C.18Miscellaneous remediation topics 1Chair: Hans-Peter Koschitzky

• Intensive CSM development providing data for concise design of containmentKoen Enkels, Karolien Claeys, Bram De Keulenaere, Bart Cal-lens, Karen Van Geert, Wouter Gevaerts, Gerlinde De Moor (ARCADIS Belgium nv, BE)

• Applying numerical contaminants’ F&T modelling for design-ing effective groundwater remediation strategiesAleksandra Kiecak, Grzegorz Malina, Ewa Kret, Tadeusz Szklarczyk (AGH University of Science and Technology, PL)

• In-situ chemical reduction: laboratory and pilot-scale studies for full-scale treatment of chromium VI contaminated soilsAldo Trezzi, Sara Ceccon, Roberto Pisterna (Environ, IT), Domenico Osella (Università del Piemonte Orientale, IT), Roberto De Franco (CNR IDPA, IT), Caterina Di Carlo (Solvay Specialty Polymers Italy SpA, IT), Pierre Matz (Solvay SA, BE), Davide Musso (Università del Piemonte Orientale, IT), Grazia Caielli (CNR IDPA, IT)

• Use of numerical models for understanding and design of sur-factant enhanced remediationSøren Rygaard Lenschow, Anders Christensen (NIRAS, DK), Mette Marie Mygind (Danish Ministry of Defense, DK), Phil-lip C. DeBlanc, Ahmad Seyedabbasi (GSI Environmental Inc., US), Konstantinos Kostarelos (University of Houston, US)

• Colloidal Fe-zeolites – A novel material for sorption-supported in-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO)Anett Georgi, Glenn Gillies, Katrin Mackenzie, Frank-Dieter Kopinke (Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, DE)

Meeting Room 20

SpS 1D.4S Holistic water planning: How do we protect groundwater in Denmark?Organizers: The Danish Knowledge Exchange Group

Chair: Rolf Johnsen (Central Denmark Region)

The groundwater resource in Denmark accounts for 99 % of the country’s drinking water supply, and it is a major source of irri-gation water for agricultural land. This means that, in Denmark, we have a very long tradition of managing and protecting our groundwater aquifers from overexploitation and contamination.

The drinking water supply is based on a decentralised water sup-ply structure, with many small and large suppliers. The water sup-ply system in Denmark is characterised by having very simple wa-ter treatment, where primarily iron and manganese are separated out in sand filters. After this simple water treatment, the water can then be distributed to the consumers. This is possible because the groundwater resource is generally uncontaminated in Den-

mark due to a plentiful natural resource with a relatively long transport time from surface to aquifer, and because of our long tradition for generation of knowledge about the groundwater, as well as Danish society’s general pro-active approach to the protection of the groundwater. For example, there is a political tradition for regulating the agricultural sector’s use of fertiliser and pesticides. There is also a tradition for granting resources to the public sector, so it can deal with ownerless contamination that threatens the groundwater resource, and conduct the in-vestigations and clean-up operations mandatory when existing industries contaminate the soil and groundwater. The Danish model is builds on a tradition of planning based on the protec-tion of the resource and the natural environment in collabora-tion with, and with a great deal of trust between, the authorities and stakeholders.

The session will provide an insight into why and how such con-siderable financial resources (approx. € 360 million) have been used in the last 15 years to map the locations of groundwater aquifers and the transport routes for groundwater formation in Denmark. The work in implementing the protection of ground-water is carried out by the municipalities, which are the local groundwater resource authorities. The session will also provide insight into how work in the last 30 years has focused on map-ping, studying and preventing contamination from industrial point sources that threaten the groundwater.

The session will end by a discussion with the audience putting the benefits and future challenges into perspective, in relation to map-ping and managing the groundwater resource, and comparing the “Danish model” with other countries’ management systems.

Meeting Room 18

SpS 2.2S “Towards Urban Land Management 2065” – Brownfields the secret weapon for sustainable citiesOrganizers: Maaike Blauw, Linda Maring (Deltares, NL) Hans van Duijne (Deltares/WU, NL) on behalf of EU FP7 HOMBRE and EU Snowman Balance4P consortium

Brownfield sites are the secret weapon for sustainable European cities. Although these sites often have contamination problems and require intervention to bring them back into beneficial use, they are also often in the right place to deliver profitable places for people. This is in line with the perspective of EU flagship ini-tiative “A resource efficient Europe”, where land is seen as a valu-able and multi-purpose resource.

In this session, perspectives of land management achieving this goal are presented. In addition, the EU Urban Agenda will have an important role in achieving the target of Resource efficient cities. Therefore in this session we will discuss about what research and de-velopments are needed to enable cities contributing to a resource efficient Europe, which can be used as input for the Urban Agenda.

Program:

• Presentation: Zero Brownfield Perspective: explain frame-work, how it works and remaining questions (15 min)

• Presentation: EU Urban Agenda (15min)

• Discussion: Towards Urban Land Management 2065: what research and development is needed to enable that cities contribute positively to a resource efficient Europe (45 min) Conclusions and further actions (15 min)

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Auditorium 10

SpS 1B.1S Implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive – how to manage contaminated sites threatening surface watersOrganizers: Sandra Roost (Orbicon A/S, DK), Jens Aabling (Danish Environmental Protection Agency, DK), Nina Tuxen (Orbicon A/S, DK), Trine Korsgaard (Region of Southern Denmark, DK), Helle Overgaard (The Capital Region of Denmark, DK)

The implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive re-quires an integrating and holistic approach to legislation for water bodies with a goal of obtaining good environmental status for all receiving waters. While the risk from contaminated sites to groundwater has received a great deal of attention in the past, the risk from contaminated sites to surface waters (streams, lakes and coastal waters) has not yet been well examined. In Denmark alone there are more than 30,000 contaminated sites registered – many of them located close to surface waters.

However, the hypothesis is that only a minor part of these sites ac-tually pose a real risk towards surface waters. Thus a robust meth-od is needed to identify the few relevant sites which still comply with the precautionary principle.

Together with leading experts from universities, consulting com-panies and regional authorities, the Danish EPA developed a screening tool to identify contaminated sites that threaten sur-face waters. The screening system integrates national data of the contaminated sites: location, distance to surface waters, contami-nation activity, contaminant area and mass flux and calculates the mixing in surface waters.

Programme:

• Experience with the Water Framework Directive and con-taminated sites in the Netherlands

• Challenges and experience for the Danish authorities in screening and identifying contaminated sites threatening surface waters in Denmarkspeaker to be defined (Danish Regions, DK) Auditorium 11

Auditorium 11

ThS 1C.10 Bioremediation of chlorinated solvents in groundwater 2Chair: Katrin Mackenzie

• SILPHES – Investigation of chemical treatments for the remedi-ation of recalcitrant chlorinated solvents: at the roots the devel-opment of an innovative in situ eco-friendly processRomain Rodrigues, Stéphanie Betelu, Frédéric Garnier, Stéfan Colombano (BRGM, FR), Antoine Joubert (Serpol,FR), David Cazaux (SOLVAY, FR), Guillaume Masselot (Ademe, FR), The-odore Tzedakis (Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, FR), Ioannis Ignatiadis (BRGM, FR)

• Dichloroelimination of polychlorinated alkanes by a Dehal-ogenimonas-containing enrichment cultureErnest Marco-Urrea, Lucia Martín-González, Siti Hatijah Mor-tan (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, ES), Lorenz Adrian (Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, DE),

Tuesday • 9 June • 14:00-15:30 h

Meeting room 19

SpS 1B.2Sa Workshop on groundwater contamina-tion from pesticide point sources Part I Organizers: Poul L. Bjerg, (DTU Environment, DK), Nina Tuxen (Capital Region of Denmark), Ida Holm Olesen (Region of South-ern Denmark)

Moderator: Poul L. Bjerg (Technical Universty of Denmark, DK)

Groundwater contamination from pesticide point sources – Knowl-edge exchange on extent of the problem, site investigation, risk as-sessment and remediation of pesticide contamination arising from point sources

Programme:• 14.00-14.10 Motivation and programme overview; Poul L.

Bjerg, Denmark• 14.10-14.25 Ice breaker; Moderator: Poul L. Bjerg, Denmark• 14.25-14.40 Pesticide sources, water resources and environ-

mental challenges; Poul L. Bjerg, Denmark• 14.40-14.55 Lessons from monitoring of pesticides in ground-

water in Czech Republic; Vit Kodes, Czech Republic • 14.55-15.15 Group discussion: Framing the problem; Moder-

ator: Nina Tuxen, Denmark• 15.15-15.30 Identification of pesticide point sources from

pesticide monitoring; Nina Tuxen, Denmark• 15.30-16.00 Break• 16.00-16.15 How to manage pesticide point sources: chal-

lenges and solutions; Ida Holm Olesen, Denmark• 16.15-16.30 Pesticides in groundwater and surface water in

the Belgian context: status, management and regulation; Jaap van Nes, Belgium

• 16.30-16.40 Case studies: „Solutions“ of pesticide presence in selected drinking water sources; Petr Kvapil, Romana Surano-va, Czech Republic

• 16.40-16.50 Risk assessment of pesticide point sources: A case study from Denmark; Hanne Møller Jensen, Denmark

• 16.50-17.10 Group discussion. How to manage pesticide points sources from a scientific and regulatory point of view? Moderator: Ida Holm Olesen, Denmark

• 17.10-17.25 Remediation of pesticide point sources: Current experience and challenges; Katerina Tsitonaki, Denmark

• 17.25-17.30 Wrap-up; Poul L. Bjerg, Denmark

Part II of this workshop is scheduled for Tuesday, 9 June, 16:00-17:30 h.


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Maira Martínez-Alonso, Nuria Gaju, Eloi Parladé (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, ES), Mònica Rosell (Universitat de Barcelona – UB, ES), Teresa Vicent, Glòria Caminal (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, ES)

• Fully automated enhanced biodegradation of chlorinated ethenes with an on sit anaerobic bioreactorGerard Borggreve, Albert Smits (NTP Enviro Netherlands, NL), Adri Nipshagen (Bioclear, NL), Rene Tjassens, Michiel Pluim (Municipality The Hague, NL)

• Bioremediation of chlorinated solvents under low groundwater temperatures and in low permeability strataPhil Dennis, Jeff Roberts, Sandra Dworatzek, Peter Dollar (SiREM, CA)

• Bioaugmentation with optimized in-situ culture propagation (BACAd) Johan Gemoets, Queenie Simons (VITO nv, BE), Baue Boonen (RSK Benelux, DE)

Auditorium 12

ThS 1C.14 Combined treatment technologies 1Chair: Wouter Gevaerts

• Remediation and restoration of the Lac Megantic, Quebec oil train disasterTodd Schwendeman, Jocelyn Marcotte, Bruce Noble (Aecom, CA)

• Combined remedy benefits of integrated physical, chemical and biological treatments on a 14 million litre fuel spill in a Swedish forestKristin Forsberg, Jonny Bergman (RGS 90 Sverige AB, SE), Jer-emy Birnstingl (Regenesis, GB)

• DNAPL treated by application of surfactants followed by ISCOPetr Kozubek (Enacon, CZ), Jan Němeček (ENACON s.r.o. & Technical University Liberec, CZ), Vladislav Knytl, Eliska Kosi-nova (DEKONTA a.s., CZ)

• Innovative approach to the remediation of contaminated groundwaterPhil Studds (Ramboll UK Ltd, GB)

• Coupling groundwater recirculation by GCW and chemical/bio-logical reductive processes for residual DNAPL source removal: lab investigation and large pilot testingMarco Petrangeli Papini, Mauro Majone, Lucia Pierro (Univer-sity of Rome, IT), M. Sagliaschi, S. Sucato (EDF-Fenice, SpA, IT), Eduard Alesi, Ernst Bartsch (IEG Technologie GmbH, DE)

Meeting Room 20

ThS 1C.1 Comparison of sustainable remediation approachesChair: Ian Ross

• Comparison of international approaches to sustainable reme-diationErika Rizzo (University Ca‘ Foscari Venice, IT), Paul Bardos (r3 environmental technology ltd, GB), Lisa Pizzol, Andrea Crit-to, Elisa Giubilato, Antonio Marcomini (University Ca‘ Foscari Venice, IT)

• Practical application for the SuRF-UK tool kit: sustainability management practicesPaul Bardos (r3 environmental technology ltd, GB), Brian Bone (Bone Environmental Ltd, GB), Richard Boyle (Homes and Communities Agency, GB), Frank Evans (National Grid Property, GB), Nicola Harries (CL:AIRE, GB), Trevor Howard (Environment Agency, GB), Jonathan Smith (Shell Global Solutions (UK) Ltd, GB)

• Development of a green remediation tool for sustainability as-sessment of soil remediation in JapanTetsuo Yasutaka (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, JP), Yoshihito Hama, Yasuhisa Tsuka-da, Kouki Murayama (Tokyo Metropolitan Government, JP), Yasuhide Furukawa (Takenaka Corporation, JP)

• Recent trends in the assessment of sustainable remediation: Does the tail wag the dog?Gernot Döberl, Dietmar Müller-Grabherr (Environment Agency Austria, AT)

• A multi-criteria method for assessing the sustainability of reme-diation alternativesGitte Lemming Søndergaard (Technical University of Den-mark, DK), Morten Bondgaard (Central Denmark Region, DK), Philip J. Binning (Technical University of Denmark, DK), Kaspar Ruegg (Region Midtjylland, DK), Anja Melvej, Børge Hvidberg (Central Denmark Region, DK), Poul L. Bjerg (Tech-nical University of Denmark, DK)

Meeting Room 18

ThS 2.3 Redevelopment of brownfields 1Chair: Tim Groitenhuis

• Maximising the value-proposition for soft re-use of brownfieldsPaul Bardos (r3 environmental technology ltd, GB), Ian Ste-phenson (Vertase-FLI, GB), Pierre Menger (TECNALIA, ES), Victor Beumer (Deltares, NL)

• The final countdown – “Successful remediation policies leads to the end of the Dutch Soil Protection Act”Michiel Gadella (Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environ-ment, NL)

• Urban development on contaminated sites - collaboration be-tween the municipalities and the Capital Region of DenmarkHanne Joergensen, Maria Hag (Capital Region of Denmark, DK), Annette Gundog Ferslev, Heidi Uttenthal Bay (Region Hovedstaden, DK)

• Integrated urban land management: an approach for assisting in sustainable redevelopment of contaminated brownfield sites in FranceElsa Limasset (BRGM, FR), Agnès Laboudigue (Mines Paris-Tech, FR), Claire Alary (Mines Douai, FR), Jean-Luc Collet (Collet Architecte, FR), Stéphane Fourny (Artelia, FR), Hubert Léprond, Pascale Michel (Brgm, FR), Thomas Valeyre (Mines Douai, FR)

• Soil from construction projects as a resource – recycling and sustainable soil managementJoan Krogh (NIRAS A/S, DK)


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• Microbial responses to biostimulation and bioaugmentation – a 2-year long pilot trial to evaluate molecular sampling tech-niquesHelena Branzén, Märta Ländell, Lennart Larsson, Anja Enell (Swedish Geotechnical Institute, SE)

• Integrated characterization of the development in natural attenuation of a PCE plume over 7 years after thermal reme-diation of the source zone with use of dual stable isotope and microbial methodsMette Martina Broholm (Technical University of Denmark, DK), Alice Badin (University of Neuchatel, CH), Carsten Suhr Jacobsen (Geological Survey of Greenland and Denmark, DK), Phil Dennis (SiREM, CA), Just Niels (Region of Southern Denmark, DK), Daniel Hunkeler (University of Neuchatel, CH)

Auditorium 11

ThS 1C.20 New remediation technologies 1Chair: Hans-Peter Koschitzky

• Pesticide contaminated groundwater – Use of electrochemical oxidation and NF/RO membranes for energy efficient treatmentHenrik Tækker Madsen, Jens Muff, Erik Søgaard (Aalborg Uni-versity, DK)

• Challenges and hopes for scaling up an electrodialytic remedia-tion method for treating CCA contaminated soilKrzysztof Kowalski (Technical University of Denmark, DK), Sanne Skov Nielsen (Orbicon A/S, DK), Pernille Erland Jensen (Technical University of Denmark, DK), Thomas Hauerberg Larsen (Orbicon A/S, DK), Mads Terkelsen (Capital Region, DK), Lisbeth Ottosen (Technical University of Denmark, DK)

• Full-scale design and implementation of the STAR technology at a coal tar-impacted site Gavin Grant, Grant Scholes, David Major (Savron, CA), Len de Vlaming, Marlaina Auger (Geosyn-tec Consultants, CA)

• The fate of potentially toxic element co-contaminants during smouldering remediation Andrew Robson, Christine Switzer (University of Strathclyde, GB), David Kosson (Vanderbilt Uni-versity, US)

• Electrokinetically enhanced remediation – An innovative solu-tion for source area remediationEvan Cox, James Wang, Neal Durant (Geosyntec Consultants, US), David Reynolds (Geosyntec Consultants, CA), David Gent (US Army Corps of Engineers ERDC, US)

Meeting Room 20

ThS 1C.2 Integrating sustainable remediation into other policiesChair: Dominique Darmendrail

• The regulatory basis for sustainable remediation practice in the European Union and United KingdomRichard Bewley, Rick Parkman (URS Infrastructure & Environ-ment UK Limited, GB), Paul Bardos (r3 environmental tech-nology ltd, GB), Marcus van Zutphen (Shell Global Solutions International B.V., NL), Jonathan Smith (Shell Global Solu-tions UK Ltd, GB)

Tuesday • 9 June • 16:00-17:30 h

Meeting room 19

SpS 1B.2Sb Workshop on groundwater contamina-tion from pesticide point sources Part II Organizers: Ida Holm Olesen (Region of Southern Denmark, DK), Nina Tuxen (Orbicon A/S, DK), Poul L. Bjerg (Technical University of Denmark, DK)

Moderator: Poul L. Bjerg (Technical University of Denmark, DK)

Pesticides are among the most widespread contaminants in the European groundwater. Recent findings in Denmark indicate that between 20 and 45% of the pesticide findings in the groundwater can be attributed to point sources. Danish researchers, author-ities and consultants have developed innovative tools for data analysis, catchment scale risk assessment and remediation.

We believe we are on the right path, but we are very well aware that we have not yet found the recipe for efficient management of pesticide-point sources. Judged by the limited amount of lit-erature on pesticide point sources available, it seems that other European countries are in a similar situation. Therefore, the aim of this workshop is knowledge exchange and mutual inspiration on the topic of pesticide point sources. Ideally, the session will facilitate forming of new European partnerships on further re-search and development among authorities, consultants and re-searchers. All participants are invited to contribute to knowledge exchange by brief presentations and participation in discussions on key issues.

Programme:

• Plenary discussion following the presentations at the end of part I

• Remediation technologies for pesticide-point sources Katerina Tsitonaki (Orbicon A/S, DK)

• Group discussion: identification of new tools and manage-ment approaches and needs for development

• Plenary discussion and summary of the session, Poul L. Bjerg

Part I of this workshop is scheduled for Tuesday 9 June 14:00-15:30 h.

Auditorium 10

ThS 1A.2 Molecular monitoringChair: Charlotte Riis

• Bacterial community structure and biogeochemical activity in an aquifer contaminated with pesticidesAourell Mauffret, Nicole Baran, Mickael Charron, Catherine Joulian (Brgm, FR)

• Assessment of microbial polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) degradation in a contaminated aquifer using in situ and laboratory microcosms with 13C-labelled PAHs

Petra Bombach (Isodetect GmbH, DE), Arne Bahr, Carsten Vogt (Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, DE), Anko Fischer (Isodetect GmbH, DE)

• Microbial passive samplers: how reliable?Jean-Michel Monier, Cédric Malandain, Celine Baguelin, Oliv-ier Sibourg (ENOVEO, FR)


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• Dutch remedial programme is heading for the finish: we‘re nearly done! or not?Rachelle Verburg, Hans Slenders (ARCADIS, NL)

• Green management of former industrial decantation pondsHermine Huot (Laboratoire Sols et Environnement / IN-RA-Université de Lorraine, FR), Patrick Charbonnier (Arcelor Mittal France, LU), Marie-Odile Simonnot (Université de Lor-raine – CNRS, FR), Jean-Louis Morel (University of Lorraine, FR)

• Flanders integrates sustainable soil remediation into other pol-iciesGriet Van Gestel, Johan Ceenaeme, Ellen Luyten, Tim Caers, Bavo Peeters, Nick Bruneel (OVAM, BE)

• Building a network-based expert-stakeholder framework for sustainable remediationFilip Alexandrescu, Erika Rizzo, Lisa Pizzol, Andrea Critto(University Ca‘ Foscari, IT)

Meeting Room 18

ThS 2.4 Redevelopment of brownfields 2Chair: Stefan Bartke

• Towards 3D geochemistry of urban subsoil: historical and ma-terial inputs

Cécile Le Guern, Vivien Baudouin, Pierre Conil (BRGM, FR)

• What can you do for one and a half million – urban redevelop-ment through implementation of new technology

Dennis Scheper, Gerard Borggreve, Albert Smits (NTP Enviro Netherlands, NL), Adri Nipshagen, Dick Specht (Bioclear, NL), Luuk Wallinga (RUD Drenthe, NL)

• Teterboro Landing Brownfields Redevelopment – Worlds Larg-est In Situ Thermal Desorption Site

John Bierschenk, Gorm Heron, Ken Parker (TerraTherm, Inc., US)

• BALANCE 4P - A holistic approach for sustainable brownfield regeneration

Jenny Norrman (Chalmers University of Technology, SE), Linda Maring (Deltares, NL), Fransje Hooimeijer (TUD, NL), Steven Broekx (Vito NV, BE), Yevheniya Volchko (Chalmers University of Technology, SE)

• Discussion on brownfields redevelopment

Wednesday • 10 June • 9:00-10:30 h

Meeting Room 19

ThS 1A.3 Novel monitoring approaches 1Chair: Tim Grotenhuis

• Quantification of the groundwater-borne contaminant mass discharge to a stream using Point-Velocity Probes (PVP)Vinni K. Rønde, Ursula McKnight, Anne T. Sonne (Technical University of Denmark, DK), John Frederick Devlin (Universi-ty of Kansas, US), Poul L. Bjerg (Technical University of Den-mark, DK)

• A new, fast, clean and easy way to predict organic contaminant availability using thermodesorption – gas chromatography – mass spectrometry/flame ionization (Td-GC- MS/FID)Coralie Biache (LIEC UMeeting Room 7360 CNRS UL, FR), Catherine Lorgeoux (CNRS / Université de Lorraine, FR), Alain Saada, Stéfan Colombano (Brgm, FR), Pierre Faure (CNRS/Uni-versité de Lorraine, FR)

• CPT-based hydraulic profiling tool with extended capabilities in highly permeable mediaEugen Martac, Axel Oppermann (Fugro Consult GmbH, DE)

• Development of an innovative technique for soil water sam-pling in unsaturated zones with highly variable water contentAxel Fischer, Jens Fahl (TU Dresden, DE)

• Methodology for fast and reliable investigation and characteri-zation of contaminated sitesJørgen Mølgaard Christensen, Per Reimann (DGE Miljø og Ingeniørfirma, DK)

Auditorium 10

ThS 1B.6 Environmental Risk Assessment – soil and groundwater 1Chair: Katalin Gruiz

• Approach to cumulative risk assessment of contaminated sites in FlandersChrista Cornelis, Lieve Geerts (VITO, BE), Griet Van Gestel (OVAM Public Waste Agency of Flanders, BE)

• A recommended approach to apply bioavailability methods in a framework for improved ecological risk assessments of PAH contaminated soilsDan Berggren Kleja, Anja Enell, Ann-Sofie Allard (Swedish En-vironmental Research Institute, SE), Staffan Lundstedt (Umeå University, SE), Gerard Cornelissen, Hans Peter Arp (Norwe-gian Geotechnical Institute, NO)

• Protocols for ecological risk assessmentMarlea Wagelmans (Bioclear, NL)

• Risk assessment of urban gardening in CopenhagenStefan Trapp (DTU, DK)

• Pyrite cinder waste deposition ScherpekampJoop Verhagen, Denny Schanze (ARCADIS Nederland BV, NL)

Programme Tuesday, 9 June / Wednesday, 10 June

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• How do the Danish Regions prioritize, investigate and remediate contaminated sitesChristian Andersen (Danish Regions, Environment and Re-source)

• Investigation and Remediation Methods, developments andstate of the artTorben Højbjerg Jørgensen (COWI, DK)

• KRIPP: Concept for Risk based ranking and prioritization of con-taminated sites.Nina Tuxen (Orbicon, DK)

• Brownfield Regeneration. How the Danish approach influencesdevelopment of contaminated sites as old industrial areas, har-bors and old marshalling yards and prevents that regenerationactivities causes contamination to spread.Ninna Dahl Ravnsbæk (COWI, DK)

Meeting Room 20

ThS 1C.3 Decentralization and harmonizationChair: Stefan Bartke

• Public funding scheme for remediation projects in AustriaRegine Patek (KPC, AT)

• Harmonisation – bottom-up or top-down? – a national reme-diation framework for Australia Bruce Kennedy, Kerry Scott(CRC Care, Univ. of South Australia, AU), Ravi Naidu (CRC Care and CERAR, University of South Australia, AU)

• Progress towards an ISO document on sustainable remediationC. Paul Nathanail (University of Nottingham, GB)

• National Strategy for Contaminated Land Management in Finland - Experiences on the Preparation ProcessSarianne Tikkanen (Finnish Environment Institute, FI), Anna- Maija Pajukallio (Ministry of the Environment, FI), Outi Pyy (Finnish Environment Institute, FI)

• Lake Boyuk Shor: environmental engineering and eco-hydrolo-gy as fast track to engineering solutions for lake restoration inAzerbaijanBjent Enden (Witteveen+Bos, NL)

Meeting Room 18

ThS 2.5 Reuse of contaminated soil and sediments 1Chair: Toon Segeren

• Urban geochemical backgrounds for excavated soil reuseCeline Blanc, Jean-Francois Brunet, Frédéric Guiet, PhilippeHerniot, Aurelien Leynet (BRGM, FR), Hélène Roussel (ADEME, FR), Maxime Jarzabek (BRGM, FR)

• Contaminated sludge being used/reused in foundations of new projectsRob Wortelboer (TenCate Geosynthetics, NL)

• Flemish policy on the use of excavated soilDirk Dedecker, Filip De Naeyer, Eddy Van Dyck (Public WasteAgency of Flanders, BE)

• LORVER: a production chain of biomass for industrial purposes from former sites and abandoned materialsMarie-Odile Simonnot (Université de Lorraine – CNRS, FR),Sophie Guimont, Lucas Gossiaux (Valterra Dépollution Réha-

Auditorium 11

ThS 1C.16 In Situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO) 1Chair: Renato Baciocchi

• Destruction of perflourooctaine sulfonate (PFOS) and perflou-roctanoic acid (PFOA) using activated persulfateJosephine Molin (PeroxyChem Environmental Technologies, US), Michael Mueller (PeroxyChem Environmental Technol-ogies, AT), Brant Smith, Daniel Leigh (PeroxyChem Environ-mental Technologies, US)

• Sustained-release MultiOx technology: reactive synergies re-sulting from permanganate in combination with persulfate for passive contaminant treatmentLorenzo Sacchetti (Carus Europe, ES), Pamela Dugan (CarusCorporation, US)

• Use of different kinds of persulfate activation and Fenton Re-agent for the removal of PFOA and PFOS from contaminatedwaterFernando Pardo, Virginia Huerta, Esperanza Montero, SergioRodríguez, Aurora Santos, Arturo Romero (University Com-plutense of Madrid, ES)

• Implementing in-situ chemical oxidation on an industrialEX-rated siteArno Kooistra, Art Lobs (Verhoeve Milieu & Water, NL), TimDe Bouw (RSK Benelux, BE), Richard Lookman (Verhoeve Groep Belgium bvba, BE)

• Remediation of a pentachlorophenol contamination under-neath a residential areaTessa Pancras, Jurgen van der Wal, Joop Verhagen (ARCADIS Nederland B.V., NL)

Auditorium 12

SpS 1D.1S Contaminated sites – evolution from the fumbling start to state of the art Organizers: Lone Tolstrup Karlby, Tage Vikjær Bote (Cowi, DK), Helle Okholm (Danish Environmental Protection Agency, DK), Christian Andersen (Danish Regions, DK), Torben Højbjerg Jør-gensen (Cowi,DK), Nina Tuxen (Orbicon A/S, DK), Ninna Dahl Ravnsbæk (Cowi, DK)

Moderators: Tage Vikjær Bote & Lone Tolstrup Karlby (COWI, DK)

The legislators (Danish Environmental Protection Agency), the regulators (the Regional governments) and the performing part (consultants and contractors) in Danish soil and groundwater is-sues have a very unique working environment based on a strong scientific knowledge on all levels and very competent performers in the field. In the last three decades, Denmark has built a unique model for dealing with soil and groundwater contamination. The aim of the session is to inspire others by sharing the Danish approach of how to handle contaminated sites on all levels; our good and bad experiences on this topic, and with this, hopefully creating international working relations where we all share, learn and take home the best from each other´s practices.

Programme:

• Danish legislation of contaminated sites. The Legislation behind it all and how it has developed over the last 30 years.Helle Okholm/Ole Kiilerich (Danish Environmental Protection Agency, DK)

Programme Wednesday, 10 June

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Christian Niederer, Michael Madliger, Michael Aeschbacher (BMG Engineering AG, CH)

• Arsenic, antimony and selenium in urban soils: potential risks for human health in urban gardeningMiguel Izquierdo, Eduardo De Miguel, Amaia Gomez, Juan Mingot (Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, ES)

• Gardening and soil contamination: finding a way to produce healthy home-grown food Griet Van Gestel, Nele Bal, Johan Ceenaeme (OVAM, BE), Karen Van Campenhout (LNE Environment, BE) Christa Cornelis (VITO, BE), Maja Mampaey (LNE Environment, BE)

• Residential location contaminated with cumene: building team construction results in a successful (in-situ) remediationPeter Ramakers (Provincie Brabant, NL), Joost van Schijndel (Tauw, NL), Gerard Borggreve (NTP Enviro Netherlands, NL

Auditorium 11

ThS 1C.11 Bioremediation of coal tar and fuelsChair: Nicola Harries

• Simulation of bioremediation options by microbial degrada-tion of aged PAH contamination in soilsArno Rein (Technische Universität München – TUM, DE), Stefan Trapp (Technical University of Denmark, DK), Iris K. U. Adam, Anja Miltner (Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, DE), Kilian Smith (Korean Institute of Science and Technology Europe, DE), Geoffrey Marchal (Technical University of Denmark, DK), Ulrich Gosewinkel (Aarhus Uni-versity, DK), Philipp Mayer (Technical University of Denmark, DK), Matthias Kästner (Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, DE)

• Microbial key players during in-situ and in-vitro biostimulation of an ETBE polluted aquifer Marc Viñas, Miriam Guivernau (Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), ES), Isabel Mori (Invesoil Consultores Medioambientales S.L., ES), Fernando García (Compañía Logística de Hidrocarburos, ES), Joaquim Vila (University of Barcelona, ES), Francesc X. Prenafeta-Boldú (Institute of Agri-food Research and Technology – IRTA, ES)

• Quinones increase availability of poorly soluble geogenic termi-nal electron acceptors for anaerobic hydrocarbon degradationKerstin E. Scherr, Amandine de Schaetzen, Marion Hasing-er-Sumetzberger, Diana Backes, Gertrud Kadlec (University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, AT), Andreas Loibner (BOKU, AT), Manfred Nahold (GUT Gruppe Umwelt + Technik GmbH, AT)

• Inoculated bioreactor for MTBE/TBA removal from water – lab & pilot testsLeen Bastiaens, Queenie Simons, Hans Sterckx, Guy Borg-mans, Johan Gemoets (VITO nv, BE)

• Anaerobic bio-oxidation: a sustainable remedial technology for the treatment of BTEX Karen Van Geert, Jeroen Verhack, Wouter Gevaerts, Koen En-kels, Karolien Claeys, Gerlinde De Moor (ARCADIS Belgium, BE)

bilitation, FR), Jean-Louis Morel (University of Lorraine, FR)

• Geochemical fractionation and phytoavailability of trace ele-ments in an estuarine soil impacted by historic mine waste con-taminationEleanor van Veen, John Coggan (University of Exeter, GB


Meeting Room 19

ThS 1A.4 Novel monitoring approaches 2Chair: Peter Grathwohl

• Use of next-generation characterization tools and three-di-mensional visualization to enhance remedy performanceIan Ross (ARCADIS, GB), Mark Webb (ARCADIS EC Harris, GB)

• 3D-Modelling of the salt-/fresh water interface in coastal aquifers of Lower Saxony (Germany) based on airborne elec-tromagnetic measurements (HEM)Nico Deus (State Authority for Mining, Energy and Ge-ology, DE), Jörg Elbracht (LBEG Hannover, DE), Bernhard Siemon (Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, DE)

• Innovative Field Investigations in Limestone using a FACT-FLUTeKlaus Mosthaf (DTU Environment, DK), Mie B. Sørensen (Capital Region of Denmark, DK), Mette Martina Broholm (Technical University of Denmark, DK), Henriette Kerrn- Jespersen (Capital Region of Denmark, DK), Philip J. Bin-ning (Technical University of Denmark, DK)

• The Delft case – improved water and soil management through smart monitoring Rina Clemens (Witteveen+Bos, NL), Charon Walet (Mu-nicipality of Delft, NL), Hans Korving (Delft University of Technology, NL)

• Evidence of in situ biodegradation of ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) in a fuel-contaminated aquifer using stable isotope toolsPetra Bombach (Isodetect GmbH, DE), Norbert Nägele (Kuvier the Biotech Company S.L., ES), Mònica Rosell (Uni-versitat de Barcelona - UB, ES), Hans Hermann Richnow (Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, DE), Anko Fischer (Isodetect GmbH, DE)

Auditorium 10

ThS 1B.7 Environmental Risk Assessment - soil and groundwater 2Chair: Poul Bjerg

• Environmental risk assessment and remediation options for contaminated river sedimentsMichael Madliger, David Trudel, Christian Niederer (BMG Engineering AG, CH)

• Environmental risk assessment at large infrastructure pro-jects: emissions from the use of explosives and construction chemicals


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Programme:

• Setting the scene: commentary on the international approach-es and new developments in remediation strategy

Hans Slenders (ARCADIS, NL)

• Determining the most appropriate remediation strategy for a contaminated site

Peter Nadebaum (GHD Pty Ltd, AU)

• Designing a remediation system – the solution is only as good as the problem definition

John Hunt (Leighton Engineering Co, AU), Ian Brookman (Thiess Services Pty Ltd, AU)

• Risk Management Models for Remediation Projects – An Aus-tralian History,Ian Brookman (Thiess Services Pty Ltd, AU), John Hunt (Leighton Engineering Co, AU)

Meeting Room 18

ThS 2.6 Reuse of contaminated soil and sediments 2Chair: Renato Baciocchi

• Using innovative geotextile constructions as an in-situ biore-mediation technique to remediate contaminated sediments and to improve water quality of shallow lakes Chiel Lauwerijs-sen (Tauw Group, NL)

• Implementation of a Transit Hub Site (THS) for excavated soils – the Israeli experience

Tomer Ash (LDD Advanced Technologies, IL), Meir Tapiero (BioSoil - Israel, IL), Raphi Mandelbaum (LDD Advanced Tech-nologies, IL)

• Sustainable use of excavated soil in the Capital Region of Co-penhagen -– new initiatives Jens Lind Gregersen (Region Hovedstaden / Capital Region of Denmark, DK), Arne Rokkjær (Capital Region of Denmark, DK)

• Soil improvement with biochar – microcosms for characteriza-tion of the effects of biochar on acidic sandy soilMónika Molnár, Viktoria Feigl, Éva Ujaczki, Orsolya Klebercz, Mária Tolner, Emese Vaszita, Katalin Gruiz (Budapest Univer-sity of Technology and Economics, HU)

• The circular economy – maximising the reuse of soils – making it happenClaire Dickinson, Hilary Allen (Aecom, GB)

Auditorium 12

ThS 1C.15 Combined treatment technologies 2Chair: Nina Tuxen

• Cooperation of iron reducing bacteria and iron particles in re-mediation of chlorinated ethylenesLenka Honetschlägerová, Petra Janouškovcová (Institute of chemical technology Prague, CZ)

• Lecithin and ferrous iron as electron donors for enhanced re-duction dechlorination (ERD) and in situ chemical reduction (ISCR)Alan Seech (PeroxyChem Environmental Technologies, US), Michael Mueller (PeroxyChem Environmental Technologies, AT), Daniel Leigh (PeroxyChem Environmental Technologies, US)

• Accelerating trichloroethylene remediation in saprolite and fractured crystalline bedrock by in-situ chemical oxidation and in-situ chemical reduction - a successful case study of com-bined remedies at a challenging siteGeorge Y. Maalouf (Rogers & Callcott Environmental, US)

• Petroleum hydrocarbon mass removal using reagent based enhanced desorption combined with physical recovery tech-niquesJeremy Birnstingl (Regenesis, GB), Alberto Leombruni (Re-genesis Ltd, IT), Ben Mork (Regenesis, US), Gareth Leonard (Regenesis, GB)

• Combined nano-biotechnology for in-situ remediation of mixed contamination of groundwater by hexavalent chromi-um and chlorinated solventsJan Němeček, Petr Pokorný (ENACON s.r.o., CZ), Ondřej Lhot-ský (Dekonta & Charles University, CZ), Petra Najmanová, Vladislav Knytl (DEKONTA a.s., CZ), Jana Steinová, Miroslav Černík (Technical University of Liberec, CZ), Tomáš Cajthaml (Institute of Microbiology of the AS CR & Charles University, CZ)

Meeting Room 20

SpS 1C.5S Contaminated site remediation – practical decision makingOrganizer: John Hunt (Leighton Engineering Co, AU)

This session focuses on how to make decisions regarding the remedial strategy for contaminated sites and associated infor-mation requirements above and beyond the assessment data required to implement a management or active remediation strategy. Australia has been developing national guidance on the remediation of contaminated sites;

this involves consideration of how other countries approach the problem, and how concepts such as risk-based land man-agement and sustainable remediation should be included. The concepts presented in this session should be of interest to many countries, particularly those that are grappling with how to achieve the greatest return from the investment in remediation of contaminated sites.

The session includes speakers who are highly experienced in re-mediating contaminated sites and have a good understanding of international approaches being applied, and the thinking that underlies good decision making related to contaminated sites.


Meeting Room 19

SpS 1A.7S US EPA Session 1: Best Practices for Site CharacterizationOrganizers: Carlos S. Pachon and Stephen A. Dyment (United States Environmental Protection Agency)

A clear theme arising from EPA’s optimization studies is the need for more accurate characterization of site conditions to ensure


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Auditorium 11

ThS 1C.17 In Situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO) 2Chair: Mette Christophersen

• Combined Fenton-like oxidation and CO2 sparging for the treat-ment of groundwater contaminated by organic compoundsDaniela Zingaretti, Iason Verginelli, Renato Baciocchi (Univer-sity of Rome Tor Vergata, IT)

• Use of different kinds of persulfate activation with iron for the remediation of a PAH- contaminated soilFernando Pardo (Universidad Complutense de Madrid, ES), Marina Peluffo (CINDEFI. AR), Aurora Santos, Arturo Romero (University Complutense of Madrid, ES)

• The advantage of bench scale treatability studies as a decision making tool for a full scale ISCO approach in an innovative ten-der procedureAlbert Smits, Gerard Borggreve, Dennis Scheper (NTP Enviro, NL), Mart Jansen (Dutch Rail Soil Remediation Foundation, NL), Michael Mueller (PeroxyChem Environmental Technolo-gies, AT)

• Barium ferrates for in-situ chemical oxidation of BTEX contam-inantsNorbert Klaas, Christine Herrmann, Karin Hauff (University of Stuttgart, DE)

• In-situ sodium persulfate oxidation of benzene under ambient (thermal) activationIan Ross (ARCADIS, GB)

remedy efficiency and success. The goal of the session is to share our lessons learned, discuss opportunities and challenges with professionals in the audience and to gain insights from the expe-riences of others.

This session will present an overview of efforts to “optimize” site characterization, including leveraging the use of existing site data, the importance and application of a “life-cycle” Conceptu-al Site Model (CSM), the use of high resolution site characteriza-tion techniques to improve the design and implementation of groundwater remedies, the use of incremental sampling meth-odologies to improve the representativeness of characterization of soils, and the use of newer visualization tools to better plan and monitor site cleanup.

Auditorium 10

SpS 1B.5S Vapor intrusion – state of the artOrganizers: Tage V. Bote (COWI, DK), Per Loll (DMeeting Room, DK), Mads Georg Møller (Orbicon A/S, DK), Bjarke N. Hoffmark (COWI, DK)Moderators: Per Loll (DMeeting Room, DK), Tage Vikjær Bote (COWI, DK), Bjarke N. Hoffmark (COWI, DK)

Since the mid-1990s, vapor intrusion has been a major issue in Denmark, and today vapor intrusion is a significant part of han-dle contaminated sites. Over the last two decades, investigation techniques and approaches have been developed to locate and determine the amount of vapor intrusion. These initiatives have provided us with highly specialized knowledge about the mech-anisms controlling the vapor intrusion. Remediation techniques have been developed and refined and now offer greater security against vapor intrusion.

The aim of the session is to share our knowledge about vapor intrusion including investigation and remediation techniques. The acknowledgement of vapor intrusion varies from country to country due to political and cultural differences. However, dif-ferences in the ways vapor intrusion is handled are also due to differences in building constructions and climate – factors that are of great importance to processes that control vapor intrusion. Another aim of the session is therefore to discuss this diversity in order to give both participants and speakers a better understand-ing of the similarities and differences and the extent to which we can apply knowledge and methods from one country/region to another.

Programme:

• State-of-the-art studies of vapor intrusions and migration pathwaysPer Loll (DMeeting Room, DK)

• Remediation techniques using passive venting systems

Mads Georg Møller (Orbicon, DK)

• Remediation using Hybrid venting system based upon solar and wind power

Bjarke N. Hoffmark (COWI A/S, DK)

• Monitoring strategy

Tage V. Bote (COWI, DK)

• DiscussionParticipants and speakers

Auditorium 12

SpS 1D.5S From source tracing to remediationand dealing with contamination riskOrganizers: James Taylor (ALS, UK), Douglas Baxter (ALS Scandi-navia), Palle Ejlskov ( Ejlskov A/S, DK), Kristian Bitsch (Ramboll, DK)

Chair: Nora B. Sutton

Programme:

• Who’s poo is this? Making the most of instant bacteria con-firmations James Taylor (ALS, UK)

• Pollution source tracing using isotope ratios Douglas Baxter (ALS Scandinavia)

• Turnkey solutions with Trap & Treat® in situ remediation tech-nologies Palle Ejlskov ( Ejlskov A/S, DK)

• Water supply in urban areas with many well-known pollution sites – two cases in the Copenhagen area Kristian Bitsch (Ramboll, DK)

• Questions and discussion


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Meeting Room 18

ThS 2.7 Reusing materials from mining activities and landfillsChair: Jens Laugesen

• Predicting plant metal bioaccessibility in soils contaminated by historic miningEleanor van Veen, Bernd Lottermoser (University of Exeter, GB)

• Recycling nickel from hyperaccumulator plants at the pilot scaleMarie-Odile Simonnot (Université de Lorraine – CNRS, FR), Vivian Houzelot, Xin Zhang (LRGP (CNRS – Université de Lorraine), FR), Florent Ferrari, Baptiste Laubie, Marie-Noëlle Pons (Université de Lorraine – CNRS, FR), Edouard Plasari (LRGP (CNRS – Université de Lorraine), FR), Aida Bani (Ag-ricultural University of Tirana, AL), Jean-Louis Morel, Guil-laume Echevarria (Université de Lorraine, FR)

• Insight into a 20 ha multi-contaminated brownfield megasite: an environmental forensics approachJosé Luis Rodríguez Gallego, Eduardo Rodríguez-Valdés, Noemi Esquinas, Alicia Fernández-Braña, Nora Matanzas, Carlos Boente, Elías Afif (University of Oviedo, ES)

• Utilization of methane gas for electricity production on minor parts of closed landfillsTommy Bøg Nielsen, Stella Agger, Henrik Jannerup (Region Zealand, DK)

• Understanding Solid-gaseous Phase Transition of Elemental Contaminants during the Gasification of Biomass Harvested from Contaminated LandYing Jiang, Phil Longhurst (Cranfield University, GB)

Meeting Room 20

SpS 1C.4S Sustainable Remediation – avoiding greenwash by striving to demonstrate better resultsOrganizers: Claudio Albano (CH2MHILL & SuRF Italy & Interna-tional SuRF Network), Laurent Bakker (TAUW & NICOLE SRWG)

Moderators: Jonathan Smith (Shell Global Solutions & SuRF UK), Dominique Darmendrail (COMMON FORUM on Contaminated Land in Europe)

In London 2008 Soil and Groundwater Technology Association (SAGTA) in association with Network for Industrially Contaminat-ed Land in Europe (NICOLE) held the first European conference raising the issue of sustainability in land remediation. Concur-rently Sustainable Remediation Forum-UK (SuRF-UK) along with a NICOLE Working Group on Sustainable Remediation were estab-lished providing new forums to exchange information and inno-vating concepts. Now there are Sustainable Remediation Fora all around the world and international knowledge exchange is well established. Over the years these networks have strived to pres-ent case studies proving the advantages of sustainable remedia-tion but have noticed many case studies of ‘greenwash’ instead. Decision making should be kept simple when possible and more complex if appropriate. We have noticed a trend that all kinds of complex tools and methodologies are now being used although the reasoning to choose the most suitable sustainable solution is often obvious, primarily when proper stakeholder engagement is in place. The session updates on activities and learnings, provid-ing space for discussion and networking.

1. Introduction to the session (by the moderators; 5 min)

2. Sustainable remediation, update on results and activities (15 min each including questions & answers)

• International cooperation (Nicola Harries; CL:AIRE, SuRF In-ternational)

• US EPA Experiences Building Sustainability into Contami-nated Site Programs (Carlos Pachon; US EPA)

• The NICOLE roadmap and European experiences (Laurent Bakker, TAUW & NICOLE)

• Key findings of the 3rd Sustainable Remediation Confer-ence at Ferrara, September 2014 (Claudio Albano, CH2M-HILL, SuRF Italy)

3. Discussion: International Fora and Programmes – Strengths and Weaknesses (20 min)

Questions to debate might include:

• Are there learnings from an international exchange?

• Where are Opportunities and Threats to national SuRF chapters?

• Have you ever seen a case study providing records and demonstrating all three pillars of sustainability?

• Are we heading in the right direction, do we oversee things?

4. Summary and next activities


Meeting Room 19

ThS 1A.6 Adaptive monitoring based on real time data, model drivenChair: Katalin Gruiz

• MIP-IN device for combined detection of pollutants and injec-tion of reagentsLeen Bastiaens (VITO NV, BE), Bjorn Anderson (Ejlskov, DK), Jan Kukacka (Dekonta, CZ), Jan De Vos (ABO, BE), Lars Nebel, Palle Ejlskov (Ejlskov, DK)

• Evolution of a site conceptual model using multimedia CSIA to supplement traditional techniquesDevon Rowe, Carol Serlin, Seema Turner, Tom Chandler, Far-shad Razmdjoo, Steve Luis (ENVIRON, US)

• Model of the influence of meanders and time varying stream levels on groundwater discharge to streamsNicola Balbarini, Ellen Nicolajsen, Vinni K. Rønde, Poul L. Bjerg, Philip J. Binning (Technical University of Denmark, DK)

• Integrated characterization of sediment quality in catchments/riversPeter Grathwohl (University of Tübingen, DE), Hermann


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Auditorium 12

ThS 1C.19 Miscellaneous remediation topics 2Chair: Wouter Gevaerts

• Composting for ex situ/on site decontamination of PAHs con-taminated soilsOndřej Lhotský (Dekonta & Charles University, CZ), Stefano Covino (Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ), Jana Janochová (Institute of Microbiology of the AS CR, CZ), Monika Stavělová (Aecom CZ, CZ), Petra Najmanová (DE-KONTA, a.s., CZ), Tomáš Cajthaml (Institute of Microbiology of the AS CR & Charles University, CZ)

• Environmental dredging of a chromium contaminated fjord in Valdemarsvik, SwedenStany Pensaert (DEC, BE)

• Acidic soil washing as a remediation method for Cu polluted soil: optimization of the leaching process and assessment of the solid residuesKarin Karlfeldt Fedje, Ann-Margret Strömvall (Chalmers Uni-versity of Technology, SE)

• Supercritical extraction coupled with ultrasounds for removal of pesticides from soilTeresa Castelo-Grande (FEUP, PT)

• High Resolution Groundwater Flow diagnostic system for opti-mization of in-situ site remediation and environmental protec-tionPetr Kvapil, Martin Procházka, Tomáš Lederer (AQUATEST a.s., CZ)

Meeting Room 20

ThS 1D.3 Risk mitigation and intervention measuresChair: Ruud Cino

• Can we trust in Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) to deal with emerging contaminants present in reclaimed water?Marta Hernández García (CETAQUA, ES), Oriol Gibert (Univer-sitat Politècnica de Catalunya, ES), Xavier Bernat (CETaqua, ES), Karsten Nödler, Tobias Licha (Geoscience Centre of the University of Göttingen, DE)

• Biological treatment of micropollutants in drinking water re-sourcesJanneke Wittebol, Marlea Wagelmans (Bioclear, NL)

• How to get a camel to go through the eye of a needle: Success-ful site remediation of a former explosives production site: safe housing, working and drinking water production on a long-term basisChristian Weingran (HIM GmbH, DE), H. Georg Meiners (ahu AG Wasser·Boden·Geomatik, DE)

• PFCs in the United States: historical use, environmental occur-rence, policy, and regulationNeal Durant (Geosyntec Consultants, US), Ramona Darling-ton (Battelle Memorial Institute, US)

• Bottom-up regional initiatives to tighten up the generic pesti-cides rules and regulations in the NetherlandsCors van den Brink (Royal HaskoningDHV, NL)

Rügner, Marc Schwientek (WESS c/o University of Tübingen, DE), Michael Rode (Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Re-search UFZ, DE)

• Delineation of contaminant plumes using Low-Level MIHPT (LL-MIHPT)Malene Toernqvist Front, Charlotte Riis, Anders Christensen (NIRAS A/S, DK), Nancy Hamburger, Peder Johansen (The Capi-tal Region of Denmark), Lone Tolstrup Karlby (COWI)

Auditorium 10

ThS 1B.8 Indoor air pollution from soil and groundwaterChair: Jena Laugesen

• Probabilistic risk assessment for six vapour intrusion algorithmsJeroen Provoost (FI), Jan Bronders, Ilse Van Keer (Vito NV, BE)

• Origin of hydrocarbons in indoor airDorte Harrekilde (Ramboll, DK), Niels Just (The Region of Southern Denmark, DK)

• New concepts in vapour intrusionJeroen Provoost (FI)

• Sewer systems as a major intrusion pathway for VOC’s to indoor airKarin Birn Nielsen, Børge Hvidberg (Central Denmark Region, DK)

• Blower door test to examine if VOC contamination in indoor air is caused by internal source or by sub-slab sourceBoerge Hvidberg, Karin Birn Nielsen (Central Denmark Re-gion, DK)

Auditorium 11

ThS 1C.22 Zero valent ironChair: Marco Petrangeli Papini

• Implementation of zerovalent iron for source zone treatment via soil mixingHilde Decuyper (A+E Consult bvba, BE), Nele Vermeiren (Smet F&C, BE), Johan Gemoets, Richard Lookman, Ilse Van Keer, Leen Bastiaens (VITO NV, BE)

• In situ remediation of chlorinated solvents using ZVI-clay soil mixing for the first time inSwedenNicklas Larsson (NIRAS, SE), Anders Christensen (NIRAS, DK), Ulf Winnberg (Geological Survey of Sweden, SE), Henrik E. Steffensen (NIRAS, DK)

• Batchtests and field application of in situ remediation of groundwater contaminated with chlorinated solvents by direct injection of nanoscale Zero Valent Iron on three locations in DenmarkAnne Gammeltoft Hindrichsen, John Ulrik Bastrup (Geo, DK)

• DNAPL source zone treatment with ZVI soil mixingDenny Schanze (ARCADIS Nederland BV, NL)

• Optimizing the properties of nanofluids for the efficient NAPL re-mediation in porous media Christos Tsakiroglou, Katerina Ter-zi, Alexandra Sikinioti-Lock, Kata Hajdu, Christos Aggelopou-los (Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, GR)


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Meeting Room 18

ThS 3.5 Ecosystems services and combined ap-proachesChair: Dominique Darmendrail

• Challenges and possibilities in the Danish groundwater sectorRolf Johnsen (Central Denmark Region, DK)

• Ecosystem services of the groundwater and the subsurface; fill-ing the knowledge gap Johannes P.A. Lijzen (National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, NL), Sophie Vermooten (Deltares, NL), Hans Peter Broers (TNO, NL), Suzanne van der Meulen (Deltares, NL), Michiel Rutgers (RIVM, NL)

• Soil and groundwater related ecosystem services in the Atlas Natural CapitalSuzanne van der Meulen (Deltares, NL), Kees Hendriks (Alter-ra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, NL), Michiel Rutgers (RIVM, NL)

• Application of Life Cycle Assessment into development of urban projectsJordi Boronat (MediTerra, ES), Geertrui Louwagie (European Environment Agency, DK), Carmen Hidalgo (leitat, ES), Paul Nathanail (Land Quality Management Ltd, GB), Karen Van Geert (ARCADIS Belgium, BE), Nila Nielsen (AECAS – Medi-Terra, ES)

• Management of the subsurface: an EIA for a National spatial plan for the subsurface Justine Oomes (Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment, NL), Matthijs Nijboer (Tauw bv, NL), Ivo van der Sommen, Ani-ta Bijvoet (Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment, NL)

Thursday • 11 June • 9:00-10:30 h

Meeting Room 19

ThS 4.1 Adaptive water quantity and quality management in urban areasChair: Hans van Duijne

• Impacts from climate changes on contaminated soil and ground water – are we sufficiently aware of them?Stella Agger, Tommy Bøg Nielsen, Hanne Møller Jensen (Re-gion Zealand, DK)

• The quality of stormwater runoff leaving filter soilKarin Cederkvist, Peter E. Holm, Marina B. Jensen (University of Copenhagen, DK)

• Infiltration of rainwater in urban areas as a climate change ad-aptation strategyCharlotte Schow Jensen, N.H.M. Goring (Rambøll, DK)

• The risk of mobilizing contaminants from soil when infiltrating rain waterBritt Boye Thrane (Rambøll, DK)

• Reactive transport impacts on recovered water quality for a field MPPW-ASR system in a geochemically heterogeneous coastal aquiferKoen Zuurbier, Niels Hartog, Pieter Niels Stuyfzand (KWR Wa-tercycle Research Institute, NL)

Auditorium 10

SpS 1B.3S After 25 years of contaminated land-related human exposure models: READY, STEADY, GO?Organizers: Frank Swartjes (National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, NL), Yvonne Ohlsson (Swedish Geotechnical In-stitute, SE), Renato Baciocchi, Iason Verginelli (University of Rome Tor Vergata, IT), Stefan Trapp (Technical University of Denmark, DK), Roberto Pecoraro (Versalis, IT), Jeroen Provoost (FI)Moderator: Frank Swartjes (National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, NL)

25 Years ago the first generation of human exposure models was published. Today, human exposure models are widely available and worldwide used on a large scale, often without much review or criticism. In many contaminated soil and groundwater apprais-als, however, human exposure models contribute significantly to good risk assessment and risk management practices. More than that, human exposure models often are considered as the core tool in risk assessment and risk management of contaminated soil and groundwater.

Therefore, the question is warranted after 25 years if human ex-posure models are ‘finished’ or if serious knowledge gaps remain. Moreover, an interesting question is how human exposure mod-els are used in practical applications.

Programme:

• Setting the sceneFrank Swartjes (National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, NL)

Programme Wednesday, 10 June / Thursday, 11 June

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• The NanoRem experience: large scale and case study testing

Jürgen Braun (University of Stuttgart, Germany)

• Questions and answers

Meeting Room 20

SpS 1C.6S Sustainability in contaminated site management – case FinlandOrganizers: Jaana Sorvari (Aalto University, FI), Seppo Nikunen (Pöyry Finland Oy, FI), Jussi Reinikainen, Outi Pyy (Finnish Envi-ronment Institute, FI), Anna-Maija Pajukallio (Ministry of the En-vironment, FI)

Moderator: Jaana Sorvari (Aalto University, FI)

In Finland, the number of potentially contaminated sites, record-ed in the national database known as MATTI, currently totals some 25,000. Most of these sites have not yet been investigated but it has been estimated that 11,000 sites need to be remediated in the future. The estimated cost of these activities is 4 billion Eu-ros. At the same time, state funding is scarce and covers roughly only 5-10% of the total costs. Hence, in most cases the costs of remediation need to be paid by private problem owners. This is a challenge from the viewpoint of the realization of sustainable contaminated site management (CSM) since no incentives actu-ally exist to consider all components of sustainability in decision making.

The session aims to present how Finland has tried to solve the problem of the implementation of sustainability principle in CSM, when both the economic and human resources are scarce, mar-ket is limited and the practical issues such as logistics and lack of guidelines create barriers to it.

Programme:

• IntroductionJaana Sorvari (Aalto University, FI)

• National remediation strategy and renewing of the state fund-ing systemAnna-Maija Pajukallio (Ministry of the Environment, FI)

• New guidelines to implement sustainability principle in CSMJussi Reinikainen (Finnish Environment Institute, FI)

• Experiences of the use of in situ techniques vs. traditional dig and dumpSeppo Nikunen (Pöyry Finland Oy, FI)

• A case study on addressing soil contamination in an expanding city during and by means of the planning of new areasKaarina Laakso (City of Helsinki, FI)

• Panel discussion

• Oral bioavailability after soil ingestionJoanna Wragg, Mark Cave (British Geological Survey, UK)

• Test and calibration of a standard plant organic contaminants uptake modelStefan Trapp (Technical University of Denmark, DK)

• Integration of modelling and field data in the vapour inhala-tion pathwayRenato Baciocchi, Iason Verginelli (University of Rome Tor Vergata, IT), Roberto Pecoraro (Versalis, IT)

• Vapour intrusion modelling – crystal ball or crystal clear?Jeroen Provoost (FI)

• Misunderstandings or misuses in practical applicationsYvonne Ohlsson (Swedish Geotechnical Institute, SE)

Auditorium 11

SpS 1C.23S Nanoremediation Part 1 – all you wanted to know (a practical guide to nanoremediation) Organizers: Paul Bardos (r3 environmental technology ltd, GB), Juergen Braun (University of Stuttgart, DE), Miroslav Černík (Tech-nical University of Liberec, CZ), Dan Elliott (Geosyntec Consult-ants, US), Elsa Limasset (BRGM, FR), Hans-Peter Koschitzky (Uni-versity of Stuttgart, DE)

Moderator: Paul Bardos (r3 environmental technology ltd, UK)

Part I of the Nanoremediation session focuses on providing a practi-cal grounding in nanoremediation theory and practice with particu-lar reference to applied examples in the field. Part II of the session fo-cuses on providing business and strategic intelligence for delegates with interests in utilizing or developing nanoremediation activities within their organisations or at client sites. (Part 2 (SpS 1C.24S) is scheduled on Thursday, 12:30 h, in Meeting Room 17)

Nanotechnologies could offer a step-change in remediation ca-pabilities: treating persistent contaminants which have limited re-mediation alternatives. In 2007 in Europe it was forecast that the 2010 world market for environmental nanotechnologies would be around $6 billion (JRC Ispra 2007). In fact, adoption of nano-remediation has been much slower. However, the recent emer-gence of nanoremediation as a commercially-deployed remedia-tion technology in several EU countries indicates that it is timely to reconsider its potential applications and the consequent impli-cations for their business activities.

Since early 2014, the EU FP7 NanoRem project (www.nanorem.eu) has been carrying out an intensive development and optimi-sation programme for different nanoparticles (NPs), along with analysis and testing methods, investigations of fate and transport of the NPs and their environmental impact. NanoRem is a €14 million international collaborative project with 28 Partners from 12 EU countries, and linkages to the USA and Asia. It is a major initiative, which will support the effective deployment of nanore-mediation technologies in Europe.

Programme:

• What nano-remediation is and what it can and cannot do

Miroslav Černík (Technical University Liberec, Czech Repub-lic)

• Practical experience in nanoremediation

Dan Elliott (Geosyntec Consultants, USA)

• Regulatory perspective on nanoremediation useElsa Limasset (BRGM, France)

Programme Thursday, 11 June

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Meeting Room 18

SpS 3.1S Challenges for application of Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage in Europe Organizers: Martin Bloemendal (Delft University of Technology, NL), Frans van de Ven (Delft University of Technology / Deltares, NL), Nanne Hoekstra (Deltares, NL)

Moderator: Ruud Cino (Ministry of Infrastructure and Environ-ment, NL

In Climate KIC E-use, groundreach and geopower projects sev-eral barriers were identified for ATES development in different European countries. Distinction was made between immature and mature market problems and general barriers. Research is ongoing to solve the identified barriers. Which barriers are most important, which research is needed to solve these barriers, and if not already lined-up, how can we address the questions at hand?

Programme:

• Barrier identification and ATES researchNanne Hoekstra (Deltares, NL)

• Functioning of ATES systems in practice / Building (control) sys-temStefan Kranz (GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, DE)

• Effect of heterogeneity on temperature distribution in ATES wellsWijb Sommer (Wageningen University and Research centre, NL)

• Unfamiliarity with potential ATES suitability/potential in worldMartin Bloemendal (Delft University of Technology / KWR Water cycle research institute NL)

• Pitches on projects dealing with identified barriers and dis-cussion:-Swimming pool Alzamora Spain with new type geoexchang-

er; legislation barrierJulián Rodríguez, (Itecon, ES)

-Nike distribution centre. Barrier high investment, uncertainty on performance Wouter Gevaerts (ARCADIS, BE)

-A project from Italy or Germanyspeaker to be defined

• Discussion

• Wrap-up; which questions are most important, how can we address them?

Thursday • 11 June • 11:00-12:30 h

Meeting Room 19

SpS 4.2S Artificial recharge of coastal aquifersOrganizers: Koen Zuurbier (KWR Watercycle Research Institute, NL), Gualbert H.P. Oude Essink (Deltares / Utrecht University, NL), Niels Hartog (KWR Watercycle Research Institute / Utrecht Univer-sity, NL)

Moderator: Niels Hartog (KWR Watercycle Research Institute / Utrecht University, NL)

Local, small-scale managed aquifer recharge (MAR) may provide site-tailored freshwater management solutions in coastal areas that are increasingly under pressure through both population growth and climate change. These solutions may provide flex-ible solutions worldwide for varying conditions, such as more extreme water events (drought and pluvial flooding). The local MAR-solutions demonstrate robust solutions for freshwater man-agement by exploiting temporal natural freshwater sources (rain-water, surface water, drainage water, waste water) for abstraction upon storage in times of demand for irrigation, industrial, and drinking water purposes. Through the analysis of various field cases it can be demonstrated how to deal with different geolog-ical settings, application in brackish/saline groundwater, water quality changes and pre-treatment preceding injection.

Programme:

• An introduction to the rise of MAR for local freshwater manage-ment in the NetherlandsCarl Paauwe (Waterbuffer foundation, NL)

• The use of sophisticated well configuration to enable freshwa-ter aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) in coastal aquifersKoen Zuurbier (KWR Watercycle Research Institute, NL)

• Potential for removal of pathogens during aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) in an agricultural setting for self-sufficiency of freshwaterJouke Velstra (Acacia Water, NL)

• Large scale application of small scale managed aquifer re-charge (MAR) systems in the saline coastal delta of BangladeshBoris van Breukelen (VU University Amsterdam, NL)

• On promising techniques for local fresh groundwater supply in the Southwestern Delta, The Netherlands: GO-FRESHGualbert Oude Essink (Deltares / Utrecht University, NL)

• MAR as a solution for freshwater management on a small Dan-ish island (Falster)Klaus Hinsby (GEUS, DK)

• Discussion

• Wrap-up; which are the important research questions, di-rections for the future, challenges and how can we address them?


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of the NPs and their environmental impact. NanoRem is a €14 mil-lion international collaborative project with 28 Partners from 12 EU countries, and linkages to the USA and Asia. It is a major initia-tive, which will support the effective deployment of nanoremedi-ation technologies in Europe.

Programme:

• Preliminary scenarios for the EU nanoremediation market in 2025 – assessment of market drivers (opportunities and chal-lenges) affecting the take-up of nanoremediation Stephan Bartke (Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, DE)

• Discussion in groups about market prospects and drivers

• Plenary reporting back of discussion groups

Auditorium 12

ThS 1C.12 In situ remediation technologies 1Chair: Magda Grifoll

• An innovation to increase rate and performance of in situ biore-mediation – development of a new technologyJeremy Birnstingl (Regenesis, GB), Ben Mork (Regenesis, US)

• In-situ zinc bioprecipitation through organic substrate injection in a high-flow aquifer: from laboratory to full-scaleMattias Verbeeck (Antea Group, BE), Richard Lookman, Johan Gemoets (VITO nv, BE), Beatrijs Lambié (Antea Group, BE)

• In situ biological treatment of nitrate-polluted groundwater for drinking water production Irene Jubany, Montserrat Calderer (Fundació CTM Centre Tec-nològic, ES), Ester Vilanova, Jordi Font-Capo, Jorge Molinero (Amphos 21 Consulting S.L, ES), Roser Grau, Esteve Pintó (Cat-alana de Perforacions, P.I. Sta Anna, 4.2, 08251 Santpedor, ES)

• Full-scale electrokinetics-enhanced bioremediation (EK-BIO) of PCE DNAPL source area in clay tillCharlotte Riis, Martin Bymose, Dorte Pade (Niras A/S, DK), Evan Cox, James Wang (Geosyntec Consultants, US), David Gent (US Army Corps of Engineers ERDC, US), Mads Terkelsen (Capital Region, DK)

• Predicting tools for an optimal in situ bioremediation strategy in a hydrocarbons contaminated rail yard siteLaura Tiano, Jørgen Mølgaard Christensen (Biorem Aps, DK), Beate Müller (DB Netz AG, DE), Michael Petzold (DB AG, DE)

Meeting Room 20

ThS 1C.7 Strategies for remediation and brown-field regenerationChair: Ida Holm Olesen

• Regeneration of brownfield mega-sites – a review of existing and emerging technologies and their application for a test-siteLauge Clausen (Technical University of Denmark, DK)

• Pollution of soil and groundwater by industrial oils dumping in Jarama River Basin (Madrid, Spain)Fermín Villarroya, Esperanza Montero, Juan Pedro Martín (Universidad Complutense de Madrid, ES)

• Lac Megantic: The rehabilitation of a town following a petrole-um loaded train explosionMichel Beaulieu (MDDELCC, CA)

Auditorium 10

SpS 1B.4S TRIAD investigations of soil and groundwater contamination – experiences and future possibilities, pros and consOrganizers: Dorte Harrekilde (Ramboll, DK), Anna Toft, Peter Ly-sholm Tüchsen (The Capital Region of Denmark, DK)

Moderator: Dorte Harrekilde (Ramboll, DK)

The use of the TRIAD approach to investigate contaminated sites has increased over the past years in Europe. The TRIAD approach aims at achieving a greater sample density and real- time analy-ses with systematic planning and dynamic work strategies. One of the overall objectives is to minimize the number of field cam-paigns and to reduce nuisances for the property owner by assur-ing more rapid investigations.

During this session experiences with the TRIAD approach will be presented and discussed. Further on the program: pros and cons for using TRIAD, challenges, contaminants that are most suitable for TRIAD investigations, constraints in suitability depending on the type of investigation to be carried out i.e. when is the TRIAD approach suitable for delineating a groundwater plume, for car-rying out initial soil investigations or for more complex investiga-tions, quality of TRIAD investigations compared to traditional in-vestigations, use of elements of the TRIAD approach in traditional investigations.

Meeting Room 17

SpS 1C.24S Nanoremediation Part 2 –your future business opportunities (strategic and market intelligence) Organizers: Paul Bardos (r3 environmental technology ltd, GB), Stephan Bartke (Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, DE), Nicola Harries (CL:AIRE, GB), Hans-Peter Koschitzky (Univer-sity of Stuttgart, DE)

Moderator: Nicola Harries (CL:AIRE, GB)

Part 2 of the Nanoremediation session focuses on providing busi-ness and strategic intelligence for delegates with interests in utilizing or developing nanoremediation activities within their organisations or at client sites.

(Part 1 of the session (SpS 1C.23S) is scheduled on Thursday, from 9:00-10.30 h in Auditorium 11, and provides a practical grounding in nanoremediation theory and practice.)

Nanotechnologies could offer a step-change in remediation ca-pabilities: treating persistent contaminants which have limited remediation alternatives. In 2007 in Europe it was forecast that the 2010 world market for environmental nanotechnologies would be around $6 billion (JRC Ispra 2007). In fact, adoption of nanoremediation has been much slower. However, the recent emergence of nanoremediation as a commercially-deployed remediation technology in several EU countries indicates that it is timely to reconsider its potential applications and the conse-quent implications for their business activities.

Since early 2014, the EU FP7 NanoRem project (www.nanorem.eu) has been carrying out an intensive development and optimi-sation programme for different nanoparticles (NPs), along with analysis and testing methods, investigations of fate and transport


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• Remediation in ChinaJohn Ulrik Bastrup (Geo, DK), Jie Cheng (Dongzhimen Nanda-jie, CN), Daniel Chiang (Wuxi Taihu Lake Restoration Co., CN)

• Combined remedy synergies – examples and conceptual road mapJeremy Birnstingl (Regenesis, GB)

Meeting Room 18

SpS 3.3S Unforeseen events in management of the subsurface: learning practice Organizers: Jasper Lackin (Witteveen+Bos, NL), Justine Oomes (Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment, NL), Roelof Stuur-man (Deltares, NL),. Jaap Tuinstra (Dutch Soil Protection Technical Committee TCB, NL), Timo Heimovaara (TU Delft, NL; to be con-firmed)

Moderator: Justine Oomes (Ministry of Infrastructure and Envi-ronment, NL)

In order to realize our ambition on climate, energy and a com-fortable living environment the subsurface will be used more intensively in the near future. Rapid innovations and economic circumstances give the opportunity to increase our use of the subsurface. This increase in multiple uses creates a pressure on the subsurface which needs to be managed. Unforeseen events occur in every-day projects and can have negative social, cost or environmental impacts and limit other uses in the subsurface. This was the reason for a preliminary Dutch study and recent publication “Unexpected events in the subsurface“ (TCB, Witte-veen+Bos and Deltares). This study implies a broad analysis of causes and consequences combined with lessons learned from illustrated cases. It resulted in insights with respect to the nega-tive impact of unforeseen events and the factors that play an im-portant role in occurrence and prevention. Looking at traditional tendering (knowledge sharing, risk evaluation and liability) and High Reliable Organizations helps us to find possible solutions to manage unforeseen events. The preliminary study has shown that knowledge availability and sharing, risk sharing during ten-dering, transparency and attitude toward unforeseen events and good governance play an important role in enhancing our grip on unforeseen events. The session organizers wish to enrich the Dutch experiences and lessons learned with experiences of pro-fessionals from other countries represented on AquaConsoil.

Programme:

• Unforeseen events in the subsurface: a problem?Jaap Tuinstra (Dutch Soil Protection Technical Committee, NL)

• Delflandse kust – Building with Nature, flooding due to dike re-mediationRoelof Stuurman (Deltares, NL)

• Gertsewoud, wrong use of slag after bursting soilsJasper Lackin (Witteveen+Bos, NL)

• How to predict long term effectsTimo Heimovaara (TU Delft, The Netherlands) to be confirmed

• Two extra pitches representing practice with unforeseen events in other countries

• Discussion in subgroups around cases presented in the pitches, on possible solutions and approaches to anticipate

• Plenary discussion on the main results from the subgroups

• Conclusions, wrap-up

Thursday • 11 June • 14:00-15:30 h

Meeting Room 19

ThS 1A.5 Persistence of historical and emerging subsurface contaminantsChair: Peter Grathwohl

• Hydrocarbons bioavailability change during bioremediation and its implication for risk assessmentFrederic Coulon (Cranfield University, GB), Guozhong Wu (Tsinghua University, CN), Cedric Kechavarzi (University of Cambridge, GB), Ruben Sakrabani, Amii Whelan (Cranfield University, GB)

• Can aged spiked soils reflect bioaccessibility of native PAHs in historically contaminated soils?Andreas Loibner (BOKU, AT), Kerstin E. Scherr (Universi-ty of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, AT), Eva Edelmann, Stefan Humel, Dietmar Kopp (BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, AT), Philipp Mayer (Technical University of Denmark, DK)

• Remediation of polycyclic aromatic compounds contaminated soils by chemical oxidation and bioremediation: consequences on polar PAC (degradation, formation and mobility) Sitraka Andriatsihoarana, Marine Boulangé, Salma Oua-li (Université de Lorraine, FR), Catherine Lorgeoux (CNRS / Université de Lorraine, FR), Délphine Catteloin, Ogier Hanser (Université de Lorraine, FR), Aurélie Cebron (CNRS / Univer-sité de Lorraine, FR), Stéfan Colombano, Alain Saada (Brgm, FR), Pierre Faure (CNRS/Université de Lorraine, FR)

• Characterization of dozens of sites around the globe impacted by perfluorinated compounds: common encounters and les-sons learnedDave Woodward (AECOM, US), Rachael Casson (AECOM, AU), Dora Chiang (AECOM, DE)

• Screening for fluorinated compounds (PFAS) around potential sources of pollution at Danish defence establishmentsJacqueline Anne Falkenberg (NIRAS, DK), Mette Marie Mygind, Anne Mette Bräuner Lindof (Ministry of Defence, DK), Jette Kjøge Olsen, Jens Dengsø Jensen, Anders Christensen (NIRAS, DK)

Auditorium 10

SpS 1C.28S European advances in nanoremedia-tion technologyChair: Hans-Peter Koschitzky

• In-situ Groundwater Remediation Using Carbo-Iron®: Large Scale Flume Experiment to Investigate Transport and Reactivity in a source-treatment approachKumiko Miyajima (University of Stuttgart, DE), Katrin Mac-kenzie (Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, DE), Juergen Braun (University of Stuttgart, DE)

• Reactivity tests in columns for simulating source zone and plume remediation of chlorinated hydrocarbons by zero-valent metal particles under subsurface-like conditions Christine Herrmann, Maurice Menadier, Norbert Klaas (Uni-versity of Stuttgart,DE)


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The case: A valve and steel company has contaminated a site with trichloroethylene. A developer would like to build houses on the site. What would it demand and how would this be handled in different countries?

Each country is represented by an environmental consultant, who will present the handling of such a case from the national per-spective of their country. The description of the case given to the consultants includes some questions to ensure that the differenc-es between the different countries can be compared.

Outline of the session:

• Session introduction – Hans Fredborg, Central Region Den-mark (5 min)

• Case introduction – Winnie Hyldegaard, Grontmij (10 min)• UK case solution – Phil Studds, Ramboll (15 min)• IT case solution – Sara Ceccon, Environ Italy (15 min)• NL case solution – Hans Slenders/Rachelle Verburg, ARCADIS

(15 min)• CZ case solution – Petr Kozubek, Enacon (15 min)• Panel/plenum discussion (15 min)

Polling equipment will be available to the audience during this session. Polling questions will be asked before the individual presentations and during the panel discussion.

Meeting Room 20

ThS 1C.8 Uncertainty in remediationChair: Jeremy Birnstingl

• Tools for the Calculation of Remediation TimesThomas Held (ARCADIS Deutschland GmbH, DE)

• Analysis of remediation studies to assess the major factors in-fluencing remediation efficiencyFlorian Cazals (INNOVASOL, FR), Olivier Atteia (EA 4592 G&E, ENSEGID, University of Bordeaux, FR)

• Estimation of remediation rates for chlorinated solvents in con-fined unsaturated media Gro Lilbaek, Jacqueline Anne Falk-enberg, Anders Christensen (NIRAS, DK), Helle Overgaard (The Capital Region of Denmark, DK)

• The use of smart DPE and real time data for maximising the re-turn of investment in contaminated land remediationAnil Waduge (ARCADIS, GB)

• Strategic management of uncertainties of remediation costs by identification of critical parameters and sensitivity analysis on costs: methodology and case studiesKaren Van Geert, Wouter Gevaerts, Gerlinde De Moor, Anja Vandercappellen (ARCADIS Belgium, BE)

Meeting Room 18

ThS 3.4 Subsurface planning and managementChair: Elsa Limasset

• Improved recirculation system to treat a chlorinated solvent contamination and to allow for heat recuperationKaren van Geert, Isabelle Olivier, Wouter Gevaerts, Jeroen Verhack, Thomas van Humbeeck (ARCADIS Belgium, BE)

• Understanding the environmental risks associated with shale gas development in the UK George Prpich, Frederic Coulon, Gill Drew, Simon Pollard,

• Agar agar stabilized milled zerovalent iron particles for in situ groundwater remediationMilica Velimirovic, Doris Schmid, Stephan Wagner, Vesna Micic Batka, Frank von der Kammer, Thilo Hofmann (Univer-sity of Vienna, AT)

• Demonstrating Nanoremediation in the Field – The NanoRem Test SitesJuergen Braun (University of Stuttgart, DE), Randi Bitsch (Solvay AG, SE), Matthias Kraatz (Golder Associates GmbH, DE), Jorge Gonçalves (Geoplano-Consultores, S.A, PT), Nerea Otaegi (Tecnalia Research & Innovation, Geldo, ES), Noam Weisbrod (Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, IL), Petr Kvapil (AQUATEST a.s., CZ)

• Performance of Carbo-Iron particles in in-situ groundwater plume and source treatment approachesKatrin Mackenzie, Steffen Bleyl, Frank-Dieter Kopinke (Helm-holtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, DE)

• Nanoiron and Carbo-Iron® particle transport in aquifer sedi-ments - Targeted depositionSteffen Bleyl, Katrin Mackenzie, Anett Georgi, Frank-Dieter Kopinke (Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, DE)

Auditorium 11

ThS 1C.26 Thermal remediation 1Chair: Thomas H. Larsen

• How Effective is Thermal Remediation of DNAPL Source Zones in Reducing Groundwater Concentrations?Ralph Baker, Gorm Heron, Steffen Griepke Nielsen (Terra- Therm, Inc., US), Niels Ploug (Krüger A/S, DK)

• Indoor thermal remediation in an old industrial area in the cap-ital region of Denmark Katerina Hantzi, Ida Damgaard (Capital Region of Denmark, DK), Jes Holm (Geo, DK), Pernille Kjærsgaard (Orbicon A/S, DK)

• Mixture of high and low boiling compounds in a mixed low and high permeable setting – Thermal design considerationsJesper Holm, Niels Ploug, Max Jensen (Krüger A/S, DK), Steff-en Griepke Nielsen, Gorm Heron (TerraTherm, US)

• Experiences using Gas Thermal Remediation (GTR) in DenmarkJacob H. Christiansen (COWI Denmark, DK)

• In-situ thermal remediation of CVOCs from source zone con-taining chlorinated solvents and motor oil as NAPLCarol Winell, Cavis Carpenter, Grant Geckeler (Good Earth-keeping Organization Inc., US)

Auditorium 12

SpS 1C.29S Four countries’ approach to solving a contaminated site issueOrganizers: Danish Knowledge Exchange GroupChair: Hans Fredborg (Central Region Denmark)

The session aims to highlight both differences and similarities in our approaches across national borders – exemplified by England, Italy, the Netherlands and the Czech Republic – and to inspire us to collaborate with and learn from our European neighbors.


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Auditorium 10

ThS 1B.9 Risk modelingChair: Frederic Coulon

• Assessment of risks due to the permeation of organic contam-inants in groundwater through polyethylene drinking waterpipesPiet Otte (National Institute for Public Health and the En-vironment, NL), Martin Schans, Martin Meerkerk (KWR Wa-tercycle Research Institute, NL), Frank Swartjes (NationalInstitute of Public Health and the Environment, NL)

• Quantification of contaminant transport from sedimentPaul Frogner-Kockum, Märta Ländell, Gunnel Göransson,Yvonne Ohlsson (Swedish Geotechnical Institute, SE)

• Assessing risk of contaminated soil with catchment area mod-els – experiences and possibilitiesBianca Pedersen (Ramboll Denmark, DK), Dorte Harrekilde,Lars Bennedsen (Rambøll, DK), Kristian Bitsch, Britt BoyeThrane (Ramboll Denmark, DK)

• Improvements with geostatistics for lithology representativefields and flow models at Sellafield siteJean-Marc Chautru, Claire Faucheux, Yvon Desnoyers (Ge-ovariances, FR), Nick Jefferies, Peter Jackson (AMEC FosterWheeler, GB), Ian Teasdale, Julian Cruickshank (Sellafield,GB)

• Matrix diffusion in groundwater aquifersDave T. Adamson (GSI Environmental Inc., US), Henrik Eng-dal Steffensen (NIRAS A/S, DK), Charles J. Newell (GSI Envi-ronmental Inc., US), Niels D. Overheu, Mads Terkelsen, Ped-er Johansen, Line Moerkebjerg Fischer (Capital Region, DK), Charlotte Riis, Anders Christensen (NIRAS, DK)

Auditorium 11

ThS 1C.27 Thermal remediation 2

• In-Situ Thermal Remediation of PCBs: Lessons Learned and Re-sults from Treatability Study, Pilot Test and Full Scale Remedi-ationCarol Winell, Xiaosong Chen (Good Earthkeeping Organiza-tion Inc., US)

• In-situ thermal remediation at a site with DNAPL in overburden above fractured rock Gorm Heron, Jim Galligan, Robin Swift (TerraTherm, US),Bruce Thompson, Jessie McCusker (demaximis, US), MichaelGefell, John LaChance (ARCADIS, US)

• Steam-air injection in fractured bedrock: results and les-sons learned of a CHC- remediation at the site Biswurm (Vil-lingen-Schwenningen, Germany)Oliver Trötschler, Hans-Peter Koschitzky (University of Stutt-gart, VEGAS, DE), Bernd Lidola, Isabell Kleeberg (Stadtbauamt Villingen-Schwenningen, DE), Stefan Schulze (GEOsens, DE)

• Complex boundary conditions for in-situ thermal treatments(ISTT) conducted during land recycling and remediation be-neath buildingsUwe Hiester, Martina Müller (reconsite GmbH, DE)

• Thermal treatment – challenges and solutionsSteffen Griepke Nielsen, Gorm Heron, Ralph Baker (Terra-Therm, Inc., US), Niels Ploug (Krüger A/S, DK)

Ben Anthony (Cranfield Univ., GB)

• Aquifer Thermal Energy Systems in areas of drinking water and groundwater pollutionsLars Jacobsen, Jesper Furdal, John Ulrik Bastrup (Geo, DK)

• Shallow groundwater in NW Italy and perspectives for geother-mal purposesArianna Bucci, Domenico Antonio De Luca, Manuela Lasa-gna (University of Turin, IT)

• Let’s make groundwater STRONGer – A watersystem-based ap-proach towards 3D spatial developmentReinier Romijn (Dutch Water Authorities, NL), Almer Bolman(Dutch Water Authorities / WS Vallei & Veluwe, NL)

Thursday • 11 June • 16:00-17:30 h

Meeting Room 19

SpS 4.3S Climate robust water availability management for industry and agri-cultureOrganizers: Hans van Duijne (Deltares/Wageningen University, NL) Moderator: Jan Vreeburg (Wageningen University, NL), to-gether with PhD’s

The availability of fresh water is under pressure in coastal and (semi-)arid regions due to climate change leading to extend-ed drought periods, sea level rise, and due to increased water demands by industry, agriculture and domestic sectors. This session will debate new regional solutions for securing water availability and the need of cross sectorial cooperation be-tween government, industry, agriculture, and scientists.

Programme:

• The global and local perspective and the role of green in-frastructure and subsurface in fresh water supply in waterscarce regionsHuub Rijnaarts (Wageningen University, NL)

• Global change and the role of government: how to obtainmore involvement of industry and research in solving local water availability and the sustainable use subsurface Ruud Cino (Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment, NL)

• Cooperation in water management between urban, ruraland industrial stakeholders: from regional water manage-ment perspective to local implementation Representative of the Barcelona region, Spain

• The ambition of industry in sustainable use of resourcesincluding water and subsurface; tailoring industrial oper-ations and regional settings towards self-sufficient watermanagementNiels Groot / Heenk Pool (Dow Chemical/Dow Benelux,NL)

• Considering the influence of climatic uncertainty in design-ing measures to protect and restore critical water resourcesScott Warner (ENVIRON International Corporation, US),Devon Rowe (ENVIRON, US); Gretchen Greene (ENVIRONInternational Corporation, US)


Chair: Ian Ross

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Meeting Room 18

SpS 3.2S Get inspired – help shape the Europe-an strategic research agenda on soil, land use and land managementOrganizers: Margot de Cleen (Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment, NL), Sandra Boekhold (Soil Protection Technical Committee, NL), and INSPIRATION project team members

Moderator: Paul Nathanail (University of Nottingham, UK)

This session will illustrate how the soil-water-sediment system is interconnected, influenced by land use and land management (the connectivity concept) and thus impacts solutions of great societal challenges such as climate change adaptation, food and drinking water security, resource efficiency, energy transition and the circular economy. Information about the H2020- project INSPIRATION will be shared; this project is a coordination and support action aiming at developing a Strategic Research Agen-da (SRA) for Europe on Integrated Spatial Planning, land use and soil management. Information will be exchanged on the main societal challenges in different regions of Europe related to the sustainable use and management of land’s soil-water-sediment system. An outline will be given on shared national and European research priorities and potential funders and stakeholders (will-ing to invest).

An aim is also to contribute to (or enable) the formation or strengthening of transnational networks on similar themes and to anticipate on possible cooperation within consortia for Hori-zon 2020.

Programme:

• Connectivity of the complex soil-water-sediment system in rela-tion to land use and land managementKey note presentation – speaker to be confirmed

• Introduction on INSPIRATIONDetlef Grimski, project coordinator (Federal Environmental Agency, DE)

• Discussion in groups on societal issues related to land use, land management and the use of the soil-water-sediment system that are high on national and regional (research) agendas

• Plenary reporting back

• Discussion in groups on priority research subjects and po-tential stakeholders and funders for these main themes

• Plenary reporting back

• Closing remarks

Auditorium 12

ThS 1C.13 In situ remediation technologies 2Chair: Charlotte Riis

• Feasibility of bioscreens for regional VOC-plume in industri-al-urban areaKatrien Van De Wiele, Johan Ceenaeme (OVAM, BE)

• Aerobic bioremediation: new solutions and approaches for a consolidated technologyLorenzo Sacchetti (Carus Europe, ES)

• A combination of anaerobic and aerobic bioremediation to treat a complex mixture of contaminants at a landfill siteJohn Dijk, Antonio Distante, Martin Slooijer (BioSoil Interna-tional BV, NL), Giovanni Buscone, Laura Ledda (Tauw Italia S.r.I., IT)

• Field pilot test of in situ biostimulation and bioaugmentation of phenoxyacid pesticides as a remedy for a pesticide point sourceKaterina Tsitonaki, Sandra Roost, Kresten Andersen, Lars Christian Larsen, Nina Tuxen (Orbicon A/S, DK), Katrine Smith (Danish EPA, DK), Hasse Milter (Region Zealand, DK), Ulrich Gosewinkel, Tue Kjærgaard Nielsen, Anders Johansen (Aar-hus University, Roskilde, DK)

• Novel and advanced chemical interpretation methods docu-menting Monitored Natural Attenuation (MNA) of pesticidesTrine Jepsen (Orbicon, DK), Hasse Milter (Region Zealand, DK), Mads Georg Møller, Nina Tuxen, Niels Døssing, Lars Christian Larsen, Janni Thomsen (Orbicon, DK)

Meeting Room 20

SpS 1C.30S US EPA session 2: Evolution of opti-mization programs and key trends in cleanup and R&DOrganizers: Carlos S. Pachon and Stephen A. Dyment (United States Environmental Protection Agency)

The evolution of the Superfund program has progressed from an early focus on pump & treat systems and long term monitoring networks, to a more comprehensive and holistic site evaluation conducted at any phase throughout the cleanup process. The ultimate goal being design, construction, and operation of the most efficient, effective, and protective remedies EPA and stake-holders can provide.

This session will explore the evolution of EPAs optimization pro-grams and highlight how thinking has evolved from presumptive application of large scale aggressive remediation technologies to a focus on high resolution site characterization and conceptual site model development in support of adaptive management for application of multiple targeted treatment technologies. The ses-sion will then open for a discussion on key trends in cleanup, re-search and development efforts, and needs faced by the cleanup community as a whole.


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Auditorium 11

ThS 1C.25 PhytoremediationChair: Nina Tuxen

• Potential of alfalfa for the treatment of hydrocarbons and heavy metals co-contaminated soils: effect of bioaugmenta-tion-assisted phytoremediationDavid Huguenot, Ana Carolina Agnello, Eric Van Hullebusch (Université Paris Est Marne la Vallée, FR), Giovanni Esposito (University of Cassino, IT)

• Fate and behavior of TCE in willow trees during phytoremedi-ationPhilipp Schöftner, Andrea Watzinger, Philipp Holzknecht, Bernhard Wimmer, Thomas Reichenauer (AIT Austrian Insti-tute of Technology GmbH, AT)

• Cost-benefit analyses of arsenic contaminated soil phytoreme-diation in ChinaXiaoming Wan (Chinese Academy of Sciences, CN)

• Phyto remediation using the Chinese brake fern pteris vittata Stefan Outzen (OutzenPro, DK), Mads Terkelsen (Capital Re-gion, DK), John Ulrik Bastrup (Geo, DK)

Auditorium 12

ThS 1C.21 New remediation technologies 2Chair: Marco Petrangeli Papini

• Direct-Push High Pressure Jet Injection for Rapid Amendment Delivery in Low- Permeability Zones: Full-Scale Demonstration

Chapman Ross, Neal Durant (Geosyntec Consultants, US), Bill Slack, Doug Knight (FRx,Inc., US), Torben Højbjerg Jør-gensen, Eline Begtrup Weeth, Kirsten Rügge (Cowi, DK), Ped-er Johansen, Mads Terkelsen (Capital Region, DK)

• The use of renewable energy for ventilation of capillary break layers under buildings at polluted sites

Jakob Washington Skovsgaard, Morten Nørgaard Chris-tensen, Mette Christophersen (Rambøll Denmark, DK), Kim Risom Thygesen, Klaus Bundgaard Mortensen (Region of Southern Denmark, DK)

• Surfactant Enhanced Aquifer Restoration at Former Chemical WorksChristopher Taylor-King (Celtic Technologies Ltd, GB)

• Application of Trap and Treat™ Technology for achieving sus-tainable remediation of contrasting contaminant plumesJames Wilson (URS Infrastructure and Environment UK Ltd, GB), Palle Ejlskov (Ejlskov A/S, DK)

• Jet a recovery using micellar flooding: design and implemen-tationKonstantinos Kostarelos (University of Houston, US), Ahmad Seyedabbasi (GSI Environmental Inc., US), Søren Rygaard Lenschow (NIRAS A/S, DK), Marinos Stylianou (University of Cyprus, CY), Phillip C. DeBlanc (GSI Environmental Inc., US), Mette Marie Mygind (Danish Ministry of Defense, DK), An-ders Christensen (NIRAS, DK)

Friday • 12 June • 9:00-10:30 h

Meeting Room 19

SpS 1C.31S US EPA session 3: Optimizing reme-dies, greener cleanups and trends in site cleanupOrganizers: Carlos S. Pachon and Stephen A. Dyment (United States Environmental Protection Agency)

As the EPA Superfund Cleanup program moves forward with the cleanup of the most contaminated sites in the U.S., the concept of remedy optimization has become a central tenet to maximize the return on cleanup investments.

This session will be more in-depth and technical than session 1C.30S, focusing on trends in the use of various treatment tech-nologies in the context of lessons learned from optimization reviews. The session will also cover green remediation perspec-tives, including developments and findings from the application of green remediation in the U.S. Superfund and other cleanup programs and insights on the recently released American Soci-ety of Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Guide for Greener Cleanups. The session will include a brief discussion of how EPA integrates social and economic elements of sustainability in Su-perfund cleanups.

Auditorium 10

ThS 1B.10 Risk management and practiceChair: Thomas H. Larsen

• State of play: is risk assessment a help or hindrance in sustain-able decision making for contaminated sites across the globe?Katy Baker (ARCADIS EC Harris, GB), Debanjan Bandyopa-dhyay (SENES Consultants India Pvt. Ltd., ARCADIS, IN), Aure-lie Blusseau (ARCADIS ESG, FR), Pawel Goldsztejn (ARCADIS Sp. z o.o., PL), Lien Heynderickx (ARCADIS Belgium nv, BE), Patricia Iezzi (ARCADIS Logos, BR), Francesco Ioppolo (AR-CADIS Italia, IT), Joe Jiao (ARCADIS EC Harris, CN), Ragna Jansen (ARCADIS Netherlands, NL), Christian Niederer (BMG Engineering AG, CH), Harriet Phillips (SENES Consultants, AR-CADIS, CA), Greet Schrauwen (ARCADIS Deutschland GmbH, DE), Tamar Schlekat (ARCADIS U.S., Inc, US)

• Promoting defensible risk-based decisions and sustainability in contaminated land management in FinlandJussi Reinikainen (Finnish Environment Institute, SYKE, FI)

• An approach to risk assessment and management of contami-nated land in P.R. of ChinaSteve Leroi, Adrien Kahn (SITA Remediation, BE)

• Direct toxicity testing for contaminated land managementKatalin Gruiz (Budapest University of Technology and Eco-nomics, HU)

• Groundwaters use in agriculture and chemical contamination: need for a risk assessment framework in ItalyMario Carere, Laura Achene, Luca Lucentini, Eleonora Bec-caloni (National Institute of Health, IT)

Programme Friday, 12 June

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Meeting Room 18

SpS 2.1S The carbon dilemma: biomass for the biobased economy or for soil fertility? Organizers: Sandra Boekhold (Soil Protection Technical Com-mittee, NL), Margot de Cleen (Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment, NL)

Moderator: Margot de Cleen (Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment, NL)

Harvest biomass for a biobased economy or leave it on the land for soil fertility? This is the central topic of this session. Soil or-ganic matter is an important asset of soils. It is relevant for soil fertility and food security, water holding capacity and carbon storage. Loss of soil organic matter is considered to be a threat in the EU soil strategy. Additionally, society aims at sustainable development goals and greening the economy. Soil organic matter is a key parameter for these aspirations. How can soil quality be maintained in a biobased economy that increasing-ly demands biomass. Can we estimate an optimal soil organic content? What percentage of the harvest residues should be left on the land? Does it matter which crop to grow? What is the en-vironmental risk of potentially contaminated organic residues?

Programme:

• Welcome and general introduction

• Short pitches to illustrate the topic

• Discussion in groups on the carbon dilemma

• Plenary feed back

• Closing remarks

Meeting Room 20

ThS 1D.2 Large scale inventories and strategies for dealing with contaminationChair: Poul Bjerg

• Regionally approached groundwater management in Zwolle: preventing risks and utilizing opportunitiesCorinne Koot (Witteveen+Bos, NL), Reinder Slager (3Dimen-sies, NL), Martijn van Houten (Witteveen+Bos, NL), Anne-miek Wiegman (Gemeente Zwolle, NL)

• A groundwater management plan for StuttgartSandra Vasin, Hermann Josef Kirchholtes (City of Stuttgart, DE)

• Large scale systematic mapping and prioritization of possible soil contaminations – a method to protect drinkingwater re-sources, surface water and human health in Denmark Thomas Imbert Villumsen, Annie Wejhe Simonsen, Lotte Nielsen (Capital Region of Denmark, DK)

• Success and failure factors area-wide groundwater manage-mentArne Alphenaar (TTE Consultants NL), Frank Swartjes (RIVM, NL), Piet Otte (RIVM, NL), Reinder Slager (3Dimensies, NL)

• Flowers 4 BrabantJan Frank Mars (RWS leefomgeving Bodem+, NL), Peter Ram-akers (Province North Brabant, NL), Reinder Slager (3Dimen-sies, NL)

Programme Friday, 12 June

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Technical Tours

2nd stop HedelandThe Hedeland Area is famous for reestablishing former gravel pit areas. Today the former wasteland is transformed into a recrea-tional area containing: plains, forest, fishing lakes, skiing resorts, Golf courts, racing tracks, open air theaters, and even a railroad with oldfashion steam engines is transporting tourist around. We will visit the open air theater and give a presentation on an example of how large “wounds” in the landscape may be trans-formed into a highly recreational area. 3rd stop Lejre water worksThe area near Lejre provides an excellent example of the sustain-able management and protection of the Danish groundwater resources. In addition to groundwater for the municipalities own drinking water, the area of Lejre exports about 6 million m3 of water on a yearly basis to Copenhagen and its surrounding communities. The heavy abstraction has impacted the ground-water resources, streams and freshwater ecosystems in the area. At this stop the cooperation on the management of groundwater resources at the national and municipal level will be discussed. The different roles will be presented, with The Danish Nature Agency describing their role as assessment of what actions need to be taken, Lejre Municipality describing their role in designing and administering the action plans, and HOFOR (supplier drinking water to Copenhagen) describing how they are involved in imple-mentation of the action plans. Time table for Tour 1A

12.30 – 13.00 h Transport to Kallerup Gravelpit

13.05 – 14.55 h Visit the gravelpit and presentation of the Danish glacial deposits and their challenges

14.00 – 14.10 h Transport to Hedeland

14.15 – 14.45 h Visit Hedeland and demonstration of the exploitation of a former gravel Pit

14.50 – 15.10 h Transport to Lejre waterworks

15.15 – 16.00 h Visit Lejre waterworks

16.05 – 17.00 h Transport back to Copenhagen

Tour 1BDevelopment of new investigation and remediation technologies

In 2012 the Capital Region of Denmark bought a formerly indus-trial site, heavily contaminated with chlorinated solvents. The intent is to use the site as a testing ground for novel methods for investigation and remediation of contaminated soil and ground-water. Since then, about 15 methods have been tested and new projects are constantly in the pipeline. Moreover, the test site is fitted with meeting and office spaces, an “innovation lab” and kitchen facilities, to support a creative environment at the site. At the time of the AquaConsoil conference we expect to be able to show several ongoing pilot projects. This includes in situ reme-diation using thermally activated persulfate as well as alternative water treatment methods for the site’s pump-and-treat plant.

The scientific tours of the upcoming AquaConSoil conference will match the overall themes of the conference. The detailed content of the tours will be planned during the spring of 2015, and each tour will offer prime sights of cutting-edge technology and innovative solutions to challenges posed within each confer-ence theme. All tours will be conducted in English and transport to and from the sites will be provided from the conference center.

Please note: Only those tours will take place that have been booked by a minimum number of participants. We cannot accept any liability for times of arrival and departure or any losses or damages.

Tour 1Novel methods for investigation and remedi-ation of contaminated soil and groundwater

On this tour we aim to visit several sites undergoing remediation with promising new methods. For example the Capital Region’s Innovation Garage – a site, heavily contaminated with chlorin-ated solvents in a densely-developed area, bought to secure a place for ongoing research and development within soil and groundwater investigation and remediation technologies. At any given time, several pilot-scale studies are in operation at the site concurrently. Several other sites undergoing full-scale reme-diation with new methods are also expected to be in operation and worthy of a visit at the time of the conference. Projects currently underway in the Capital Region are focused on novel methods and approaches for remediation in low-permeability settings, groundwater monitoring, indoor climate investigation and mitigation, improved investigations in limestone, holistic investigation of many point sources within large catchments, etc. (Related to Conference Theme 1: Dealing with contamination of soil, groundwater and sediment).

Tour 1 is splitted in 3 destinations:

Tour 1ASustainable exploitation of natural resources – Securing high quality drinking water and natural resources for Copenhagen and creating recreational facilities for the community at the same time

1st stop Kallerup GravelpitKallerup Gravel pit is situated in the so called Hedeland Region, which is the largest system of Gravel pits in Denmark mainly supplying the capital region of Denmark with essential raw material (gravel, sand and limestone) for constructing buildings, roads, tunnels, etc. The Kallerup Gravelpit offers unique views of the complex geological setting most of Denmark is situated on. Namely glacial deposits and prequaternary marine settings like the limestone basement. We will be looking at the clay till covering the glaciofluvial sand and gravel, and discuss the potential for contaminant transport through these types of generally low permeable deposits.

Technical Tours on Friday, 12 June 2015in parallel • 10 € • start: 12:30 h • end: approx. 16–17:00 h • start & end at Bella Center • packed lunches

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Tour 1CPollution in limestone aquifers – Challenges and Remediation Methods

In the eastern part of Denmark, the limestone, which is used for drinking water extraction, is relatively close to the surface, 1–15 m below surface. This means that contaminants are easily transported to the limestone and therefore pose a large risk the drinking water quality. To make a proper risk assessment and to plan the following remediation it is necessary to understand the transport processes in the limestone. These processes are very complex and not yet fully understood. A common remedia-tion method at limestone sites is Pump and Treat (P & T) where pollution is fixed by pumping. However, this method has a large time scale (> 80 years) and high total costs. Therefore new reme-diation methods are needed.

1st stop – Karlstrup Limestone QuarryOn this tour we will visit Karlstrup Limestone Quarry where we will see limestone surfaces. At this beautiful site we will see the complexity of the limestone e.g. how flint bands are bedded and fractures distributed. We will try to understand the mechanisms that control solute transport in a limestone formation.

2nd stop – Pump and Treat facilityWe will continue the tour at a contaminated site where a pump and treat solution has been operating to keep the plume under hydraulic control. To make the method more sustainable the extracted water is used as cooling water at a local factory.

3rd stop – ISCO using ozoneThe final stop on the tour will be at a site where in-situ chemical oxidation using ozone is tested for treatment of chlorinated solvents in the limestone. We will hear about the challenges connected to the introduction of ozone in the limestone. It is the first time this remediation method is tested in limestone in Denmark.

In the bus we will have more details of the two contaminated sites. Timetable for tour 1C

12:30 – 13:00 h Transport to Karlstrup

13:00 – 14:00 h Visit in Karlstrup limestone quarry

14:00 – 14:30 h Transport to Lille Skensved

14:30 – 15:00 h Visit the pump and treat plant

15:00 – 15:15 h Transport to Ølsemagle

15:15 – 16:00 h Visit the in-situ ozone test plant

16:00 – 16:45 h Transport back to Bella Center

Site visit Skuldelev: EK-BIO method for remediation of chlori-nated solvents in clay soils

Remediation of low permeable soils contaminated with chlorin-ated solvents presents a big challenge, which very few methods have been able to meet so far. The novel method EK-BIO (Elec-tro-kinetically Enhanced Bioremediation) offers a solution to create contact between reagents and contamination in low permeable settings.

Successful pilot test let to full-scale remediation project

In 2011, the first field tests of the method were carried out in the Danish town of Skuldelev with such success that it was decided to use the method in a full-scale remediation project of the site. The full-scale application was initiated in December 2012 and is expected to operate for three to five years. Results from the first 2½ years of operation are truly encouraging. The method is based on electrokinetically enhanced bioremediation. Bioremediation of chlorinated solvents is most often implemented by adding dechlorinating bacteria to the soil and increasing their perfor-mance by adding substrates. In clayey soils, which have a very low permeability, the challenge is to ensure contact between the bacteria, the substrate, and the contamination.

What does EK-BIO offer?

Using the EK-BIO method, an electric field is established in the part of the soil targeted for remediation in order to ensure that the remediation reagents can migrate through the soil and come into contact with the contamination regardless of soil hydraulic prop-erties. The amended substrate is polar and is transported through the soil by ion migration. The bacteria are transported by electro osmosis, i.e. transport with pore water, induced by the electrical field. The electrokinetic transport mechanisms are relatively inde-pendent on hydraulic permeability. Use of electrokinetics can thus facilitate an effective distribution of substrate and bacteria at sites with low permeable or heterogeneous geology.

Skuldelev project first in the world

The full-scale implementation of EK-BIO in Skuldelev is the first of its kind worldwide and is undertaken by the Danish consultancy NIRAS in collaboration with the American consultancy Geosyntec Consultants and funded by the Capital Region of Denmark. Since the first successful application of the method in Denmark, the EK-BIO method has achieved widespread recognition by experts abroad, and has won a prize for best ‘green innovation’ in the United States.

Time table for Tour 1B

12.30 – 13.00 h Transport to Skovlunde

13.00 – 14.00 h Visit at the Innovation Garage

14.00 – 14.45 h Transport to Skuldelev

14.45 – 16.00 h Visit EK-Bio remediation site

16.00 – 17.00 h Transport back to the Bella Centre

Technical Tours

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Time table for Tour 3

12.30–13.15 h Transport to and a stop at geothermic plant, Amager

13.15–14.00 h Transport to DTU Risø, Roskilde

14.00–14.45 h See the radioactive waste at Risø

15.00–15.30 h Presentation of shale gas extraction in DK

15.30–16.00 h Presentation of natural gas storage in DK

16.00–17.00 h Transport back to Bella Centre

Tour 4 – by bikeMeeting demands for sustainability and climate change preparation in urban development of brownfields

This tour will be on bikes (the best and fastest transport in Copenhagen) through an area that used to be a landfill. The AquaConSoil conference is situated in an area of Copenhagen that was once considered an unattractive wasteland and today constitutes several new neighborhoods housing numerous pres-tigious and innovative architectural developments, among them the sustainable Crown Plaza, the VM Mountain (awarded the title of “the world’s best residential building” at the World Architecture Fair in 2008), 8House, the National Aquarium, etc. It has been a focal point in these building projects to incorporate various sustainability and climate adaption aspects, e.g. green roofs and natural drainage. We will visit two of these new buildings, Rambøll and Crown Plaza. Along the way we will bike by many of these famous buildings. After visiting the Crown Plaza, we will bike to the northern part of the island. Here we will visit harbor bath where all inhabitants of Copenhagen can go swimming.

All bikes have to be returned at the Bella Centre. It is therefore not possible to leave the tour in the city.

Time table for Tour 4

12.30–13.00 h Bike to Rambøll, Amager

13.00–13.30 h Presentation of groundwater cooling system

13.30–13.50 h Bike to Crown Plaza

13.50–14.30 h Presentation of Crown Plaza

14.30–15.15 h Bike to the harbor bath

15.15–15.45 h History of the habor bath

16.15–17.00 h Transport back to the Bella Centre

Tour 2Inspirational tour: Historical contami-nated sites in Copenhagen, how have they been redeveloped today?

On this tour we aim to see a number of historical contaminated sites along the Copenhagen canal front by boat. Many a trading company, factory and other industrial enterprise have historically been situated along the canals of Copenhagen, as this was a main route of access to the city. A guide will point out the locations of these former enterprises, their impact on the surrounding environment and how current enterprises have dealt with the contamination caused by their predecessors to renew and revive the harbor front. The aim of the tour is to inspire new ideas for redevelopment. As such, presentations of individual sites are not expected to be in-depth. (Related to Conference Theme 2: Soil, groundwater and sediment in the biobased, circular economy. Tour 4 also relates to this theme.)

Time table for Tour 2The tour starts at 12:30h at the Bella Center. We will go by local transport to Nyhaven. At Nyhaven 71 we will board a boat for a canal tour. The canal tour will start at 13:30 h and end at 15:30 h at Nyhaven.

Tour 3Innovations in subsurface utilization

This tour starts with very short drive and visit to the geothermal plant at the Amager Power Plant – a classic example of the utili-zation of low temperature geothermal energy. At this stop there will be a short presentation of the plant and how they utilize the warmer waters from about 3000m depth to supplement the energy demands in the district heating system for Copenhagen. The tour will continue with a drive west to the Risø National Laboratory, just north of the city of Roskilde. Here we will visit the premise of the former atomic research center. A presentation of and tour around the radioactive waste, currently in temporary storage at the facility will be given. In addition, there will also be a presentation of environmental, political and economic aspects of shale gas extraction in Denmark – a topic currently debated in Denmark with the exploration well underway in northern Jutland. Finally there will be a presentation of the underground natural gas storage facilities in Denmark – one in Jutland and one on Zealand – which is used to even out the differences between the production of natural gas and the season use.(Related to Confer-ence Theme 3: Managing multiple functions of the subsurface).

Technical Tours

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Exhibitors

AECOM • booth no. 14

AECOMMidCity Place, 71 High HolbornLondon WC1V 6QSUKwww.aecom.com

AECOM is a world leader in developing innovative environmental solutions with cutting-edge expertise in remediation including recalcitrant compounds. We have a strong history of solving complex site challenges around the globe using an effective endpoint strategy, while addressing a broad range of contami-nants and working with diverse stakeholders. Bringing together the best resources in the marketplace, AECOM’s remediation teams critically assess the nature and extent of contamination; risks to receptors and safe exposure levels; utilise leading-edge biological, chemical, and physical technologies to reduce project costs; and prepare remedial designs. AECOM has been a key participant in technical consortia, collaborating with private industry, utility companies, and government organizations, to develop Guidance for the industry in Europe, Asia, North America and Australia.

AECOM is the largest remediation company in the world with leading expertise in sediment and contaminated land management. Positioned to design, build, finance and operate infrastructure assets around the world AECOM helps public- and private-sector clients see further and go further. AECOM is ranked as the #1 engineering design firm by revenue in Engi-neering News-Record magazine’s annual industry rankings, and has been recognized by Fortune magazine as a World’s Most Admired Company. The firm is a leader in all of the key markets that it serves, including transportation, facilities, environmental, energy, oil and gas, water, structures and government. With nearly 100,000 employees – including architects, engineers, designers, planners, scientists, cost consultancy, management and construction services professionals – serving clients in more than 150 countries around the world following the acquisition of URS, AECOM is a premier, fully integrated infrastructure and professional and technical support services firm (see www.aecom.com).

ALS Life Sciences • booth no. 17

ALS Life SciencesRinkebyvägen 19c182 36 Danderyd Swedenwww.alsglobal.eu

ALS Life Sciences in Europe employs over 1200 professional laboratory and support personnel in 40 locations across 13 countries. The European network consists of modern, analytical, ISO 17025 accredited laboratories and national service centers. Main laboratories are located in the Czech Republic, Sweden, United Kingdom, Turkey, Portugal and Denmark. National service centers and smaller laboratories are located in Norway, Finland, Poland, Slovakia, Romania, Ireland and Spain.

While varying in size and capability, the laboratories perform an extensive range of physical, chemical, microbiological, biological, radiological and ecotoxicological analyses to meet the needs of local and regional clients.

Inter-laboratory support and courier arrangements facilitate timely access to the full range of services and on-time delivery of results.

Our primary objective at ALS is to assist our clients in making informed decisions by consistently providing reliable and repro-ducible analytical data of the highest integrity. We also appreciate that our services include more than laboratory results. ALS staff are trained to give advice on sampling plans, scope and frequency of analysis and assist in interpreting results. We aim to become a trusted partner to all our clients, being convenient to work with and providing the right solutions.

ALS Life Sciences Europe has, besides the main production labo-ratories, a number of laboratories dedicated to specialty services and industrial applications. These laboratories utilise the latest high-resolution technology in order to meet very stringent demands from worldwide clients.

In Sweden, ALS operates the best equipped laboratory, globally, for determination of metals (elements). Examples of analyses include chemical composition, impurities, and stable as well as radiogenic isotopes.

In the Czech Republic, ALS offers analysis of ultra-trace level organic compounds (e.g. pesticides, hormones, PFOS / PFOA, dioxins, PCB and PBDE). These services are also offered by our UK laboratory, which, in addition to trace level chemistry, also offer rapid identification of microbiological parameters using the revolutionary MALDI-ToF confirmation technique. Special services related to radiology and ecotoxicology are offered at our dedicated site in the Czech Republic.

All of our laboratories have a vast wealth of experience from a broad portfolio of matrices including environmental, food, and pharmaceuticals along with clinical, specialised industrial and research applications.

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Carus | booth no. 2

Carus Europe, S. L.Parque Empresarial de ASIPOC/ Secundino Roces 3, Planta 1, Oficina 1433428 Cayes (Llanera) – Spainwww.caruscorporation.com

Carus Corporation has been an active participant in the remedi-ation industry since the late 1990s. Our Carus Remediation Tech-nologies (CRT) team is dedicated to the support and growth of in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO – RemOx®, RemOx SR®, OBC®), aer-obic and anaerobic bioremediation (CAP18®, ABC®, OBC®, IXPER®, OXYGEL®), in situ chemical reduction (ISCR – ABC+®), and other emerging technologies.

Remediation is complex and in situ chemical oxidation is even more complex. Carus Remediation Technologies focuses on tak-ing things that are complex and simplifying them, SIMPLIFIED SCIENCESM. The definition of simplified science is to make the skill or technique of in situ remediation easier to implement. When looking for a remedial solution, there is no need to compli-cate the treatment method more than in situ treatment already is.

ATV Foundation on Soil and Groundwater | booth no. 23

ATV Foundation on Soil and GroundwaterBuilding 115, Bygningstorvet2800 Kgs. [email protected] www.atv-jord-grundvand.dk

The Danish ATV Foundation on Soil and Groundwater is an independent, non-profit organization, founded in 1998 with the objective to promote, enhance and exchange knowledge and research within the field of remediation of soil and groundwater contamination. The foundation works to initiate and stimulate education, research and development as well as promoting the professional debate within this sphere.

Each year the ATV Foundation on Soil and Groundwater organizes about 10 conferences, meetings, courses and excursions where delegates from universities, research institutions, environ-mental authorities and consultants meet to discuss, exchange and develop knowledge. The speakers and presenters publish papers in connection with these activities to ensure further dissemination.

The Board of the foundation is an assembly of highly skilled individuals from Danish environmental consultants, authorities, universities and research institutions, all appointed by the Danish Academy of Technical Sciences (ATV). The members of the Board carry out this task on a non-commissioned basis.

ATV Soil and Groundwater also takes an active part in organizing international conferences like e.g. NORDROCS – Joint Nordic Meetings on Remediation of Contaminated Sites every second year.

The Capital Region of Denmark is responsible for the region’s activities concerning contaminated soil. Special focus is on mapping, examining and remediation of contaminated sites to secure the regional drinking water resources and the health of the inhabitants. ATV Soil and Groundwater have with support from the Capital Region of Denmark had success in becoming hosts of the AquaConSoil conference in Copenhagen. ATV Soil and Groundwater and the Capital Region of Denmark sees the Danish hosting of the AquaConSoil conference as an opportu-nity to show the Danish strength within soil and groundwater solutions. The Capital Region of Denmark has supported the conference with technical assistance and economically through the regional Growth Forum.

We are proud to welcome AquaConSoil to Denmark in 2015.

Exhibitors

booth no. 23

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Exhibitors

Deltares | booth no. 19

DeltaresP.O. Box 177 2600 MH Delft The Netherlandswww.deltares.nl

Deltares is an independent institute for applied research in the field of water, subsurface and infrastructure, with expertise in the areas of water and subsoil resources, sustainable planning, in-frastructure, environment and flood risk. Throughout the world, Deltares works on smart solutions, applications and innovations for people, environment and society. One of our main focus ar-eas is delta cities. Ensuring the liveability in highly complex delta systems, where physical and socio-economic circumstances con-stantly interact, requires the development and application of in-tegrated solutions. Deltares works closely together with govern-ments, other research institutes and universities.

The availability and use of water and soil resources will change in the decades to come. Supplies of fresh water will decline but demand will increase. In addition, there is a rapid rise of interest in the use of water and the subsurface as a source of sustainable energy. Land subsidence is a major, in many cases bigger immedi-ate problem than sea level rise, for the world’s coastal cities.

Deltares is mapping the present and future availability of water to make it possible to plan for shortages and excesses. We develop (nature based and multifunctional) solutions for water storage, for example in the subsurface. New, efficient concepts for produc-ing renewable energy using water and the subsurface will help to achieve climate objectives.

For more information, please visit www.deltares.com.

Danish Soil Partnership | booth no. 25

Danish Soil Partnership, Danish RegionsDampfaergevej 22Copenhagen ODenmarkwww.danishsoil.org

Discover Denmark’s solutions for a greener future

Danish companies and organisations are at the forefront of green technology and knowhow. State of Green is your gateway to their solutions and to Danish green policies – from green energy to clean water and resource efficiency.

Danish Soil Partnership (DSP) is a network of authorities, re-search institutions and industry. The objective of DSP is to pro-mote solutions with a market potential and to market Danish solutions abroad. To achieve this, the partnership facilitates sales alliances, development innovative solutions and product over-view. The public side of the partnerships serves to guarantee the quality and reliability of the solutions offered by private compa-nies. Denmark has had more than 30 years of legislation and ad-ministrative experience on managing contaminated sites.

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FRx | booth no. 24

FRx, Inc.P.O. Box 498292Cincinnati, OHUSAwww.frx-inc.com

FRx provides specialty injection and delivery services in support of soil, bedrock, and groundwater remediation. In situ remediation technologies such as soil vapor extraction, bioremediation, pump and treat, and induction of oxidative or reductive conditions offer cost effective alternatives to conventional excavation and dispos-al methods. However, these applications are dependent upon flu-id (gas or liquid) movement through the formation, and therefore may prove to be cost prohibitive or ineffective at contaminated sites without injection and delivery enhancements.FRx personnel are experts in the field of applying hydraulic frac-turing technology for environmental remediation purposes. Hydraulic fracturing technologies provide the potential to sig-nificantly enhance flow conditions in the subsurface, thereby im-proving the effectiveness of many remedial applications. Further-more, hydraulic fractures can be created with granular, reactive materials. These materials can be composed of chemicals, nutri-ents, and/or biological entities that enhance passive treatment systems.

FRx was founded in 1994 and continued development and de-ployment of efficient, innovative, and cost-effective injection technologies has been a primary focus ever since. The company founders conceived and developed many reliable techniques and technologies while serving as principal investigators for several research and development projects sponsored by the USEPA in the 1980’s and 1990’s. FRx has worked at sites in the majority of the states, as well as across the remainder of the North American continent, Europe, and South America.

For more information please visit our website at www.frx-inc.com or contact Doug Knight ([email protected] , phone +1-864-356-8424) or Bill Slack ([email protected] , phone +1-513-469-6040).

Exhibitors

booth no. 23

Ejlskov | bootn no. 18

Ejlskov A/SJens Olsens Vej 3 8200 Aarhus NDenmarkejlskov.com

Ejlskov – protecting the ground beneath your assets

Soil and groundwater contamination poses a long-term risk to the environment and the value of your property. At Ejlskov, we can help you clean up naturally, safely and effectively – without even lifting a spade.Our turnkey environmental services resolve the environmental issues of petrol stations, dry cleaning businesses and other in-dustrial sites where hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents have leeched into the ground.

Three steps to a clean site The first step is to conduct a precise investigation of the contami-nants and their pathways. We use our Geoprobe® direct push sys-tem with multiple measuring probes and high-resolution soil and groundwater sampling.

As the site data is collected, our patented software translates it into a real-time 3D model of the contaminants across the affected area. Based on this model, we produce the optimal remedial de-sign.

Finally, our specialist technicians start the in-situ remediation process by injecting the sustainable slurries Trap & Treat® BOS 100® or BOS 200® into the ground at pre-defined intervals in a 3D grid. The biodegradation process can then begin.

No more liability

One treatment is enough. Our site monitoring reports show a re-duction in contaminants within a matter of months. Within a few years, they are completely eliminated – removing your liability and giving you the best starting point for negotiating a future property sale and meeting legal requirements.

As a member of the Remediation Products Inc. (RPI) Group, we are dedicated to sharing knowledge and procedures for success-ful use of patented Trap & Treat® BOS solutions for in-situ envi-ronmental remediation. We are the sole supplier of BOS 100® and BOS 200® in Europe.

Our head office is located just outside Aarhus, Denmark, putting us in easy reach of all European locations. Find out more at ejlskov.com.

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Exhibitors

FUGRO Consult | booth no. 13

Fugro Consult GmbHWolfener Straße 36U12681 BerlinGermanywww.fugro.de

Fugro Consult collects, processes, interprets and visualizes data to provide a comprehensive assessment of soil, subsoil, water and raw materials. On this basis reports and approval documents are prepared for the mining sector, industry and public clients as well as offering consulting and special services. We use the expert knowledge of our geologists, hydrogeologists, hydrologists, geotechnical engineers, civil engineers, computer scientists, chemists, physicists, surveyors, geographers and landscape archi-tects who ensure customer-oriented, innovative and sustainable solutions.

Under our special services division we operate our in-situ tech-nologies department which provides innovative solutions in the field of site investigation and characterization, data management and technical consulting.

With the use of the latest technologies for in-situ measuring and sampling Fugro can assist you worldwide as competent partner concerning intelligent, cost effective strategies for site investiga-tion and characterization.

As market leader Fugro applies cutting-edge in-situ measuring technologies such as LIF, MIP, HPT and XRF for online profiling of harmful substances and hydraulic formation properties. Further-more in combination with CPT and EC measurements for detailed collection of geological and geotechnical properties, Fugro works with established sampling technologies based on the principle of direct push technologies to extract samples of groundwater, soil vapor and soil. All data are processed using highly proficient methods and under strict quality control criteria before being presented in a clear and comprehensible form.

The combination of the qualified production of data, intelligent processing and visualization as well as the integration of special-ized consultants in complex problems guarantees our clients the maximum benefit from modern in-situ technologies.

Geosyntec Consultants | booth no. 21

Geosyntec Consultants1st Floor Gatehead Business Park, Delph New RoadDelph OL3 5DE, OldhamUKgeosyntec.eu

Geosyntec Consultants is a specialized consulting and engi-neering firm that works with private and public sector clients to address new ventures and complex problems involving the envi-ronment, natural resources, and civil infrastructure. We deliver solutions through Geosyntec and our wholly-owned affiliates MMI Engineering, SiREM, and Savron, with a combined staff exceeding 1100 engineers, scientists, and related personnel. We serve clients from more than 80 offices in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, Malaysia, the United States, and Canada.

Specializing in solutions to complex soil and groundwater contamination problems, Geosyntec develops innovative and cost-effective technologies for remediating DNAPL and LNAPL source areas, contaminant mixtures, emerging contaminants, radionuclides, and challenging hydrogeologic settings. Novel technologies that we have demonstrated in Europe include elec-trokinetically-enhanced bioremediation (EK-BIOTM) and chemical oxidation (EK-ISCOTM) for low-permeability matrices; High Pressure Direct Push Jet Injection for remediation in low-permea-bility matrices; and self-sustaining smoldering combustion (STAR) for in situ thermal remediation of coal tar and LNAPL.

Through our reputation for technology leadership, Geosyntec has become a partner to government agencies across Europe. In Ireland, Geosyntec serves as advisor to the Irish EPA on strategies for addressing Ireland’s most problematic industrial sites. The Swedish EPA (Naturvårdsverket) selected Geosyntec and SWECO to write Sweden’s first technical guidance documents on contam-inant bioavailability in sediments, monitored natural attenuation, and remediation of chlorinated solvent source zones. The Danish EPA (Miljøstyrelsen) chose Geosyntec and COWI A/S to perform Denmark’s first bioaugmentation field demonstration using specialized dechlorinating bacteria (KB-1®) to remediate chlorin-ated solvent source areas. Geosyntec is often selected to provide technical training to government agencies, including class-room training on vapor intrusion investigation and chlorinated solvent remediation to the Danish Regions and the Swedish Geological Union.

For more information on Geosyntec in Europe see www.geosyntec.eu or contact Marcus Ford ([email protected]), Evan Cox ([email protected]), or Neal Durant ([email protected]).

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UFZ | booth no. 10

Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZPermoserstraße 1504318 LeipzigGermanywww.ufz.de

In the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), scientists conduct research into the causes and consequenc-es of far-reaching environmental changes. Their areas of study cover water resources, biodiversity, the consequences of climate change and possible adaptation strategies, environmental tech-nologies and biotechnologies, bioenergy, the effects of chemicals in the environment and the way they influence health, modelling and social-scientific issues. Its guiding principle: Our research contributes to the sustainable use of natural resources and helps to provide long-term protection for these vital assets in the face of global change.

The UFZ employs more than 1,100 staff at its sites in Leipzig, Halle and Magdeburg. It is funded by the federal government, Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt.

Exhibitors

booth no. 23

Geovariances | booth no. 22

Geovariances49 bis avenue Franklin Roosevelt77210 AvonFrancewww.geovariances.com

GEOVARIANCES is a French independent software vendor which provides its customers with the most complete solution in Geosta-tistics: innovative methodologies, expertise, training, mentoring and software packages to answer their challenges in 2D/3D map-ping, sampling optimization, volumetric estimation and risk control. GEOVARIANCES sectors of expertise are Mining, Oil & Gas, the Environmental field for natural resource evaluation and pollution estimation, as well as any field where geostatistics applies includ-ing civil engineering, fisheries, oceanology, agriculture, forestry, epidemiology, etc.

GEOVARIANCES expertise for the Environment field:

• Contaminated site characterization (chemical or radiologi-cal contamination): sampling optimization, 2D/3D mapping, global and local contaminated soil volume quantification, waste classification.

• Subsurface modeling (geological and hydrogeological): sampling optimization, 2D/3D mapping, combined hydro-geological and geostatistical modeling, uncertainty assess-ment.

GEOVARIANCES develops and sells ISATIS®, comprehensive soft-ware solution for Geostatistics and considered as the Reference in Geostatistics for more than 20 years. ISATIS® is implemented by more than 3500 users all over the world.

GEOVARIANCES also develops and sells KARTOTRAK®, integrated software solution for improved contaminated site characteriza-tion. KARTOTRAK® allows sampling design optimization, precise contaminant mapping, contaminated soil volume quantification with an efficient risk assessment.

For more than 25 years, leading industrial and consulting compa-nies rely on GEOVARIANCES for a true expertise and proven soft-ware in geostatistics.

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Exhibitors

Höganäs | booth no. 26

Höganäs Sweden ABBruksgatan 35 263 83 HöganäsSwedenwww.hoganas.com

Höganäs AB is a world leader in metal powders with a substantial portfolio of iron based powders with more than 1500 registered products. We have a global presence with 13 production centers around the world.

By utilizing the endless opportunities of our metal powders, we know that we can improve resource efficiency and lead a wave of change for the better. With people at every level of our orga-nization dedicated to redefining what is possible, we continue to amaze the world with new breakthroughs.

Among many things, our metal powders can be used as a media to remove contaminants from soil and groundwater.

HUESKER Synthetic | booth no. 20

HUESKER Synthetic GmbHFabrikstraße 13-15 48712 GescherGermanywww.huesker.de

The HUESKER Group is one of the leading international manufac-turers of geosynthetics, agricultural and technical textiles. With its products and services the company offers solutions for the fields of Earthworks and Foundations, Roads and Pavements, Mining, Environmental Engineering, Hydraulic Engineering, applications in Industry and Agriculture. As a pioneer of technical textiles HUESKER has been helping to shape the international markets for over 150 years.

The head office of the HUESKER Group is in Gescher Westphalia (Germany) and the company has international subsidiaries in Great Britain, Spain, Italy, France, the Netherlands, the USA, Brazil, Russia and Asia. In addition, HUESKER closely cooperates with trade and sales partners as well as having its own representa-tives in more than 60 countries. This ensures that HUESKER is able to offer high-quality products and competent engineering consulting services all over the world.

Geosynthetics allow the construction of economical and innova-tive solutions. The general shortage of land and environmental issues, increases the need to construct on difficult terrain. So the challenge for the construction industry to create developments on good bearing soil steadily increases. Under these conditions, the use of HUESKER geosynthetics is advantageous. HUESKER offers an extensive palette of synthetic geogrids, woven and knitted fabrics, composites and clay liners. Nonwoven products as well as drainage and anti-erosion mats complete the range. Most of HUESKER’s products are certified by independent insti-tutions or organisations like BBA, BAM, DBAG (German Railway) and BAW.

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Exhibitors

booth no. 23

Isodetect | booth no. 9

Isodetect GmbH Deutscher Platz 5b 04103 LeipzigGermanywww.isodetect.de

ISODETECT is a pioneering company in the rapidly growing mar-ket of isotope and microbial studies in the environment. It offers analytical services and scientific expertise to stakeholders in the fields of soil and groundwater remediation, drinking water pro-tection, and oil or gas industry.

ISODETECT is specialized in the protection of drinking water qual-ity in aquifers and the verification of microbial transformation processes at contaminated sites. A great variety of microbial and isotopic tools can be applied in order to explore the hydrogeo-logical features of a site and the diversity of microbial processes that influence water quality. The best conceptual design for the environmental evaluation and management of a site will be de-veloped by high-skilled experts in the fields of analytical chemis-try, microbiology, hydrogeology and engineering.

The exploration of contaminated areas focuses on plume exten-sion (hydrochemical analysis) and microbial attenuation process-es, which can be used as a cost-saving environmental service. Therefore, contaminant degradation processes are traced by the detection of stable isotope enrichment by compound-specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA, e.g. of BTEX, MTBE or chlorinated ethenes). Another technology of ISODETECT is the application of in situ microcosms (BACTRAPs) with 13C-labelled tracer com-pounds. They are exposed to prove and compare biodegradation of specific pollutants (e.g. naphthalene, fluorene, and other PAH) in different plume areas. Moreover, laboratory experiments with isotope-labelled pollutants are performed to characterize and quantify natural or stimulated biological transformation.

In cooperation with engineering companies, ISODETECT will per-form effective remediation strategies that include the enhance-ment (ENA) or monitoring (MNA) of prevailing microbial attenua-tion of contaminants.

ISODETECT is offering classical isotope hydrology investigations on groundwater safety and age dating (i.e. analysis of classical tracers such as tritium, 14C or helium). Together with hydraulic measurements on groundwater flow, these studies provide the fundament for hydrogeological site assessment.

KRÜGER VEOLIA | booth no. 16

Krüger A/S Gladsaxevej 363 2860 SøborgDenmarkwww.kruger.dk

Over 100 years of knowledge

Since 1903 Krüger A/S has acted as consultant, contractor as well as supplier of equipment, services, solutions within the field of drinking water, process water, municipal and industrial waste-water, sludge, sewage, soil and groundwater as well as control, regulation and supervision of water treatment plants. Inter-nationally, Krüger manages the parent company Veolia Water Technologies’ activities in Scandinavia, Finland, Poland and the Baltic countries. Furthermore, we are active on the other interna-tional markets in cooperation with Veolia Water.

Solutions for remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater We provide clients/consultants with even better possibilities of solving their contamination problems by offering:

• Thermal Remediation when strict remediation targets and/or rapid closure is required,

• Traditional In Situ Remediation’s on easier to clean sites ,• Service,• Technical/mechanical support. Krüger’s team has experience as well as expertise in being an attractive cooperator for consultants who wish to supply proper and well-considered remediation solutions to their clients.

A strong team you can trust

Krüger is committed to give the client the best service and value for money. We believe this requires excellence in all phases of a project from design to execution and management. The thermal remedy is designed by our thermal experts in Krüger in Denmark in close cooperation with our US partner TerraTherm Inc. – the global leader in thermal soil remediation. Being part of Veolia Water Technologies we gain access to the broad range of unique treatment technologies in the company network (water and off gas treatment). We work closely together with our sister companies in Europe ensuring the right management team and understanding of local customer needs.

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Exhibitors

LGC Standards | booth no. 3

LGC Standards GmbHMercatorstraße 5146485 [email protected] • www.lgcstandards.com

LGC is an international life sciences measurement and testing company with leading positions in growing markets. LGC provides a range of measurement products and services which underpin the safety, health and security of the public, including reference materials and proficiency testing, genomics reagents and instrumentation, and expert sample analysis and interpre-tation. LGC serves customers across a number of end markets including Pharmaceuticals, Agricultural Biotechnology, Food, Environment, Government and Academia.

LGC’s headquarters are in London and the company employs over 2,000 people, operating out of 22 countries worldwide. Its opera-tions are extensively accredited to international quality standards such as ISO/IEC 17025, GMP, GLP and ISO Guide 34.

With a history dating back to 1842, LGC has been home to the UK Government Chemist for more than 100 years and is the desig-nated UK National Measurement Institute for chemical and bio measurement. LGC was privatised in 1996 and is now majori-ty-owned by funds managed by Bridgepoint.

For more information, please visit www.lgcgroup.com or www.lgcstandards.com.

NTP Enviro NL | booth no. 4

NTP Enviro NetherlandsTwenteweg 30, PO box 62807503 GG EnschedeThe [email protected] • www.ntp-groep.nl

NTP Enviro is a specialised contractor in the area of environmental technologies (soil remediation and water treatment systems). For more than twenty-five years we have carried out a great number of significant soil remediation projects throughout The Nether-lands, all to the satisfaction of our clients. For several years NTP Enviro is also active on the European soil remediation market. No matter how complex your project may be, we will strive to find the ideal solution for you in terms of timeliness, technology and financing. Our projects are all carried out according to the Dutch certificates: BRL 7001 (soil remediation), 7002 (in-situ remedia-tion) and 7003 (water sediments).

Because the NTP Groep provides a combination of experience and expertise across a wide range of areas, we are able to not only carry out your redevelopment work for you, but also the required civil engineering and site preparation responsibilities. We will also look after all the required research, right up to the evaluation phase. Just as important is the work we do in our participation in venture capital redevelopment projects, deploying the most advanced and up-to-date technologies available.

NTP Enviro activities

• Design & Construction• Land redevelopment and reuse of soil

and construction materials• Asbestos soil remediation• Groundwater remediation and process control• Aerobic biodegradation• Anaerobic biodegradation • In Situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO)• Mixing and injecting or infiltration of ‘Slow release

compounds’• Zero valent iron constructions

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Exhibitors

PeroxyChem | booth no. 15

PeroxyChemFranz-Plattner-Straβe 28F, 6170 Zirl, Tirol, Austriawww.isodetect.de

Attention: Environmental Consultants & Engineers. Peroxy-Chem (formerly FMC) is a specialty chemicals company which, through our Environmental Solutions division, provides you with an unparalleled portfolio of field-proven and innovative remediation technologies. These chemistries are designed to support soil, sedi-ment and groundwater treatment of in situ and ex situ applications. PeroxyChem is a global provider of soil and groundwater reme-diation technologies. We see all projects through from start to finish – with a dedicated field support staff to develop remedial designs and solutions. The Team:• Total of 25 professionals, • 6 Ph.D. level scientists available for your support,• Inventors and manufacturers of various patented technologies.

Experience:• 14,000,000 tons of soil successfully treated through 2014,• Deployed on thousands of sites globally.

Capabilities:• Two laboratories focused on research and treatability studies,• Technical support throughout the project lifecycle – from

remediation design to implementation.

Our scientific disciplines include:

1 In Situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO):Introduction of strong chemical oxidizers directly into the con-taminated medium (soil and/or groundwater) to destroy organic contaminants in place.

2 In Situ Chemical Reduction (ISCR):Physical, chemical, and biological processes combine to create an extremely reduced environment that stimulates chemical and microbiological degradation of persistent compounds, and stabi-lisation of heavy metals.

3 Aerobic Bioremediation:Addition of oxygen and nutrients to accelerate naturally occur-ring bioremediation through natural biological processes.

4 Bioremediation or Enhanced Reductive Dechlorination (ERD):The use of biological agents, such as bacteria (metabolism), plants or any carbon source (biostimulation), to remove contaminants in polluted soil or groundwater.

5 Immobilisation/Stabilisation:Prevents or slows the release of chemicals from contaminated groundwater, soil, sediment, and sludge. How can we help you address your remediation challenges? Stop by our booth and ask us about our risk-sharing performance warranties, turn-key treatment capabilities, and fair market pricing.

RAMBOLL | booth no. 8

RambollHannemanns Allé 532300 Copenhagen SDenmarkwww.ramboll.com

Ramboll – a leading environment consultancy

Ramboll is a leading engineering, design and consultancy company founded in Denmark in 1945. We employ 12,300 experts and have a strong presence in the Nordics, North America, the UK, Continental Europe, Middle East and India, supplemented by a significant representation in Asia, Australia, South America and Sub-Saharan Africa. With almost 300 offices in 35 countries, we emphasise local experience combined with a global knowl-edge-base, and we work across the following markets: Buildings, Transport, Planning & Urban Design, Water, Environment & Health, Energy, Oil & Gas and Management Consulting. By combining resources across geographic boundaries and technical and scientific disciplines, we provide clients with the best, most responsive teams – whether responding to existing challenges, evaluating opportunities to improve performance or seeking to reduce future liabilities.

Recently, the US based environment consultancy ENVIRON became a part of Ramboll which led to the establishment of two new business units within Environment & Health and Water, respectively. The new business units have 2,700 employees working across 128 offices in 26 countries. Within soil, sediment and resources, we are in front with the newest knowledge and technology built on extensive experience with water resources management, site surveys, risk assessments, remediation and development of thousands of contaminated sites. We develop scientifically defensible sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), sediment management goals and achievable remediation performance standards. We also use both screening-level and detailed assessment techniques to evaluate chemical, biological and habitat conditions and to identify issues affecting different management options.

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Exhibitors

REGENESIS | booth no. 12

REGENESIS EuropeThe Tramshed, Beehive Yard, Walcot StreetBath, BA1 7RAUnited [email protected] • www.regenesis.com

Your groundwater remediation partner

We are the European arm of REGENESIS, the global leader in the development and supply of innovative solutions for the cost-ef-fective remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater. Our patented controlled-release technologies have revolution-ised in situ groundwater restoration by providing low-cost and effective alternatives to more expensive, traditional remediation technologies. Our award-winning solutions have been used on more than 20,000 sites to date, in 26 countries worldwide. They are currently being used every working day in Europe. REGENESIS Europe

From our headquarters in the UK, together with offices in Belgium and Italy, we actively remediate sites across Europe. We offer an integrated suite of innovative technologies and specialist appli-cation services directly to the environmental industry. We provide accurate remedial solutions by identifying the optimal strategy and integration of remediation technologies across each site and throughout the life of your project.

We offer:• Remediation design and technical support,• 14 innovative in situ remediation technologies,• Site application and project management,• Treatment of a wide range of contaminants, at all concentrations,• Minimisation of site disturbance and cost,• Pilot studies,• Performance-based solutions .

There Is No ‘One-Size-Fits-All’ SolutionOur job is to go much further than making a single product recommendation; we are here to help our customers choose from a range of solutions to optimise treatment, reduce risk, and save money.

At REGENESIS we are in the unique position of having visibility on more than 1,000 different remediation projects per year. This perspective gives us exposure to a breadth of knowledge over a wide spectrum of sites unlike any other in the industry. As a result, the chances are we have seen a site like yours and have some understanding of what will works and what will not. This translates into better outcomes for our customers.

RNAs | booth no. 7

RNAS Remediation Products 6712 West River Road Brooklyn Center, MN 55430 USArnasinc.com

RNAS Remediation Products is a leading provider of bioremedi-ation products for in situ soil and ground water remediation. For more than a decade, RNAS has provided millions of pounds of innovative products to our clients around the world. Our Newman Zone® emulsified vegetable oil (EVO) was the first, off-the-shelf EVO designed for bioremediation. We have continued to develop industry leading products and offer a full suite of bioremedia-tion solutions. Bioremediation using our crop-derived electron donors is helping the remediation industry move toward a green and sustainable future.

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Savron | booth no. 6

Savron130 Research Lane, Suite 2Guelph, ON N1G 5G3Canadasavronsolutions.com

Savron is a multi-national provider of sustainable waste man-agement and remediation solutions, specializing in the safe, en-ergy-efficient, environmentally responsible treatment of a broad range of hazardous materials. Savron’s technology can be applied in situ to treat contaminated soils (STAR) or in ex situ systems (STARx) designed to treat contaminated soils or liquid organic waste materials. Both applications offer significant benefits over other technologies currently available in the market place as they are fast, reliable, energy efficient, environmentally sustainable, and safe.

STAR is an innovative in situ thermal technology based on the principles of smoldering combustion where the contaminants are the source of fuel. The process is sustained by the addition of air through a well to the target treatment zone and is initiated through a short duration, low energy ‘ignition event’. Once the process is initiated (ignited), the energy of the reacting contam-inants is used to pre-heat and initiate combustion of contami-nants in adjacent areas, propagating a combustion front through the contaminated zone in a self-sustaining manner (i.e., no ex-ternal energy or added fuel input following ignition) provided a sufficient flux of air is supplied. Active control of the combustion front is maintained by the air supply. This efficient recycling of en-ergy is made possible by the presence of the porous matrix (i.e., contaminated aquifer) that is being remediated.

Savron’s ex situ (STARx) treatment systems use the same patented process as the in situ STAR technology: smoldering combustion. The STARx process is carried out in fabricated reactor systems or in engineered soil piles depending on throughput requirements, available footprint, and treatment time requirements. These sys-tems are ideal for stockpiles of contaminated soils, sites where surficial soils are contaminated, or for waste oils and sludges.

SiREM | booth no. 5

SiREM130 Research Lane, Suite 2Guelph, ON N1G 5G3Canadawww.siremlab.com

SiREM was founded in 2001 to provide the highest quality testing services and remediation products to the international remedia-tion marketplace. SiREM’s products and services are combined with unparalleled technical support to increase remediation effectiveness, decrease remediation costs and provide peace of mind during field implementation. Our focus is the remediation of sites containing chlorinated solvents, metals, petroleum hydro-carbons and other recalcitrant contaminants in soil, sediment and groundwater. SiREM is widely recognized as a leader in bioaug-mentation for chlorinated solvent remediation and bench-scale treatability testing applied to a wide range of remediation technol-ogies including in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO), in situ chemical reduction (ISCR), bioremediation and permeable reactive barriers. SiREM also offers a range of laboratory testing services for reme-diation site monitoring, management and optimization including Gene-Trac® testing for monitoring biodegradative microbes, next generation sequencing and other specialized analyses. Visit our web site www.siremlab.com for more information.

Exhibitors

43

Sorbisense | booth no. 1

Sorbisense A/SNiels Pedersens Allé 28830 Tjele Denmarkwww.sorbisense.com

Sorbisense – new sampling technology for all water types It’s not about the state of the pollution – it’s about how and where it flows! The Sorbisense method is a Danish developed and patented tech-nology for passive sampling of water quality. The method is very efficient for groundwater and wastewater monitoring and source tracking of hazardous chemicals including hydrocarbons, chlo-rinated solvents, pesticides, and heavy metals. The Sorbisense method has been rigorously tested and validated in cooper-ation with leading universities, laboratories and consultants; accredited analyses can be acquired from Eurofins, Sorbisense´s worldwide-preferred laboratory. Groundwater applications

Sorbisense provides dedicated sampling concepts for monitoring applications in groundwater wells. The strength of the method lies in the robust and effective field operations with signifi-cant reductions in the time spent in the field, and the ability to measure both time weighed average concentrations and fluxes. The monitoring concepts are especially useful for larger industrial sites, filling stations, and airports for which rapid installation is essential. Wastewater source tracking applications

The Sorbisense method is suitable for monitoring periodic discharges of hazardous chemicals in sewer systems. By mounting SorbiCells in sewers and drainage systems over a period of 1 week at a time, a cost-effective and precise monitoring of the average discharge concentrations are accomplished. The monitoring process should be commenced in the main sections to get an overall picture of the layout of the drainage network. The source of contamination or leaks can subsequently be found by investi-gating smaller and more targeted sections. Continuous sampling can be performed in wells and outlets from wells to obtain a high certainty in the tracking of periodic discharges as well.

TenCate Geosynthetics | booth no. 11

TenCate Stationsstraat 117607 GX AlmeloThe Netherlandswww.tencate.com

TenCate Geosynthetics, one of the divisions of Royal Ten Cate – a 300 year strong company- delivers solutions for road and railway constructions, retaining structures, hydraulic construc-tions, embankments, tunnel and pipeline construction, landfills and shoreline protection/marine structure construction markets. Under these system solutions, we have a vast array of high perfor-mance Geosynthetics for functions as diverse as separation, filtration, soil reinforcement, erosion protection, sealing, stress relief, adhesive bonding, confinement, and drainage. Our markets include dewatering, water and waste water management.

Under the brand name TenCate Geotube® we serve the market with solutions for containment and dewatering as well as for coastal and marine engineering.

On the one hand our geocontainment systems enable customers worldwide to economically use local materials like sand, fine or even contaminated sediments in flood and coastal protection programs, in the creation of Islands, to build hydraulic struc-tures like breakwaters, dike cores, jetties and complete harbour terminals.

In dewatering and containment applications on the other hand TenCate Geotube® bags are used for odourless lagoon clean out and municipal waste water treatment. In environmental dredging projects the superior geotechnical features of our woven material allow to use sediments as a locally available construction material, completely avoiding transport and landfill costs.

With production facilities located in the Netherlands in the USA and in Asia and sales offices throughout the world a local Geotube® team can provide you with services in design assis-tance, custom fabrication, installation, and project specific testing based on over 50 years of experience.

Exhibitors

44

Soil, Groundwater and Water research at VITO

With more than 20 year of experience with innovation in tech-nologies for characterization, risk assessment and remediation of contaminated land and water, VITO provides you with inde-pendent support for deriving optimal remediation strategies on a site specific basis. Our services include:

• Characterization by e.g. molecular techniques (QPCR), GCxGC Fingerprinting (Soilcare), innovative passive samplers, ecotox testing and sensor technology;

• Transport modelling in soil and groundwater;

• Exposure and risk assessment (e.g. S-Risk software);

• Laboratory feasibility testing for bioremediation, chemical and physical remediation technologies;

• Licensing and pilot testing of novel remedi-ation technologies for characterisation and remediation (MIP-In, Bioremediation of MTBE and TBA, highly reactive zerovalent irons).

• Membrane technology for recovery or treatment of wastewater and process water and for recu-perating solvents and valuable fractions from residual industrial and agricultural streams.

• Observation, evaluation, visualisation and prediction of phenomena on land, in the air and on the water surface.

• Supporting companies and government bodies in relation to sustainable land-use.

Vito | booth no. 27

VITO NVBoeretang 2002400 MolBelgiumwww.vito.be

VITO, vision on technology

VITO is a leading European independent research and technology organisation in the areas of cleantech and sustainable develop-ment, elaborating solutions for the large societal challenges of today.

VITO provides innovative and high-quality solutions, whereby large and small companies can gain a competitive advantage. We advise industry and governments on determining their policy for the future. VITO has 750 highly-qualified employees who work on international projects all around the world. The turnover of VITO amounted to about 140 million Euros in 2014.

VITO’s research agenda tackles the major societal challenges we are facing today. We focus on five research programmes: sustain-able chemistry, energy, health, materials management and land use.

Exhibitors

45

General Information

Language

English is the official conference language.

Name badges

Delegates are asked to wear the name badges at all time while at the conference site. If you lose your badge, a new one can be purchased upon proof of your original registration at the confer-ence desk (cost € 5).

Lost and found

For lost and found personal belongings, please contact the conference desk.

Breaks and meals

Coffee / tea is served during the morning and afternoon breaks at catering points located in the exhibition area. Lunch is served on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday in the exhibition area.

AquaConSoil 2015 Publication Opportunities

Presenters at AquaCoSoil2015 have two options for publishing their work:

1. AquaConSoil special issue of Science of the Total Environ-ment (STOTEN) journal.Science of the Total Environment is an international journal for publication of original research on the total environment.

2. Publication of a full paper, related to the presentation, in the AquaConSoil Proceedings. This option is open to both scientific papers and papers that have a more practical character. The Proceedings do not involve peer review (see also www.aquaconsoil.org).

Registration and Conference Desk

Opening hours:Monday, 8 June, 16.00–18.00 h Bella Center (conference venue), registration counter

Tuesday, 9 June 8.00 – 18.00 h

Wednesday, 10 June 8.00 – 18.00 h

Thursday, 11 June 8.00 – 18.00 h

Friday, 12 June 8.00 – 13.00 h

Instructions for oral presentations

Duration of oral presentations: 15 min.; additionally there will be about 3 min. for discussion of each paper.

All conference rooms are equipped with computers and a video projector. Please bring your presentation files saved on USB stick.

The files must be compatible with Windows Office or Open Office. We suggest PowerPoint or PDF (Acrobat) – on the presentation notebooks, we provide Windows 7 with MS Office 2010.

Upload the presentation in the preview room (Meeting Room 16) latest in the break before your session starts. A technician will help you to upload your slides.

In case of using videos or audio files, please inform the organizing team as soon as possible.

Poster awards

Three best posters of (PhD) students will be selected by a jury and awarded. The selected posters will be awarded during the Closing Session.

Internet | Wireless LAN access

Access to the internet is available in the preview room, in the exhibition hall, and in the foyer.

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Focus• Latest trends and technologies• Short, sharp 20 minute personal bilateral

meetings to foster effective networking• Get to know key R&D players offering

services to companies• Get answers on your questions – Matching

organizations offering or seeking solutions

Matchmaking | Networking

AquaConSoil 2015 is now organising bilateral meetings to partic-ipants, which will enchance great opportunities for scientists, companies and policy makers to extend and enforce their network and to start new cooperation activities. More than just a confer-ence, AquaConSoil brings together communities from across diverse sectors to learn, share, innovate, experience and discover the future of sustainable use and management of soil, sediment and water resources. As a new added-value to your participation, we would like to invite you to the matchmaking event at Aqua-ConSoil. For further details on the conference please click here. For the first time, AquaConSoil welcomes a matchmaking event, which brings together innovative companies, scientists and policy makers seeking to collaborate to mutual commercial and technology benefit. With pre-scheduled 20-minutes meetings, conference participants can find potential new co-operation partners.

Matchmaking at AquaConSoil 2015Wednesday, 10 June 2015, Bella Center

Organized by:

Networking about townWednesday, 10 June 2015, in the evening

Cafe HalvandetUntil two decades ago a busy ship yard, but now a derelict indus-trial site, the mellow beach bar café halvandet has a unique view of Copenhagen harbor front. Departure by boat from Nyhavn 71.

The Royal Residence and the little mermaidWalking tour of the harbor front featuring the Royal Residence Amalienborg and the Little Mermaid.

Nyhavn and the playhousePub crawl in the bar-clad canal Nyhavn ending the outdoor terrace just off the busy water-way intersection of Nyhavn and the main harbor canal.

An offer of a sightseeing event for the delegates who wish to explore Copenhagen Wednesday evening – and continue to network with their fellow delegates. Signing up for this event will be possible during the first days of the conference (near the regis-tration desk). You will be able to sign up for one of the 6 informal tours described briefly below. Dinner and entrance fees will be at your own expense, but the tours are free.

Christiansborg islet (Slotsholmen)The islet of Christiansborg has been the seat of government for almost 600 years. The first of many successive castles was built in 1167 and marked the foundation of Copenhagen.

ChristianiaSquatted by hippies in 1971 the former site of a naval base became known as a free town. It has had a semi-independent status since and is the center of many alternative initiatives as well as illegal cannabis trade.

Supported by:

47

After short welcome speeches by a member of the Copenhagen City Council and the Chairman of the Regional Environment and Traffic Committee, pancakes, soft drinks and wine will be served, jetlagged colleagues will be very happy to see you…

Events

Welcome Reception at Copenhagen City HallMonday, 8 June 2015 • 18:30 – approx. 20:00 h • included

The reception will take place in the Banquet Hall on the second floor, or, depending on the number of delegates who attend, in the Main Hall next to the entrance.

How to get there from Bella Center (conference venue) –

by bus:

Go to Bella Center St. (approx. 1min. walk) and take Bus 4A towards Lergravsparken St., Sløjfen. Get off at Vejlands Allé (København). Please walk approx. 3 min. to Bus 5A stop Vejlands Allé (København) and take Bus 5A towards Københavns Lufthavn. Please get off at stop “Den Blå Planet”.

For planning your travel individually, please visit

http://www.rejseplanen.dk (available n English & German).

Last but not least we would like to say cordially thank you to those companies that made this great evening to remember possible thanks to their generous sponsoring. You will find some information on our sponsors on the next pages.

Conference Dinner at National Aquarium “Blue Planet”Thursday, 11 June 2015 • 20:00 h • € 60 • Address: Jacob Fortlingsvej 1, 2770 Kastrupwww.denblaaplanet.dk/en/

Join your colleagues for a great evening at the new architectural landmark in National Aquarium Denmark – Den Blå Planet on Amager (the Blue Planet).

The building’s architecture was inspired by the circulating currents of the whirlpool. From the entrance, the visitor steps into the vortex of the whirlpool – the round lobby – and is drawn inside the spiral towards the 53 aquariums and installations.

The building is located directly facing the Øresund and is surrounded by a circular reflection pool. Den Blå Planet is thus encircled by water on all four sides.

Den Blå Planet is Northern Europe’s largest aquarium with thousands of animals and seven million liters of water.

The entire floor space is approx. 10,000 m2.

OUR SOIL AND WATER DESERVES A STRONG FOCUS(SO WE HAVE GATHERED 2700 SPECIALISTS)www.ramboll.com

BY THE ACQUISITION OF THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANCY ENVIRON, RAMBOLL HAS ESTABLISHED TWO NEW BUSINESS UNITS WITHIN ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH AND WATER, RESPECTIVELY. IN TOTAL, WE NOW HAVE 2700 SPECIALISTS READY TO HANDLE COMPLEX PROJECTS ON A GLOBAL SCALE.

Organized by:

OUR SOIL AND WATER DESERVES A STRONG FOCUS(SO WE HAVE GATHERED 2700 SPECIALISTS)www.ramboll.com

BY THE ACQUISITION OF THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANCY ENVIRON, RAMBOLL HAS ESTABLISHED TWO NEW BUSINESS UNITS WITHIN ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH AND WATER, RESPECTIVELY. IN TOTAL, WE NOW HAVE 2700 SPECIALISTS READY TO HANDLE COMPLEX PROJECTS ON A GLOBAL SCALE.

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Ejlskov

Ejlskov A/SJens Olsens Vej 3 8200 Aarhus NDenmarkejlskov.com

Ejlskov – protecting the ground beneath your assets

Soil and groundwater contamination poses a long-term risk to the environment and the value of your property. At Ejlskov, we can help you clean up naturally, safely and effectively – without even lifting a spade.Our turnkey environmental services resolve the environmental issues of petrol stations, dry cleaning businesses and other in-dustrial sites where hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents have leeched into the ground.

Three steps to a clean site The first step is to conduct a precise investigation of the contami-nants and their pathways. We use our Geoprobe® direct push sys-tem with multiple measuring probes and high-resolution soil and groundwater sampling.

As the site data is collected, our patented software translates it into a real-time 3D model of the contaminants across the affected area. Based on this model, we produce the optimal remedial de-sign.

Finally, our specialist technicians start the in-situ remediation process by injecting the sustainable slurries Trap & Treat® BOS 100® or BOS 200® into the ground at pre-defined intervals in a 3D grid. The biodegradation process can then begin.

No more liability

One treatment is enough. Our site monitoring reports show a re-duction in contaminants within a matter of months. Within a few years, they are completely eliminated – removing your liability and giving you the best starting point for negotiating a future property sale and meeting legal requirements.

As a member of the Remediation Products Inc. (RPI) Group, we are dedicated to sharing knowledge and procedures for success-ful use of patented Trap & Treat® BOS solutions for in-situ envi-ronmental remediation. We are the sole supplier of BOS 100® and BOS 200® in Europe.

Our head office is located just outside Aarhus, Denmark, putting us in easy reach of all European locations. Find out more at ejls-kov.com.

ALS Life Sciences

ALS Life SciencesRinkebyvägen 19c182 36 Danderyd Swedenwww.alsglobal.eu

ALS Life Sciences in Europe employs over 1200 professional laboratory and support personnel in 40 locations across 13 countries. The European network consists of modern, analytical, ISO 17025 accredited laboratories and national service centers. Main laboratories are located in the Czech Republic, Sweden, United Kingdom, Turkey, Portugal and Denmark. National service centers and smaller laboratories are located in Norway, Finland, Poland, Slovakia, Romania, Ireland and Spain.

While varying in size and capability, the laboratories perform an extensive range of physical, chemical, microbiological, biological, radiological and ecotoxicological analyses to meet the needs of local and regional clients.

Inter-laboratory support and courier arrangements facilitate timely access to the full range of services and on-time delivery of results.

Our primary objective at ALS is to assist our clients in making informed decisions by consistently providing reliable and repro-ducible analytical data of the highest integrity. We also appreciate that our services include more than laboratory results. ALS staff are trained to give advice on sampling plans, scope and frequency of analysis and assist in interpreting results. We aim to become a trusted partner to all our clients, being convenient to work with and providing the right solutions.

ALS Life Sciences Europe has, besides the main production labo-ratories, a number of laboratories dedicated to specialty services and industrial applications. These laboratories utilise the latest high-resolution technology in order to meet very stringent demands from worldwide clients.

In Sweden, ALS operates the best equipped laboratory, globally, for determination of metals (elements). Examples of analyses include chemical composition, impurities, and stable as well as radiogenic isotopes. In the Czech Republic, ALS offers analysis of ultra-trace level organic compounds (e.g. pesticides, hormones, PFOS / PFOA, dioxins, PCB and PBDE). These services are also offered by our UK laboratory, which, in addition to trace level chemistry, also offer rapid identification of microbiological parameters using the revolutionary MALDI-ToF confirmation technique. Special services related to radiology and ecotoxicology are offered at our dedicated site in the Czech Republic.

All of our laboratories have a vast wealth of experience from a broad portfolio of matrices including environmental, food, and pharmaceuticals along with clinical, specialised industrial and research applications.

Sponsors

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As a leading laboratory group, ALS annually test close to 1,000,000 environmental samples throughout Europe. ALS utilises a broad portfolio of Inorganic, Microbial and Organic tests, including standard and bespoke analytical suites for environmental compliance in a range of matrices including eluates, sediments, sludge, soils, waste and water.

In addition to the standard tests, ALS also has a number of laboratories providing “premium services” to the environmental industry.

Prague

Istanbul

Lisbon

Coventry

Copenhagen

Stockholm

Luleå

13COUNTRIES

1200STAFF

25YEARS IN OPERATION

+40LOCATIONS

+

One of Europe‘s Leading Analytical Providers

www.alsglobal.eu

ALSAs a leading laboratory group, ALS annually test close to 1,000,000 environmental samples throughout Europe. ALS utilises a broad portfolio of Inorganic, Microbial and Organic tests, including standard and bespoke analytical suites for environmental compliance in a range of matrices including eluates, sediments, sludge, soils, waste and water.

In addition to the standard tests, ALS also has a number of laboratories providing “premium services” to the environmental industry.

Prague

Istanbul

Lisbon

Coventry

Copenhagen

Stockholm

Luleå

13COUNTRIES

1200STAFF

25YEARS IN OPERATION

+ 40LOCATIONS

+

One of Europe‘s Leading Analytical Providers

www.alsglobal.eu

ALS

50

ARKIL

Arkil A/S – Civil WorksMossvej 2A8700 [email protected] • www.arkil.dk / www.arkil.se

Arkil A/S is a contractor, to 100 % owned by Danish investors, holding 1.700 employees and with a yearly revenue at around 3 billion DKK.

The group consists of many subdivisions, where the environmen-tal department “Miljøteknik” specializes in soil and groundwater investigation and remediation, and sorts under CIVIL WORKS.Other subdivisions adhering to the CIVIL WORKS section include the rail, bridges, concrete, cables, roads and tunnels departments, resources that often come in handy in complex turnkey infra-structure projects.

The environmental department has 40-50 employees, and has since 1999 been a leading environmental contractor in Denmark, executing all types of soil and groundwater remediation projects. The Research and Development is committed to a pace of at least one tested and approved new technology every two years.As a result, Arkil cover a broad setup of experiences made, com-petence and equipment acquired, in order to meet the needs of various pollutants, concentrations, geological and hydrogeologi-cal conditions:

• Electrokinetic thermally assisted persulfate,• Gas Thermal Remediation,• Electrokinetically stimulated reductive dechlorination ,• Stimulated Reductive Dechlorination by Direct Injection,• Combination Steam Injection and ISTD,• Land Farming,• Chemical Oxidation,• Dual Phase Extraction,• Soil Vapor Extraction,• Steam Injection,• Air Sparging,• Pump and Treat,• Ex-situ soil treatment,• Capping and sheet piling.

Arkil A/S – environmental department is reputed to be a trust-worthy and skilled partner in all possible setups, and takes on challenges to execute combinations of known technologies and/or implement new innovative solutions.

RAMBOLL

RambollHannemanns Allé 532300 Copenhagen SDenmarkwww.ramboll.com

Ramboll – a leading environment consultancy

Ramboll is a leading engineering, design and consultancy company founded in Denmark in 1945. We employ 12,300 experts and have a strong presence in the Nordics, North America, the UK, Continental Europe, Middle East and India, supplemented by a significant representation in Asia, Australia, South America and Sub-Saharan Africa. With almost 300 offices in 35 countries, we emphasise local experience combined with a global knowl-edge-base, and we work across the following markets: Buildings, Transport, Planning & Urban Design, Water, Environment & Health, Energy, Oil & Gas and Management Consulting. By combining resources across geographic boundaries and technical and scientific disciplines, we provide clients with the best, most responsive teams – whether responding to existing challenges, evaluating opportunities to improve performance or seeking to reduce future liabilities.

Recently, the US based environment consultancy ENVIRON became a part of Ramboll which led to the establishment of two new business units within Environment & Health and Water, respectively. The new business units have 2,700 employees working across 128 offices in 26 countries. Within soil, sediment and resources, we are in front with the newest knowledge and technology built on extensive experience with water resources management, site surveys, risk assessments, remediation and development of thousands of contaminated sites. We develop scientifically defensible sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), sediment management goals and achievable remediation performance standards. We also use both screening-level and detailed assessment techniques to evaluate chemical, biological and habitat conditions and to identify issues affecting different management options.

Sponsors

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Sponsors

GEO

Geo CopenhagenMaglebjergvej 1,2800 Kgs. LyngbyDenmarkwww.geo.dk

Geo – Subsurface Expertise

Geo is a market leading engineering consultancy company and contractor, specialised within the fields of geotechnical and envi-ronmental engineering.

To ensure the highest expertise to every project, we work across our departments and competences to ensure the optimal solu-tion for our clients. In addition to employing engineers, we also employ geologists, hydrogeologists, geophysicists and chemists to offer clients a specialised solution and broad pallet of exper-tise.

Geo’s services range from fieldwork, to laboratory tests in our state-of-the-art laboratory to the final report, enabling Geo to of-fer consultancy to every phase of a project.

Geo offers services within:

• Geotechnical Consultancy, onshore and offshore,• Environmental Consultancy,• Offshore Investigations,• Groundwater Engineering,• Laboratory Tests and Consultancy,• Drilling.

Founded in 1943, Geo has a vast history and has been involved in major Danish infrastructure projects such as the large bridges in Denmark connecting Zealand and Funen with Jutland, as well as connecting Denmark and Sweden with the Øresund Bridge. With our subsurface expertise we have conducted more than 75.000 geotechnical investigations in Denmark and internationally, on-shore and offshore.

Projects, such as the new Metro Cityring in Copenhagen, Light-house in the harbour of Aarhus, offshore windfarm projects, labo-ratory projects for the oil & gas sector, dewatering and ground-water energy storage projects, or remediation of contaminated industrial areas in Wuxi; China, are all examples of projects in which we apply our full pallet of expertise to offer the best solu-tion.

Please go to www.geo.dk to learn more about Geo, our projects and references.

Hans Frisesdahl

Hans Frisesdahl A/SEstrupvej 176600 VejenDenmarkwww.frisesdahl.dk

Environmental and quality management system The environment has long been an area of activity for Frises-dahl. With the increasing awareness of the environment, both nationally and globally, more and more people have realized that we have a shared responsibility to relate to the impact on the environment, which we are all a part of. There are increas-ingly demands towards all about working towards sustainable development. Sustainable development meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Frisesdahl has for many years had a green profile. Environmental issues are a natural part of many of the company’s areas of work, which includes:

• Remediation of contaminated sites and remediation of contaminated groundwater, etc.,• Receiving concrete for crushing and recycling,• Treatment of sludge in a sludge treatment plant,• Emptying garbage containers.

Employees at Frisesdahl have through the daily work with environment tasks developed great commitment and a great responsibility in relation to working environmentally conscious. There are many rules for sorting and disposal of waste in the waste sector, which can result in either reuse, recycling, incineration or landfilling. Our employees are instructed in the environmentally correct handling of waste.

Geo AarhusSødalsparken 12,8220 BrabrandDenmark

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Grontmij

Grontmij A/SGranskoven 8 2600 Glostrup Denmarkwww.grontmij.dk

Grontmij is a leading European company in the Consulting & Engineering industry with world-class expertise in the fields of environment, water, energy, sustainable buildings and highways & roads.

Our leading principle is Sustainability by Design. This enables our professionals to support clients in developing the built and nat-ural environment. Established in 1915, Grontmij is listed on the NYSE Euronext stock exchange.

We provide consultancy on the most expedient exploitation of our resources whilst ensuring balance between growth and en-vironment. We do so by bringing the most novel knowledge and the most ideal technologies into play. We challenge tradition-al solutions and put our entire international experience at our customers’ disposal. This way, sustainability is incorporated in all solutions to the benefit of our clients and society in general. Contamination management

Grontmij works with all aspects of soil and groundwater contam-ination. We conduct contamination studies and remediation pro-jects for public authorities and handle contaminated soil issues for private developers.

We perform out investigations of indoor air quality and build-ings with respect to PCB, lead, asbestos, chlorinated solvents etc. to determine if the indoor air quality is being impacted by soil contamination or contaminated building materials.

Sampling and monitoring of pollution are carried out with mod-ern monitoring approaches and data handling to make a cost ef-ficient assessment of the extent of the contamination and the risk to humans and the environment.

All data on the contamination are integrated into conceptual models in order to assess the environmental and health-related consequences and the need for and consequences of remedia-tion measures. Contaminated soil, water and building materials are reused to minimize the use of resources and the impact on the environment. We have a general focus on sustainability and circular economy in our projects, always in close cooperation with our clients.

Geosyntec Consultants

Geosyntec Consultants1st Floor Gatehead Business Park, Delph New RoadDelph OL3 5DE, OldhamUKgeosyntec.eu

Geosyntec Consultants is a specialized consulting and engi-neering firm that works with private and public sector clients to address new ventures and complex problems involving the envi-ronment, natural resources, and civil infrastructure. We deliver solutions through Geosyntec and our wholly-owned affiliates MMI Engineering, SiREM, and Savron, with a combined staff exceeding 1100 engineers, scientists, and related personnel. We serve clients from more than 80 offices in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, Malaysia, the United States, and Canada.

Specializing in solutions to complex soil and groundwater contamination problems, Geosyntec develops innovative and cost-effective technologies for remediating DNAPL and LNAPL source areas, contaminant mixtures, emerging contaminants, radionuclides, and challenging hydrogeologic settings. Novel technologies that we have demonstrated in Europe include elec-trokinetically-enhanced bioremediation (EK-BIOTM) and chemical oxidation (EK-ISCOTM) for low-permeability matrices; High Pressure Direct Push Jet Injection for remediation in low-permea-bility matrices; and self-sustaining smoldering combustion (STAR) for in situ thermal remediation of coal tar and LNAPL.

Through our reputation for technology leadership, Geosyntec has become a partner to government agencies across Europe. In Ireland, Geosyntec serves as advisor to the Irish EPA on strategies for addressing Ireland’s most problematic industrial sites. The Swedish EPA (Naturvårdsverket) selected Geosyntec and SWECO to write Sweden’s first technical guidance documents on contam-inant bioavailability in sediments, monitored natural attenuation, and remediation of chlorinated solvent source zones. The Danish EPA (Miljøstyrelsen) chose Geosyntec and COWI A/S to perform Denmark’s first bioaugmentation field demonstration using specialized dechlorinating bacteria (KB-1®) to remediate chlorin-ated solvent source areas. Geosyntec is often selected to provide technical training to government agencies, including class-room training on vapor intrusion investigation and chlorinated solvent remediation to the Danish Regions and the Swedish Geological Union.

For more information on Geosyntec in Europe see www.geosyntec.eu or contact Marcus Ford ([email protected]), Evan Cox ([email protected]), or Neal Durant ([email protected]).

Sponsors

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Sponsors

ORBICON

Orbicon A/SRingstedvej 20 4000 RoskildeDenmarkwww.orbicon.dk

Orbicon delivers integrated and sustainable solutions in the ar-eas of environment, supply and construction. We work with some of today’s great challenges that our society faces in areas such as climate, infrastructure, supply, buildings, working environ-ment and soil and groundwater pollution. We are a Danish based company with offices in all major Danish cities, as well as our two Greenlandic offices.

At the 2015 AquaConsoil conference Orbicon employees will give several platform presentations on the topics of catchment scale risk assessment, indoor thermal remediation, passive venting sys-tems and advanced pesticide treatment and others are involved in workshops and group discussions. Please do not hesitate to contact our speakers and co-authors during the conference.

We provide a wide range of environmental consultancy services covering risk assessment, inspection and monitoring, remedia-tion of contaminated sites, and brownfield redevelopment.

We have a close co-operation with innovative environments, uni-versities and research institutions, and we are therefore in frontline within soil and groundwater contamination. Development and exchange of new knowledge are premises to be among the best.

We emphazise a straightforward and honest dialogue and always give importance to our customers’ needs. Our solutions are long-term and sustainable. To achieve this, we involve the affected stakeholders in the project to create maximum value for everyone.

Apart from R&D services in the soil and groundwater remediation area, we specifically assist contractors and developers in dealing with environmental issues. For instance, we do environmental due diligence in connection with property or site transactions, and can advise on the economically and environmentally optimal development of a contaminated site. We always use the latest re-search results to allow our experts to find the optimal solution, whether it is conventional or innovative.

KRÜGER VEOLIA

Krüger A/S Gladsaxevej 363 2860 SøborgDenmarkwww.kruger.dk

Over 100 years of knowledge

Since 1903 Krüger A/S has acted as consultant, contractor as well as supplier of equipment, services, solutions within the field of drinking water, process water, municipal and industrial waste-water, sludge, sewage, soil and groundwater as well as control, regulation and supervision of water treatment plants. Inter-nationally, Krüger manages the parent company Veolia Water Technologies’ activities in Scandinavia, Finland, Poland and the Baltic countries. Furthermore, we are active on the other interna-tional markets in cooperation with Veolia Water.

Solutions for remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater We provide clients/consultants with even better possibilities of solving their contamination problems by offering:

• Thermal Remediation when strict remediation targets and/or rapid closure is required,

• Traditional In Situ Remediation’s on easier to clean sites ,• Service,• Technical/mechanical support. Krüger’s team has experience as well as expertise in being an attractive cooperator for consultants who wish to supply proper and well-considered remediation solutions to their clients.

A strong team you can trust

Krüger is committed to give the client the best service and value for money. We believe this requires excellence in all phases of a project from design to execution and management. The thermal remedy is designed by our thermal experts in Krüger in Denmark in close cooperation with our US partner TerraTherm Inc. – the global leader in thermal soil remediation. Being part of Veolia Water Technologies we gain access to the broad range of unique treatment technologies in the company network (water and off gas treatment). We work closely together with our sister companies in Europe ensuring the right management team and understanding of local customer needs.

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Your assets are valuable. But, if you’ve got a problem with soil and groundwater contamination, that value is at serious risk.

Talk to us at Ejlskov about our turnkey services for in-situ environmental remediation. We’ve got a passion for restoring the natural balance

under your feet.

We worship the ground you walk on

Meet us us at stand 18 – www.ejlskov.com



under your feet.



55

Abstracts of Thematic and Special Sessions

listed in order of sessions



under your feet.





under your feet.



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Theme 1 - Dealing with contamination of soil, groundwater and sediment1A. Assessment and monitoring

ThS 1A.1 Passive sampling Passive sampling for monitoring fate and transport of organic contaminants – field examplesSarah Hale , Hans Peter Arp, Nicolas Morin, Gudny Okkenhaug , Gijs Breedveld, Mona Hansen, Espen Eek, Paul Cappelen, Gerard Cornelissen, Amy Oen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Environmental forensic in groundwater by coupling passive sampling and high resolution mass spectrometry for non-target screeningCoralie Soulier, Catherine Berho, Anne Togola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Development and test of optical sensor for real time measurement of volatile organic contaminants in airMette Christophersen, Lars Bennedsen, Jeppe Seidelin Dam, Peter Tidemand Lichtenberg, Christian Pedersen, Nancy Hamburger,

Helena Hansen, Mads Terkelsen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Integrated passive flux measurements in groundwater: principles and outlookGoedele Verreydt, Patrick Meire, Eric Struyf, Ilse Van Keer, Piet Seuntjens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Innovative assessment and modeling tools to minimize confounding elements in vapor intrusion investigationsTodd Creamer, James Rayner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

ThS 1A.2 Molecular MonitoringBacterial community structure and biogeochemical activity in an aquifer contaminated with pesticidesAourell Mauffret, Nicole Baran, Mickael Charron, Catherine Joulian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Assessment of microbial polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) degradation in a contaminated aquifer using in situ and laboratory microcosms with 13C-labelled PAHsPetra Bombach, Arne Bahr, Carsten Vogt, Anko Fischer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Microbial passive samplers: How reliable ?Jean-Michel Monier, Cédric Malandain, Celine Baguelin, Olivier Sibourg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Microbial responses to biostimulation and bioaugmentation – a 2-year long pilot trial to evaluate molecular sampling techniquesHelena Branzén, Märta Ländell, Lennart Larsson, Anja Enell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Integrated characterization of the development in natural attenuation of a PCE plume over 7 years after thermal remediation of the source zone with use of dual stable isotope and microbial methodsMette Martina Broholm, Alice Badin, Carsten Suhr Jacobsen, Phil Dennis, Just Niels, Daniel Hunkeler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

ThS 1A.3 Novel monitoring approaches IQuantification of the groundwater-borne contaminant mass discharge to a stream using Point-Velocity Probes (PVP)Vinni K. Rønde, Ursula McKnight, Anne T. Sonne, John Frederick Devlin, Poul L. Bjerg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

A new, fast, clean and easy way to predict organic contaminant availability using thermodesorption – gas chromatography – mass spectrometry/flame ionization (Td-GC-MS/FID)Coralie Biache, Catherine Lorgeoux, Alain Saada, Stéfan Colombano, Pierre Faure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

CPT-based hydraulic profiling tool with extended capabilities in highly permeable mediaEugen Martac , Axel Oppermann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Development of an innovative technique for soil water sampling in unsaturated zones with highly variable water contentAxel Fischer, Jens Fahl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Methodology for fast and reliable investigations and characterization of contaminated sites Jørgen Mølgaard Christensen, Per Reimann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

ThS 1A.4 Novel monitoring approaches IIUse of next-generation characterization tools and three-dimensional visualization to enhance remedy performanceIan Ross, Mark Webb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

3D-Modelling of the salt-/fresh water interface in coastal aquifers of Lower Saxony (Germany) based on airborne electromagnetic measurements (HEM)Nico Deus, Jörg Elbracht, Bernhard Siemon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Innovative field investigations in limestone using a FACT-FLUTeKlaus Mosthaf, Mie Barrett Sørensen, Mette Martina Broholm, Henriette Kerrn-Jespersen, Philip J. Binning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

The Delft Case – Improved water and soil management through smart monitoringRina Clemens, Charon Walet, Hans Korving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Evidence of in situ biodegradation of ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) in a fuel-contaminated aquifer using stable isotope toolsPetra Bombach, Norbert Nägele, Mònica Rosell, Hans Hermann Richnow, Anko Fischer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

ThS 1A.5 Persistence of historical and emerging subsurface contaminantsHydrocarbons bioavailability change during bioremediation and its implication for risk assessmentFrederic Coulon, Guozhong Wu, Cedric Kechavarzi, Ruben Sakrabani, Amii Whelan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Table of Contents

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Table of Contents

Can aged spiked soils reflect bioaccessibility of native PAHs in historically contaminated soils? Andreas Loibner, Kerstin E. Scherr, Eva Edelmann, Stefan Humel, Dietmar Kopp, Philipp Mayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Remediation of Policyclic Aromatic Compounds contaminated soils by chemical oxidation and bioremediation: Consequences on polar PAC (degradation, formation and mobility)Sitraka Andriatsihoarana, Marine Boulangé,Salma Ouali, Catherine Lorgeoux, Délphine Catteloin, Ogier Hanser, Aurélie Cebron, Stéfan Colombano, Alain Saada, Pierre Faure2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Characterization of dozens of sites around the globe impacted by perfluorinated compounds: Common encounters and lessons learnedDave Woodward, Rachael Casson, Dora Chiang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Screening for fluorinated compounds (PFAS) around potential sources of pollution at Danish defence establishmentsJacqueline Anne Falkenberg, Mette Marie Mygind, Anne Mette Bräuner Lindof, Jette Kjøge Olsen, Jens Dengsø Jensen, Anders G. Christensen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

ThS 1A.6 Adative monitoring based on real time data, model drivenMIP-IN device for combined detection of pollutants and injection of reagentsLeen Bastiaens, Bjorn Anderson, Jan Kukacka, Jan De Vos, Lars Nebel, Palle Ejlskov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Evolution of a site conceptual model using multimedia CSIA to supplement traditional techniquesDevon Rowe, Carol Serlin, Seema Turner, Tom Chandler, Farshad Razmdjoo, Steve Luis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Model of the influence of meanders and time varying stream levels on groundwater discharge to streamsNicola Balbarini, Ellen Nicolajsen, Vinni K. Rønde, Poul L. Bjerg, Philip J. Binning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Integrated characterization of sediment quality in catchments/riversPeter Grathwohl, Hermann Rügner, Marc Schwientek, Michael Rode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Delineation of contaminant plumes using Low-Level MIHPT (LL-MIHPT)Malene Toernqvist Front, Charlotte Riis, Anders G. Christensen, Nancy Hamburger, Peder Johansen, Lone Tolstrup Karlby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

SpS 1A.7S US EPA Session 1: Best Practices for site characterization Organizers: Carlos S. Pachon, Stephen A. Dyment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85


SpS 1B.1S Implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive – how to manage contaminated sites threatening surface watersOrganizers: Sandra Roost, Jens Aabling, Nina Tuxen, Trine Korsgaard, Helle Overgaard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

SpS 1B.2S Workshop on groundwater contamination from pesticide point sourcesOrganizers: Poul L. Bjerg, (DTU Environment, DK), Nina Tuxen (Capital Region of Denmark), Ida Holm Olesen (Region of Southern Denmark) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

SpS 1B.3S After 25 years of contaminated land-related human exposure models: READY, STEADY, GO?Frank Swartjes, Joanna Wragg, Mark Cave, Stefan Trapp, Renato Baciocchi, Iason Verginelli, Roberto Pecoraro, Jeroen Provoost, Yvonne Ohlsson, Paula Marinho Reis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

SpS 1B.4S TRIAD investigations of soil and groundwater contamination – experiences and future possibilities, pros and consDorte Harrekilde, Anna Toft, Peter Lysholm Tüchsen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

SpS 1B.5S Vapor intrusion - state of the artTage Vikjær Bote, Per Loll, Thomas Larsen, Bjarke Hoffmark, Arne Rokkjær, Mads Georg Møller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

ThS 1B.6 Environmental Risk Assessment - soil and groundwater IApproach to cumulative risk assessment of contaminated sites in FlandersChrista Cornelis, Lieve Geerts, Griet Van Gestel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

A recommended approach to apply bioavailability methods in a framework for improved ecological risk assessments of PAH contaminated soils Dan Berggren Kleja, Anja Enell, Ann-Sofie Allard, Staffan Lundstedt, Gerard Cornelissen, Hans Peter Arp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Protocols for ecological risk assessmentMarlea Wagelmans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Risk assessment of urban gardening in CopenhagenMarlies Warming, Mette G. Hansen, Peter E. Holm, Jakob Magid, Thomas H. Hansen, Stefan Trapp2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Pyrite cinder waste deposition ScherpekampJoop Verhagen, Denny Schanze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

ThS 1B.7 Environmental risk assessment - soil and groundwater 2Environmental risk assessment and remediation options for contaminated river sedimentsMichael Madliger, David Trudel, Christian Niederer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

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Environmental risk assessment at large infrastructure projects: Emissions from the use of explosives and construction chemicalsChristian Niederer, Michael Madliger, Michael Aeschbacher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Arsenic, antimony and selenium in urban soils: Potential risks for human health in urban gardeningMiguel Izquierdo, Eduardo De Miguel, Amaia Gomez, Juan Mingot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Gardening and soil contamination: finding a way to produce healthy home-grown foodGriet Van Gestel, Nele Bal, Johan Ceenaeme, Karen Van Campenhout, Christa Cornelis, Maja Mampaey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Residential location contaminated with cumene: building team construction results in a successful (in-situ) remediationPeter Ramakers, Joost Van Schijndel, Gerard Borggreve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

ThS 1B.8 Indoor air pollution from soil and groundwaterProbabilistic risk assessment for six vapour intrusion algorithmsJeroen Provoost, Jan Bronders, Ilse Van Keer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Origin of hydrocarbons in indoor airDorte Harrekilde, Niels Just . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

New concepts in vapour intrusionJeroen Provoost, Karen Victor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Sewer systems as a major intrusion pathway for VOC’s to indoor airKarin Birn Nielsen, Børge Hvidberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Blower door test to examine if VOC contamination in indoor air is caused by internal source or by sub-slab sourceBørge Hvidberg, Karin Birn Nielsen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

ThS 1B.9 Risk modellingAssessment of risks caused by the permeation of organic contaminants in groundwater through polyethylene drinking water pipesPiet Otte, Martin Schans, Martin Meerkerk, Frank Swartjes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

Quantification of contaminant transport from sedimentPaul Frogner-Kockum, Märta Ländell, Gunnel Göransson, Yvonne Ohlsson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Assessing risk of contaminated soil with catchment area models – experiences and possibilitiesBianca Pedersen, Dorte Harrekilde, Lars Bennedsen, , Kristian Bitsch, Britt Boye Thrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Improvements with geostatistics for lithology representative fields and flow models at Sellafield siteJean-Marc Chautru, Claire Faucheux, Yvon Desnoyers, Nick Jefferies, Peter Jackson, Ian Teasdale, Julian Cruickshank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Matrix diffusion in groundwater aquifersDave T. Adamson, Henrik Engdal Steffensen, Charles J. Newell, Niels D. Overheu, Mads Terkelsen, Peder Johansen, Line Moerkebjerg Fischer, Charlotte Riis, Anders G. Christensen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

ThS 1B.10 Risk mangement and practiceState of play: is risk assessment a help or hindrance in sustainable decision making for contaminated sites across the globe?Katy Baker, Debanjan Bandyopadhyay, Aurelie Blusseau, Pawel Goldsztejn, Lien Heynderickx, Patricia Iezzi, Francesco Ioppolo, Joe Jiao,Ragna Jansen, Christian Niederer, Harriet Phillips, Greet Schrauwen, Tamar Schlekat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Promoting defensible risk-based decisions and sustainability in contaminated land management in FinlandJussi Reinikainen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

An approach to Risk assessment and management of contaminated land in P.R. of CHINA Steve Leroi, Adrien Kahn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Direct toxicity testing for contaminated land managementKatalin Gruiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Groundwaters use in agriculture and chemical contamination: need for a risk assessment framework in Italy Mario Carere , Laura Achene, Luca Lucentini, Eleonora Beccaloni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101


ThS 1C.1 Comparison of sustainable approachesComparison of international approaches to sustainable remediationErika Rizzo, Paul Bardos, Lisa Pizzol, Andrea Critto, Elisa Giubilato, Antonio Marcomini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

Practical application for the SuRF-UK Tool Kit: Sustainability management practicesPaul Bardos, Brian Bone, Richard Boyle, Frank Evans, Nicola Harries, Trevor Howard, Jonathan Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Development of a Green Remediation tool for sustainability assessment of soil remediation in JapanTetsuo Yasutaka, Yoshihito Hama, Yasuhisa Tsukada, Kouki Murayama, Yasuhide Furukawa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

Recent Trends in the Assessment of Sustainable Remediation: Does the Tail Wag the Dog?Gernot Döberl, Dietmar Müller-Grabherr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

A multi-criteria method for assessing the sustainability of remediation alternatives Gitte Lemming Søndergaard, Morten Bondgaard, Philip J. Binning, Kaspar Ruegg, Anja Melvej, Børge Hvidberg, Poul L. Bjerg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

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ThS 1C.2 Integrating sustainable remediation into other policiesThe regulatory basis for sustainable remediation practice in the European Union and United Kingdom Richard Bewley, Rick Parkman, Paul Bardos, Marcus van Zutphen, Jonathan Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Dutch remedial programme is heading for the finish: we’re nearly done! or not?Rachelle Verburg, Hans Slenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Green management of former industrial decantation ponds Hermine Huot, Patrick Charbonnier, Marie-Odile Simonnot, Jean-Louis More . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Flanders integrates sustainable soil remediation into other policiesGriet Van Gestel, Johan Ceenaeme, Ellen Luyten, Tim Caers, Bavo Peeters, Nick Bruneel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Building a Network-based Expert-Stakeholder framework for sustainable regenerationFilip Alexandrescu, Erika Rizzo, Lisa Pizzol, Andrea Critto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

ThS 1C.3 Decentralization and harmonizationPublic funding scheme for remediation projects in AustriaRegine Patek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Harmonisation – bottom-up or top-down? – a national remediation framework for AustraliaBruce Kennedy, Kerry Scott, Ravi Naidu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Progress towards an ISO Document on Sustainable RemediationC. Paul Nathanail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

National Strategy for Contaminated Land Management in Finland - Experiences on the Preparation Process Sarianne Tikkanen, Anna-Maija Pajukallio, Outi Pyy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Lake Boyuk Shor: environmental engineering and eco-hydrology as fast track to engineering solutions for lake restoration in AzerbaijanBjent Enden, Rob Dijcker, Dirk Kramer, G. Kruitwagen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

SpS 1C.4S Sustainable remediation - avoiding greenwash by striving to demonstrate better resultsOrganizer: Claudio Albano, Laurent Bakker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

SpS 1C.5S Contaminated site remediation - pracitcal decision makingOrganizer: John Hunt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

International Approaches and new developments in remediation strategyHans Slenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

Determining the most appropriate remediation strategy for a contaminated sitePeter Nadebaum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Designing a remediation system – the solution is only as good as the problem definitionJohn W. Hunt, Ian Brookman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Risk management models for remediation projects – an Australian historyIan Brookman, John W. Hunt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

SpS 1C.6S Sustainability in contaminated site management – case FinlandOrganizers: Jaana Sorvari, Seppo Nikunen, Jussi Reinikainen, Outi Pyy, Anna-Maija Pajukallio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

ThS 1C.7 Strategies for remediation and brownfield regenerationRegeneration of brownfield mega-sites – a review of existing and emerging technologies and their application for a test-siteLauge Clausen, Stephan Bartke, Mariusz Kalisz, Janusz Krupanek, Nicolas Fatin-Rouge, Mette Algreen, Stefan Trapp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Pollution of soil and groundwater by industrial oils dumping in Jarama River Basin (Madrid, Spain)Fermín Villarroya, Esperanza Montero, Juan Pedro Martín . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Lac Megantic : The rehabilitation of a town following a petroleum loaded train explosion Michel Beaulieu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Remediation in ChinaJohn Ulrik Bastrup, Jie Cheng, Daniel Chiang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Combined Remedy Synergies — Examples and Conceptual Road MapJeremy Birnstingl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Ths 1C.8 Uncertainty in remediationTools for the Calculation of Remediation TimesThomas Held . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Analysis of remediation studies to assess the major factors influencing remediation efficiencyFlorian Cazals, Olivier Atteia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Estimation of Remediation Rates for Chlorinated Solvents in Confined Unsaturated MediaGro Lilbaek, Jacqueline Anne Falkenberg, Anders G. Christensen, Helle Overgaard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

The use of smart DPE and real time data for maximising the return of investment in contaminated land remediationAnil Waduge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

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Strategic management of uncertainties of remediation costs by identification of critical parameters and sensitivity analysis on costs: methodology and case studiesKaren Van Geert, Wouter Gevaerts,Gerlinde De Moor, Anja Vandercappellen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

ThS 1C.9 Bioremediation of chlorinated solvents in groundwater 1Effects of aquifer thermal energy storage on bioremediation of chlorinated ethenesZhuobiao Ni, Martijn Smit, Tim Grotenhuis, Pauline van Gaans, Huub Rijnaarts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

“Post-mortem” of a successful ERD project in a German urban areaLaura Simone, Thomas Held . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

Bioremediation at Low pH - emerging tools and approaches for chlorinated solvent sitesJeff Roberts, Phil Dennis, Peter Dollar, Sandra Dworatzek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

Aerobic biodegradation of trichloroethene without auxiliary substratesKathrin Rachel Schmidt, Sarah Gaza, Andreas Tiehm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

Meeting the challenges for bioremediation of chlorinated solvents posed at operational sites: a comparison of case studiesRichard Bewley, Paula Hick, Anthea Rawcliffe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Ths 1C.10 Bioremediation of chlorinated solvents in groundwater 2SILPHES – Investigation of chemical treatments for the remediation of recalcitrant chlorinated solventsRomain Rodrigues, Stéphanie Betelu, Frédéric Garnier, Stéfan Colombano, Antoine Joubert, David Cazaux, Guillaume Masselot, Theodore Tzedakis, Ioannis Ignatiadis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Dichloroelimination of polychlorinated alkanes by a Dehalogenimonas-containing enrichment cultureErnest Marco-Urrea, Lucia Martín-González, Siti Hatijah Mortan, Lorenz Adrian, Maira Martínez-Alonso, Nuria Gaju, Eloi Parladé,Mònica Rosell, Teresa Vicent, Glòria Caminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Fully automated enhanced biodegradation of chlorinated ethenes with an on site anaerobic bioreactorGerard Borggreve, Albert Smits, Dennis Scheper, Adri Nipshagen, Rene Tjassens, Michiel Pluim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Bioremediation of chlorinated solvents under low groundwater temperatures and in low permeability strata Phil Dennis, Jeff Roberts, Sandra Dworatzek, Peter Dollar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

Bioaugmentation with optimized in-situ culture propagation (BACAd)Johan Gemoets, Queenie Simons, Baue Boonen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

ThS 1C.11 Bioremediation of coal tar and fuelsSimulation of bioremediation options by microbial degradation of aged PAH contamination in soilsArno Rein, Stefan Trapp, Iris K. U. Adam, Anja Miltner, Kilian Smith, Geoffrey Marchal, Ulrich Gosewinkel, Philipp Mayer, Matthias Kästner, Lauge Clausen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

Microbial key players during in-situ and in-vitro biostimulation of an ETBE polluted aquiferMarc Viñas, Miriam Guivernau, Isabel Mori, Fernando García, Joaquim Vila, Francesc X. Prenafeta-Boldú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

Quinones increase availability of poorly soluble geogenic terminal electron acceptors for anaerobic hydrocarbon degradationKerstin E. Scherr, Amandine de Schaetzen, Marion Hasinger-Sumetzberger, Diana Backes, Gertrud Kadlec, Andreas Loibner, Manfred Nahold . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

Inoculated bioreactor for MTBE/TBA removal from water – lab & pilot testsLeen Bastiaens, Queenie Simons, Hans Sterckx, Guy Borgmans, Johan Gemoets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

Anaerobic bio-oxidation: a sustainable remedial technology for the treatment of BTEXKaren Van Geert, Jeroen Verhack, Wouter Gevaerts, Koen Enkels, Karolien Claeys, Gerlinde De Moor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

ThS 1C.12 In situ remediation technologiesAn innovation to increase rate and performance of in situ bioremediation – development of a new technologyJeremy Birnstingl, Ben Mork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

In-situ Zinc bioprecipitation through organic substrate injection in a high-flow aquifer: From laboratory to full-scaleMattias Verbeeck, Richard Lookman, Johan Gemoets, Beatrijs Lambié . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

In-situ biological treatment of nitrate-polluted groundwater for drinking water productionIrene Jubany, Montserrat Calderer, Ester Vilanova, Jordi Font-Capo, Jorge Molinero, Roser Grau, Esteve Pintó . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

Full-scale electrokinetics-enhanced bioremediation (EK-BIO) of PCE DNAPL source area in clay tillCharlotte Riis, Martin Bymose, Dorte Pade, Evan Cox, James Wang, David Gent, Mads Terkelsen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Predicting tools for an optimal in situ bioremediation strategy in a hydrocarbons contaminated rail yard site.Laura Tiano, Jørgen Mølgaard Christensen, Beate Müller, Michael Petzold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

ThS 1C.13 In situ remediation technologies 2Feasibility of bioscreens for regional VOC-plume in industrial-urban areaKatrien Van de Wiele, D. Paulus, W. Goyens, N. Bal, N. Pennickx, Johan Ceenaeme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Aerobic remediation: New solutions and approaches for a consolidated technology Lorenzo Sacchetti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

A combination of anaerobic and aerobic bioremediation to treat a complex mixture of contaminants at a landfill siteJohn Dijk, Antonio Distante, Martin Slooijer, Giovanni Buscone, Laura Ledda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

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Field pilot test of in situ biostimulation and bioaugmentation of phenoxyacid pesticides as a remedy for a pesticide point source Katerina Tsitonaki, Sandra Roost, Kresten Andersen, Lars Christian Larsen, Nina Tuxen, Katrine Smith, Hasse Milter, Ulrich Gosewinkel, Tue Kjærgaard Nielsen, Anders Johansen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Novel and advanced chemical interpretation methods documenting Monitored Natural Attenuation (MNA) of pesticidesTrine Skov Jepsen, Hasse Milter, Mads Georg Møller, Nina Tuxen, Niels Døssing, Lars Christian Larsen, Janni Thomsen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

ThS 1C.14 Combined treatment technologies 1Remediation and restoration of the Lac Megantic, Quebec oil train disasterTodd Schwendeman, Jocelyn Marcotte, Bruce Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Combined remedy benefits of integrated physical, chemical and biological treatments on a 14 million litre fuel spill in a Swedish forest Kristin Forsberg, Jonny Bergman, Gareth Leonard, Jeremy Birnstingl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

DNAPL treated by application of surfactants followed by ISCOPetr Kozubek, Jan Nemecek, Vladislav Knytl, Eliska Kosinova . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Innovative approach to the remediation of contaminated groundwaterPhil Studds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Coupling groundwater recirculation by GCW and chemical/biological reductive processes for residual DNAPL source removal:

lab investigation and large pilot testingMarco Petrangeli Papini, Mauro Majone, Lucia Pierro, M. Sagliaschi, S. Sucato, Eduard Alesi, Ernst Bartsch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

ThS 1C.15 Combined treatment technologies 2Cooperation of iron reducing bacteria and iron particles in remediation of chlorinated ethylenesLenka Honetschlägerová, Petra Janouškovcová . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

Lecithin and ferrous iron as electron donors for enhanced reduction dechlorination (ERD) and in-situ chemical reduction (ISCR)Alan Seech, Michael Mueller, Daniel Leigh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

Accelerating trichloroethylene remediation in saprolite and fractured crystalline bedrock by in-situ chemical oxidation and in-situ chemical reduction - a successful case study of combined remedies at a challenging siteGeorge Y. Maalouf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

Petroleum hydrocarbon mass removal using reagent based enhanced desorption combined with physical recovery techniquesJeremy Birnstingl, Alberto Leombruni, Ben Mork, Gareth Leonard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

Combined nano-biotechnology for in-situ remediation of mixed contamination of groundwater by hexavalent chromium and chlorinated solventsJan Nemecek, Petr Pokorný, Ondřej Lhotský, Petra Najmanová, Vladislav Knytl, Jana Steinová, Miroslav Černík, Tomáš Cajthaml . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

ThS 1C.16 In Situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO) 1Destruction of Perflourooctaine Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perflouroctanoic Acid (PFOA) using Activated PersulfateJosephine Molin, Michael Mueller, Brant Smith, Daniel Leigh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

Sustained-release RemOx® SR+ ISCO reagent technology: reactive synergies resulting from permanganate in combination with persulfate for passive contaminant treatmentLorenzo Sacchetti, Pamela Dugan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

Use of different kinds of persulfate activation and Fenton Reagent for the removal of PFOA and PFOS from contaminated water.Fernando Pardo, Virginia Huerta, Esperanza Montero, Sergio Rodríguez, Aurora Santos, Arturo Romero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

Implementing In-situ Chemical Oxidation on an industrial EX-rated siteEdward van de Ven, Art Lobs, Tim De Bouw, Richard Lookman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

Remediation of a pentachlorophenol contamination underneath a residential areaTessa Pancras, Jurgen van der Wal, Joop Verhagen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

ThS 1C.17 In Situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO) 2Combined Fenton-like oxidation and CO2 sparging for the treatment of groundwater contaminated by organic compounds Daniela Zingaretti, Iason Verginelli, Renato Baciocchi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

Use of different kinds of persulfate activation with iron for the remediation of a PAH-contaminated soilFernando Pardo, Marina Peluffo, Aurora Santos, Arturo Romero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

The advantage of bench scale treatability studies as a decision making tool for a full scale ISCO approach in an innovative tender procedureAlbert Smits, Gerard Borggreve; Dennis Scheper, Mart Jansen, Michael Mueller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

Barium ferrates for in-situ chemical oxidation of BTEX contaminantsNorbert Klaas, Christine Herrmann, Karin Hauff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

In-situ sodium persulfate oxidation of benzene under ambient (thermal) activation Ian Ross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

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ThS 1C.18 Miscellaneous remediation topics 1Intensive CSM development providing data for concise design of containmentKoen Enkels, Karolien Claeys, Bram De Keulenaere, Bart Callens, Karen Van Geert, Wouter Gevaerts, Gerlinde De Moor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Applying numerical contaminants’ F&T modelling for designing effective groundwater remediation strategiesAleksandra Kiecak, Grzegorz Malina, Ewa Kret, Tadeusz Szklarczyk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

In-situ chemical reduction: Laboratory and pilot-scale studies for full-scale treatment of chromium VI contaminated soilsAldo Trezzi, Sara Ceccon, Roberto Pisterna, Domenico Osella, Roberto De Franco, Caterina Di Carlo, Pierre Matz, Davide Musso, Grazia Caielli . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Use of numerical models for understanding and design of surfactant enhanced remediationSøren Rygaard Lenschow, Anders G. Christensen, Mette Marie Mygind, Phillip C. DeBlanc, Ahmad Seyedabbasi, Konstantinos Kostarelos4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

A novel approach for particle detection in porous media - Fluorescent labelled Fe-zeolitesGlenn Gillies, Anett Georgi, Katrin Mackenzie, Frank-Dieter Kopinke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

ThS 1C.19 Miscellaneous remediation topics 2Composting for ex situ/on site decontamination of PAHs contaminated soilsOndřej Lhotský, Stefano Covino, Jana Janochová, Monika Stavělová, Petra Najmanová, Tomáš Cajthaml . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

Environmental dredging of a chromium contaminated fjord in Valdemarsvik, SwedenStany Pensaert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

Acidic soil washing as a remediation method for Cu polluted soil: Optimization of the leaching process and assessment of the solid residues Karin Karlfeldt Fedje, Ann-Margret Strömvall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

Supercritical extraction coupled with ultrasounds for removal of pesticides from soilTeresa Castelo-Grande, Paulo A. Augusto, Domingos Barbosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

High Resolution Groundwater Flow diagnostic system for optimization of in-situ site remediation and environmental protectionPetr Kvapil, Martin Procházka, Tomas Lederer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

ThS 1C.20 New remediation technologies 1Pesticide contaminated groundwater – Use of electrochemical oxidation and NF/RO membranes for energy efficient treatment Henrik Tækker Madsen, Jens Muff, Erik Søgaard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

Challenges and hopes for scaling up an electrodialytic remediation method for treating CCA contaminated soilKrzysztof Kowalski, Sanne Skov Nielsen, Pernille Erland Jensen, Thomas Larsen, Mads Terkelsen, Lisbeth Ottosen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

Full-scale design and implementation of the STAR technology at a coal tar-impacted siteGavin Grant, Grant Scholes, David Major, Len de Vlaming, Marlaina Auger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

The fate of potentially toxic element co-contaminants during smouldering remediationAndrew Robson, Christine Switzer, David Kosson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Electrokinetically enhanced remediation – An innovative solution for source area remediationEvan Cox, James Wang, Neal Durant, David Reynolds, David Gent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

ThS 1C.21 New remediation technologies 2Direct-push high pressure jet injection for rapid amendment delivery in low-permeability zones: Full-scale demonstrationChapman Ross, Neal Durant, Bill Slack, Doug Knight, Torben Højbjerg Jørgensen, Eline Begtrup Weeth, Kirsten Rügge, Peder Johansen, Mads Terkelsen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

The use of renewable energy for ventilation of capillary break layers under buildings at polluted sitesJakob Washington Skovsgaard, Morten Nørgaard Christensen, Mette Christophersen, Kim Risom Thygesen, Klaus Bundgaard Mortensen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

Surfactant enhanced aquifer restoration at former chemical worksChristopher Taylor-King, J. Thomas, N. Hopkins, M. Holmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

Application of Trap and Treat™ Technology for achieving sustainable remediation of contrasting contaminant plumesJames Wilson, Palle Ejlskov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

Jet a recovery using micellar flooding: Design and implementationKonstantinos Kostarelos, Ahmad Seyedabbasi, Søren Rygaard Lenschow, Marinos Stylianou, Phillip C. DeBlanc, Mette Marie Mygind, Anders G. Christensen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

ThS 1C.22 Zero valent ironImplementation of zerovalent iron for source zone treatment via soil mixingHilde Decuyper, Nele Vermeiren, Johan Gemoets, Richard Lookman, Ilse Van Keer, Leen Bastiaens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

In-situ remediation of chlorinated solvents usind ZVI-clay soil mixing for the first time in SwedenNicklas Larsson, Anders G. Christensen, Ulf Winnberg, Henrik Engdal Steffensen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

Batchtests and field application of in situ remediation of groundwater contaminated with chlorinated solvents by direct injection of nanoscale Zero Valent Iron on three locations in Denmark. Anne Gammeltoft Hindrichsen, John Ulrik Bastrup, Jan Slunský. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

DNAPL source zone treatment with ZVI soil mixingDenny Schanze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

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Optimizing the properties of nanofluids for the efficient NAPL remediation in porous mediaChristos Tsakiroglou, Katerina Terzi, Alexandra Sikinioti-Lock, Kata Hajdu, Christos Aggelopoulos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

SpS 1C.23S Nanoremediation 1 – all you wanted to know (a practical guide to nanoremediation) Organizers: Paul Bardos, Juergen Braun, Miroslav Černík, Dan Elliott, Elsa Limasset, Hans-Peter Koschitzky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

SpS 1C.24S Nanoremediation part 2 – your future business opportunities (strategic and market intelligence)Organizers: Paul Bardos, Stephan Bartke, Nicola Harries, Hans-Peter Koschitzky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

ThS 1C.25 PhytoremediationPotential of alfalfa for the treatment of hydrocarbons and heavy metals co-contaminated soils: effect of bioaugmentation-assisted phytoremediationDavid Huguenot, Ana Carolina Agnello, Eric Van Hullebusch, Giovanni Esposito . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

Fate and behavior of TCE in willow trees during phytoremediationPhilipp Schöftner, Andrea Watzinger, Philipp Holzknecht, Bernhard Wimmer, Thomas Reichenauer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Cost-benefit analyses of arsenic contaminated soil phytoremediation in ChinaXiaoming Wan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Phyto remediation using the Chinese brake fern pteris vittataStefan Outzen, Mads Terkelsen, John Ulrik Bastrup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

ThS 1C.26 Thermal remediation 1How Effective is Thermal Remediation of DNAPL Source Zones in Reducing Groundwater Concentrations?Ralph Baker, Gorm Heron, Steffen Griepke, Niels Ploug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

Indoor thermal remediation in an old industrial area in the Capitol Region of DenmarkKaterina Hantzi, Ida Damgaard, Jes Kjærulf Holm, Pernille Kjærsgaard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

Mixture of high and low boiling compounds in a mixed low and high permeable setting – Thermal design considerationsJesper Holm, Niels Ploug, Max Jensen, Steffen Griepke Nielsen, Gorm Heron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

Experiences using Gas Thermal Remediation (GTR) in DenmarkJacob H. Christiansen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

In-situ thermal remediation of CVOCs from source zone containing chlorinated solvents and motor oil as NAPLCarol Winell, Cavis Carpenter, Grant Geckeler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

ThS 1C.27 Thermal remediation 2In-situ thermal remediation of PCBs: Lessons learned and results from treatability study, pilot test and full scale emediationCarol Winell, Xiaosong Chen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

In-situ thermal remediation at a site with DNAPL in Overburden above fractured rockGorm Heron, Jim Galligan, Robin Swift, Bruce Thompson, Jessie McCusker, Michael Gefell, John LaChance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Steam-air injection in fractured bedrock: Results ans lessons learned of a CHC-remediationat the site Biswurm (Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany)Oliver Trötschler, Hans-Peter Koschitzky, Bernd Lidola, Isabell Kleeberg, Stefan Schulze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Complex boundary conditions for in-situ thermal treatments (ISTT) conducted during land recycling and remediation beneath buildingsUwe Hiester, Martina Müller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

Thermal treatment – Challenges and solutionsSteffen Griepke Nielsen, Gorm Heron, Ralph Baker, Niels Ploug2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

SpS 1C.28S European advances in nanoremediation technologyIn-situ groundwater remediation using Carbo-Iron®: Large scale flume experiment to investigate transport and reactivity in a source-treatment approachKumiko Miyajima, Katrin Mackenzie, Juergen Braun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

Reactivity tests in columns for simulating source zone and plume remediation of chlorinated hydrocarbons by zero-valent metal particles under subsurface-like conditionsChristine Herrmann, Maurice Menadier, Norbert Klaas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Agar agar stabilized milled zerovalent iron particles for in situ groundwater remediationMilica Velimirovic, Doris Schmid, Stephan Wagner, Vesna Micic Batka, Frank von der Kammer, Thilo Hofmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Demonstrating nanoremediation in the field - The NanoRem test sitesJuergen Braun, Randi Bitsch, Matthias Kraatz, Jorge Gonçalves, Nerea Otaegi, Noam Weisbrod, Petr Kvapil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

Performance of Carbo-Iron particles in in-situ groundwater plume and source treatment approachesKatrin Mackenzie, Steffen Bleyl, Frank-Dieter Kopinke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

Nanoiron and Carbo-Iron® particle transport in aquifer sediments - Targeted depositionSteffen Bleyl, Katrin Mackenzie, Anett Georgi, Frank-Dieter Kopinke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

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SpS 1C.29S Four countries’ approach to solving a contaminated site issueDanish Knowledge Exchange Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

SpS 1C.30S US EPA session 2: Evolution of optimization programs and key trends in cleanup and R&DOrganizers: Carlos S. Pachon and Stephen A. Dyment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

SpS 1C.31S US EPA session 3: Optimizing remedies, greener cleanups and trends in site cleanupOrganizers: Carlos S. Pachon and Stephen A. Dyment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170


SpS 1D.1S Contaminated sites – evolution from the fumbling start to state of the artOrganizers: Lone Tolstrup Karlby, Tage Vikjær Bote, Helle Okholm, Christian Andersen, Torben Højbjerg Jørgensen, Nina Tuxen,Ninna Dahl Ravnsbæk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

ThS 1D.2 Large scale inventories and strategies for dealing with contaminationRegionally approached groundwater management in Zwolle: preventing risks and utilizing opportunities Corinne Koot, Annemiek Wiegman, Reinder Slager, Martijn van Houten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

A groundwater management plan for StuttgartSandra Vasin, Hermann Josef Kirchholtes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Large scale systematic mapping and prioritization of possible soil contaminations – a method to protect drinkingwater resources, surface water and human health in DenmarkThomas Imbert Villumsen, Annie Wejhe Simonsen, Lotte Nielsen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Success and failure factors area-wide groundwater managementArne Alphenaar, Frank Swartjes, Piet Otte, Reinder Slager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

Flowers 4 BrabantJan Frank Mars, Peter Ramakers, Reinder Slager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

ThS 1D.3 Risk mitigation and intervention measuresCan we trust in Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) to deal with emerging contaminants present in reclaimed water?Marta Hernández García, Oriol Gibert, Xavier Bernat, Karsten Nödler, Tobias Licha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

Biological treatment of micropollutants in drinking water resources Janneke Wittebol, Marlea Wagelmans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

How to get a camel to go through the eye of a needle: Successful site remediation of a former explosives production site: safe housing, working and drinking water production on a long-term basisChristian Weingran, H. Georg Meiners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

PFCs in the United States: Historical use, environmental occurrence, policy, and regulationNeal Durant, Ramona Darlington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

Bottom-up regional initiatives to tighten up the generic pesticides rules and regulations in the Netherlands Cors van den Brink, Carolien Steinweg, Anton Dries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

SpS 1D.4S Holistic water planning: How do we protect groundwater in Denmark?Organizers: The Danish Knowledge Exchange Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

SpS 1D.5S From source tracing to remediation and dealing with contamination riskOrganizers: James Taylor, Douglas Baxter, Palle Ejlskov, Kristian Bitsch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

2 - Soil, groundwater and sediment in the biobased, circular economy soilSpS 2.1 The carbon dilemma: biomass for the biobased economy or for soil fertility?Organizers: Sandra Boekhold, Margot de Cleen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

SpS 2.2S “Towards Urban Land Management 2065” – Brownfields the secret weapon for sustainable citiesOrganizers: Maaike Blauw, Linda Maring, Hans van Duijne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

ThS 2.3 Redevelopment of brownfields part 1Maximising the value-proposition for soft re-use of brownfieldsPaul Bardos, Ian Stephenson, Pierre Menger, Victor Beumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

The final countdown - “Successful remediation policies leads to the end of the Dutch Soil Protection Act”Michiel Gadella, Co Molenaar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

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Urban development on contaminated sites - collaboration between the municipalities and the Capital Region of DenmarkHanne Joergensen, Maria Hag, Annette Gundog Ferslev, Heidi Uttenthal Bay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

Integrated urban land management: an approach for assisting in sustainable redevelopment of contaminated brownfield sites in FranceElsa Limasset, Agnès Laboudigue, Claire Alary, Jean-Luc Collet, Stéphane Fourny, Hubert Léprond, Pascale Michel, Thomas Valeyre3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

Soil from construction projects as a resource – Recycling and sustainable Soil ManagementJoan Krogh, Morten Størup, Søren Helt Jessen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

ThS 2.4 Redevelopment of brownfields part 2Towards 3D geochemistry of urban subsoil: historical and material inputsCécile Le Guern, Vivien Baudouin, Pierre Conil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

What can you do for one and a half million - urban redevelopment through implementation of new technologyDennis Scheper, Gerard Borggreve, Albert Smits, Adri Nipshagen, Dick Specht, Luuk Wallinga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

Teterboro landing brownfields redevelopment - worlds largest in situ thermal desorption siteJohn Bierschenk, Gorm Heron, Ken Parker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

BALANCE 4P - A holistic approach for sustainable brownfield regenerationJenny Norrman, Linda Maring, Fransje Hooimeijer, Steven Broekx, Yevheniya Volchko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 ThS 2.5 Reuse of contaminated soil and sediments – Part 1Urban geochemical backgrounds for excavated soil reuse Celine Blanc, Jean-Francois Brunet, Frédéric Guiet, Philippe Herniot, Aurelien Leynet, Hélène Roussel, Maxime Jarzabek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

Contaminated sludge beneficially used in foundations Rob Wortelboer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

Flemish policy on the use of excavated soilDirk Dedecker, Filip De Naeyer, Eddy Van Dyck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

LORVER : a production chain of biomass for industrial purposes from former sites and abandoned materialsMarie-Odile Simonnot, Sophie Guimont, Lucas Gossiaux, Jean-Louis Morel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Geochemical fractionation and phytoavailability of trace elements in an estuarine soil impacted by historic mine waste contaminationEleanor van Veen, John Coggan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

ThS 2.6 Reuse of contaminated soil and sediments – Part 2Using innovative geotextile constructions as an in-situ bioremediation technique to remediate contaminated sediments and to improve water quality of shallow lakes Chiel Lauwerijssen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

Implementation of a Transit Hub Site (THS) for excavated soils – the Israeli experience Tomer Ash, Meir Tapiero, Raphi Mandelbaum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

Sustainable use of excavated soil in the Capital Region of Copenhagen - new initiativesJens Lind Gregersen, Arne Rokkjær2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

Soil improvement with biochar - Microcosms for characterization of the effects of biochar on acidic sandy soil Mónika Molnár, Viktoria Feigl, Éva Ujaczki, Orsolya Klebercz, Mária Tolner, Emese Vaszita, Katalin Gruiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

The Circular Economy – Maximising the Reuse of Soils – Making it happenClaire Dickinson, Hilary Allen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

ThS 2.7 Reusing materials from mining activities and landfillsPredicting plant metal bioaccessibility in soils contaminated by historic miningEleanor van Veen, Bernd Lottermoser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

Recycling nickel from hyperaccumulator plants at the pilot scaleMarie-Odile Simonnot, Vivian Houzelot, Xin Zhang, Florent Ferrari, Baptiste Laubie, Marie-Noëlle Pons, Edouard Plasari, Aida Bani, Jean-Louis Morel, Guillaume Echevarria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

Insight into a 20 ha multi-contaminated brownfield megasite: An environmental forensics approach. José Luis Rodríguez Gallego, Eduardo Rodríguez-Valdés, Noemi Esquinas, Alicia Fernández-Braña, Nora Matanzas, Carlos Boente, Elías Afif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

Utilization of methane gas for electricity production on minor parts of closed landfillsTommy Bøg Nielsen, Stella Agger, Henrik Jannerup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

Understanding Solid-gaseous Phase Transition of Elemental Contaminants during the Gasification of Biomass Harvested from Contaminated LandYing Jiang, Phil Longhurst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

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3. Managing multiple functions of the subsurfaceSpS 3.1S Challenges for application of aquifer thermal energy storage in EuropeOrganizers: Martin Bloemendal, Frans van de Ven, Nanne Hoekstra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

SpS 3.2S Get inspired – help shape the European strategic research agenda on soil, land use and land managementOrganizers: Margot de Cleen, Sandra Boekhold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

SpS 3.3S Unforeseen events in management of the subsurface: learning practiceOrganizers: Jasper Lackin, Justine Oomes, Roelof Stuurman, Jaap Tuinstra, Timo Heimovaara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

ThS 3.4 Subsurface planning and managementImproved recirculation system to treat a chlorinated solvent contamination and to allow for heat recuperationKaren Van Geert, Isabelle Olivier, Wouter Gevaerts, Jeroen Verhack, Thomas van Humbeeck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

Understanding the environmental risks associated with shale gas development in the UKGeorge Prpich, Frederic Coulon, Gill Drew, Simon Pollard, Ben Anthony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

Aquifer Thermal Energy Systems in areas of drinking water and groundwater pollutionsLars Jacobsen, Jesper Furdal, John Ulrik Bastrup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

Shallow groundwater in NW Italy and perspectives for geothermal purposesArianna Bucci, Domenico Antonio De Luca, Manuela Lasagna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Let’s make groundwater STRONGer – A watersystem-based approach towards 3D spatial development.Reinier Romijn, Almer Bolman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

ThS 3.5 Ecosystems services and combined approachesChallenges and possibilites in the Danish groundwater sectorRolf Johnsen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

Ecosystem services of the groundwater and the subsurface; filling the knowledge gapJohannes P.A. Lijzen, Sophie Vermooten, Hans Peter Broers, Suzanne van der Meulen, Michiel Rutgers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

Soil and groundwater related ecosystem services in the Atlas Natural CapitalSuzanne van der Meulen, Kees Hendriks, Michiel Rutgers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

Application of life cycle assessment into development of urban projects Geertrui Louwagie, Jordi Boronat, Carmen Hidalgo, Paul Nathanail, Karen Van Geert, Nila Nielsen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Management of the subsurface: an EIA for a National spatial plan for the subsurfaceJustine Oomes, Matthijs Nijboer, Ivo van der Sommen, Anita Bijvoet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

4. The role of the subsurface in climate change adaptationThS 4.1 Adaptive water quantity and quality management in urban areasImpacts from climate changes on contaminated soil and ground water – are we sufficiently aware of them?Stella Agger, Tommy Bøg Nielsen, Hanne Møller Jensen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

The quality of stormwater runoff leaving filter soilKarin Cederkvist, Peter E. Holm, Marina B. Jensen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

Infiltration of rainwater in urban areas as a climate change in urban areas as a climate change adaptation strategyCharlotte Schow, N.H.M. Goring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

The risk of mobilizing contaminants from soil when infiltrating rain waterBritt Boye Thrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

Reactive transport impacts on recovered water quality for a field MPPW-ASR system in a geochemically heterogeneous coastal aquiferKoen Zuurbier, Niels Hartog, Pieter Stuyfzand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

SpS 4.2S Artificial recharge of coastal aquifersOrganizers: Koen Zuurbier, Gualbert H.P. Oude Essink, Niels Hartog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

SpS 4.3S Climate robust water availability management for industry and agricultureOrganizers: Hans van Duijne, together with PhD’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

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1. Assessment and monitoring

identify impacts and suggest measures to reduce adverse consequences of climatic changes impacting the quality of urban and coastal waters. The concentrations of PAHs and PCBs in the inner Oslo fjord were measured using total water sampling (taking a grab water sample and extracting it with solvent) and with polyoxymethlene passive samplers. By following concentrations over time, temporal and spatial patterns could be identified.

• A landfill used between 1953 and 1965 for industrial waste from a Hydro power plant containing PAHs, heavy metals, oil and tar provided a field case study for the comparison of passive sampling methods and total water sampling. Passive samplers made of polyoxymethylene to sample organic compounds and DGT devices to sample metals were placed upstream, just outside and downstream the landfill in order to track changes in concentration spatially. All of the passive samplers displayed similar concentrations showing no evidence of increasing concentrations just outside the landfill compared to upstream the site. Although the total water concentrations were higher than the freely dissolved concentrations, the passive sampler results allowed the conclusion to be drawn that pollutants were not being released from the landfill in its current state

In addition a focus on the use of passive samplers in risk assessment will be discussed. Passive samplers can be used in order to determine how strongly pollutants are bound to contaminated soil or sediment, which is a pivotal piece of information when the risk such pollutants pose via leaching and spreading to the surrounding environment needs to be considered. By carrying out a simple laboratory experiment in which passive samplers are exposed to the contaminated soil or sediment, the soil or sediment – water partitioning coefficient value (Kd) can be determined. Indeed, in the model developed by Miljødirektoratet to assess contaminant spreading and the negative effect it could have on the environment, the use of site specific input model parameters are encouraged. In this context, the determination of the soil or sediment-water partitioning coefficient for a particular pollutant can be used and reduce the inherent conservatism in the model. Several examples will be given to highlight the vital nature of the information obtained via the use of passive sampling.

ENVIRONMENTAL FORENSIC IN GROUNDWATER BY COUPLING PASSIVE SAMPLING AND HIGH RESOLUTION MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR NON-TARGET SCREENING

Coralie Soulier, Catherine Berho, Anne Togola BRGM, Orleans, FR

Nowadays with technological advances, the use of environmental forensic approaches could help to characterize the various sources of groundwater contamination. This implies the need of specific analytical methodology to identify micropollutants, emerging substances or transformation products present at low concentrations. The high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) has gained increasingly in importance for monitoring organic compounds. Its high resolving power, mass accuracy and the sensitive full spectrum acquisition are the key points. Contamination profile and pattern of a specific site could be highlighted by this technique with the use of automatic data processing softwares.

ThS 1A.1 Passive sampling

Tuesday | 9 June | 11:00 - 12:30 | Meeting Room 19

PASSIVE SAMPLING FOR MONITORING FATE AND TRANSPORT OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS – FIELD EXAMPLES

Sarah Hale , Hans Peter Arp, Nicolas Morin, Gudny Okkenhaug, Gijs Breedveld, Mona Hansen, Espen Eek, Paul Cappelen, Gerard Cornelissen, Amy Oen Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo, NO

The introduction of pollutants in to the environment around us is a constant threat. Often the concentrations of such pollutants are very low and their detection is challenging. Passive samplers provide a simple and robust monitoring tool used in order to monitor the transport and fate of organic and inorganic pollutants in the water phase. The principle of passive sampling is based on the free flow of pollutant molecules from the sampled medium to a sampling device as a result of a difference in pollutant chemical potential in the two media.

Environmental compliance with existing and new legislation is necessary in order to maintain and improve the quality of the environment. With an ever increasing number of pollutants requiring monitoring, and more stringent environmental quality standards being put in to place, there is a need for a low cost yet reliable method for measuring contaminants at trace levels.

Passive samplers have a very important role to play in the monitoring of the fate and transport of pollutants in the real world. Some key applications will be illustrated through the use of real field examples that are grouped according to:

• Pollutant source identification • Tracking the fate and transport of pollutants in water (ground,

surface and fjord), sediment and air • Pollutant monitoring in combination with complimentary

methods• Risk assessment

The examples that will be discussed in which passive samplers have been used to monitor diverse pollutants include:

• Within the research project WASTEFFECT funded by the Norwegian research council a robust waste emission and exposure model for waste regulators and companies to anticipate and reduce risks from emerging contaminants is being developed. Passive sampling strategies have been developed in order to determine the concentration of brominated flame retardants (BFRs), bisphenol A (BPA) the endocrine disrupting compound, and antimony (Sb), a toxic metalloid in various waste streams. Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) devices have been used in order to measure the freely dissolved concentration of Sb. BFRs and BPA have been measured in the water phase and in the air phase with the use of several different types of passive sampler membrane materials. Freely dissolved concentrations of BFRs and BPA have been determined with the use of polydimethylsiloxane and polyoxymethylene (POM) respectively, and air concentrations of contaminants have been sampled with the use of XAD beads, a type of polystyrene copolymer resin.

• The Impact of Climate Change on the Quality of Urban and Coastal Waters - Diffuse Pollution (diPol) project aimed to

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After more than 5 years of intensive research DTU Fotonik have developed a revolutionary mid-infrared detector based on upconversion of the signal which reduces the noise level by a factor of millions compared to alternative detectors. The measurements are performed by sending an infrared laser beam through a specified air volume. The bonds in VOCs will absorb specific wavelength of the light and by detecting changes in the light using the patented upconversion technology developed by DTU Fotonik it is possible to quantify very low concentrations of PCE, TCE and other VOCs in the air.

The purpose of this project is to build and test a system based on the optical sensor to measure PCE and TCE in soil air and indoor air related investigations of contaminated sites.

The project consists of two phases; 1) design and construction of a compact laboratory setup and 2) field test with the equipment. At present the setup has been build and the final calibration of the system is being performed in the laboratory before field tests are initiated.

The setup consists of a tunable Quantum cascaded laser system (QCL) in the 9 to 12 µm range, a Herriot multipass cell (36 m path length), combined with an upconversion system for low noise conversion of the long wave infrared signal to the near infrared region for detection using standard Si-based detectors. The long interaction distance in the multipass cell ensures proportionally higher sensitivity to PCE/TCE. The combination of the QCL and upconversion system, provides a stable low-noise signal, able to measure small absorptions of infrared light, corresponding to low concentrations of PCE/TCE.

The system is designed for the detection of VOCs like TCE and PCE in the range of 1-100 μg/m3 and with the expected upconversion efficiency, it is believed that μg/m3 sensitivity will be reached.

After the validation under controlled conditions in the laboratory, the system will be tested in field tests where short time measurements will be compared to samples actively collected on sorbent tubes. Also, continuous measurements over time will be compared to collected passive samples.

The investigated method is based on a new technology for real time measurements of VOCs in air and besides TCE and PCE, the system can be reconfigured to measure other VOCs. It is expected that the method will improve investigations of indoor air quality, help identifying intrusion pathways for VOCs to buildings, and help in several other application where fast quantitative measurements of VOCs are needed.

INTEGRATED PASSIVE FLUX MEASUREMENTS IN GROUNDWATER: PRINCIPLES AND OUTLOOK

Goedele Verreydt1, Patrick Meire1 , Eric Struyf 1, Ilse Van Keer2 , Piet Seuntjens 2

1University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, BE2Vito NV, Mol, BE

The measurement and interpretation of parameter mass fluxes and discharges is gaining more and more importance. Especially in the frame of soil and groundwater contamination, remediation and related environmental risks, water management and ecosystem management, the interpretation of mass fluxes is

The aim is to support public policy development by highlighting and identifying relevant compounds to be monitored in groundwater. The main difficulties for the implementation of monitoring are sometimes low and fluctuating concentration levels and complex mixture of pollutants. No therefore there is a strong interest to combine passive sampling to HRMS. Passive samplers allow accumulating compounds during exposure that improve trace detection and integrating pollution fluctuations. The Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) was employed to sampling polar and semi-polar compounds (pesticides, pharmaceuticals, phenolic compounds, triazoles….).

Different sites impacted by agricultural, urban or industrial pollution sources were investigated and sampled during several months. Grab and passive sampling were deployed and analyzed by LC-QTof. To process data, different approaches were investigated. The first one is based on research from compounds listed on our homemade database (around 450 with experimental data on our system as retention time, exact masses for molecular and fragment ions). The non-targeted screening was applied using statistical tools such as principal components analysis (PCA) with direct connections between original chromatograms and ion intensity. Trend plots are used to highlight relevant compounds for their identification. In tandem with this work, laboratory calibration was made with POCIS in order to obtain uptake rate constants for target compounds.

This approach allows making comparison of samples and giving multidimensional visualization of chemical patterns such as molecular fingerprints and recurrent or specific peaks of each site. The identification of relevant signal is partially succeeded by using different databases such as Norman Mass Bank or Chemspider. The workflow used allows identifying sentinel molecules and molecular clusters as compounds never revealed in these sampling sites. From data acquired by the results post-processing, it has been possible to quantify targeted compounds by using acquired data on POCIS laboratory calibration.

DEVELOPMENT AND TEST OF OPTICAL SENSOR FOR REAL TIME MEASUREMENT OF VOLATILE ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS IN AIR

Mette Christophersen1, Lars Bennedsen1 , Jeppe Seidelin Dam2, Peter Tidemand Lichtenberg2 , Christian Pedersen2, Nancy Hamburger3, Helena Hansen3, Mads Terkelsen3 1Rambøll Denmark, Vejle, DK2Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, DK3The Capital Region of Denmark, Hillerød

Today measurements of volatile organic contaminants (VOC) in indoor air, e.g. trichloroethylene (TCE) and tetrachloroethylen (PCE), are performed with passive samplers (sorption tubes) over a period of typically 14-21 days. After this period the samples are returned to a laboratory for analysis. The result obtained corresponds to an average concentration over the entire sampling period. As an alternative, short time active sampling using sorbent tubes containing activated carbon can be performed.

Previous studies on vapor intrusion have shown large variations spatial and over time in VOC concentrations in both soil air and indoor air at contaminated sites. At present no simple, effective and inexpensive method for direct quantitative measurements of VOC in air exists.

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in use, and a variety of possible biases that add to apparent variability. When data quality is carefully controlled, VOC behavior is relatively predictable, and the assessment process can be resolved with much less variability and uncertainty.Despite increasing reliance on whole-gas sampling using passivated stainless steel canisters, a diverse suite of tools is now available to vapor intrusion investigators to manage key variables including: temporal and spatial variability; short assessment timelines; and areas of buildings that are difficult to access. Authors will review innovative techniques targeting these needs including passive quantitative sampling, high-volume sampling for sub-slab soil gas, low-conductivity soil sampling, and building pressure cycling.

A case study will be presented where mathematical modeling was used to support building pressure cycling to evaluate background sources of target compounds and subsurface sources of the same compounds in a period of hours rather than seasons of periodic sampling.

ThS 1A.2 Molecular Monitoring

Tuesday | 9 June | 16:00 - 17:30 | Auditorium 10

BACTERIAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL ACTIVITY IN AN AQUIFER CONTAMINATED WITH PESTICIDES

Aourell Mauffret, Nicole Baran, Mickael Charron, Catherine Joulian Brgm, Orléans, FR

Bacterial communities play a pivotal role in biogeochemical cycle, however there is still no consensus on the effect of pesticide contamination on bacterial community function, especially on their ability to reduce nitrate, which is an issue in several pesticides impacted sites. Atrazine is an herbicide which have been widely used for weed control in corn, soja and sorgho cultures, until 2003 when it has been withdrawn in France. Desethylated atrazine (DEA) is among its metabolite the one most observed in soil and groundwater and it has been reported with higher effect to aquatic life, than ATZ. Ten years after its withdrawn, ATZ and DEA concentrations exceeding the legal EU thresholds for groundwater and drinking waters (0.1 µg/L) are still reported.

Our objective was to assess the effect of pesticide mixtures on groundwater microbial abundance, community structure and their function in the nitrate reduction at the catchment level. This is, to our best knowledge, the first study on pesticide impact on groundwater microbial community diversity structure and function; it has the potential to provide sound-based arguments to be considered when improving the current strategy to manage water quality, as well as when proposing end points to monitor the microbial community in the biodiversity objective under the European water directive framework.

Two-year monitoring. The Ariège alluvial plain (France) is contaminated with a large panel of pesticides with concentations up to the ppm level. Water (1 L) was sampled from 17 selected springs on a monthly basis during 2 years (March 2012- March 2014, n = 50).

Microcosm. Water was sampled in July 2014 in two wells having different contamination profils. Water (700 mL) was placed in 1 L microcosm and ATZ, DEA or ATZ+DEA was spiked at 0, 1 and 10

essential. Current legislation already includes a mass flux approach today (e.g. EU Water Framework Directive and Groundwater Daughter Directive).

Environmental management actions regarding groundwater pollutions and ecosystem research and management are mostly driven by parameter concentrations. Since concentration estimates are highly uncertain and do not include the fluctuations caused by spatially and temporally varying conditions, decisions about these actions can be improved by also considering parameter mass fluxes (mass of parameter passing per unit time per unit area, or flow rate of these parameters per unit area) and parameter mass discharges (sum of all mass flux measures across an entire plume). The mass that effectively reaches a downgradient receptor, determines the actual situation and risks, and should therefore be monitored. It is essential to determine mass fluxes directly instead of estimating mass flux based on concentration data and estimates of groundwater velocity.

The direct determination of contaminant mass fluxes in soil and groundwater systems is possible with the Passive Flux Meter (PFM) technology. The PFM is a recently developed passive sampling device that provides simultaneous in situ point measurements of a time-averaged contaminant mass flux and water flux. The device, with a suite of tracers, is placed in a monitoring well or borehole for a known exposure period, where it intercepts the groundwater flow and captures contaminants from it. The measurements of the contaminants and the remaining resident tracer can then be used to estimate groundwater and contaminant fluxes.

Today, an increasing demand from different sectors for the combined determination of multiple parameter mass fluxes has stimulated us to optimize the technology and develop an integrated flux measurement device which targets the combined mass flux determination of multiple parameter types.

The principles of integrated passive flux measurements in groundwater will be presented, together with some results from field applications and their outlook within flux-based environmental management.

INNOVATIVE ASSESSMENT AND MODELING TOOLS TO MINIMIZE CONFOUNDING ELEMENTS IN VAPOR INTRUSION INVESTIGATIONS

Todd Creamer, James Rayner Geosyntec Consultants, Delph, Oldham, GB

Two common trends have emerged from many vapor intrusion site assessments that complicate evaluation of this exposure pathway: (1) a high degree of temporal and spatial data variability and (2) uncertainty in distinguishing vapor intrusion from sources present in occupied space. These can undermine confidence among regulatory officials and potentially-affected parties that evaluations are sufficient. To minimize variability associated with complex site conditions, a Conceptual Site Model (CSM) that represents the physical and chemical processes affecting volatile organic compound (VOC) transport and distribution should guide both site assessment and the understanding of data sufficiency to outline key site processes.

To minimize variability associated with sampling bias, systematic protocols designed to verify sample quality in the field should be used. There are a range of field methods for sample collection

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nitrate-reducing community will be assessed further to consider the risk of nitrate acumulation or of inhibition effect of nitrate on pesticide biodegradation.

Acknowledgement: The authors thank the Water Agency Adour-Garonne (France), the FEDER grants (Europe) and the BRGM for their financial support.

ASSESSMENT OF MICROBIAL POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON (PAH) DEGRADATION IN A CONTAMINATED AQUIFER USING IN SITU AND LABORATORY MICROCOSMS WITH 13C-LABELLED PAHS

Petra Bombach1, Arne Bahr2, Carsten Vogt2, Anko Fischer1 1Isodetect GmbH, Leipzig, DE2Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, DE

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are among the most abundant contaminants in the environment which mostly originate from anthropogenic sources like mineral oil spills or former gas plants. Due to their toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic effects to humans and animals, PAHs are pollutants of particular concern, thus the effort to reduce their environmental impact is of paramount importance. Biodegradation of PAHs has been demonstrated in laboratory studies under both oxic and anoxic conditions. However, the role of biodegradation for in situ reduction of PAHs at polluted field sites is only partially understood, in particular due to the limited number of approaches to evaluate the biodegradation of PAHs within contaminated aquifers.In the present study, the biodegradation of four PAHs (naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and acenaphthene) was investigated in an oxic aquifer at the site of a former gas plant using a novel integrated approach comprising in situ and laboratory microcosms amended with 13C-labelled PAHs as tracer compounds. In situ microcosms with 13C-labelled substrates (BACTRAP®s) aim to enrich indigenous groundwater microorganisms on site and subsequent analysis of their community structure and carbon assimilation patterns (for review see [1]). BACTRAP®s were amended with either 13C-labelled naphthalene or fluorene and were incubated for a period of over two months in two groundwater wells located at the contaminant source and plume fringe, respectively. Subsequently, the assimilation of 13C-carbon derived from the 13C-labelled PAHs into amino acids extracted from BACTRAP®-grown cells was analysed. Amino acids showed significant 13C-enrichments with 13C-fractions of up to 30.4% for naphthalene and 3.8% for fluorene, thus providing clear evidence for the in situ biodegradation and assimilation of those PAHs at the field site. In contrast to several laboratory microcosm studies, showing potential inhibitory effects of high PAH concentrations or complex contaminant mixtures on PAH biodegradation, microbial degradation of naphthalene and fluorene was observed in situ in both the contaminant source and the plume fringe. Recently, we could identify members of the orders Burkholderiales, Actinomycetales and Rhizobiales as the most active microorganisms in the naphthalene degrading microbial community by analysing 13C-labelled proteins extracted from the BACTRAP®s [2].In order to provide quantitative information on the PAH biodegradation, a laboratory microcosm study was additionally conducted. Groundwater and BACTRAP®-grown cells were used as inoculum. All laboratory microcosms were incubated under in situ-like conditions, using 13C-labelled naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and acenaphthene as tracers. Mineralisation of 13C-labelled PAHs was detected with high sensitivity and

µg/L. Units were sacrificed at the start and following 15-day and 30-day incubation (n = 58).

Bacterial analyses. Water was filtered through 0.22 µm filters and microbial DNA was extracted. Abundance of the universal marker (16S rRNA gene) and of nitrate-reducing bacteria (narG and napA genes) were assessed by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Diversity was assessed using fingerprinting technic, CE-SSCP (Capillary Electrophoresis-Single Strand Conformational Polymorphism).Chemical analyses. Water samples for pesticides were analyzed by LC-MS/MS following an on line-solid phase extraction, and samples for anions and cations were analyzed by ion chromatography.

Statistical analyses. Divergence between diversity profiles were analyzed with StatFingerprints software. Diversity indexes were also calculated (richness, Shannon-weaver index, eveness). Statistical differences were analyzed using two-way ANOVA with treatments, chemical or incubation time as factors (p < 0.05). Principal component analyses (PCA) were performed using XLSTAT Version 2011.2.02.

Biodiversity was higher thorough the experiment in the water C+, historically contaminated with various pesticides than in the water C- where none of the 51 pesticides monitored was observed during 2 years (Figure 1). Pesticide concentrations in the water historically contaminated often exceeded the legal EU threshold for groundwater and drinking waters (e.g. 2-year mean: 0.09 ± 0.01 µg ATZ /L, 0.43 ± 0.06 µg DEA /L (n = 23)). On the other side, during microcosm incubation, biodiversity decreased when spiked-chemical concentration increased from 1 to 10 µg/L. In the water C+, no effect of the incubation duration was noticed. In the water C-, biodiversity decreased with the chemical concentration and increased with the incubation duration when exposed to 1 µg/L, while no increase was observed when the community was exposed to 10 µg/L, suggesting that adaptation to pesticides might occur and this process depends on the chemical concentration. In both waters, there was no difference in the ATZ, DEA or ATZ+DEA effect to the microbial diversity. Abundance of bacteria reducing nitrate among the total community drastically decreased during the experiment, but this decrease was also observed in the control unit (p < 0.05). Total biomass was similar in both waters and during the whole experiment (p > 0.05). No biodegradation of ATZ and DEA was observed during the 1-month exposure.

Analyses of the two-year monitoring at an agricultural catchment level are undergoing; preliminary results suggests that biomass is similar in all samples while biodiversity and nitrate-reducing bacteria show important differences between samples.

The undergoing analyses on natural waters monitored during two years at a catchment level will hopefully show boundaries within the complex relationship between biodiversity and chemical concentrations observed in the microcosm, which is positive at the environmental level (between water C- and C+) and negative at the spiked-concentratoin level (between 1 and 10 µg/L). In the microcosms, ATZ, DEA or ATZ+DEA exhibited similar effect on the microbial community. Comparison at the catchment level of the effect of the 51 monitored pesticides taken individually or summed, on the microbial biodiversity will enable to assess the mixture effect on the microbial community.

Biomass was similar in all conditions (p > 0.05), suggesting that this is not a sensitive endpoint to assess water quality. Relationship between pesticide contamination and bacterial

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MICROBIAL RESPONSES TO BIOSTIMULATION AND BIOAUGMENTATION – A 2-YEAR LONG PILOT TRIAL TO EVALUATE MOLECULAR SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

Helena Branzén, Märta Ländell, Lennart Larsson, Anja Enell Swedish Geotechnical Institute, Malmö, SE

To evaluate different approaches to sample microbes, a two year-long field study was performed at a site contaminated by chlorinated ethenes. In the study, the outcome of using common groundwater samples was compared to the outcome from two different molecular sampling tools; a sampling tool with an artificial carrier for the collection of microbes over time and a sampling tool containing soil from the site. The pilot test was initiated in 2012, and performed in parallel to the assessment of reductive dechlorination as a potential remediation technique at a dry cleaning site in Alingsås, Sweden.

For a bioremediation project to be successful, reliable methods to predict the degradation potential is crucial. It is important that sampling methods, as well as the molecular analysis carried out, reflect the true degradation potential of the subsurface system. Active microbial populations develop and thrive in environments offering nutrients and substrates necessary for respiration and cell growth. The tendency for microorganisms to attach to sediment particles is well-known, and bacterial density in communities attached to sediment may well be a factor 103 – 104 higher, compared to the density of free-living communities in groundwater. Of practical reasons, molecular analyses to a large extent focus on bacteria collected in the pumped groundwater, i.e. rendering a snapshot of the bacterial density. However, due to the organisms preferences for particles, the absence (or very low densities) of singled out specimens in groundwater may not be conclusive with corresponding absence in soil. To assess the potential for reductive dechlorination, or to subsequently monitor performance during remediation, techniques focusing on attached communities is supposed to offer a more reliable decision basis. Passive sampling tools that collects microbes over time has thus been developed. The Standard BioTrap® consists of a carrier material that mimics soil particles and stimulates colonization of active bacteria. With a larger bacterial density, the registration of background levels and evaluation of steps taken to enhance reductive dechlorination is considered to be more reliable. However, the results generated by this sampling tool does not reflect the soil ”history”, like competing microorganisms or predatory microorganisms (for example those feeding on the dechlorination bacteria). Neither chemical composition, nor structure of the carrier material is identical to that of the soil. Over the years, attempts have been made to use soil mesocosms to even better simulate natural conditions. However, for economical and practical reasons, in-situ mesocosms have not become a common practice in the field. Mesocosms may be described as small perforated containers filled with anaerobic handled soil from the contaminated site. The mesocosms are deployed in the groundwater wells from where they originally were collected and harvested at different stages of the trial.

In this study, we have evaluated the consequences of applying these different sampling techniques (i.e. a) conventional ground water sampling, b) Standard Biotrap® and c) in-situ mesocosms), in relation to the assessment of dechlorination potential, such as choosing remediation technique or assessing the need for additional biostimulation or bioaugmentation. The detection levels and sensitivity for variations in the amount of selected microorganisms and their gene-potential for dechlorination, triggered by biostimulation and and bioaugmentation have

quantified by analysing the formation of 13C-CO2 [3, 4]. Observed PAH mineralisation rates ranged between 17 mg L-1 d-1 and 1639 mg L-1 d-1. On the basis of our results, we consider Monitored Natural Attenuation (MNA) as a potential management strategy for this field site.

References:

1.Bombach, P., Richnow, H.H., Kästner, M., Fischer, A., 2010. Current approaches for the assessment of in situ biodegradation. Appl. Microbiol. Biot. 86 (3), 839-852.

2.Herbst, F.A., Bahr, A., Duarte, M., Pieper, D.H., Richnow, H.H., von Bergen, M., Seifert, J., Bombach, P., 2013. Elucidation of in situ polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degradation by functional metaproteomics (protein-SIP). Proteomics 13 (18-19), 2910-2920.

3.Morasch, B., Höhener, P., Hunkeler, D., 2007. Evidence for in situ degradation of mono-and polyaromatic hydrocarbons in alluvial sediments based on microcosm experiments with C-13-labeled contaminants. Environ. Pollut. 148 (3), 739-748.

4.Nijenhuis, I., Stelzer, N., Kästner, M., Richnow, H.H., 2007. Sensitive detection of anaerobic monochlorobenzene degradation using stable isotope tracers. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41 (11), 3836-3842.

MICROBIAL PASSIVE SAMPLERS: HOW RELIABLE?

Jean-Michel Monier , Cédric Malandain , Celine Baguelin, Olivier Sibourg ENOVEO, Lyon, FR

Successful bioremediation of subsurface environments, such as contaminated soil or groundwater, can depend on a good understanding of microbial degradation processes. Taking into account the complexity of interactions that occur between the solid matrix, indigenous microorganisms and pollutants, initial on-site characterization and in situ monitoring of microbial communities over time are essential. One of the major challenges with subsurface systems has been the development of sampling techniques for microbiological investigations. Reliable sampling is highly critical since detection of microbes and/or their expression, and the quantification of genes involved in degradation processes are often used to design and monitor remediation processes. Conventional (active) sampling usually relies on the collection of individual spot samples and may often lead to an underestimation of the abundance and diversity of the community as well as an important variability.

The objective of our work was to develop and optimize tools for reliable on-site passive sampling of microbial communities in non-destructive manner. Different matrices ranging from activated carbon to coarse sand were tested for enrichment of bacterial growth in monitoring wells. Samplers were maintained over 30 days and the microbial communities enriched on the different matrices compared to the communities of the surrounding soil and interstitial water using molecular tools (e.g., Next Generation Sequencing, RISA, Phylogenetic microarrays). Results obtained showed that the amount of biomass and structure of the communities are different on the different matrices tested. Some solid supports seem less adapted than others in order to sample in a reliable manner the microbial communities present in the surrounding water and soil. Therefore, the choice of the matrix selected to passively sample subsurface microbial communities is highly critical and some material are to be avoided. Data obtained with the different matrices in different environments will be presented and the advantages and limitations of such approach for different applications will be discussed.

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been compared. The hypothesis was that analysis of mesocosms, compared to analysis of groundwater and artificial Bio-Trap®, would give a more reliable result for presence of specific microorganisms and better register changes in the microbial composition after biostimulation and bioaugmentation, due to the larger amount of colonizing bacteria.

The aim of this presentation is to share experiences and conclusions from the pilot trial, performed during 2012-2014. More specific we wish to present /show apparent responses from the different sampling techniques/tools to biostimulation and bioaugmentation by evaluating detection sensitivity and sensitivity to variations in the microbe gene sequences over time.

During the trial period, microbes were collected from three closely situated groundwater wells. All three wells were subjected to biostimulation (molasse and Newman Zone®), while two of the sampling wells were bioaugmented with KB-1® culture and smaller amount of lactate.

• Preliminary results from the trial show higher bacterial density (a factor 102 – 103) in soil mesocosms compared to both groundwater and Bio-Trap®.

• Bacteria dechlorinating PCE and TCE (Dehalobacter restrictus, and Desulfuromonas spp.) were continuously identified by the soil mesocosms, while groundwater and the artificial samplers did not always identify Desulfuromonas spp.

• After bioaugmentation, the groundwater (snapshot) and Bio-Trap® (passive sampler) showed quick responses, measured as Dehalococcoides spp. and gene copies involved in VC and ethene/ethane formation in comparison with the development in the mesocosms. The responses from the soil mesocosms were delayed, and while VC and ethane production declined, the number of gene copies, involved in the formation of VC and ethane, were increasing.

INTEGRATED CHARACTERIZATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT IN NATURAL ATTENUATION OF A PCE PLUME OVER 7 YEARS AFTER THERMAL REMEDIATION OF THE SOURCE ZONE WITH USE OF DUAL STABLE ISOTOPE AND MICROBIAL METHODS

Mette Martina Broholm1, Alice Badin2, Carsten Suhr Jacobsen3, Phil Dennis 4, Just Niels5, Daniel Hunkeler2 1Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, DK2University of Neuchatel, Neuchatel, CH3Geological Survey of Greenland and Denmark, Copenhagen, DK4SiREM, Guelph, CA5Region of Southern Denmark, Vejle, DK

PCE DNAPL contamination at the former central dry cleaning facility in Rødekro, Denmark, was subject to thermal (steam) source zone remediation in late 2006. A > 2 km long plume of chlorinated ethenes (PCE and chlorinated degradation products) which has migrated downgradient from the source zone has not undergone active remediation. A study of the natural degradation within the plume prior to source treatment including stable isotope monitoring was conducted in 2006(-2007) by Hunkeler et al. (2010). This investigation documented complete degradation of PCE via TCE to DCE by reductive dechlorination 1-1.5 km downstream the source area, where the plume descends into more reduced groundwater. It further proved that cDCE was further degraded by reductive dechlorination to VC, and that VC was not accumulated but further degraded, potentially by

another pathway (not reductive dechlorination). Detection (< quantification limit) of specific degraders (Dehalococcoides) enforced that cDCE degradation was biotic reductive dechlorination. The understanding of the degradation within the plume, not least the documentation of VC degradation, was essential in the risk evaluation of the plume.

The scope of the new (2014) study is to evaluate how the source remediation has impacted the plume and in particular the natural attenuation within the plume.

The evolution in plume composition and attenuation has been monitored by the Region of Southern Denmark on an annual basis since the remediation, and in 2014 a large monitoring campaign including redox, chlorinated ethenes, non-chlorinated degradation products, carbon and chlorine stable isotope composition, specific degraders and their activity and next generation sequencing (454 pyrotag) for bacterial composition was conducted.

The source remediation has, in addition to direct reduction of the concentration level in and flux from the source area, resulted in the release of dissolved organic matter and some geochemical changes. This has had an effect on redox conditions and biodegradation by reductive dechlorination particularly in the near source area. However, also in the further downstream area of the plume redox and contaminant levels have changed, suggesting an evolution in natural attenuation at significant distance (>1 km downgradient) from the treated source area. Dual isotope analysis are currently being conducted. Dual isotope and microbial data will be processed for interpretation of the changes in redox and degradation processes within the plume.

The understanding of the degradation processes within chlorinated solvent plumes and the effects of source remediation on these is essential for the risk evaluation of the plumes, and it has significant influence on decisions regarding costly plume remediation efforts. This project is unique in the integrated characterization approach for line of evidence evaluation of the natural attenuation of cDCE and VC in the DCE dominated plume and the monitoring of the effects of source remediation on plume natural attenuation.

Reference:

Hunkeler, D., Abe, Y., Jeannottat, S., Westergaard, C., Jacobsen, C.S., Aravena, R., and Bjerg, P.L., (2011). Assessing chlorinated ethene degradation in a large scale contaminant plume by dual carbon-chlorine isotope analysis and quantitative PCR, J. Contam. Hydrol., 119, 69-79.

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ThS 1A.3 Novel monitoring approaches I

Wednesday | 10 June | 9:00 - 10:30 | Meeting Room 19

QUANTIFICATION OF THE GROUNDWATER-BORNE CONTAMINANT MASS DISCHARGE TO A STREAM USING POINT-VELOCITY PROBES (PVP)

Vinni K. Rønde1, Ursula McKnight1, Anne T. Sonne1, John Frederick Devlin2, Poul L. Bjerg1

1Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, DK2University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, US

The application of Point-Velocity Probes (PVP) for both groundwater velocity and groundwater-borne contaminant mass discharge quantification was investigated. The PVP is a novel method to directly measure groundwater velocity at the centimeter scale based on a small-scale tracer test (Labaky et al., 2007), and it has not previously been used to quantify aquifer-stream interactions or contaminant mass discharge.

In the spring 2014, 8 PVPs were successfully assembled and installed at the bank of Grindsted stream, located in the Region of Southern Denmark. The stream of around 10 m width and 1.7 m depth is impacted by xenobiotic organic contamination from two large contaminated sites, Grindsted factory site and Grindsted landfill, which are located 1.5 km north and 2 km south of the stream, respectively.

Numerous injection experiments were conducted in the 8 PVPs, as well as in 4 PVPs installed prior to this study. Horizontal flow directions pointed generally towards the stream, and average seepage velocities ranged from 0.3 to 2.5 m/d with standard deviations between 0.05 and 0.66 m/d.

The groundwater seepage velocities obtained from the PVPs were compared to those obtained from temperature profiling and Darcy’s law. The Darcy-based seepage velocities were on average 6 times higher than the PVP values, which were in turn 10% higher than the temperature-based values. Differences may be related to scale differences of the methods, temporal variations as well as uncertainties in the estimates of geological parameters. This latter concern does not apply to PVP measurements, which are based on tracer transport times, making PVPs a useful addition to these kinds of investigations. The fact that the PVP-based seepage velocities fall in between those obtained from the other methods indicates that PVPs are capable of measuring groundwater velocity with an accuracy comparable to that of temperature profiling and Darcy’s law.

The PVP-based seepage velocities were combined with groundwater contaminant concentrations to quantify the groundwater-borne contaminant mass discharge. Considering various scenarios, mass discharges for vinyl chloride (VC), benzene and total chlorinated solvents of 37-48 kg/y, 18 kg/y and 0.7-1.4 kmoles/y were found, respectively. Up to 80% of the contaminant mass discharge was found within 13% of the total contaminant plume width (hotspot). This indicates that contaminant plumes may be highly heterogeneous even in homogeneous sandy aquifers, hence fine-scale-monitoring is needed.

Observed contaminant stream concentrations of VC, benzene and chlorinated solvents were between 2.0-3.1 times higher than those calculated from the contaminant mass discharge. This suggests an underestimation of the mass discharge, likely caused by large spatial variations in groundwater velocity and contaminant concentrations.

In order to improve the estimates of the contaminant mass discharge, a second measuring round was carried out in the fall/winter 2014, including i) injection experiments in the 12 PVPs as well as in 2 additional PVPs, ii) multi-level measurements of groundwater contamination in a fine monitoring grid along the stream bank, and iii) slug tests along the stream bank. Preliminary results from the second measuring round support a highly focused discharge to the stream. It seems that a narrow plume embedded in a larger plume accounts for most of the contaminant mass discharge to the stream.

In conclusion, this study illustrates the high potential of PVPs for groundwater velocity quantification near streams, as well as for groundwater-borne contaminant mass discharge quantification. The results from the fall/winter campaign, in-depth interpretation of the field data and perspectives for contaminant mass discharge estimations at streams threatened by point sources will be presented at the conference.

References:

Labaky, W., Devlin, J. F., and Gillham , R. W. (2007). Probe for measuring groundwater velocity at the centimeter scale. Environmental Science and Technology. 41(24):8453-8458.

A NEW, FAST, CLEAN AND EASY WAY TO PREDICT ORGANIC CONTAMINANT AVAILABILITY USING THERMODESORPTION – GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY – MASS SPECTROMETRY/FLAME IONIZATION (TD-GC-MS/FID)

Coralie Biache1, Catherine Lorgeoux1, Alain Saada2, Stéfan Colombano2, Pierre Faure1

1CNRS / Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre les Nancy, FR2BRGM, Orleans, FR

There are currently several methods used to determine the available fraction of organic contaminants in soils and sediments (e.g. mild-solvent extraction, Tenax extraction, cyclodextrin extraction, passive sampling, biosensors…). However, the comparison of these methods often shows discrepancies in the results, which underlines the need of a standardized method for availability measurement.

The aim of this study was to develop a new tool for the determination of the available fraction of organic compounds in contaminated soils. It consists in a thermodesorption – gas chromatography – mass spectrometry/flame ionization coupling (Td-GC-MS/FID). The idea is to link the binding energy between the compound and the matrix with the desorption temperature. In order to test the feasibility of such technique, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contaminated soils presenting various levels of contaminant availability were analyzed. For each PAH, the desorption temperature profile was compared to the efficiency of chemical (Fenton-like and KMnO4 oxidations) and biological (microbial incubation) treatments to degrade PAHs. A gas plant soil, a wood treating facility soil and two coking plant soils were selected. One milligram of each soil was thermodesorbed at 10 °C/min from 100 °C to 800 °C according to the following temperature ranges: from 100 to 300 °C with six 50°C-steps, then from 400 to 500 °C and finally from 500 to 800 °C. The thermodesorbed compounds were subsequently separated by GC, PAH were identified by MS and quantified with the previously calibrated FID.

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When considering one compound, the thermodesorption profiles of the studied soils exhibit differences in the thermodesorption temperatures. This observation highlights differences of PAH availability which were confirmed by comparing the efficiency of chemical oxidation and microbial incubation to remove PAH in the different soils. Correlation is observed between desorption temperature and treatment efficiency, the higher the concentrations of the compounds desorbed at high temperature, the lower the treatment efficiency and, consequently, the lower the availability.

The fine division of the temperature range allowed distinguishing between the measurement of bioavailability and the measurement of chemical availability. It is even possible to go further by differentiating between chemical oxidation treatments according to their efficiencies. In this way, the bioavailable fraction of the 2 and 3-ring compounds corresponds to the fraction desorbed up to 200 °C, for the 3 and 4 rings its correspond to the fraction desorbed up to 300°C and up to 250°C for the higher molecular weight PAHs. The lower desorption temperature for higher molecular weight PAHs is due to the recalcitrance of these compounds towards microbial degradation. The same classification was made for the chemical oxidation treatments. For the Fenton-like treatment the available fraction corresponds to the compounds desorbed up to 250 °C, 300 °C and 350 °C for the 2- to 4-ring compounds, the 4- and 5-ring PAHs and the 5- and 6-ring PAHs, respectively. For the KMnO4 oxidation, the available fractions of 2- to 4-ring compounds, the 4- and 5-ring PAHs and the 5- and 6-ring PAHs were desorbed at temperatures up to 300 °C, 350 °C and 400 °C respectively.

These preliminary results showed that Td-GC-MS/FID allowed linking different levels of availability to the PAH desorption temperatures and indicate that the Td-GC-MS/FID is a promising tool for a precise, fast and exhaustive determination of the available fraction of the organic compound in soils and sediments. This new tool could be used to target the most suitable treatment for the remediation of soils contaminated by organic compounds.

CPT-BASED HYDRAULIC PROFILING TOOL WITH EXTENDED CAPABILITIES IN HIGHLY PERMEABLE MEDIA

Eugen Martac , Axel OppermannFugro Consult GmbH, Berlin, DE Applying Direct-sensing probes in combination with in-situ CPT (CPT: Cone Penetration Test) investigations have turned into powerful tools for the investigation of subsurface contamination, identification of hydraulic properties and exploration of natural resources. Originally developed by the U.S. Company Geoprobe, the Hydraulic Profiling Tool (HPT) is a system manufactured to evaluate the hydraulic behavior of subsurface soil. Using Fugro’s HPT sensors with extended capabilities on a CPT basis proved to have outstanding capabilities when it comes to delineation of the hydraulic structuring of highly permeable subsurface media and providing information about structure and setting up of the lithology simultaneously in just one push.

In order to deal efficiently with the in-Situ evaluation of the subsurface hydraulics, a new CPT-based HPT investigation probe was originally developed and is presently in use in Germany by Fugro Consult GmbH. The tool is advanced through the subsurface while water is injected at a constant rate through

a screen on the side of the probe. An in-line pressure sensor measures the pressure response of the soil-groundwater system to water injection. Both pressure and flow rate are logged versus depth. The pressure response identifies the relative ability of a soil to transmit water. The water flows into the layers in an easier or more difficult way, depending on the hydraulic properties of the medium. The interpretation provides in a preliminary stage a relative profile of hydraulic conductivity. By means of several slug tests the results are site-specifically translated into absolute values of hydraulic conductivity. The probe extends the initial application domain (up to around 1 – 2 x 10-4 m/s) into to high permeability subsurface media (10-3 m/s) while being able to inject water up to 4000 ml/min.

The irregular distribution of the contaminants is governed by the particular site hydrogeology and hydraulics. When the lithologic and hydraulic features of the site as potential migration pathways are identified, the spatial extension of the contaminant body within the source area and, by means of control planes, within the plume may be delineated. The developed site model delivers the key governing parameters in choosing the appropriate remediation methods for every discrete region of the site. The mass fluxes within the plume could serve as later monitoring device of the eventual success of different remediation options tested at the site. The method allows a quick, continuous and in real-time profiling of soil hydraulic characteristics. Its applicability is not limited from the hydrogeological site particularities, being able to produce valuable information in both fine- and coarse-grained sediments under unsaturated or saturated conditions. Such high-resolution investigation method yields a solid basis for 3D site characterisation as lithological and hydraulic mapping of the underground.

DEVELOPMENT OF AN INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUE FOR SOIL WATER SAMPLING IN UNSATURATED ZONES WITH HIGHLY VARIABLE WATER CONTENT

Axel Fischer, Jens Fahl TU Dresden, Pirna, DE

Israel lies in an arid region with water shortage. An essential demand for this country is a high percentage of reused waters to cover water demand and protect water resources. Due to the water deficiency a lot of measures have been taken to ensure the water supply. Soil Aquifer Treatment (SAT) on Shafdan site near Tel Aviv is characterised by highly variable hydraulic conditions in the soil due to temporary infiltration of spreaded water. Pretreated wastewater flows in dry-wet cycles in several basins, which are filled within approx. 1 day. The water in the basins drains away within 12 hours and therefore the water content and moisture tension in the subsurface vary in dependency of the flooding intervals. During percolation, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is diminished by 90%. The processes responsible for this enormous elimination are still widely unknown. Possibly the aerobic biodegradation could play a role but the proof is lacking. Many parameters of the soil water (redox potential, oxygen concentration, etc.) are usually influenced by the actual hydraulic conditions in the soil. However, no continuous physical or chemical analyses of Shafdan soil water have been available so far, due to the lack of a sampling technology. Therefore, a sampling procedure was developed in a unique 6 m laboratory column, which allows a representative

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contaminants from the soil and groundwater matrices. This should results in identifying lower concentrations.The MICCS concept consist mainly of two phases of the field site investigation: First, the contaminated site is surveyed by a refined system of Ground Penetration Radar (GPR) and resistivity measuring methods (tracer), which identify underground installa-tions (pipes, UST, etc.), and gives a first indication of the areas contaminated at the site. Main geological features are identified also. For further explanation, please see http://miccs.eu

Second phase of the field investigation is utilizing a new probe technology with newly developed state of the art, highly sensitive sensors for volatile organic components - compound specific.

The MICCS probe system is designed for use with fast sonic drilling. The sonic drilling/probing required development of a new design to protect the components during the sonic g-force loads.

The probes sensors are during sonic drilling/probing through the soil profile able to continuously identify and measure concentrations of specific volatile compounds. These results are shown real time on a PC, which allow the operator to determine the type and concentration of volatile contamination at the drilling/probing location. Thereby allowing optimization of the planning of additional drilling/probing locations to fully describe the migration of contamination in the soil, groundwater and soil air.

The real time results of the type and concentrations of contaminants allows a comprehensive investigation of the site in first field round, and ideally results in a 3D model describing the site geology, underground installations along with the contamination bodies.

After completion of the development phase, which included two field test in 2013, the demonstration phase included field demonstrations of the MICCS system/concept which were conducted during 2014 at different locations in Denmark.

By systematic comparison of the results of the MICCS system with the results of the conventional analysis, we have been able to demonstrate better and more comprehensive results for describing contaminated sites. The demonstrations show good correlation between the MICCS investigation results and the results of the traditional SI performed at the same sites. In general, the MICCS measurements show significantly better sensitivity than the traditional soil sampling with accredited analyses for the most frequent types of contaminants. The MICCS detection limits for these compounds are often more than ten times lower than the ac-credited measurements.

Investigations conducted with the MICCS system will not only be faster, but also much more detailed than conventional SI methods. In addition, on-site work will be com-pleted continuously in one workflow, and the volume of required laboratory analysis can be reduced, as the advanced sensors in the probe produces very reliable results.

sampling. The column was filled with soil from Shafdan site. It consists of 6 equal modules (1 m long each). Two samplers (suction probes) were installed in each module of the soil column (= 12 probes). Additionally, tensiometers installed nearly in the same layer can determine current moisture tensions. The resulting values are used for steering the vacuum at the suction probes. The preselected pressure difference between current soil tension value and vacuum pressure at the probes enables constant soil water sampling during all phases of percolating water plume and variable soil water contents.

This new method will allow representative sampling in different soil levels and thus help understanding the processes occurring in the subsurface.

METHODOLOGY FOR FAST AND RELIABLE INVESTIGATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CONTAMINATED SITES

Jørgen Mølgaard Christensen, Per Reimann DGE Miljø- og Ingeniørfirma A/S, Højbjerg, DK

Investigating contaminated sites has traditionally involved drilling and collecting soil and groundwater samples for chemical analysis. This technique is both time consuming and expensive, and in most cases a number drilling sequences are required before the investigation is concluded.

Due to a growing number of contaminated sites, the European Commission has funded development of a new faster and dependable methodology for investigating contaminated sites: Methodology for fast and reliable Investigation and Characterization of Contaminated Sites - or in short, the MICCS Project.

The MICCS Project has been through two project phases; first the development phase of the technologies, and secondly a demonstration phase, where the new system was demonstrated on contaminated sites formerly described by traditional Site Investigations (SI).

The development of the MICCS Projects technics and concept was conducted by a European consortium of universities, technology institutes and private companies and is partly funded by EU FP7 grants. Project partners also developed software for controlling the MICCS probe, logging results, visualising the online sensor results in 3D models on laptop and calculating concentrations of contaminants.

One of the aims of the MICCS system is to give a more comprehensive description of the contaminants, their concentrations and migrations in the soil and groundwater. This should results in less required certified analysis by laboratories - with a faster turn-around time and less expensive costs, and at the same time improve the quality of the SI.

Therefore, it is the intention of the project to achieve acceptance by the regulatory authorities in the EU to substitute the major part of the required traditional certified laboratory analysis with the MICCS sensor readings.

Another aim of the demonstrations is to verify that the sonic drilling method itself results in an increased release of the volatile

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3D-MODELLING OF THE SALT-/FRESH WATER INTERFACE IN COASTAL AQUIFERS OF LOWER SAXONY (GERMANY) BASED ON AIRBORNE ELECTROMAGNETIC MEASUREMENTS (HEM)

Nico Deus1, Jörg Elbracht1, Bernhard Siemon2

1State Authority for Mining, Energy and Geology, Hannover, DE2Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Hannover, DE

The public water management of Lower Saxony has to provide about 8 million people with fresh water. With a portion of 71% of the public water supply in Germany (BGR 2010), the fresh groundwater is the most important resource for urban, agricultural and industrial activities. Some of the aquifers used for groundwater extraction provide problems with intruding salt water from different sources (GRUBE et al. 2000). Especially the coastal aquifers may be vulnerable for sea water intrusion, which is the landward encroachment of sea water into fresh water aquifers (IVKOVIC et al. 2012). This process could be enhanced or initiated by anthropogenic activities. Because of the importance of the salt water intrusion problems, the State Authority for Mining, Energy and Geology (LBEG) planed, based on a pilot project in the area of Esens (DEUS 2012), to generate a statewide “salt water map” for Lower Saxony with a focus on the coastal aquifers influenced by sea water intrusion.

In Germany the use of fresh water as drinking water is limited through the thresholds for different parameters in the “Trinkwasserverordnung (German drinking water regulation)” (BMJ 2013). Those are 250 mg/l chloride, 250 mg/l sulfate and 200 mg/l sodium (BMJ 2013). The threshold for the electrical conductivity at 20°C is 2790 µS/cm (BMJ 2013) which correlates with an electric resistivity of 4 Ωm. These parameters were used to characterize the groundwater and divide it into salt-/fresh water areas.

For the coastal regions of Lower Saxony we use airborne electromagnetic measurements (HEM) operated by the “Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR)” to get the electric resistivity of the underground (sediments and pore fluids) and combined them with groundwater analyses to detect the intrusion of sea water into the aquifers. Therefore, referring to the experiences and results of DEUS (2012), we combined the resistivity distribution with geological 3D-model of the Pleistocene sediments, containing information from geological maps, profiles, wells and groundwater analyses to distinguish low resistivity’s caused by sea water intrusion, from those caused by clay materials which have the same resistivity. The resistivity data from the electromagnetic measurements were integrated in GOCAD® and the area affected by sea water intrusion was visualized as a 3D surface, which represents the salt-/freshwater interface.

References:

BGR (2010): Grundwasseranteil an der öffentlichen Wasserversorgung der Bundesländer in 2007. http://www. bgr.bund.de/nn_322854/DE/Themen/Wasser/grundwasser__gewin__tab.html, Abruf 01.12.2010.

DEUS, N. (2012): Kartierung der Küstenversalzung mit Hilfe geophysikalischer Daten und 3D-Modellierung im Raum Esens (Ostfriesland). Hannover (unveröff. Masterarbeit Univ. Hannover), 92pp.

GRUBE, A, WICHMANN, K., HAHN, L. & NACHTIGALL, K.H. (2000): Geogene Grundwasserversalzung in den Poren-Grundwasserleitern Norddeutschlands und ihre Bedeutung für die Wasserwirtschaft. TZW-Schriftenreihe, 9, Karlsruhe, 203 pp.

IVKOVIC, K.M., MARSHALL, S.K., MORGAN, L.K., WERNER, A.D., CAREY, H., COOK, S., SUNDARAM, B., NORMAN, R., WALLACE, L., CARUANA, L., DIXON-JAIN, P. & SIMON, D. (2012): National-scale vulnerability assessment of seawater

ThS 1A.4 Novel monitoring approaches II


USE OF NEXT-GENERATION CHARACTERIZATION TOOLS AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL VISUALIZATION TO ENHANCE REMEDY PERFORMANCE

Ian Ross1, Mark Webb2 1ARCADIS, Manchester, GB2ARCADIS EC Harris, Cambridge, GB

Success of large-scale in-situ remedies is often limited by a conceptual site model (CSM) and hydrostratigraphic understanding that is too general and does not allow for location-specific remedy optimization. Without a comprehensive and local understanding of the hydrostratigraphy, delivery of reagent may be inadequate in areas, resulting in incomplete treatment and longer treatment duration. Conventional performance data, typically collected at monitoring wells within the treatment zone, may not detect this incomplete treatment or may not provide adequate information to adapt the remedy to improve performance.

However, “next-generation” characterization tools and three-dimensional modeling can be costeffectively used to refine the CSM, identify zones of high contaminant flux, and optimize remedy performance. Since 2001, an enhanced reductive dechlorination (ERD) remedy has been implemented to treat a 2,000-foot long trichloroethene (TCE) plume. The original remedial design was based on a pre-existing CSM that relied on conventional investigation methods such as visual borehole logging and groundwater sampling from site monitoring wells. Twodimensional analysis of available data did not capture the lateral continuity of higher transmissivity hydrostratigraphic units responsible for the bulk of solute transport. After four years of full-scale remediation, conditions favorable for ERD had been established in most areas of the site. However, incomplete remediation was observed in some locations of the plume.

To further develop the CSM and understand why treatment was not observed in some areas of the site, traditional performance monitoring data was supplemented with four targeted investigations using multiple “next generation” high resolution characterization techniques including cone penetrometer (CPT), hydraulic profiling tool (HPT), and membrane interface probe (MIP). Historical and the more recent high-resolution data were integrated into a three-dimensional model using Environmental Visualization System (EVS) software to gain an improved understanding of the hydrostratigraphy and contaminant migration pathways, and this new understand provided a basis for modifications to remedy design and implementation.

Three-dimensional modeling and visualization of the indicated lateral continuity of hydrostratigraphic units previously thought to be disconnected providing a refined CSM that was used to significantly expand and optimize the current remedial system. Remedy changes included the installation of additional injection wells, abandonment of select injection wells deemed no longer necessary for operation and monitoring, and adjustment of reagent injection volumes. After adjusting remedial operations, improvements in performance were observed within months. This case study highlights how these new tools and approaches can be effectively used to address the challenges of full-scale plume treatment and maximize effectiveness of in situ approaches.

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compounds TCE and particularly c-DCE. The model simulation results demonstrate the influence of common aquifer parameters on the observed sorbed concentrations on the FACT. The influence of the porosity and of the positioning of the FACT with respect to the flow is comparably small (factor 2-3), whereas the influence of sorption coefficients is increasing with the sorption coefficients and is particularly important for Kd-values above 10-3 L/kg. The hydraulic conductivity has only little influence for values below 10-5 m/s, but up to orders of magnitude influence above that until diffusion within the FACT is limiting the transport processes. For given hydraulic parameters, conditions and exposure time of the FACT, a linear relation between activated carbon concentration and aqueous concentration can be established. This allows the FACT-FLUTe technology to be employed for the characterization of contaminant distribution in limestone aquifers. A comparison between the aqueous (pore water) concentrations calculated with the model from the FACT-FLUTE data with groundwater concentrations from the Water-FLUTe multilevels at the Naverland site showed good correspondence. An advantage of the FACT technique is that it provides discretized data for the matrix and is less influenced by the preferential flow in high conductive zones than multilevel water sampling. It can also be applied in a matrix with strong variation in the hardness (e.g. softer limestone with interbedded chert layers). Furthermore, DNAPL presence in hydraulically active fractures can potentially be identified by high concentration peaks on the FACT.

Literature

Broholm, M.M. et al., 2013. Udvikling af konceptuel forståelse af DNAPL udbredelse i moræneler og kalk ved integreret anvendelse af direkte og indirekte karakteriseringsmetoder. ATV Vintermøde, Vingsted, 5-6. marts 2013.

Janniche, G.S., Fjordbøge, A.S., Broholm, M.M., 2013. ”DNAPL i moræneler og kalk. Vurdering af undersøgelsesmetoder og konceptuel modeludvikling. Naverland 26AB, Albertslund.” DTU Miljø og Region Hovedstaden. www.sara.env.dtu.dk.

Janniche, G.S. et al., 2013b. ”Anvendelse af Water FLUTe multi-level vandprøvetagning til DNAPL karakterisering.” Jordforurening.info 2-13, p. 4-8. Videncenter for Jordforurening. www.jordforurening.info

Kerrn-Jespersen et al., 2013. ”Undersøgelsesmetoder til karakterisering af DNAPL i kalk.” Jordforurening.info 1-13, p. 20-23. Videncenter for Jordforurening. www.jordforurening.info

Mosthaf, K., Broholm, M.M., Binning, P., 2014. ”The FACT-FLUTe technology. A modeling tool for interpreting field data.” DTU Environment and Region Hovedstaden. To appear on www.sara.env.dtu.dk

Sørensen, M.B., Broholm, M.M., 2014. ”Sorption af chlorerede opløsningsmidler på FACT.” DTU Miljø and Region Hovedstaden. www.sara.env.dtu.dk.

THE DELFT CASE – IMPROVED WATER AND SOIL MANAGEMENT THROUGH SMART MONITORING

Rina Clemens1, Charon Walet2, Hans Korving3 1Witteveen+Bos, Deventer, NL2Municipality of Delft, Delft, NL3Delft University of Technology, Delft, NL

The old city centre of Delft is sensitive to both pluvial and fluvial flooding, especially specific areas in the eastern part of the city centre. This includes high groundwater levels, overflowing of canals, surcharging of sewers and flooding of streets and buildings due to storm events. In order to reduce flooding impacts, the canals in the city centre have been separated from the main water system around Delft by means of several weirs

intrusion: summary report. Waterlines Report Series No 85, Australia, 185 pp.

BMJ (BUNDESMINISTERIUM FÜR JUSTIZ) (2013): Trinkwasserverordnung in der Fassung der Bekanntmachung vom 2. August 2013 (BGBl. I S. 2977), die durch Artikel 4 Absatz 22 des Gesetzes vom 7. August 2013 (BGBl. I S. 3154) geändert worden ist. – Berlin.

INNOVATIVE FIELD INVESTIGATIONS IN LIMESTONE USING A FACT-FLUTE

Klaus Mosthaf1, Mie Barrett Sørensen2, Mette Martina Broholm1, Henriette Kerrn-Jespersen2, Philip J. Binning1

1Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, DK2Capital Region of Denmark, Hillerød, DK

The understanding of chlorinated solvents behavior in fractured limestone aquifers is a challenging task because of the preferential flow of contaminants in fractures and the exchange with the limestone matrix. Characterization of the contaminant distribution, particularly in the matrix, is challenged by difficulties in intact sample collection (coring) for sufficiently discretized data. The characterization is important for the development of a conceptual understanding, for risk assessment and for the choice and operation of an appropriate remediation strategy. The FACT (FLUTe activated carbon technique) is an innovative monitoring technique, which allows determining the distribution of a contaminant in the surrounding of a borehole with a higher resolution than conventional monitoring methods. The FACT technique proved to be a helpful tool for characterization of contaminant distribution in the limestone aquifer at Naverland, a contaminanted site in Denmark (Janniche et al. 2013, Broholm et al. 2013, Kerrn-Jespersen et al. 2013). While the sorbed concentration of contaminant in the carbon felt is obviously related to concentrations in the formation, there is no direct relation between measured sorbed concentration (mg/g AC) and the aqueous pore water concentration (mg/L). The objective of the research presented was to develop a tool for the interpretation of FACT measurements and apply it to the Naverland dataset for comparison with concentrations in groundwater samples sampled from the Water-FLUTe multilevels (Janniche et al. 2013 and 2013b) at the site.

The FLUTe Activated Carbon Technique was described e.g. in Janniche et al. (2013). The sorption of chlorinated ethenes on activated carbon was determined in laboratory experiments as described in Sørensen et al. (2014) to obtain equilibrium sorption coefficients (Kd) for individual and mixed chlorinated ethenes on activated carbon from aqueous solution. As the uptake on FACT in limestone aquifers will depend on transport (advection and/or diffusion and retardation by sorption) in the limestone matrix and fractures as well as on the sorption to activated carbon, a modeling tool was developed (Mosthaf et al. 2014) which allows for the interpretation of field data and the analysis of the influence of various aquifer parameters. The model provides a link between sorbed concentrations on the FACT and the prevailing aqueous pore water concentrations for a range of hydraulic parameters and conditions typical for limestone aquifers.

The sorption experiments showed very strong sorption with reasonably linear sorption isotherms over a very large concentration range for individual chlorinated ethenes. At high PCE concentrations, competition for sorption sites resulted in non-linearity and much lower sorption of the less hydrophobic

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easily unpalatable. Applying Monitored Natural Attenuation (MNA) as a viable strategy to manage ETBE-contaminated sites bases on a comprehensive understanding of the site-specific biodegradation processes. In general, biodegradation of ETBE has been demonstrated by few microorganisms. However, the role of biodegradation in in situ reduction of ETBE contaminant loads has only scarcely been investigated.

In the present study, we investigated the in situ biodegradation of ETBE in a fuel-contaminated aquifer using two stable isotope tools: i) compound-specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) and ii) in situ microcosms in combination with total lipid fatty acid (TLFA)-stable isotope probing (SIP). CSIA is based on the principle that molecules with heavier isotopes in their reactive position(s) (e.g., 13C, 2H) are generally slower degraded than those with lighter isotopes (e.g., 12C, 1H). The result is a shift in the isotopic composition (e.g., 13C/12C, 2H/1H) as the remaining contaminant fractions becomes progressively enriched in heavier isotopes (e.g., 13C, 2H) in the course of biodegradation. CSIA provides an appropriate tool to assess in situ degradation of individual environmental contaminants both qualitatively and quantitatively in contaminated aquifers [1, 2]. At the field site investigated, CSIA revealed insignificant 13C-enrichment but low 2H-enrichments with isotopic shifts up to +14 ‰ for ETBE, suggesting biodegradation of ETBE along the prevailing anoxic contaminant plume.

Ten months later, oxygen injection was conducted to enhance the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons (PH) at the field site. Within the framework of this remediation measure, in situ microcosms loaded with 13C-labelled ETBE (BACTRAP®s) were exposed for 119 days in selected groundwater wells to assess the biodegradation of ETBE by TLFA-SIP under the following conditions: (i) ETBE as main contaminant; (ii) ETBE as main contaminant subjected to oxygen injection; (iii) ETBE plus other petroleum hydrocarbons (PH); (iv) ETBE plus other PH subjected to oxygen injection. In situ microcosms in combination with 13C-labelled substrates (BACTRAP®s) aim to enrich indigenous groundwater microorganisms on site and subsequent analysis of their community structure and carbon assimilation patterns (for review see [3]). Under all conditions investigated, transformation of the 13C-carbon, derived from the 13C-labelled ETBE, into fatty acids was found, providing clear evidence of ETBE biodegradation at the field site. Based on the hydrochemical analysis, aerobic and anaerobic degradation of ETBE could be expected at the field site.

References:

1.R.U. Meckenstock, B. Morasch, C. Griebler, H.H. Richnow, Stable isotope fractionation analysis as a tool to monitor biodegradation in contaminated aquifers, J. Contam. Hydrol., 75 (2004) 215-255.

2.M. Thullner, F. Centler, H.H. Richnow, A. Fischer, Quantification of organic pollutant degradation in contaminated aquifers using compound specific stable isotope analysis - review of recent developments, Org. Geochem., 42 (2012) 1440-1460.

3.P. Bombach, H.H. Richnow, M. Kästner, A. Fischer, Current approaches for the assessment of in situ biodegradation, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 86 (2010) 839-852.

which can be closed when heavy rainfall is expected. The city centre also contains several soil contaminated sites, which are most probably influenced by the control of the other parts of the water system in the city (sewer, groundwater and surface water). From 2011 till 2015 a research project was carried out to implement smart monitoring. Goal of the project is to improve water and soil management by creating useful information out of the monitoring data, that can be used for decision making for organizations, policy makers and society.

To study the behaviour of the water system and the interactions between the separate parts of this system, including sewer, groundwater, surface water and soil contamination, a monitoring network was installed. The network consists of online sensors to monitor changes of parameters in, and related to, the water system, such as water level, rainfall conductivity, temperature, turbidity, oxygen and redox potential. A location within the city centre that is contaminated with Chlorinated Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) is investigated in more detail. For this site, the sensor network provides real time information on a number of proxies. Additional monitoring rounds were carried out with electrode measurements and groundwater samples were taken for analyses on VOC and additional parameters (nitrate, methane a.o).

However, just measurements do not provide a prediction of the behaviour of the water system including a soil contamination. Therefore, high quality monitoring data and model results were integrated to information covering the complete water system of the city centre. In order to ensure high data quality, automatic validation algorithms were used which account for missing data, outliers, (linear) trends, signal variance and spatial correlations. A site model was developed for the contaminated site with the monitoring data that describes the spatial distribution of the contaminants and the degradation and transportation over time. The information of the complete water system of the city centre, including the detailed model of the contaminated site, is used to improve soil- and water management for the city centre of Delft. The proposed paper (and presentation) presents the background of the monitoring system, the design and installation, the data acquisition, the development of the site model, the project results and advise for improved soil and water management in city centres.

EVIDENCE OF IN SITU BIODEGRADATION OF ETHYL TERT-BUTYL ETHER (ETBE) IN A FUEL-CONTAMINATED AQUIFER USING STABLE ISOTOPE TOOLS

Petra Bombach1, Norbert Nägele2, Mònica Rosell3, Hans Hermann Richnow4, Anko Fischer1

1Isodetect GmbH - Company for isotope monitoring, Leipzig, DE2Kuvier the Biotech Company S.L., Burgos, ES3Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, ES4Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, DE

Ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE), used as a fuel additive in motor gasoline to raise the octane number, is a frequently detected contaminant in soil and groundwater. When ETBE is accidentally released into the subsurface, it rapidly disperses in the environment due to its high water solubility and low interaction with organic matter. The low odor and flavor thresholds in water of 1-2 µg ETBE L-1 makes drinking water resources

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For instance, time and moisture were identified as the most important variables influencing naphthalene bioavailability while soil organic carbon content was the most important factor for benzo[a]pyrene bioavailability. Further to ML models, conjoint analysis and five-way analysis of variance highlighted that soil type and contact time were the two most significant factors influencing the PAH bioavailability in compost amended soils. The other two factors, compost type and ratio of compost addition, were less important but their interactions with the other factors were significant. Specifically the 4-factor interactions showed that compost addition stimulated the degradation of high molecular at the initial stage (3 month) by enhancing the competitive sorption within PAH groups. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the influence of multiple interactions in soil-compost-oil matrices on PAH bioavailability. The overall results clearly illustrated that incorporation of multi-factors interactions into risk assessment and site remediation can help to refine decision-making for remediation end points and risk management. Our study further demonstrates that ML can help to predict concentration of a wide range of pollutants in soils which could reduce chemical monitoring at site and further assist decision-making.

CAN AGED SPIKED SOILS REFLECT BIOACCESSIBILITY OF NATIVE PAHS IN HISTORICALLY CONTAMINATED SOILS?

Andreas Loibner1, Kerstin E. Scherr1, Eva Edelmann1, Stefan Humel1, Dietmar Kopp1, Philipp Mayer2

1University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Austria, Tulln, AT2Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denma

Engineered microbial decontamination of soils and subsurface materials is an efficient measure to remediate PAH-contaminated sites. Extended contact time of hydrophobic pollutants and soil constituents, however, may render a fraction of contaminants inaccessible for microbial metabolisation, thus diminishing the potential efficacy of biological treatment. Numerous studies were directed towards the elucidation of sequestration processes and the quantification of the share of pollutants that is susceptible to biological breakdown. A fundamental question is whether spiked aged soils can resemble the sorption and desorption of native PAHs in historically contaminated soils. The recently developed ‘contaminant trap’ [1] was used as an experimental platform for addressing this question.

In the present study, 25 Austrian soils were collected and spiked with four selected polycyclic aromatic compounds. Using the contaminant trap, PAH desorption behaviour from freshly contaminated and aged soils was monitored and then compared with field soils from industrial sites that experienced historical PAH contamination. The aim was to determine fundamental differences in desorption behaviour between spiked and native PAHs with the working hypothesis of a higher retention of native PAHs in historically contaminated soils that cannot be resembled by spiked and aged soils.

Desorption experiments were conducted with freshly contaminated soils (Fluoranthene, Phenanthrene, Benzo(a)pyrene and Benzo(g,h,i)perylene), their aged counterparts and with three soils collected from historically PAH-contaminated sites in Austria. Desorption curves and the desorption resistant PAH fraction were determined for all soils using the contaminant trap [1]. Briefly, soil

ThS 1A.5 Persistence of historical and emerging subsurface contaminants

Thursday | 11 June | 14:00 - 15:30 | Meeting Room 19

HYDROCARBONS BIOAVAILABILITY CHANGE DURING BIOREMEDIATION AND ITS IMPLICATION FOR RISK ASSESSMENT

Frederic Coulon1, Guozhong Wu2, Cedric Kechavarzi3, Ruben Sakrabani1, Amii Whelan1

1Cranfield University, Cranfied, GB2Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, CN3University of Cambridge, Cambridge, GB

There is a continued interest in the possibility of using brownfield and contaminated sites for amenity and non-food crop such as biomass. However, establishment of vegetation on these sites is poor due to nutrient deficiency, phytotoxicity of contaminants and poor soil physical conditions. Addition of mature composts, which is beneficial to soils in terms of physical properties, nutrient availability and microbial activity, has the potential to promote plant development and restore degraded land into productive use. Yet, the influence of adding large amount of compost to contaminated soils especially on the fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the hydraulic properties of soils remain poorly studied. In this study, the temporal bioavailability changes of 16 PAHs in three contaminated soils amended with two contrasting composts at two different rates was investigated over a period of 8 months. Further to this, the water-release characteristics were determined and the physical quality soil indicators derived. Total and bioavailable fractions were obtained by sequential ultrasonic solvent extraction and hydroxypropy-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) extraction, respectively after 0, 3, 6 and 8 months. PAHs were identified and quantified by GC-MS.

Water release characteristics were measured using sand table apparatus at water potentials, expressed in water height equivalents, of 0, 30, 50 and 100 cm and pressure cell apparatus at pressure heads of 200, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 5000, 10000 and 15000 cm. The Van Genuchten equation was fitted to the water release curve data using the RETC code.

Conjoint analysis (CJ), five-way analysis of variance and machine learning models including multilayer perceptrons (MLP), radial basis function (RBF), support vector regression (SVR), M5 model tree (M5P), M5 rule (M5R) and linear regression (LR) were used to (1) assess the relative importance and interactions of soil and compost type, compost ratio, and incubation time and (2) predict temporal PAH bioavailability changes.

Desorption and degradation contributed to 30% and 70%, respectively, of the PAH loss in the spiked soil, while PAH loss in the coal tar and coal ash contaminated soils resulted from 40% enhanced desorption and 60% enhanced degradation. Compost type (green and catering meat wastes) and application rates (250 and 750 t/ha) had little influence on PAH bioavailability. In contrast compost addition generally increased water retention and improved the physical quality indicators of the contaminated soils while they remained suboptimum to sustain yields of bioenergy crops. The ML models successfully identified the relative importance of each variable including incubation time, organic carbon content, soil moisture content, and nutrient levels on the temporal bioavailability change of individual PAH.

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REMEDIATION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUNDS CONTAMINATED SOILS BY CHEMICAL OXIDATION AND BIOREMEDIATION: CONSEQUENCES ON POLAR PAC (DEGRADATION, FORMATION AND MOBILITY)

Sitraka Andriatsihoarana1, Marine Boulangé1, Salma Ouali1, Catherine Lorgeoux2, Délphine Catteloin1, Ogier Hanser1, Aurélie Cebron2, Stéfan Colombano3, Alain Saada3, Pierre Faure2 1Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, FR2CNRS / Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, FR3BRGM, Orléans, FR

Many sites in Europe such as former gasworks, wood preservation facilities and coke oven plants may lead to Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (PAC) pollution in soils and groundwater. In risk assessment, PAH are generally target compounds. But other PAC classes (oxygenated or nitrogenated PAC) are ignored in risk assessments even if they are recognized as toxic, thus leading to an underestimation of the risk. Some of these compounds occur in the original contamination but may be also generated during PAHs degradation (during natural attenuation or remediation operations). However, the evaluation of the treatments efficiency doesn’t take into account the PAC formation. Moreover, these newly generated compounds more water soluble than classical PAH can be mobilized during or after treatments and transferred to surface waters or groundwater.

In a first step, this study focused on the evolution of PACs concentrations during two oxidative chemical remediation treatments: Fenton like oxidation (activated with magnetite), permanganate (MnO4-), and bioremediation experiments (batch incubation) on soils from three types of site: coke oven and gas plants and wood preservation. Each remediation treatment has been carried out in batch during 1h, 24h and one week. 16 PAHs, 11 Oxy-PACs and 4 Nitro-PACs were identified and quantified by using solvent extraction followed by GC-MS.

In a second step, the effects of such chemical oxidations or bioremediation on the water soluble PACs (quality and quantity) was evaluated in order to improve risk assessment. A Solid Phase Extraction method to extract PAC (including PAH and Oxy-PAC) from aqueous samples was first developed. This method was validated with spiked waters but also with waters collected from real coke oven plant sites. The same procedure was also applied on two soil categories (coke oven and gas plants) previously treated or not by chemical oxidation (permanganate and Fenton like oxidation (activated with magnetite)) using different amounts of oxidant or by bioremediation experiments (batch incubation). The PAC repartition between the aqueous and solid phases was studied so as to (i) understand the behavior of each class of contaminants during the treatment and (ii) better evaluate consequences of chemical and biological remediation treatments on water quality.

Results from this project reveals (i) that soils form sites contaminated by PAHs contained polar PAC in important amount, (ii) that chemical and/or biological treatments can lead to an enrichment (relative or absolute) in polar PACs (especially aromatic ketones) and (iii) that polar PAC are preferentially mobilized by water compared to traditional PAH, especially oxygenated PAC initially present but also formed during remediation treatments or during natural attenuation processes.

is added to a solution containing a diffusive carrier (cyclodextrin) and a microbial inhibitor. Desorbed PAHs are captured by an infinite polymer sink (silicon plus activated carbon). Desorption of PAHs was determined for ground and non-ground samples of historically contaminated soils since increased desorption from ground samples would indicate physical entrapment of PAHs by the soil matrix. Desorption experiments were for repeated some soils at high additions of toluene since increased desorption in the presence of high toluene concentrations would indicate competitive binding, which is consistent with adsorption to high affinity sides being the governing sorption process.

PAH concentrations in spiked soils decreased typically by two orders of magnitude during 56 days of incubation in contaminant traps, with the main release occurring within the first two weeks. Desorption of PAHs from historically contaminated soils was much slower during incubation in contaminant traps, and desorption resistant PAH fractions ranging between 25 and 71% were significantly higher than for spiked soils. Aging of spiked soils was not able to reduce the substantial differences between PAH desorption curves for historically polluted soils and spiked soils [2]. The bioaccessible PAH fraction was at least one order of magnitude larger in spiked soils compared to real world samples from historically contaminated sites. The observed differences could not be explained by physical entrapment of PAHs in historically contaminated soils since grinding of these soils did not enhance PAH desorption from the soils. PAHs rather appeared to be bound to high affinity sorption sites, which was indicated by additional PAH release upon addition of toluene. A much lower retention in spiked soils is consistent with absorption by amorphous organic matter or the adsorption to a much larger population of low affinity sorption sites. Irrespective of underlying mechanisms responsible for the dissimilarity in desorption between historically contaminated and spiked soils, this difference has very important implications for real world situations. First of all, these differences challenge the significance of extrapolations of desorption and bioavailability results that were obtained with spiked PAHs. Further, a much higher PAH retention in historically contaminated soils is good news, it suggests limited mobility and exposure of native PAHs. However, the addition of co-solutes can reduce this retention and as a consequence, lead to a re-mobilisation of PAHs which deserves additional attention and research.

References

[1]Mayer, P., et al. 2011. A Contaminant Trap as a Tool for Isolating and Measuring the Desorption Resistant Fraction of Soil Pollutants. Environmental Science and Technology. 45(7): p. 2932-2937.

[2] Scherr, K., et al. 2012. Desorption-resistant fraction in PAH-contaminated soils: spiked and aged soils can not resemble historically contaminated soils. 6th SETAC World Congress, Berlin.

Acknowledgement

This work was financially supported by the Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG), and the European Regional Development Fund (EFRE) together with the Government of Lower Austria (project MACATA, WST3-T-95/017-2012).

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SCREENING FOR FLUORINATED COMPOUNDS (PFAS) AROUND POTENTIAL SOURCES OF POLLUTION AT DANISH DEFENCE ESTABLISHMENTS

Jacqueline Anne Falkenberg1, Mette Marie Mygind2, Anne Mette Bräuner Lindof2, Jette Kjøge Olsen1, Jens Dengsø Jensen1, Anders G. Christensen1

1NIRAS, Allerød, DK2Danish Defence Estates & Infrastructure Organisation, Hjørring, DK

Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been in focus the last 10 – 15 years as persistent and undesirable contaminants. Concern about health and environmental risks led to the EC regulation in 2006 of a specific compound, PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonic acid) and its derivatives (salts, amides, halides etc.). These are only allowed in very low concentrations or in certain closed loop production systems. This meant that the import or production of PFOS in fire-fighting foams was banned in the EU in 2006, but stockpiles could be used until 27 June 2011. PFOS and its derivatives have been listed since 2009 as a POP (Persistent Organic Pollutant) under the Stockholm Convention. Certain other specific PFAS substances and their derivatives including PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid) are included on the EU “Candidate List” as Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC).

Because of this concern, many reports (Danish, Swedish, and other EU lands) have been produced with surveys identifying products or waste which might contain PFAS as well as environmental reports mapping the occurrence of PFAS in soil, groundwater and biota.

Due to general awareness of the risk of soil and groundwater contamination with PFAS especially PFOS and PFOA, the Estates and Infrastructure Organisation (EIO) have implemented screening for PFAS while monitoring groundwater quality at some active and former air bases. The initial focus has been at air bases where fire-fighting exercises have been carried out. The results of the initial screening have been disseminated along with results from other point sources in a publication by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency.

Apart from the further investigations around fire-fighting areas and former waste dumps, the EIO have now implemented an extended project plan to identify and document other activities with products containing PFAS used by the Danish Defence.

The main focus for these investigations is to identify the threat to groundwater reservoirs.

The first phase of the project involves interviews with personnel working for the Danish Defence and Danish Emergency Management Agency. The objective is to attempt to identify products that might have contained PFAS such as cleaning agents, impregnation agents (water repellent agents), paints, hydraulic oil as well as fire-fighting foams. It is the content of PFAS in the final product, the potential flux to soil and groundwater and the risk for migration in the environment which is of interest.Furthermore, activities whereby these products or activities might cause soil or groundwater contamination i.e. spill, waste water, storage, general handling, decanting etc., are identified and located at Defence Establishments.

Based on this information up to 15 sites are selected for investigation either by sampling and analysis of water samples from existing wells or new wells. Soil samples are also collected and both water and soil samples are analysed for a selection of at least 15 PFAS components.

CHARACTERIZATION OF DOZENS OF SITES AROUND THE GLOBE IMPACTED BY PERFLUORINATED COMPOUNDS: COMMON ENCOUNTERS AND LESSONS LEARNED

Dave Woodward1, Rachael Casson2, Dora Chiang3

1AECOM, Mechanicsburg, US2AECOM, Sydney, AU3AECOM, Atlanta, US

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), such as perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), are a class of compounds widely used in diverse applications, such as carpet protection, surfactants, and shampoos. In particular, PFC-based surfactants have been used in aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) that have been routinely used in both civilian and US military fire-fighting. Historically, effluents from AFFF fire-fighting activities were neither impounded nor pre-treated prior to discharge to water treatment systems or to the environment. Widespread environmental presence of PFCs has been identified. PFCs are persistent, bioaccumulative, toxic, and are not readily degradable by conventional biological and abiotic treatment technologies. Thus PFCs have drawn increasing public and regulatory concerns including being listed on Annex B of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and US EPA’s Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule-3 (UCMR-3) list. The UCMR-3 listing requires that large Public Water Systems sample and analyze six PFCs and has already revealed PFC impacts to some of these systems. These impacts and other PFC related regulatory initiatives around the globe have resulted in a dramatic increase in the number of sites characterized for PFCs.

This paper presents common encounters and lessons learned from characterizing several dozen PFC impacted sites and highlights a number of unique concerns and protocols that must be followed due to the characteristics of PFCs and significant potential for sample contamination. The high solubility of PFCs and associated resulting large dilute plumes, low laboratory detection limits and Health Advisory Levels (HALs), presence of PFCs in many of the products routinely used during groundwater sampling, and potential for non-point sources of PFCs (e.g. dust) all create the need for unprecedented care to ensure an accurate Conceptual Site Model on PFC impacted sites.

Data and experiences from several dozen PFC sites was gathered via AECOMs PFC Working Group, which collaborates on technical issues to improve our overall understanding of PFCs. The data was then evaluated to identify both common and unique results. Special sampling protocols were also captured from the experience of the PFC Working Group, available literature on the topic, and recommendations provided by analytical laboratories. The experience was then combined to develop a detailed list of sampling protocols and procedures. The site data was also evaluated to identify any trends and outliers or unique situations.

The results of this evaluation and associated lessons learned provide valuable insight into: sources of background and non-point sources of PFCs, common fate and transport characteristics of PFC soil, groundwater, surface water, and sediment impacts, and reinforce that PFC characterization activities must be very rigorous and involve new protocols and procedures.

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ThS 1A.6 Adative monitoring based on real time data, model driven


MIP-IN DEVICE FOR COMBINED DETECTION OF POLLUTANTS AND INJECTION OF REAGENTS

Leen Bastiaens1, Bjorn Anderson2, Jan Kukacka3, Jan De Vos4, Lars Nebel2, Palle Ejlskov2

1VITO NV, Mol, BE2Ejlskov, Aarhus, DK3Dekonta, Stehelceves, CZ4ABO, Aartselaar, BE

The innovative MIP-IN device combines (1) detection of pollutants by for instance a membrane interface probe (MIP) and (2) a simultaneous correlated injection (IN) during direct push of the device using a Geoprobe®. The MIP-IN device is the basis for a new detection-injection technology with the main advantage of the nearly simultaneous coupling of detection of pollutants at a certain depth and injection of a suitable amount of reactive agent at that precise spot. In this way, the injected reagent is more targeted towards the real location of the pollution with reduced remediation time and cost.

The MIP-IN concept was developed within the FP7 UPSOIL project (EU GA 226956). A first prototype version of the device was used for injection of guar gum stabilized zerovalent iron in a contaminated subsurface as part of the FP7 AQUAREHAB project (EU GA 226565). MIP-logs showed that chlorinated pollutants were present in the subsurface at distinct depths between 2 and 12 meter below ground surface, but the exact depths altered from spot to spot. The MIP-IN injection approach was used to inject guar gum stabilised micro-scale zerovalent iron slurry in a challenging sandy subsurface using high injection pressures, high flow and relatively low injection volumes. After the injection, undisturbed soil samples were taken to verify the distribution of the injected material. It was shown that the MIP-IN device was able to inject guar gum stabililized zerovalent iron at depths where CAHs were detected, and that the MIP-IN approach has potential. To deliver the reagent at the injection depth, the targeted radius of influence of 0.5 m was found suitable. Automatic logging of injection parameters (volumes, times, depths, ..), not yet available for the used prototype MIP-IN version, was identified as a crucial aspect for further improvement of the device and the injection.

Since end 2013, the MIP-IN device is being further developed and tested within the MIP-IN EUROSTAR-project (E!8246) where VITO (Belgium), Ejlskov (Denmark), Ecorem/ABO (Belgium) and Dekonta (Czech Republic) joined forces. The main goals of the MIP-IN EUROSTARS project are to (1) improve the MIP-IN device, (2) validate the MIP-IN device in relevant environments and define boundary conditions, and (3) develop an innovative MIP-IN based remediation strategy closely linked with site investigation, based on 3-D modelling of MIP data.

A set of different MIP-IN-probes has been developed and are being tested in the field in different geologies and for different reagent types. At a Danish site (clay) BOS200 has been injected at an oil contaminated site, while nanoscale ZVI was injected at a Czech site where chlorinated compounds were present. Early 2015, a field test in Belgium is scheduled, where EHC-L and guar gum stabilized micro-scale iron will be injected in a sandy soil using the MIP-IN device. An overview of the results of these

The second phase of the project will be implemented in the beginning of 2015 and involves supplementary investigations to delineate soil and groundwater contamination with PFAS. The range of PFAS to be analysed will be expanded in response to the newest research concerning PFAS in the environment.

The third phase is planned for summer 2015 and is expected to involve evaluation of suitable remediation techniques.

The initial groundwater screening at Danish military air bases has demonstrated that PFAS substances are present in the groundwater at some, but not all sites, ranging from <10 ng/l to 7500 ng/l for sum of 9 PFAS. In contrast to investigations at some civil air ports or air bases in other countries PFOS and PFOA have not been the dominating components indicating that the fire-fighting foams have been produced by a manufacturer with a different formulation. The C-6 and C-7 perfluorinated carboxylic acids (perfluorohexanoic acid - PFHxA and perfluoroheptanoic acid - PFHpA) have dominated in the initial screening and for this reason EIO has decided to analyse samples for a broader range of PFAS.

The newest results indicate that additionally a C-4 and C-5 perfluorinated carboxylic acids as well as 6:2 FTS (6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate) are present in groundwater samples at Danish Defence Air bases.

More results from on-going investigations will be presented at AquaConSoil.

At present, Denmark has no quality criterion for PFAS in groundwater, drinking water or soil. Results are often compared to the German criterion for drinking water of 100 ng/l for the sum of PFOS and PFOA.

The results provide an estimation of groundwater loads around Danish Ministry of Defence properties and an indication of the PFAS composition in groundwater and soil samples. Determination of the PFAS composition is an important contribution with respect to the future definition of a comprehensive Danish quality criterion which should include both individual and sum values for relevant PFAS.

Furthermore, it would be reasonable to expect that the PFAS profile (composition) is dependent on the source and therefore of great interest for future identification of point sources of pollution.

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field tests will be presented, with focus on the functioning of the MIP-IN device and its added value. Further, the potential of the MIP-IN based remediation strategy will be explained and illustrated with an example.

EVOLUTION OF A SITE CONCEPTUAL MODEL USING MULTIMEDIA CSIA TO SUPPLEMENT TRADITIONAL TECHNIQUES

Devon Rowe1, Carol Serlin2, Seema Turner3, Tom Chandler2, Farshad Razmdjoo2, Steve Luis2 1ENVIRON, Clackamas, US2ENVIRON, Irvine, US3ENVIRON, Los Angeles, US

Since the 1980s, several subsurface investigations conducted to evaluate impacts at an industrial facility in California have identified volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in shallow soil and soil gas underlying the site. VOCs have also been identified in groundwater encountered at approximately 180 feet (ft) below ground surface (bgs). However, the assemblage of detected VOCs in the shallow horizons (soil/soil gas) is significantly different than that observed in the deeper groundwater. Shallow VOC impacts (i.e., <~55 ft) are predominantly tetrachloroethene (PCE) with minor amounts of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX), carbon tetrachloride, other substituted benzenes, and a notable near absence of trichloroethene (TCE). The deeper groundwater is characterized by a predominantly TCE signature, with very low PCE concentrations. Collectively, the site data suggest that PCE impacts from historic site uses were limited to shallow depths, and the observed TCE in groundwater beneath the site had likely migrated from an upgradient location off-site. However, additional lines of evidence were needed to confirm this conceptual model, support traditional site assessment data, and to direct the path of future investigation and/or remediation efforts.

ENVIRON conducted an investigation to evaluate the vertical distribution of VOCs in soil gas beneath areas of the site where elevated PCE concentrations had been identified in previous testing. Borings were advanced to approximately 100 ft bgs, and nested soil vapor probes were installed. Soil vapor samples were collected and analyzed for VOCs including PCE, TCE, cis-1,2-dichloroethene, trans-1,2-dichloroethene, and vinyl chloride. Based on the bulk compositional analyses, select soil vapor samples were collected for compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA) of carbon and chlorine. In addition, groundwater samples from monitoring wells at the site were submitted for CSIA (carbon, chlorine).

ENVIRON used the CSIA and bulk composition results in soil gas and groundwater, coupled with fate and transport modeling for the site to evaluate and ultimately confirm the original conceptual model – that groundwater impacts beneath the site originates from an upgradient source. Moreover, the data suggest that the shallow VOCs (predominantly PCE) in soil gas have not undergone reductive dechlorination during transport, further evidence that a putative source for the TCE in groundwater does not exist on-site. The isotopic data from soil vapor and groundwater, combined with traditional site characterization data helped to validate and refine the conceptual site model. New CSIA results from additional vapor probes installed in early 2015 will be included that provide further resolution of the isotopic conditions at the site.

MODEL OF THE INFLUENCE OF MEANDERS AND TIME VARYING STREAM LEVELS ON GROUNDWATER DISCHARGE TO STREAMS

Nicola Balbarini, Ellen Nicolajsen, Vinni K. Rønde, Poul L. Bjerg, Philip J. Binning Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, DK

Groundwater discharge can be an important contaminant source to surface water bodies and must be addressed when responding to legislation like the EU Water Framework Directive, which aims to protect and restore surface water bodies. Since contaminated sites are a major source of contaminants in groundwater resources it is important to evaluate the risks posed by them to streams. Such risk assessments are the basis the selection of appropriate and cost-effective remediation actions. This is a challenge because little is known about how contaminant discharge to stream varies because of stream meandering and changes in the water levels in streams and in aquifers.

This study aimed to develop a model of groundwater discharge to streams that incorporates the stream morphology and the time varying water levels in streams and in aquifers. The model was applied in order to determine the likely location of groundwater discharge in streams, and determine the origin of that groundwater. The models also showed that time-varying stream water level and groundwater head affect the discharge. The model was developed for a field site at Grindsted stream, a study site located in Denmark. The study aimed to use the model to analyze groundwater discharge measurements obtained at the field site. The work provided new insight on groundwater/surface water interaction and the interpretation of field data.

The project successfully developed a three-dimensional COMSOL Multiphysics model for groundwater discharging into Grindsted stream. The model accounts for the geometry of the stream and the geological heterogeneity of the aquifer. In addition, it includes the time variability in stream and aquifer water levels.

The study site was characterized by an extensive field campaign. The model was used to design the field monitoring and then, once data was collected, was compared with Point Velocity Probe and stream temperature measurements which provided data on the location, magnitude and direction of groundwater discharge to the stream. The results were also compared with time series of head data at monitoring wells located next to the stream. The model was shown to reproduce field data very well, leading to confidence in results.

It was observed that the discharge into the stream is highly dependent on the gradient between the stream and the aquifer. Thus, temporal variability in the discharge is correlated to changes over time of the gradient. In addition, the geological heterogeneity of the aquifer underneath the stream was shown to affect the groundwater flow, the discharge into the stream and the provenience of the discharged water.

This study showed that the presence of meanders had high impacts on the discharge and on the groundwater flow in proximity of the stream. The results indicated that the upper part of the aquifer mostly discharges in the outward pointing meanders, while groundwater from the lower part enters the stream from the opposite side. Furthermore, the groundwater discharge velocity is higher in the outer part of the meander bends. The observation was supported by contaminant concentration measurements in the groundwater collected nearby the stream. This suggested that

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been observed for the catchments investigated (< 150 squared km; Rügner et al., 2014). Results of on-line turbidity monitoring showed that high turbidity/discharge events account for major proportion of pollutant fluxes (this study: 90% PAH flux > 90 NTU; events representing only 2.5 % of the observed time period).

Turbidity may be used as proxy for the total concentration of suspended solids (TSS) and particle-bound pollutants in river water. From regressions of total PAH vs. TSS (or turbidity) concentrations on suspended sediments (Csus) may be calculated. For calculation in principle a single event is sufficient. Contamination of suspended particles depends on urban pressure per total suspended particle flux. The findings are promising for other particle-bound contaminant fluxes (PCBs, phosphorus, and several heavy metals, etc.).

References:

Schwientek M, Rügner H, Beckingham B, Kuch B, Grathwohl P. 2013. Integrated monitoring of transport of persistent organic pollutants in contrasting catchments. Environ Poll 172:155-162.

Rügner H, Schwientek M, Egner M, Grathwohl P. 2014. Monitoring of event-based mobilization of hydrophobic pollutants in rivers: Calibration of turbidity as a proxy for particle facilitated transport in field and laboratory. Sci Tot Environ 490: 191-198.

Acknowledgement: The authors thank the Ministry of Science, Research and Arts of Baden-Württemberg (AZ Zu 33-721.3-2) and the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig. The study was also supported by the European Communities 7th Framework Programme under Grant Agreement no 603629-ENV-2013-6.2.1-GLOBAQUA.

DELINEATION OF CONTAMINANT PLUMES USING LOW-LEVEL MIHPT (LL-MIHPT)

Malene Toernqvist Front, Charlotte Riis, Anders G. Christensen, Nancy Hamburger2, Peder Johansen2, Lone Tolstrup Karlby3

1Niras A/S, Alleroed, DK2The Capital Region of Denmark, Hilleroed, DK3COWI, Lyngby, DK

Plumes of dissolved contaminants may be widely distributed in the saturated zone, i.e. to great depths and over large areas. Also the concentration levels of contaminants in the plume generally are much lower than the concentrations found in the hotspot area. Characterization and delineation of contaminant plumes therefore typically require many investigation points at great depths. Often the delineation of a contaminant plume is conducted using traditional drilling techniques and installation of screened wells. However, this method is both time-consuming and resource-intensive and only a limited number of discrete depths can be screened in each well. Furhermore, screen depths are often chosen based on expected flow and contaminant distribution patterns in the saturated zone, rather than on detailed hydrogeological data and vertical contaminant distribution.

On behalf of The Capital Region of Denmark, Department of Regional Development, and in cooperation with experts from Geoprobe Systems (US), NIRAS A/S (DK) has tested a novel tool, Low-Level MIHPT (LL-MIHPT), for delineation and characterization of contaminant plumes in groundwater. LL-MIHPT is based on the existing high resolution direct push investigation tools MIP and HPT developed by Geoprobe Systems. The HPT probe (Hydraulic Profiling Tool) is used to continuously map the hydrogeological conditions (permeability), while the MIP probe is used to continuously map VOC contamination in soil and groundwater. The

groundwater discharge through a stream bank does not necessarily originate from the same side of the stream. Stream monitoring data should therefore be carefully interpreted in order to avoid misunderstandings based on the assumption that groundwater originates from an area on the same side as a given stream bank.

The results of this study showed that groundwater discharge to streams varied greatly with location, depth and time. Furthermore, the stream morphology and the geological heterogeneity has a great impact on stream-aquifer interaction. This study also indicated that mathematical models are very useful for interpreting field data and for designing monitoring campaigns. The joint application of field investigations and modelling tools can be used for better understanding the contaminant mass discharge into streams. This may improve the risk assessment and reduce the costs for remediation and monitoring, in order to fulfill the requirements in the EU Water Framework Directive.

INTEGRATED CHARACTERIZATION OF SEDIMENT QUALITY IN CATCHMENTS/RIVERS

Peter Grathwohl1, Hermann Rügner2, Marc Schwientek2, Michael Rode3

1University of Tübingen, Tübingen, DE2WESS c/o University of Tübingen, Tübingen, DE3Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Magdeburg, DE

Water quality in rivers typically depends on the degree of urbanization or the population density in a catchment. Transport of many pollutants in rivers is coupled to transport of suspended particles, potentially dominated by storm water overflows and mobilization of legacy contamination of sediments. Concentration of these pollutants strongly sorbed to suspended particles cannot be diluted by water directly, but depends on the mixture of “polluted” urban and “clean” background particles (Schwientek et al. 2013). In the current study, the total concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the amount of total suspended solids (TSS) and turbidity were measured on a monthly basis in water samples from 5 neighbouring catchments with contrasting land use in Southwest Germany and in 3 sub-catchments of the Bode River in Eastern Germany over up to 1.5 years. In addition, single flood events with large changes in turbidity were sampled at high temporal resolution. Suspended particles representing different time periods of pronounced events were also characterized towards type and geochemistry (total organic carbon and carbonate content, grain size distributions). Using on-line monitoring of turbidity (by optical backscattering sensors) mass flow rates of PAH over time were calculated.

Linear correlations of turbidity and TSS where obtained over all catchments investigated and over an extended turbidity range (up to 2000 NTU for the flood samples). Linear correlations were also obtained for the total amount of PAH and suspended sediment concentrations even for very high turbidity or TSS values (> 2000 NTU or mg l-1, respectively). From the linear regressions concentrations of PAHs on suspended particles were obtained – which varied by catchment. The values comprise a robust measure of the average sediment quality in a river network or catchment and may be correlated to the degree of urbanization represented by the number of inhabitants per total flux of suspended particles. PAH concentrations on suspended particles were stable over a large turbidity range (up to 2000 NTU) confirmed by samples taken during flood events. No pronounced effects due to changing particle size or origin have

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SpS 1B.1S Implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive – how to manage contaminated sites threatening surface waters


Organizers: Sandra Roost (Orbicon A/S, DK), Jens Aabling (Danish Environmental Protection Agency, DK), Nina Tuxen (Orbicon A/S, DK), Trine Korsgaard (Region of Southern Denmark, DK), Helle Overgaard (The Capital Region of Denmark, DK)

For session details please have a look at page 8.

SpS 1B.2S Workshop on groundwater contamination from pesticide point sources

a: Tuesday | 9 June | 14:00 - 15:30 | Meeting Rooom 19b: Tuesday | 9 June | 16:00 - 17:30 | Meeting Rooom 19

Organizers: Poul L. Bjerg, Professor (DTU Environment, DK), Nina Tuxen (Chief consultant, Capital Region of Denmark), Ida Holm Olesen (Head of Section, Region of Southern Denmark)

Pesticides are among the most widespread contaminants in the European groundwater. Recent findings in Denmark indicate that between 20 and 45 % of the pesticide findings in the groundwater can be attributed to point sources. Danish researchers, authorities and consultants have developed innovative tools for data analysis, catchment scale risk assessment and remediation.

We believe we are on the right path, but we are very well aware that we have not yet found the recipe for efficient management of pesticide-point sources. Judged by the limited amount of literature on pesticide point sources available, it seems that other European countries are in a similar situation. Therefore, the aim of this workshop is knowledge exchange and mutual inspiration on the topic of pesticide point sources. Ideally, the session will facilitate forming of new European partnerships on further research and development among authorities, consultants and researchers. All participants are invited to contribute to knowledge exchange by brief presentations and participation in discussions on key issues

For further session details please have a look at page 8.

MIHPT system is a combination of the MIP and HPT systems and has proved to be very efficient for field investigations in hotspots and areas with high contaminant levels. However, the detection limits of the standard MIHPT system are too high for delineation of contaminant plumes where the concentration levels are significantly lower than in the source zones. The Low-Level MIHPT system is developed with the objective to detect contamination at low concentrations and thus provides a means for conducting more time efficient and cost-effective delineation of contaminant plumes in unconsolidated saturated formations.

The LL-MIHPT systems have been tested at two sites located in the towns of Farum and Slangerup in Denmark as part of ongoing field investigations at the two sites.

The purpose of this project was to test the LL-MIHPT technique for delineation of contaminant plumes in groundwater at two sites with different geological formations; sandy and clayey, respectively. The objectives have thus been to determine at which concentration level the LL-MIHPT system could detect the site specific contaminants and to investigate the correlation between observed LL-MIHPT responses and results from analysed water samples from targeted depths.

9 LL-MIHPT logs to 20-25 meters below surface have been carried out. At each log water samples were collected at specific depths with the GeoProbe for verification of the observed responses from the LL-MIHPT and for correlation of contamination levels. For further correlation of the LL-MIHPT data core samples were collected at three locations.

The results from the field tests show that it is possible with the LL-MIHPT to track relatively low concentrations of chlorinated solvents and BTEX’s in the saturated zone. Hence, for chlorinated solvents a detection limit in the order of 10 ug/L can be expected. For comparison the detection limit for chlorinated solvents with the standard MIP system is in the order of 1-10 mg/L.

Based on the results and experiences obtained from the field tests the new LL-MIHPT system shows good promise for delineation of contaminant plumes in the saturated zone with simultaneous retrieval of hydrostratigraphic data from the saturated zone. Thus, LL-MIHPT logs followed by depth specific groundwater sampling with the GeoProbe system is considered to be an optimal set-up for delineation and characterization of contaminant plumes in saturated zones in unconsolidated geological formations.

The field tests were conducted and evaluated in the fall of 2013 and spring of 2014. Since then NIRAS A/S has used the LL-MIHPT system at field investigations at several other sites. Thus, the presentation will include results from the field tests in Farum and Slangerup complemented with the most recent data.

SpS 1A.7S US EPA Session 1: Best Practices for site characterization


Organizers: Carlos S. Pachon, Stephen A. Dyment (United States Environmental Protection Agency)


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how contaminants move from the source to the outdoor or indoor environment. Vapour inhalation models have a tendency to overestimate the soil gas, the outdoor air and indoor air concentrations, especially the former. Integration of more refined models, including for instance biodegradation, with soil gas data, collected through nesty probes or even flux chambers, provides more accurate (less conservative) estimates. The experience gained so far is that a more refined assessment often leads to a relevant reduction of the exposure estimates and that in specific cases it could even be possible to exclude the health assessment of this pathway, based on the type, concentration and depth of the source.

PRACTICE. In practical applications, it is often assumed that generic data and assumptions in exposure models are overly conservative. Site specific adjustments result in more realistic estimations of exposure and thereby the need for risk reduction. However, when (spatial and temporal) variability and uncertainties of model parameters and limitations in the mathematical representations of a process, or quality requirements on site data, false-positive or negative errors can be observed. Identified common mistakes demonstrate a shortcoming in describing and communicating limitations and the validity range of exposure models.

MONITORING. For many of the contaminants accumulated in the body, the health impact is still unknown. Therefore, identifying relationships between exposures and health effects over a lifetime, or for a given age group (e.g. through childhood), is a key point in understanding the mechanisms underlying these causal associations. In a recent study, techniques such as solid-phase fractionation, bioaccessibility testing and biomonitoring were coupled to identify relationships between house dust metal contents and contaminant levels in toenail clippings. The complexity of the task is acknowledged and contributions of causal environmental factors cannot be separated unless confounding factors such as age, gender, vitamin intake and others are considered in the evaluation of the exposure-biomarker relationship.

CONCLUSIONS. An exposure model includes many uncertainties, but is an extremely useful tool, when smartly applied within the appropriate applicability domain. A truth cliché is that theoretical knowledge of and experience with exposure models improve the quality of the assessment. A few persistent knowledge gaps, however, in particular related to exposure through vegetable consumption and vapour inhalation need to be further investigated.

SpS 1B.3S After 25 years of contaminated land-related human exposure models: READY, STEADY, GO?

Thursday | 11 June | 9:00 - 10:30 | Auditorium 10

Frank Swartjes1, Joanna Wragg2, Mark Cave2, Stefan Trapp3, Renato Baciocchi4, Iason Verginelli4, Roberto Pecoraro5,*, Jeroen Provoost6, Yvonne Ohlsson7, Paula Marinho Reis8

1National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, NL2British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, GB3DTU, Lyngby, DK4University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, IT5Versalis, San Donato Milanese (Milano), IT6Independent researcher, FI7Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI), Stockholm, SE8Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, PT

*Section on VAPOR INHALATION only

INTRODUCTION. A very practical possibility for assessing human exposure is that of calculating human exposure, using an exposure model. Such a model enables the calculation of the rate of soil contaminants that enter the human body, blood stream, or target organs. Exposure models consider direct contact with the soil and intake of so-called contact media that include soil-borne contaminants. 25 Years ago, the first generation of human exposure models was published. Today, human exposure models are widely available and worldwide used on a large scale, often without much review or criticism. Therefore, the question is warranted after 25 years if human exposure models are ‘finished’ or if serious knowledge gaps remain. From a survey focused on the state of the art in the European Union it was concluded that the most important exposure pathways are exposure through soil ingestion, vegetable consumption and vapour inhalation. Other exposure pathways may be of importance in specific situations. This session will include presentations on these critical pathways and other relevant issues, whose contents are briefly summarized below.

SOIL INGESTION. Exposure through soil ingestion is controlled by soil and dust ingestion rates and the relative bioavailability factor in the human body. There is consensus on soil and dust intake rates for children (except for the fact that the behaviour of children regarding time use, including time spent outdoors, changed considerably the last two decades), less for adults. For the calculation of the actual uptake in the blood stream the oral bioavailability has to be determined. It depends on the release of contaminants in the gastronomical tract (the bioaccessible fraction), absorption in the small intestine and the fraction metabolized in the liver. One of the best options to assess oral bioavailability is using the Unified Barge Model.

PLANT UPTAKE. Simple, efficient and well-tested plant uptake models exist. The problem is that the processes and the exposure estimations through vegetable consumption are not simple: many different crops exist (roots, leafy, grains, fruits, tubers and others) and also the soil and growth conditions vary widely. Experimental results for the same contaminant often show a large variation, and so does exposure estimates. Models can principally be adapted to these different crops and dynamic field conditions. Uptake estimates, however, are often highly uncertain.

VAPOR INHALATION. Exposure through vapour inhalation is influenced by contaminant, soil and building properties and

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both to ensure that desired barrier is obtained but also to develop and refine the remediation techniques.

• Lessons learned. • We will strive to ensure that all presentations, in addition

to providing an academically description of the methods developed, also include also include the topic “lessons learned”.

• A short presentation to initiate a discussion on the similarities and differences between countries / regions.

STATE OF THE ART STUDIES OF VAPOR INTRUSIONS AND MIGRATION PATHWAYSPer LollThe presentation includes different measurements techniques, and how to combine the results in risk assessment.

REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES USING PASSIVE VENTING SYSTEMS Mads Georg Møller (Orbicon, DK)Passive venting systems are the most frequently used remediation technique against vapor intrusion due to its sustainability, high reliability and low operation cost. There are a variety of passive venting systems, each with their advantages and disadvantages. We present a case study describing the different passive venting systems.

REMEDIATION USING HYBRID VENTING SYSTEM BASED UPON SOLAR AND WIND POWERBjarke N. Hoffmark (Orbicon)The presentation describes a case study where the traditional passive ventilating system is improved but has preserved sustainability, high reliability and low operation cost. One of the disadvantage of passive venting system is that the driven forces is limited by very little pressure differences. Using the hybrid venting system the driven forces is significantly improved.

MONITORING STRATEGY Tage V. Bote (COWI, DK)Monitoring sounds like a simple exercise, but to implement a useful monitoring requires careful planning. Monitoring strategy has to be involved already in the design phase of the remediation, and it must fit into the plans for the construction of the building. This is to ensure that any errors or defects in remediation can be rectified as soon as possible in the building process. We present a case study describing the implementation process of the monitoring strategy.

LESSONS LEARNEDPer Loll (DMR, DK)A short presentation to initiate a discussion on the similarities and differences between countries / regions.

SpS 1B.4S TRIAD investigations of soil and groundwater contamination – experiences and future possibilities, pros and cons


Dorte Harrekilde1, Anna Toft2, Peter Lysholm Tüchsen2

1Ramboll, Odense C, DK2The Capital Region of Denmark, DK


SpS 1B.5S Vapor intrusion - state of the art

Wednesday | 10 June | 14:00 - 15:30 | Auditorium 10

Tage Vikjær Bote1, Per Loll2, Thomas Larsen3, Bjarke Hoffmark1, Arne Rokkjær4, Mads Georg Møller3

1Cowi A/S, DK2DMR A/S, Jerslev, DK3Orbicon, Roskilde, DK4The Capital Region of Denmark, Hillerød, DK Since the mid 90’s vapor intrusion has been a major issue in Denmark and today vapor intrusion is a significant part of the efforts to ensure against contaminated sites. Investigation techniques and approaches to locate and determine the amount of vapor intrusion has been developed over the last two decades. This has given us a knowledge and understanding of the mechanisms controlling the vapor intrusion, which are amongst the best in the world. Remediation techniques have been developed and refined to provide greater security against vapor intrusion due to this knowledge.

The aim of the session is to share our knowledge about vapor intrusion including investigation and remediation techniques. Consideration of vapor intrusion vary from country to country due to political and cultural differences. However, differences in the ways vapor intrusion is handled, is also caused by differences in building constructions and climate. Factors that have great importance for processes that controls vapor intrusion. Another aim of the session is therefore to debate this diversity, in order to give both participants and speakers a better understanding of the similarities and differences and the extent to which we can apply knowledge and methods from one country / region to another.

• Methods for detecting vapor intrusions points, and vapor migration pathways in houses, including different measurements techniques for VOC’s, tracer gases, thermography.

• Knowledge of vapor intrusion part ways, including traditional part ways as cracks in the concrete slap, pipe and wire penetrations of the slap, but also sewers, cavity walls etc.

• Different remediation techniques:• Remediation techniques using passive venting systems.

A technique with high sustainability and low operation cost, but do they work?

• Remediation using Hybrid venting system based upon solar and wind power

• Remediation using Geo-membranes• Monitoring is an important part of the remediation process,

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A RECOMMENDED APPROACH TO APPLY BIOAVAILABILITY METHODS IN A FRAMEWORK FOR IMPROVED ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENTS OF PAH CONTAMINATED SOILS

Dan Berggren Kleja1, Anja Enell2, Ann-Sofie Allard3, Staffan Lundstedt4, Gerard Cornelissen5, Hans Peter Arp5

1Swedish Geotechnical Institute, Stockholm, SE2Swedish Geotechnical Institute, Malmö, SE3Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm, SE4Umeå University, Umeå, SE5Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo, NO

It is well established that total concentrations of soil contaminants are useful to indicate pollution; however they do not necessarily indicate risk. Alternative measures can be used to denote the bioavailable fraction, the so-called bioavailability of soil contaminants. If bioavailability is accounted for in risk assessment models, the accuracy will be improved and this would lead to more reliable decisions on the need to remediate and on how much soil needs to be remediated. Risk-based management approaches based on bioavailability principles have a potential to be more cost effective than conventional approaches based on total concentrations. Furthermore, it will open up for alternative site specific management methods based on immobilization of contaminants (reducing bioavailability). To date, many soil testing methods have been developed to predict uptake, toxicity and degradation potential of soil contaminants, but no generally accepted methodology to incorporate contaminant bioavailability in risk assessment models exist. Within the SNOWMAN funded project IBRACS we have evaluated the option to use a passive sampler method, in combination with the equilibrium partitioning theory, as a basis for a risk assessment framework. The proposed framework, with examples, will be presented at the conference.

An equilibrium passive sampler polyoxymethylene (POM) was used to assess the bioavailability of native polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 22 diverse historically contaminated soils (coke work, gas work and wood tar sites), alongside the lipid concentrations in exposed worms (Enchytraeus crypticus). For details about methods and results, see Arp, et al. (2014).

The soils studied covered a wide range in soils properties, including texture, pH and organic carbon content. The amount of total organic carbon in the soils (TOC) varied from 2 – 49%. Some samples were low in black carbon (4% of TOC), whereas others, particularly those from coking sites, were rich in black carbon (26 – 95% of TOC). Total concentrations of PAHs in soils varied considerably (0.27 - 2651 µg/g); so did the corresponding POM derived pore water concentrations (0.02 - 460 µg/). One major finding was that the TOC normalized partition coefficients for PAHs was about one order of magnitude higher than those recommended by national agencies, like the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) for sediments and the Netherlands’ National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) for soils and sediments, i.e. the sorption of PAHs was significantly stronger in the historically contaminated soils than in “spiked soils” normally used in toxicity experiments. This illustrates the need to actually measure pore water concentrations in historically contaminated soils as a first step in a site specific risk assessment that accounts for bioavailability.

Soil quality standards and critical limit values for non-polar organic compounds, like PAHs, are in most countries based on the assumption of equilibrium partitioning. According to this theory, freely dissolved PAHs in the pore water are in equilibrium with

ThS 1B.6 Environmental Risk Assessment - soil and groundwater I


APPROACH TO CUMULATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT OF CONTAMINATED SITES IN FLANDERS

Christa Cornelis1, Lieve Geerts1, Griet Van Gestel2

1VITO, MOL, BE2OVAM Public Waste Agency of Flanders, Mechelen, BE

Contaminated sites are often characterized by the presence of a multitude of chemicals. Although it is possible that each chemical on its own does not give rise to human health risks, the question arises whether the assessment of combined (or cumulative) exposure to certain chemicals would not change the outcome of the risk assessment. Review of approaches in cumulative risk assessment reveals a wide range of methodologies, varying from consideration of the organ where the effect occurs till detailed evaluation of mode of action. Cumulative risk assessment should consider both aspects of exposure and risk characterization.

In contaminated sites assessment in Flanders, the exposure assessment typically is of a cumulative type, so the focus of the developed methodology is on the risk characterization part. The assumption of additivity (no interaction) was chosen as this is the most appropriate option in case of low dose exposures. For each regulated chemical, critical and subcritical endpoints of effects were listed by exposure route. Distinction was made between local and systemic effects. Endpoints were grouped into effect classes, which were the basis to combine individual risks. For non-threshold carcinogens, no distinction is made with regard to affected organ. The key table with effect classes and allocation of each chemical to its relevant classes per route of exposure forms the basis of the further methodology, that describes approaches to look at cumulative risk assessment in

a) site screening based on remediation values, b) site risk assessment, and c) urgency for remediation.

As introduction of cumulative risk assessment in contaminated sites assessment could have a vast impact on dossier outcomes, an approach for use in current practice focusing on remediation urgency was developed. In parallel, a preferred approach was developed as well for use throughout all steps of the site assessment (screening, risk assessment, urgency). The latter approach, which extends on the first approach, can be adopted gradually as part of a review of chemical information and remediation values.

The approach will be demonstrated for a number of cases.

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PROTOCOLS FOR ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT

Marlea Wagelmans Bioclear b.v., Groningen, NL

In the Netherlands, in case of expected ecological risks caused by soil pollution, the Triad approach can be used to assess site specific ecological risks. This approach combines and integrates three lines of evidence from a site to give a complete and realistic overview of the site specific ecological risks. The three fields of expertise that are combined are environmental chemistry, toxicology (bioassays) and ecological field observations. Although this method is fully validated and has been used in the Netherlands ever since it’s development (Chapman et al. 1987, Nobis 98-1-28, Jensen and Mesman 2006) a standard and legal protocol for this type of research was missing.

From an evaluation of all Triad projects in the Netherlands (project management by Bioclear) it was concluded that authorities find it hard to judge on specialized work which is not formalised in legal protocols (Wagelmans et al., 2009) which hampers decision making. In 2009 the Dutch Council of State (Raad van State) has rejected the results of a specific Triad research. Because no protocol or guidelines for sampling and sampling strategy for Triad research were present, the research protocol followed was compared to the protocol for standard chemical soil research. However, the goals of Triad research significantly differ from the goals of a standard soil research. Therefore, the protocol for standard soil research is not applicable to Triad research and alignment of protocols for standard chemical soil research and Triad research was needed.

In order to prevent future rejections of Triad research a technical guideline for sampling and sampling strategy was developed by Bioclear commissioned by SIKB (SIKB BRL protocol 2301). This protocol describes how many samples need to be taken in a given situation, how samples for different parts of the Triad need to be taken, and how to choose the reference sample. It also describes which choices need to be made and how these choices need to be documented in the sampling strategy.

At the same time a Dutch National Standard (NEN) was developed by RIVM, Alterra and NEN - in collaboration with Grontmij, Tauw, Dienst Vastgoed Defensie, Province Zuid Holland and Bioclear - named “Soil- Process of site specific ecological risk assessment of soil pollution”. This standard describes the process of ecological risk assessment (from the beginning of the project until the final decision). Based on soil use, the ecological constraints are determined by the project group (consisting of stakeholders, authorities and scientists) as well as critical ecological aspects of the polluted site. Subsequently scientists compose a research plan (based on above mentioned protocol SIKB BRL 2301). Together with stakeholders and authorities test criteria per test are determined. Agreements are made about the use of site specific references, weighing of results, method of risk assessment, site specific risk boundaries and handling uncertainties. After that, the site specific risk assessment is carried out by the scientists. The standard is meant to bring scientists, stakeholders and decision makers together. Because decision makers are involved in the project from the beginning, it is easier to make well funded decisions based on site specific ecological risk assessment studies. At this moment ISO is using both the standard and the technical guideline to make an international standard for Triad research.

During development of both the technical protocol and the Dutch National Standard we’ve tested the draft versions on

both the soil organic matter component and the lipid phase of soil organisms. Our results support that the assumption of equilibrium partitioning also holds for diverse historically contaminated soils; we found strong correlations between pore water concentrations and lipid concentrations for the investigated PAHs.

A key issue in a risk assessment framework that uses chemical methods for assessing a “bioavailable” concentration or fraction is to develop a reference system to which this concentration or fraction can be related. In this respect we draw on a recent RIVM compilation (Verbruggen, 2012). Here, “critical lipid concentrations” for a wide range of organisms (soils, sediments and waters) were presented. The critical lipid concept is based on the assumption that toxicity of individual PAHs is similar after entering the cell membrane. The RIVM compilation resulted in two proposed “critical lipid concentration”, corresponding to two sets of critical pore water concentrations for individual PAHs, indicating “no risk” (Maximum Permissible Concentration, SRC) or “serious risk” (Serious Risk Concentration, SRC).

We propose the following scheme to include equilibrium-based chemical bioavailability tests in site specific ecological risk assessments of PAHs contaminated soils: 1) Determine pore water concentration of freely dissolved PAHs, 2) Relate individual concentrations to risk limits (e.g. RIVM’s MPC or SRC values), using the toxic unit approach, 3) Assume additive effect and calculate the toxic unit value (if > 1, risk). This procedure is in line with the one proposed by Brand et al. (2013). The procedure was applied on two Swedish PAH contaminated sites and the outcome was compared with an assessment based on the Swedish generic guideline values. The comparison showed that the number of samples indicating risk to soil organisms decreased from 80% to 20% at one site, and from 90% to 55% at the other, when applying the proposed procedure. Accordingly, the time and money invested in extra POM analyses, which are similar to or cheaper than soil analysis, are likely to be paid off during the remediation phase.

References

Arp, H. P. H., S. Lundstedt, S. Josefsson, G. Cornelissen, A. Enell, A.-S. Allard and D. B. Kleja (2014). Environmental Science & Technology, 48, 11187−11195.

Brand, E., Lijzen, J., Peijnenburg, W., Swartjes, F. 2013. J. Hazard. Mater. 261, 833−839.

Verbruggen, E. M. J. (2012). RIVM report 607711007.

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of Cd and Ni was less than with commercial products. We did not find legal standards or ADI for the platinum group elements. Concentrations in lettuce were higher than in spinach or radish and reached 0.11, 3.81 and 1.37 mg/kg dw for Pt, Pd and Ir, but were ≤ 0.01 mg/kg for Rh and Ru.

The consideration of direct soil ingestion by adults (50 mg/d) and children (4-13 years, 200 mg/d) gives an intake of Pb above ADI at the medium and highest polluted soils. In addition, the contribution of As via soil ingestion is of relevance (40% of ADI). This risk assessment assumes daily ingestion and lifelong exposure, which is probably not the case for urban gardening.

In conclusion, we did recommend the people of Copenhagen to continue with their urban garden activities, but to take measures to reduce the attachment and ingestion of soil.

PYRITE CINDER WASTE DEPOSITION SCHERPEKAMP

Joop Verhagen, Denny Schanze ARCADIS Nederland BV, Apeldoorn, NL

Worldwide millions of tons of industrial solid waste such as blast furnace slag, steel slag, non-ferrous metallic slag, coal ash, coal cinder, mining waste rock, mill tailings, etc. is generated from industrial production activities every year. In the past huge amounts of these wastes were used as backfill in open mine pits often containing hazardous heavy metals with potential environmental risks. In developing countries this probably is still the case.

Back in the 1970s pyrite cinder waste from the Duisburger Kupferhütte (Germany) were deposited in clay pits at the premises of a brick factory on the riverbank of the Rhine in the Netherlands. This iron oxide pyrite cinder waste contained varying concentrations of heavy metals and metalloids and notable contained lead, zinc, arsenic and copper. Previous soils surveys carried out over the years led to the conclusion that there was a high risk of contaminants spreading in groundwater. These studies were carried out using standard soil survey techniques such as auger drilling.

ARCADIS has studied several remedial options: in situ immobilization, excavation and isolation. In order to select the right solution, evaluation of these techniques was based on a detailed geochemical study. Questions to be answered were:

• What is the real risk of leaching?• What natural processes take place in the soil?• How will the geochemical system respond to the remediation

technique chosen?

The study was conducted recruiting qualified personnel for every stage of the work. Drilling and sampling was performed under supervision of qualified geochemists. Chemical analyses were carried out using a portable XRF (X-ray fluorescence) to gather a high resolution dataset. XRD (X-ray diffraction) to determine primary and secondary cinder and soil mineralogy in order to estimate the vulnerability of contaminants for leaching. SEM (scanning electron microscope) for measuring the distribution of heavy metals and arsenic in the detected mineralogy. All analytical work was performed or checked by qualified geochemists. Based on the various datasets a geochemical reconstruction of events was made.

practical applicability on the topsoil of a former landfill polluted with heavy metals. The site is being used for agriculture, grazing of sheep and cows. Workshops have been organized with all stakeholders (farmer, owner of the site, water regulatory authority, two different local authorities, the provincial authority and scientists). After this workshop the ecological risk assessment has been carried out.

The Dutch National Standard on ecological risk assessment and the technical guideline on sampling and sampling strategy are valuable tools in risk communication. It increases acceptance for the research plan, the results and the final decision because stakeholders have influence on the process. In the process their questions and objections will be answered and solved in an early stage. Because of this acceptance by stakeholders, it is easier for decision makers to make a final decision based on site specific research, especially now it has been formalized in standard protocols. By using the standard and technical guideline risk assessment is not a project for only scientists anymore but it becomes a process for both decision makers and scientists together. Also legal authorities can determine whether the research was performed correctly following the technical guidelines which is positive for future acceptance of Triad projects.

RISK ASSESSMENT OF URBAN GARDENING IN COPENHAGEN

Marlies Warming1,2, Mette G. Hansen1, Peter E. Holm1, Jakob Magid1, Thomas H. Hansen1, Stefan Trapp2 1Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, DK. 2Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, DK

Urban gardening is hip, and people in the metropolises all over the world start to grow their own food. At the same time, most if not all urban soils are polluted with heavy metals and other contaminants. In continued projects, we have for several years measured produce from the City of Copenhagen, such as potatoes, carrots, kale, radish and apples. The concentrations of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) were measured by ICP-OES or ICP-MS. Concentrations of the platinum group elements platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), iridium (Ir), rhodium (Rh) and ruthenium (Ru) were also measured, but with lower frequency.

Concentrations in soil were partly below the soil quality standards set by the Danish EPA. The most polluted soils were, however, clearly above, with Pb up to 600, As 22, Cd 2.6 and Zn 1200 mg/kg dw. Concentrations of the platinum group elements in soil were low (Pt, Ir, Rh, Ru < 0.05 mg/kg) except Pd (max 1.4 mg/kg).

The European Union released legal standards for Cd (0.05 to 0.2 mg/kg dw) and Pb (0.3 mg/kg dw) in vegetables. We found very few concentrations above (Cd in spinach, 1 case). For all other heavy metals, we conducted a risk assessment based on established acceptable daily intake ADI. It was assumed that urban gardeners supply 10% of their vegetables and fruit consumption from urban gardens, and that overall consumption was the same as the Danish average. Summarized, we found no reason of concern. For no heavy metal, the intake with urban vegetables and fruits was above ADI or even close. Intake of Pb and As would increase, compared to Danish average, while intake

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The cinder studied was high in lead, zinc, arsenic and copper containing levels usually considered economically suitable for extraction. Most important minerals still present in the slag were: iron oxides (magnetite/maghemite/hematite), anglesite (lead sulphate), scorodite (iron arsenate) and beudantite (lead-iron-sulfate-arsenate). All these minerals are insoluble at given conditions. Scorodite might decompose under reducing circumstances.In the first years after deposition an acidic liquor of acidic Zinc sulphate started to leach out and reacted with calcite and clay in the subsoil forming voluminous zinc carbonates, zinc silicates and gypsum. As a result an impermeable mineral layer was formed preventing any further contact between groundwater and pyrite cinder.

All together the geochemical situation is judged to be stable and no further action is considered to be necessary. Most heavy metals in the cinder are locked away in hardly soluble or insoluble minerals and the self-sealing layer at the cinder/soil boundary prevents further migration. The observed contamination of groundwater was predominantly caused by drilling undertaken during the initial site assessment phases.

We will present the results of the geochemical study and the consequences of it for the conceptual site model as well as the remedial options considered.

ThS 1B.7 Environmental risk assessment - soil and groundwater 2


ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT AND REMEDIATION OPTIONS FOR CONTAMINATED RIVER SEDIMENTS

Michael Madliger, David Trudel, Christian Niederer BMG Engineering AG, Schlieren, CH

Still today river sediments can be contaminated with persistent chemicals (PCBs, dioxins, mercury) leading to exceedances of food threshold levels in fish. Environmental risk assessments of contaminated rivers exhibit multiple challenges: Often primary sources do not exist anymore (e.g. ancient sewers) or are initially not known (e.g. uncontrolled landfills next to rivers). In addition, contaminant inputs often occur via multiple pathways (sewers, tributaries) and diffuse emissions (surface run off from infrastructure systems). Back-contamination from secondary sources can occur: Not only sediments but also river banks are often significantly contaminated because of deposition of contaminated suspended material from the river water.

Here we will present the elements of an environmental risk assessment, the development of remediation targets and remediation options for contaminated rivers by using an illustrative example of a Swiss drainage channel whose sediments were contaminated over a length of about 2.3 km: a) a sampling campaign using custom-made liner-in-liner technique for optimal performance under challenging environmental

conditions, b) a risk assessment approach that i) prioritizes the contaminant sources on the basis of their input paths and release potential ii) and therefrom allows to derive feasible and sustainable remediation targets and iii) the selection of most efficient remediation options.

Sampling Techniques: Due to the low aqueous contaminant concentrations, river water was sampled with passive samplers. To overcome the challenges of sediment sampling at high streaming velocities, a liner-in-liner sampling system with a core-catcher based on a mobile platform was developed. The contamination of river banks and adjacent soils was assessed, because based on the available historical information, sediments were often excavated and deposited near the channels on agricultural and residential areas. These depositions can lead to back-contamination of the sediments and may represent a potential human hazard. Several tributaries such as sewers, rivers and run-offs (spillways) were included into the sampling campaign. In addition to the relevant contaminants, soil and sediment properties such as organic carbon content and grain size distribution were addressed, to account for the relevant phase partitioning processes in river systems.

Risk assessment: Based on the conceptual site model contaminant masses, mass fluxes and concentrations were mathematically described for individual sectors of the channel. Contaminant releases for the multiple pathways were predicted: transport via infiltrating rain water, erosion of contaminated river bank material, input of contaminated sediments and water via tributaries. The remediation targets were developed in a two-step procedure: in a first step, the tolerable contamination of the sediments was derived by calculating the tolerable bioaccumulation rate via the sediment-fish pathway. In a second step the tolerable remaining input of contaminants into the channel (tolerable “back-contamination”) was calculated and therefrom the tolerable concentrations in the river banks were derived. Remediation targets for an adjacent agricultural field were derived by calculating the tolerable uptake of contaminants by cattle during grazing, which was the most sensitive use of the land.

Remediation: The channel was remediated by excavation and replacement of the river banks and sediments in the relevant sectors to the relevant depths. For this, the water flow was diverted sector-by-sector and the contaminated material was replaced. As an ecological benefit fish niches were installed and gravel of different size was used for reinstatement of the river bed, to provide optimal conditions for different fish species

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT AT LARGE INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS: EMISSIONS FROM THE USE OF EXPLOSIVES AND CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS

Christian Niederer, Michael Madliger, Michael AeschbacherBMG Engineering AG, Schlieren, CH

In the construction phase of large infrastructure projects such as tunnels and hydropower plants thousands of tons of construction chemicals and explosives are used. These chemicals can cause substantial environmental hazards. However, these hazards are often not anticipated upfront of infrastructure projects because of the project’s complexity: The project areas are often widespread exhibiting several construction sites with construction activities over years and various protective goods that can be affected by contaminant emissions.

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The use of ammonium nitrate-based explosives and organic boosters leads to emissions of ammonium, nitrate, nitrite and nitroorganic compounds to the environment. From the application of construction chemicals (sprayed concrete, retarders, slurries, hydraulic liquids, etc.), contaminants such as hexavalent chromium, aluminium, and various organic chemicals including biocides are released to the environment.

These compounds lead to negative effects in susceptible surface waters and used groundwater. Observed effects are general ecotoxicity to aquatic life, fish toxicity (nitrite, ammonia, Al3+aq), eutrophication (nitrate), inhibition of photosynthesis (turbidity) or oxygen depletion (by dissolved organic carbon).

The emission of the substances occurs via multiple pathways: Polluted excavated material is often deposited in or along surface waters because of space shortage in the project area. From there, contaminants and fine materials are released into the water during and after the deposition. A second important emission path are tunnel effluents that are discharged to creeks with partly low runoffs. Additionally, highly contaminated material such as sludges from material recycling are deposited in project-specific landfills in the project perimeter which can lead to additional emissions.

The flux of pollutants to protective goods and therefore the environmental risk is highly variable in time and location and depends on the construction activities at the multiple construction sites as well as the environmental conditions such as seasonal variability of precipitation (snow, rain), hydraulic discharges of rivers, water levels of lakes etc. To overcome these complexities, we have established a unique method for the identification of possible environmental hazards during the entire construction works. This method is based on a holistic analysis of all project phases and processes. The project system is represented by a mathematical model that predicts contaminant fluxes and concentrations as a function of time and space in all protective goods of concern. The predicted environmental concentrations (PEC) are compared to (eco)toxicologically based reference levels (predicted no effect concentration, PNEC). This risk assessment method has already successfully been applied in several Swiss projects.

The benefit of this upfront environmental risk assessment is to anticipate possible hazards already in the planning phase of the project as an integral part of the environmental impact assessment. The risk assessment allows the identification and prioritization of the relevant processes, time points and locations, which potentially lead to critical environmental impacts. These procedure guarantees the implementation of risk reduction measures and hence investments at locations with the highest impact. Such measures include installations (such as water treatment plants), application of best-practices (e.g. for the application of emulsion explosives) or the use of environmentally friendly products.

The presentation will give an overview on the method that allows for the holistic assessment of all contaminant emissions at all construction sites during the entire construction project. The strengths and limitation will be discussed as well as illustrative results from reference projects will be presented. The substances of concern, their sources and possible effects will be addressed.

ARSENIC, ANTIMONY AND SELENIUM IN URBAN SOILS: POTENTIAL RISKS FOR HUMAN HEALTH IN URBAN GARDENING

Miguel Izquierdo, Eduardo De Miguel, Amaia Gomez, Juan MingotUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, ES

The benefits of urban agriculture are many and well documented, ranging from health improvement to community betterment, more sustainable urban development and environment protection. On the negative side, urban soils are commonly enriched in toxic trace elements that have accumulated over time through the deposition of atmospheric particles (generated by automotive traffic, heating systems, historical industrial activities and resuspended street dust), and the uncontrolled disposal of domestic, commercial and industrial wastes. This in turn has given rise to concerns about the level of exposure of urban farmers to these elements and the potential health hazards associated with this exposure. Research efforts in this field have started relatively recently and have almost systematically omitted the influence of Sb and Se, and to a lesser extent of As, although all three have proven toxic effects.

In this study, the concentrations of aqua regia-extractable As, Sb and Se have been determined by GF-AAS in 42 soil samples collected with an Edelman auger from the upper 20 cm of the soil profile in seven urban gardens in Madrid. Soil physicochemical properties, i.e. soil pH, texture, calcium carbonate and organic matter contents have also been evaluated. Frequency and duration of exposure, and rates of consumption of vegetables grown in the selected urban gardens have been estimated from the results of an on-site survey. The mean concentration of As in the seven urban gardens is similar to regional background levels but the average content of Sb and Se are one order of magnitude higher, and in the case of Sb, exceeds the guideline value for agricultural land use in Madrid.

The risk for urban farmers from exposure to As, Sb and Se through four routes of exposure (accidental ingestion of soil, inhalation of suspended particles, dermal absorption and ingestion of vegetables) has been assessed. The quantitative results of the risk assessment are very sensitive to changes in the value assigned to two key variables that are affected by a high degree of uncertainty: soil ingestion rate and soil-to-plant uptake factor. For the values used in our model, taken from the USEPA’s Soil Screening Guidance and from the RAIS database, the highest contribution to the overall risk is associated with the accidental ingestion of soil particles, followed by ingestion of on-site grown vegetables and dermal absorption (inhalation of suspended particles has a negligible influence). However, changes in the soil-to-plant uptake factor within the range of published values for this variable can result in a contribution of ingestion of vegetables higher than that of soil ingestion, and in a different value of the predicted overall risk. It remains unaffected the fact that As is the contaminant of most concern given its carcinogenic nature. In terms of systemic toxicity, As is also the main contributor to the aggregate Hazard Index, followed by Sb and Se.

The estimates of overall systemic risk are more than one order of magnitude lower than the threshold values of HI=1, but that of carcinogenic risk, associated with the exposure to As, lies in the range of 10-5 - 10-6, close or even above the limit of acceptability, depending on national environmental regulations. Although risk assessments make use of very conservative assumptions, these results indicate the need for further research in order to reduce the uncertainty in some of the variables included in the model and to dissipate the concerns regarding the potential for adverse health effects associated with the practice of urban gardening.

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GARDENING AND SOIL CONTAMINATION: FINDING A WAY TO PRODUCE HEALTHY HOME-GROWN FOOD

Griet Van Gestel1, Nele Bal1, Johan Ceenaeme1, Karen Van Campenhout2, Christa Cornelis3, Maja Mampaey2

1OVAM Public Waste Agency of Flanders, Mechelen, BE2LNE Environment, Nature and Energy Department, Brussel, BE3VITO, MOL, BE

Gardening is fun and healthy. No bigger pleasure than to harvest and eat one’s own vegetables, to raise chickens and eat their eggs. Local food production has many other advantages: it contributes to a sustainable lifestyle, increases social cohesion, ….

However, in some cases, there are concerns about the presence of pollutants in home-grown food and eggs. In Flanders, with its long industrial history and high population density, diffuse soil contamination is widespread, especially in urban areas. Diffuse soil pollution cannot be linked directly to a source, and is due to all kinds of, sometimes very small, activities in the past, such as waste burning and disposal.

The presence of pollutants in home-grown food is shown in several studies, such as those resulting from the Flemish human biomonitoring program (2001-2006), and the study ‘Dioxins in eggs and vegetables of private gardens’ (2011). Especially with regard to the increased levels of dioxins in eggs of home-raised chickens there is a matter of concern.

How can we ensure that people can eat their home-grown vegetables and eggs from their own chickens without having to worry about their health? Together with the Service Health and Environment of the Department LNE, the OVAM sets up a system to provide suitable advice and information for citizens. The aim is not to discourage growing one’s own food, but to reduce possible health risks by practical measures.

Practical guidelines are provided on how to grow vegetables and to raise chickens in allotments and private gardens in a safe way. For example, the guidelines include advices on the location of the garden in relation to heavy traffic, industry, historical contaminated sites, … When the quality of the soil is uncertain or questionable, the advice is given that one should test the soil for contamination, i.e. to take a soil sample and get it analyzed.

However, the cost of soil analyzes may be too high for private persons who are gardening for leisure. This is especially the case when one wants to raise chickens for egg production and soil testing for dioxins is needed. Therefore, on behalf of OVAM, Arcadis Belgium nv performed a feasibility study to look into the possibilities of setting up a system for soil analyzes at reduced prices. This study treats the organizational, financial and legal aspects, and includes as well an online survey of gardeners about their concerns related to soil contamination, their willingness to pay, … As part of the feasibility study, a pilot project is set up in collaboration with a local authority. In this community, soil testing at a reduced price is offered for private gardeners during a test period.

In support of previous actions, VITO developed a framework for the interpretation of the results of the analyses. For the most important pollutants, reference values were calculated for concentrations in soil that allow growing food products without health risks. The model S-Risk was used to calculate these values. With this model it is possible to define different scenario’s, and to take into account the exposure route by consumption of home-grown eggs.

The advice and information system for gardeners is part of a more general approach for the management of diffuse soil contamination. This type of soil contamination is not always covered by regulation. In these cases, OVAM focuses on the avoidance of risks for human health due to diffuse soil contamination.

RESIDENTIAL LOCATION CONTAMINATED WITH CUMENE: BUILDING TEAM CONSTRUCTION RESULTS IN A SUCCESSFUL (IN-SITU) REMEDIATION

Peter Ramakers1, Joost Van Schijndel2, Gerard Borggreve3

1Provincie Brabant, ’s-Hertogenbosch, NL2Tauw, Eindhoven, NL3NTP Enviro Netherlands, Enschede, NL

Cumene – or isopropylbenzene - is a volatile aromatic hydrocarbon with an odor threshold below the chemical-analytical detection limit. The soil contamination with cumene was caused by a road accident in which a truck loaded with Komol fell over and 10,000 l of Komol – with cumene as the principal compound - poured out all over the soil surface. In 2012, soil investigation showed:• a soil contamination – source location – of about 750 m2 until

7 m below ground level• a ground water contamination up to 350 m from the source

location and to a depth of 25 m below ground level.

The Dutch province of North Brabant – the ‘problem owner’ - was confronted with many questions. How to assess the risks of this compound for which no general risk assessment for soil contamination exists? How to translate risk levels into remediation goals? What remediation approach will abolish all odor nuisance for the residents of the location? How to prevent nuisance during the remediation activities (as much as possible) and how to protect the health of the residents and contractor’s laborers? The province of North Brabant had to address these and many other questions in such way that the final aim of the remediation would be achieved in the most effective way and with respect to the complex situation with many stakeholders involved.

The presentation on AquaConSoil will show the results of the investigation (conceptual model), risk assessment, in-situ remediation measurements and the applied process of a building team construction, which have resulted altogether in a successful remediation.

The soil and ground water investigation has based on a conceptual model, which gave insight in the information gabs, research questions to be answered and a clear visual insight in the contamination. The risk assessment consists of two levels: technical risk assessment concerning the human and environmental risks of the contamination and risk management (using the RISMAN method) to clarify and to address properly all project related risks. One of the most important issues of the technical assessment is the impact of the extremely low odor threshold level on the remediation goals to be achieved and the remediation activities needed to secure these goals. The conceptual model mentioned above and risk management have been the starting points of the project approach and project risks are determined and prioritized by the stakeholders involved, e.g. extreme odor nuisance, conventional explosives (second world war) and groundwater extraction. In 2012, an evaluation of the most appropriate contract form and market analyses followed

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According to this study, the screening-level algorithms that have a higher degree of conservatism for their default parameter set are the Johnson and Ettinger model (JEM), Dilution Factor algorithm from Sweden (DF SE), Vlier-Humaan and VolaSoil. From these 4 algorithms the JEM and VolaSoil have a relative high accuracy (discriminative power). For the latter two algorithms different parameters, that are variable and uncertain, contribute to the variation in indoor air concentration. Differences between parameters that drive the variation were observed between the aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons. For trichloroethylene, the default parameter set of Vlier-Humaan, CSoil and DF SE should be adapted to arrive at a higher deterministically predicted indoor air concentration when a more conservative approach is required. The deterministically predicted air concentrations for benzene and ethylbenzene seem to be sufficiently conservative. It is shown that the probabilistic approach allows for an improved insight into the relative importance of parameters in the risk estimates.

Reference

Provoost J, Reijnders L, Bronders J, Van Keer I, Govaerts S (2014). Probabilistic Risk Assessment for Six Vapour Intrusion Algorithms, Journal of Environment and Pollution, vol. 3, No. 2, 2014, ISSN 1927-0909 (print), ISSN 1927-0917 (online), Canadian Center of Science and Education, Toronto, Canada, http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ep.v3n2p1

ORIGIN OF HYDROCARBONS IN INDOOR AIR

Dorte Harrekilde1, Niels Just2

1Ramboll, Odense C, DK2The Region of Southern Denmark, Vejle, DK

Assessing whether hydrocarbons in indoor air on an oil polluted site originate from the soil pollution or from effects or materials in the building is often challenging. Danish threshold values for indoor air are applicable for oil-hydrocarbons emanating from the soil pollution. The common analytical methods for indoor air samples usually give results for TVOC and BTEX. Household effects, building materials, smoking etc. do however also contribute to hydrocarbons in indoor air. The risk related to intrusion of volatile organic compounds from oil contaminated soil or groundwater will therefore on the basis of indoor air samples most often be overestimated.

The presentation will propose a sampling and analytical method that assists in determining the origin of hydrocarbons in indoor air, so that we can choose the appropriate mitigating measures.

Results from 6 indoor air investigations will be presented. 5 of the cases deal with oil polluted soil under houses/buildings that may pose a health risk to the people living in the house. In some of the cases indoor air quality has been monitored over a longer period. One of the cases investigates a bad smell that is suspected to originate either from an old soil pollution with oil and petrol or from a damage caused by a water leak.

Indoor air sampling is carried out on ATD-tubes over a period of 14 days. Analysis is performed by traditional GC-MS resulting in quantification of TVOC and BTEX. Moreover an extended GC-screening is carried out to identify and quantify the specific hydrocarbons in the samples.

Petrogenous hydrocarbons have been detected in all the indoor

the risk management session hold and as a result the building team construction has been chosen as the best suiting contract form and a short list of contractors was generated who were invited to compete for the contract. Furthermore, the advantages of the building team construction will be shown:

• the province of North Brabant is able to influence the process in such a way that the province can take its responsibility in this complex situation in which residents are involved

• members of the team (province, consultant Tauw and contractor NTP) depend on each other for the realization of the project and project risks are addressed and solved in the most effective way possible

Finally, the remediation consists of both excavation activities and in-situ measurements. The possible in-situ remediation measurements – biological, physiological and/ or chemical - have been evaluated and it has been decided to implement a bioscreen to remediate the ground water contamination and to imply a bio blanked with a slow release compound on the floor of the excavation.

ThS 1B.8 Indoor air pollution from soil and groundwater


PROBABILISTIC RISK ASSESSMENT FOR SIX VAPOUR INTRUSION ALGORITHMS

Jeroen Provoost1, Jan Bronders2, Ilse Van Keer2 1Independent researcher, ., FI2Vito NV, Mol, BE

Many countries have developed contaminated land management policies to reduce risks to humans and ecosystems originating from soil pollution. One of the major pathways of exposure for humans is inhalation of indoor air as a result of sub-surface contamination with volatile chemicals, called vapour intrusion (VI). Predicting the soil air and indoor air concentration as a result of soil pollution, and the related human exposure, is complex and is affected by numerous factors. Most of the present algorithms for VI calculate point estimates based on a set of default parameter values and therefore give no indication of the variation and conservatism of the predicted air concentrations.

A probabilistic assessment with sensitivity analysis is presented for 6 commonly used VI algorithms. In addition the deterministic default parameter set of each of the algorithms is evaluated against observed air concentrations (benzene, ethylbenzene, trichloroethylene) for accuracy, and against the probabilistic predicted range for the level of conservatism. The screening-level algorithms are ranked according to accuracy and conservatism in predicting observed soil air and indoor air concentrations to determine their suitability for regulatory purposes. To determine the periodization for further actions such as additional measurements or remediation, dominant parameters that drive the predictions, are grouped by physic-chemical, soil or building parameters, and by parameters that are either uncertain or variable.

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SEWER SYSTEMS AS A MAJOR INTRUSION PATHWAY FOR VOC’S TO INDOOR AIR

Karin Birn Nielsen, Børge HvidbergCentral Denmark Region, Holstebro, DK

In the last few years it has been observed, that the sewer system often is the primary intrusion pathway for volatile organic compounds (VOC) from contaminated groundwater or soil gas to indoor air. The sewer-system is a major intrusion pathway in more than 20% of the contaminated drycleaner sites in Central Denmark Region.

The indication parameter for intrusion of VOC by the sewer system is higher concentrations of VOC on the upper floors than on the ground floor or substantial higher VOC concentration in indoor air than estimated from concentration in sub slab soil gas.

Intrusion pathways from VOC source to indoor air:

• Contaminated groundwater penetrates the sewer system and VOC evaporates to the air-phase in the sewer. The VOC can be transported by the sewer, driven by the pressure differential or the water flow

• Contaminated soil gas penetrates the sewer system, and the VOC can be transported by the sewer, driven by the pressure differential

• Sewer shafts acts like a chimney (causes depressurization), and draws contaminated sewer-air into homes

• Contaminated air from the sewer intrudes to indoor air through leaks in the sewer-system or through water traps (such as U-bends and S-traps)

• Sewers no longer in use are often a VOC spreading highway. Often they are in a poor condition, they are out of sight, and occasionally their existence is simply unrecorded.

The intrusion of VOC from sewer systems to indoor air is detected by air measurements in sewer wells, sewer-pipes and –shafts, over the water traps, and by measurements of pressure differential form the sewer to indoor air.

In many cases a very simple remediation method is useful to prevent intrusion of VOC from the sewer to indoor air.

Remediation methods could be:• Depressurization of the sewer system to ensure that the

pressure difference is from the indoor air toward the sewer. • Sealing the sewer to prevent intrusion of contamination

The Central Denmark Region has remediated several indoor air problems by depressurization of the sewer system, and decreased the indoor air concentration up to a factor 200.

At the conference, the intrusion pathways by the sewer system will be explained theoretically, and illustrated by case-studies, both for characterization and remediation. Strategies for measurements and measurement methods will be included.

samples, but substantial concentrations of hydrocarbons that are not of petrogenous origin have also been detected.

First part of the assessment is to distinguish petrogenous hydrocarbons from non-petrogenous hydrocarbons. Non-petrogenous hydrocarbons are then grouped according to their possible origin i.e. it is determined whether they come from smoking, painted surfaces, household goods etc. Lastly it is assessed if the products containing non-petrogenous hydrocarbons also contain petrogenous hydrocarbons, and in this case whether data exist that confirm the quantity of hydrocarbons that volatilize from the products to indoor air.

The results of the analysis and assessment are then compared with historical knowledge about the soil pollution and with the results from the soil and groundwater investigation. On this basis it is assessed whether or not the soil and groundwater oil pollution contributes significantly to hydrocarbons in the indoor air in concentrations above the threshold values.In some of the cases it has furthermore been assessed whether the non-petrogenous hydrocarbons are present in concentrations that may pose a health risk.

The extended analyses of the indoor air samples has proven to be a good and relatively cheap way of assessing the origins of hydrocarbons in indoor air, and assist in making better decisions regarding potential remedial actions towards indoor air quality.

NEW CONCEPTS IN VAPOUR INTRUSION

Jeroen Provoost1, Karen Victor2 1Independent researcher,FI2Birmingham City University, Birmingham, GB

The purpose of this study was to provide a content analysis of 348 vapour intrusion (VI) articles published between 1966 and 2014. The research design utilizes computerized text mining content analysis to determine the major themes and concepts in the VI corpus and allows for an analysis of concepts over time, as well as emerging areas and needs for further research.

The results demonstrate that the major themes and concepts are in descending order [1] soil (air concentration), [2] model (parameters), [3] diffusion (coefficient), [4] site, [5] (volatile) compounds, [6] (ground) water, [7] risk (assessment), [8] house (construction), [9] uncertainty, [10] monitoring and [11] (hazardous) waste. Emerging areas of research are probabilistic risk assessment of software model parameters with Monte Carlo analysis (uncertainty), how hazardous waste is related to the site and sampling, monitoring and the remediation of ground water, (ad)sorption and equilibrium phase distribution in the water phase and the need to clarify the mass transfer and transport of contaminants, including the diffusion through the boundary flux layer. Several publications are questioning generally accepted ways in which VI is modelled, like for example the use of the Henry concept for calculating the soil air concentration.

This study contributes to the insight in the direction of VI by examining the changes in the literature. The results from this study suggest that changes on VI research are continually changing and will continue to evolve. It is thus possible to track the evolution of science by looking at semantic relationships and clusters of words.

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All numbers are listed in µg/m3, and each number is the mean value of 8 measurements.

The results show clearly, that the benzene-concentration is approximately the same with high and low pressure, but there is a substantial difference with or without gasoline in the house.

Correspondingly the PCE-concentration is high under low pressure (upward gradient) and low under high pressure (downward gradient).

Conclusion: The test shows that this method can be used to examine if VOC contamination in indoor air is caused by internal source or sub-slab source.

In the test there were only about 15 minutes between each sampling-cycle, and the sink contribution could have influenced the results. With longer time between the sampling-cycle, the results will probably be more significant. This issue will be tested further at another site before the conference.

ThS 1B.9 Risk modelling


ASSESSMENT OF RISKS CAUSED BY THE PERMEATION OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS IN GROUNDWATER THROUGH POLYETHYLENE DRINKING WATER PIPES

Piet Otte1, Martin Schans2, Martin Meerkerk2, Frank Swartjes1 1National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, NL2KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, NL

In many countries, drinking water quality is jeopardized by the permeation of contaminants from contaminated soil or groundwater through polyethylene drinking water pipes. The Dutch water companies use so-called signal value to identify potential risks for drinking water quality due to permeation. These signal values are much lower than the Dutch Intervention Values for groundwater and it was questioned whether the Intervention Value provided adequate protection for the quality of drinking water. Both, signal values and intervention Values, are based on risk assessment modelling.

The assessment of the degree of permeation is based on research and interpretations within the period 1985-1995.To assess the risk of permeation, a new procedure was developed. This procedure consists of several steps which include the use of a trigger value, a state-of-the-art model approach for the calculation of permeation and the implementation of control measurements.

The model approach for the calculation of permeation includes two processes, i.e., partition from groundwater into polyethylene and diffusion though polyethylene. The quantification of diffusion though polyethylene is adapted from the Piringer model for the diffusion of contaminants through polyethylene food packing materials and the parameterization of Brandsch (the Piringer-Brandsch model).

BLOWER DOOR TEST TO EXAMINE IF VOC CONTAMINATION IN INDOOR AIR IS CAUSED BY INTERNAL SOURCE OR BY SUB-SLAB SOURCE

Børge Hvidberg, Karin Birn Nielsen Central Denmark Region, Holstebro, DK

Introduction: It is a well known fact that Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) contamination in indoor air can be caused by evaporation from e.g. furniture, carpet, paint and wall paper. Often BTEX are the dominant substances.

With oil-contaminations under a house, it is often difficult to determine if the sub-slab contamination contributes significant to the VOC-concentration that has been found in indoor air, or if the indoor air concentration is caused by internal sources. It is important to know the source to an indoor contamination with VOC, to decide whether or not remediation of the sub-slab contamination is relevant.

With a blower door test, it is quite easily examined whether or not a VOC-content in indoor air is caused by sub-slab contamination, or by internal sources.

Methodology: A blower door test is a well known test in the building industry, to determine the tightness of a house. With a blower door test the pressure differential across the blower can be controlled, and thereby also the pressure differential across the slab.

When the pressure inside the house is lowered, there will be an upward pressure gradient across the slab, and both sub-slab contamination and internal sources will contribute to the VOC concentration in indoor air.

When the pressure inside the house is set higher, there will be a downward pressure gradient across the slab, and only internal sources will contribute to the VOC concentration in indoor air. The sub-slab contamination will not contribute significantly, due to the downward pressure gradient.

By doing indoor air measurements of VOC, under lower pressure (upward gradient over the slab) and under higher pressure (downward gradient over the slab), it can be determined if the sub-slab contamination contributes significant to the VOC concentration in indoor air. It is as simple as that!

Results: The method has been tested on a site in Central Denmark Region. On the site, there is a perchlorethylen (PCE)-contamination in soil and in soil vapor sub-slab, which causes a significant PCE-concentration in indoor air. There is no BTEX or TVOC contamination in the sub-slab soil.

In the test, indoor air concentration was determined by active sampling on carbon-tubes for both upward and downward gradient over the slab, and both with and without a gasoline can in the house. Sampling was conducted in 4 different places in the house with a pressure differential indoor/outdoor of +20, +5, -5, and -10 Pa.

The Blower door results were:

HighPressureBenzene

Low pressureBenzene

High pressurePCE

Low pressure PCE

With gasoline can 12 9 3 18

Without gasoline can 1 2 5 15

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deviates as much as 2-3 orders of magnitude from the measured ones.

It is thus concluded that a risk assessment based on calculated flux rates would give a misleading estimation of contaminant spreading from sediment where this would be underestimated significantly. By sequential leaching, it also become evident that it should not either be recommended to base a risk assessment on total concentration in sediments. This study shows that copper mainly is tightly bound in the sediment, which explains why the measured flux rate of copper was so low.

ASSESSING RISK OF CONTAMINATED SOIL WITH CATCHMENT AREA MODELS – EXPERIENCES AND POSSIBILITIES

Bianca Pedersen1, Dorte Harrekilde2, Lars Bennedsen3, , Kristian Bitsch4, Britt Boye Thrane2

1Rambøll Denmark, Aarhus N, DK2Rambøll, Odense C, DK3Rambøll, Vejle, DK4Rambøll Denmark, Copenhagen S, DK

Risk assessment is often done by numerical modelling of contaminant transport to be able to foresee the long term behavior of contamination in regards to groundwater resources, water abstraction wells or surface waters.

The purpose of our talk is to show advantages of mass transport modelling on a catchment scale in connection with local plans for reuse of soil from construction works and in connection with prioritizing remedial actions within a catchment area.

We will give an example of mass transport modelling in two areas in Denmark;

• Modelling of contaminant transport from contaminated sites in a city to the groundwater resource and abstraction wells with the overall aim of evaluating long term threats to the drinking water supply in the area

• Modelling of contaminant transport from sites that in the future have been selected as possible receivers of contaminated soils for reuse in connection with construction works with the aim of evaluating areas where contaminated soils can be reused within a municipality without posing an environmental threat towards groundwater or surface waters

Prioritizing contaminated sites for remediationModelling particle transport of chlorinated solvents from ten contaminated sites in central Svendborg to the groundwater aquifers has been carried out to assess the overall risk of contaminating the cities’ water catchment areas.

The model combines existing knowledge of local geology and hydrogeology with information from new wells to give a rather detailed model setup. The model area covers 36 km2.

Model results show which abstraction wells and water works are potentially threatened by the contaminated sites thereby making it possible to prioritize remedial actions on the sites depending on the risk towards the drinking water abstraction system. Selecting sites suitable for reuse of contaminated soil within a municipality

For the quantification of the partition from groundwater into polyethylene, a relation between the Kow (partition coefficient between water and octanol) and the polyethylene-groundwater partition coefficient has been derived, using measured data.

It is advised that the new assessment procedure replaces the current procedure and signal values. In the first step of the procedure the Intervention Value for groundwater is used as trigger value for potential risks due to permeation. The developed permeation model will be incorporated in the procedure and replaces the existing method. Other steps are the inventory of possible complaints of consumers and the verification of drinking water quality through measurements.

With the use of this procedure the risk assessment of permeation will be based on the same procedure and the same level of protection for both soil remediation as drinking water frameworks.

QUANTIFICATION OF CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT FROM SEDIMENT

Paul Frogner-Kockum1, Märta Ländell2, Gunnel Göransson3, Yvonne Ohlsson4

1Swedish Geotechnical Institute, Malmö, SE2Swedish geotechnical institute, Linköping, SE3Swedish Geotechnical Institute, Göteborg, SE4Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI), Stockholm, SE

In Swedish risk-assessments of sediment, estimates of contaminant transport at the sediment/water interface have so far been done using diffusive flux models. Diffusive flux models are based on concentration gradients between sediment pore water and overlying water or between pore water concentrations at different sediment depths. However, difficulties exists using models for sediments: diffusive fluxes rates are subject to considerable uncertainty in model coefficients, and the overall fluxe rates (diffusive and advective) in sediment might be much greater than only diffusive fluxe rates. In this project, a method for in situ measurement of contaminant transport from sediments to the overlying water column is developed and studied. The overall purpose that initiated this work is that the Swedish Geotechnical institutes recently got a government mandate to develop approaches to increase the remediation rate of contaminated areas in Sweden. More effective risk assessment can contribute to this.

The aim of project “FLUXSED” is to quantify the contaminant transport (mainly Zn, Co and Cu) from sediment of industrial origin to the water column. This is done in the Knähaken harbor, situated close by the bulk harbor at Helsingborg, in the south-western Sweden. The quantification of contaminant transport is performed in situ by means of a so-called benthic flux chamber as compared to diffusion flux rate calculations and surface leaching tests. The chamber is deployed on the sediments at the sea floor. Due to that the chamber is open in the bottom it is a closed system at the sediment/water interface. At given times after the flux chamber is deployed on the seafloor, the contaminant transport into the flux chamber and thus the accumulation of contaminants in the chamber is measured with time.

When comparing the flux rates it is shown that rates measured by the flux chamber and by the surface leaching tests are similar in magnitude while rates estimated by diffusions calculations

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to improve the groundwater understanding. Pluri-Gaussian simulations are first used to correctly describe the lithology heterogeneity (varying proportions curves, multi-scale spatial structures, punctually conditioned to data). It secondly leads to different representations of the permeability field in comparison to simplified model with mean permeability values.

The generated fields are then used in a flow and transport model (CONNECTFLOW, with advection, dispersion and chemical sorption) to estimate how this variation affects the distribution of contamination.

MATRIX DIFFUSION IN GROUNDWATER AQUIFERS

Dave T. Adamson1, Henrik Engdal Steffensen2, Charles J. Newell1, Niels D. Overheu3, Mads Terkelsen3, Peder Johansen3, Line Moerkebjerg Fischer3, Charlotte Riis4, Anders G. Christensen4

1GSI Environmental Inc., Huston, US2NIRAS A/S, Odense, DK3Capital Region, Hilleroed, DK4NIRAS A/S, Allerød, DK

Matrix diffusion is a general term that is used to describe the transport of contaminants in heterogeneous media where diffusion processes play a major role in the storage and release of contaminants from low permeable layers. Recently, there has been an increased recognition that matrix diffusion processes are a significant factor controlling the success of groundwater remediation. New field techniques and site characterization approaches have, consequently, been developed to measure contaminants that have diffused into low permeability (“low-k”) zones and assess their impact on groundwater quality.

With the knowledge that significant accumulation of contaminants can occur in low-k zones at sites, there has been the concurrent desire to apply groundwater models to estimate future impacts to groundwater affected by matrix diffusion processes. However, most conventional groundwater transport models either do not have the capability to model matrix diffusion, or if they do, cannot simulate this process accurately.

This leads to a risk of overlooking an essential driver for contaminant migration and underestimating source longevity. Including matrix diffusion processes in conceptual site models (CSMs) thus have a direct impact on risk assessment as well as on remedial strategy and design.

The objective of this project is to investigate the extent of matrix diffusion at three contaminated sites in Denmark and the implications on risk assessment and remedial strategy at these sites. The project is conducted in three phases, including focused site investigations, modelling and finally deduction of general recommendations for means to achieve an understanding of matrix diffusion in site investigations and risk assessments.

Detailed matrix diffusion characterization has been carried out at three sites and has included MIHPT logs, depth specific water sampling and soil coring with detailed subsampling. Investigations has been targeted at studying the low permeable layers and their interfaces to transmissive zones. Based on the findings, groundwater transport modeling will be performed for two of the sites to evaluate the potential future impact of matrix diffusion on groundwater quality.

In Denmark the municipalities are responsible for assigning sites where contaminated soil can be reused. Some municipalities are in the process of creating regulatory plans for reuse of contaminated soil with the aim of prioritizing environmentally suitable sites within a cost effective framework.

Using transport models to assess environmental risks is an effective method of finding sites suitable for receiving soil contaminated with oil, polyaromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals for reuse. The project aims at optimizing the regulatory planning basis for the municipalities.

In connection with preparation of local development plans some municipalities also prepare a plan for handling and reuse of soil from building and construction works. Our example is based on modelling of contaminant transport from 3 sites that have been selected as possible receivers of contaminated soil in a municipality. Transport modelling is carried out to describe contaminant mass transport from all 3 sites to the groundwater aquifer, nearest abstraction well and nearby surface waters. Modelling is based on existing local geological and hydrological models and on assumed soil quality and dimensions of baffle barriers, roads etc. where the soil is planned reused.

Results of the mass transport modelling make it possible to select sites that are most suited for reuse of contaminated soil within a municipality without posing a threat towards groundwater and surface water.

The talk will discuss the barriers and the possibilities that risk modelling on a catchment scale entails. Uncertainties and critical assumptions will be addressed.

IMPROVEMENTS WITH GEOSTATISTICS FOR LITHOLOGY REPRESENTATIVE FIELDS AND FLOW MODELS AT SELLAFIELD SITE

Jean-Marc Chautru1, Claire Faucheux1, Yvon Desnoyers1, Nick Jefferies2, Peter Jackson2; Ian Teasdale3, Julian Cruickshank3

1Geovariances, AVON cedex, FR2AMEC Foster Wheeler, Didcot, Oxfordshire, GB3Sellafield, Seascale CUMBRIA, GB

Sellafield is the UK facility for Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing and Waste Management. It is a compact coastal site with an area of around 3 km². It is currently operational and is expected to remain licensed until 2120.

Radioactive material has entered the sub-surface environment during operations following accidental leaks. This material is currently under active risk management prior to a final hazard reduction and remediation phase. Sellafield Ltd is to understand and control the legacy of ground contamination to ensure protection of the workforce, the public and the environment.

The previous work led to a conceptual model for the spatial structures of the geological material beneath the site at least at a statistical level. This has an implication for flow and transport modelling because the hydraulic parameters describing flow and the chemical interaction parameterised by the retardation factor must both reflect this statistical structure.

Flow and transport modelling using parameter fields with a non-trivial second moment (a covariance) are implemented

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North America, Latin America and Asia, grouping and mapping countries and regions based upon which ‘tier’ of risk assessment is most commonly used to determine requirements for remediation. The data will then be evaluated to assess whether the use of risk assessment as a decision-making tool is assisting in the sustainability agenda, or in fact resulting in less sustainable approaches being adopted for management of contaminated sites. The hypothesis that the most sustainable management solutions for contaminated sites arise from those countries or regions using higher tier risk assessment practices to determine remediation requirements will be explored.

The concept of ‘tiered’ risk assessment is well recognised globally; four tiers of risk assessment have been defined, although it is acknowledged that the definitions vary between countries:Tier 1: Problem conceptualisationThe first tier of assessment comprises definition and structuring of the problem, and identification of potential risks, using qualitative methods of assessment.

Tier 2: Filtering SitesThe second tier of assessment focuses on evaluation of contaminated sites using conservative screening levels. When used effectively, this results in confidence as to which sites do not require remediation, and highlighting those for which further consideration is appropriate. Conversely, where misapplied, this can instead result in identification of contaminated sites requiring remediation, and use of conservative screening levels as remediation endpoints.

Tier 3: Site Specific Evaluation of RisksThe third tier of assessment is aimed at reducing uncertainty in the risk evaluation process, typically combining lines of evidence gained through both modelling and measurement. However, the outcome of a Tier 3 risk assessment is, in many cases, still a predicted rather than measured effect.

Tier 4: Significance TestingThe final tier of assessment looks to test whether the predicted effects are occurring, or could reasonably be expected to occur. This concept also known as ‘cause-attribution’ evaluation is most widely applied in evaluation of risks to ecological receptors. It is more occasionally applied for the assessment of risks to human health, for example detailed exposure and response modelling for contaminants in indoor air.

An evaluation will be made as to how the global progression from use of Tier 2 assessments to use of Tier 3 and Tier 4 assessments to determine remediation needs is improving the value of risk assessment in helping with more sustainable decision-making for the management of contaminated sites. The focus of the presentation will be on specific countries identified from the global review as examples in practice. This will include countries where policy shifts are underway (Poland) or under discussion (Germany), and countries where Tier 3 and 4 assessments are already routinely used to guide management of contaminated sites.

The modeling approach will be using a conventional numerical model, MODFLOW-MT3D, but one that is configured to model a 2-dimensional slice of the subsurface in the X (in the direction of groundwater flow) and Z (vertically downward) directions, with extremely high grid resolution (centimeters).

There is, however, some uncertainty on whether the numerical modeling will be impractical as computer run times may be too long. In that case, we will rely on a new analytical matrix diffusion modeling tool developed by GSI for the U.S. Department of Defense, the Matrix Diffusion Toolkit (MDT) and adapt the models in the matrix diffusion toolkit to model the two sites. This toolkit has two separate analytical models that have the advantage of very fast run-times on personal computers.Data from the MDT simulations (eg. Flux and time) can later be used as input data in conventional Numerical groundwater models (eg. MODFLOW) for evaluation of risk assessments, remediation criteria, remediation time frames etc.

Finally, based on the findings for all three sites, general recommendations will be deducted on how to approach remedial investigations and risk assessment at other contaminated sites to include matrix diffusion processes in the CSM.

The modeling will be carried out in December 2014 –March 2015 followed by the deduction of general recommendations. The results will be available in due time to be presented at the conference in June 2015.

ThS 1B.10 Risk management and practice

Friday | 12 June | 09:00 - 10:30 | Auditorium 10

STATE OF PLAY: IS RISK ASSESSMENT A HELP OR HINDRANCE IN SUSTAINABLE DECISION MAKING FOR CONTAMINATED SITES ACROSS THE GLOBE?

Katy Baker1, Debanjan Bandyopadhyay2, Aurelie Blusseau3, Pawel Goldsztejn4, Lien Heynderickx5, Patricia Iezzi6, Francesco Ioppolo7, Joe Jiao8, Ragna Jansen9, Christian Niederer10, Harriet Phillips11, Greet Schrauwen12, Tamar Schlekat13 1ARCADIS EC Harris, Newmarket, GB2SENES Consultants India Pvt. Ltd., ARCADIS, Salt Lake, Kolkata, IN3Arcadis ESG, Le Plessis-Robinson Cedex, FR4ARCADIS Sp. z o.o., Wrocław, PL5ARCADIS Belgium nv, Gent, BE6ARCADIS Logos, São Paulo, BR7ARCADIS Italia, Assago, IT8ARCADIS EC Harris, Shanghai, CN9ARCADIS Netherlands, Den Bosch, NL10BMG Engineering AG, Schlieren, CH11SENES Consultants, ARCADIS, Ontario, CA12ARCADIS Deutschland GmbH, Darmstadt, DE13ARCADIS U.S., Inc, Durham, US

The use of risk assessment to assist in management of contaminated sites is becoming common practice across the globe. However, significant variability is still observed as a result of its application (e.g. due to differing legislative regimes), both in how risk assessment is implemented and to what extent it is being used to aid sustainable decision-making. This presentation will review the state of play across the globe, including Europe,

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components of sustainability, i.e. environmental, economic and social considerations, in a transparent way, including the involvement of relevant stakeholders.

The guidelines provide information for the sustainability assessment and examples of practices that can be generally considered as sustainable. Furthermore, generic recommendations to support decision-making are presented based on such practices. The objectives of these recommendations are to promote sustainable risk management even on sites where site-specific assessment of sustainability is not carried out. The recommendations cover the following themes:

1. possibilities in regional land use planning 2. suitability of risk assessment regarding land use3. timing of remediation with respect to site redevelopment4. clean enough top soil on redevelopment sites5. contaminants of concern6. applicability of in situ ja on site techniques7. reuse potential of excavated soils 8. treatment methods for excavated soils and9. stakeholder participation.

In Finland, the regulatory framework on contaminated sites is rather consistent, but there is a need to increase the appropriate use of risk assessment and to improve the remediation practice. Therefore, the guidelines on risk assessment and management were revised. The objectives of the new guidelines are to promote defensible risk-based decisions and to increase sustainability in site remediation. This is accomplished by specifying the requirements on the mandatory risk assessment procedure and by giving recommendations on good risk management practice.

AN APPROACH TO RISK ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF CONTAMINATED LAND IN P.R. OF CHINA

Steve Leroi, Adrien Kahn SITA Remediation NV, Grimbergen, BE

When evaluating the redevelopment of a 4 km2 industrial area in one of China’s larger cities, several challenges arise :

• A developing soil investigation sector• Lack of information• High turn-over of redevelopment of the sites in the industrial

area

Available dataWith 38 boreholes and 18 groundwater testing well as a data set, the assessment of subsurface conditions on the 4 km2 of land seems impossible. Let alone, estimating the remediation cost of such a large area based on this limited data set.

Lack of data Take a different look at the available data because the soil investigation business is only starting out in China. Instead of looking for the highest concentrations, look for the most sensitive analytical tools and look at any chemical that is above the detection limit. All data of chemicals that would migrate e.g. by groundwater migration (take into account the retardation factor) can be assessed by back calculation. If they would have easily travelled to the boundary of the site, than the occurrence at the boundary of the site is an indication of what is happening

PROMOTING DEFENSIBLE RISK-BASED DECISIONS AND SUSTAINABILITY IN CONTAMINATED LAND MANAGEMENT IN FINLAND

Jussi Reinikainen Finnish Environment Institute, SYKE, Helsinki, FI

In Finland, risk-based approach is one of the key principles in the management policy on contaminated land. Risk-based decision making is supported by a specific Government Decree and its associated guidance document. Despite the obligatory risk-based approach that has been applied in about 2300 remediation projects between 2007 and 2014, carrying out risk assessments and especially application of their results still involves several complications. Remediation need and its goals, for example, are determined on the basis of the soil guideline values in up to 95 % of the cases, even though they are not legally binding and the site-specific assessment does not support their use. This often results in inconsistent and unjustified decisions, e.g. when remediation is based on ecological guideline values, although ecological risks are not considered as relevant due to land use. In addition, the straightforward use of generic guideline values tends to lead to exhaustive remediation measures, i.e. soil excavation, and ignoring of other risk management options. Thus, the ultimate objectives of the risk assessment framework, such as moving away from fixed concentration thresholds towards real risk-based decisions and more reasonable remedial actions, have remained partly unfulfilled. It was therefore decided that the existing policy instruments need further improvements, and so the above-mentioned guidance document was recently revised.

Revisions on risk assessment guidelinesReliable risk assessment is a prerequisite for defensible decisions and sustainable risk management. The main objective of risk assessment is to confirm, whether there is an actual need for remediation based on site-specific risks. To achieve this objective in the Finnish context a turnover from over-conservative and sometimes unfounded risk assessments to more realistic and more justified assessments is needed. To contribute to this change and to increase consistency in risk assessments, major revisions in the former guidance on risk assessment were done.

The revised guidelines highlight the importance of representative sampling in order to promote defensible decisions. This requires that the sampling plan is designed solely for the purpose of risk assessment by setting relevant objectives, defining proper decision units (e.g. exposure areas) and ensuring sufficient quality assurance. When sampling can be considered as representative based on these criteria, average contaminant concentration of a decision unit can be used in the risk assessment. Targeted reference values and their application principles for the protection of human health and the quality of the environment, national default values for exposure parameters, detailed instructions for justified use of soil guideline values, restrictions and deficiencies of the risk assessment methodology, and check-lists and recommendations for documentation are also described.

Sustainability in risk management and remediationIn addition to the revisions on risk assessment methodology, a concept of sustainable risk management is introduced in the guidance following the international development. According to the new guidelines, appraisal of sustainability should always be an integral part of remediation planning alongside inferences from a reliable risk assessment. Such appraisal should provide all the necessary information for selecting the most appropriate risk management solutions and to maximize the net-benefits of remediation. This requires balancing between the three

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• The application of bioassay based threshold values instead of concentrations: for treated waste water discharge and remedied soil reuse.

• The use of “no effect” dilution of a contaminated environmental sample for setting environmental quality objectives and planning remedial technologies: toxic metal contaminated soil remediation by a combined chemical and phytostabilization.

• The monitoring of soil remediation by DTA with test organisms of three trophic levels: an example of soil remediation using biochar and organic wastes

To interpret DTA results in a way understandable for a wide range of professionals, the equivalency approach was introduced in an inverse fashion. This way the effect results of DTA can be quantitatively characterized by an equivalent concentration of selected contaminants to bridge the gap between the chemical and biological toxicity models.

References:

Gruiz, K.; Meggyes, T. and Fenyvesi, É. (Eds.) (2014) Engineering Tools for Environmental Risk Management: 1. Environmental Deterioration and Conta-mination – Problems and their Management. CRC Press. ISBN 9781138001541

Katalin Gruiz, Tamas Meggyes, Eva Fenyvesi (Eds.) (2015)Engineering Tools for Environmental Risk Management: 2. Environmental Toxicology. CRC Press. ISBN 9781138001558

Acknowledgement:

The work was carried out in the frame of the „Terra Preta” project, registration number HU09-0029-A1-2013 supported by the EEA Grants and the Norway Grants within the „Green Industry Innovation Program” of the Norwegian Financial Mechanism 2009-2014.

GROUNDWATERS USE IN AGRICULTURE AND CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION: NEED FOR A RISK ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK IN ITALY

Mario Carere , Laura Achene, Luca Lucentini, Eleonora Beccaloni Italian Institute of Health, Rome, IT

In many areas of Europe groundwaters use represents the main source for agricultural irrigation due to different reasons: water scarcity, surface waters microbiological pollution, advantages of the use of groundwaters near crops production areas. In Europe around 33% of total water use is for agriculture; this share can reach up to 80% in southern Europe countries.

In the context of the water framework directive the chemical status assessment of surface and groundwater bodies is based on the application of quality standards, but there is not a regulation for use or re-use (effluent of wastewater treatment plants) of waters also for the complexity to derive specific limit values. The quality standards for surface and groundwaters are derived on the basis of the risks for environment and human health (in relation to drinking water and fishery product consumption), but they do not consider the irrigation use.

In Italy the percentage estimated of the use of groundwaters is higher in the islands where represents the 32-48% of total use, while in the continental area the percentage is in the range of 7-18%. The main problems of contamination in Italy are caused by the presence of the organic compounds such as chlorinated solvents (tetrachloroetylene and trichloroetylene) in water wells used for irrigation. These compounds can derive from different sources of pollution (industrial mainly in contaminated sites), are

on the site. If any contamination is frequently encountered, even in low concentration, it might by a regional trend. Consider the data set as a Cloud of Data and try to get a view from a distance.

Use additional information (historical aerial pictures) and your experienceIf you are not getting all the information, use additional information available and use your experience.The historical information based on the analysis of historical sets of aerial pictures, allows to determine the evolution of the Foot Print of the industrial activities on various sites. By identifying various features (main production building, tank parks, workshops, etc) some core identification within the foot print is possible.

Compile data in a system of layersIt doesn’t really matter which system you use, but compiling data in a GIS or CAD system will help to comprehend was is happening and to derive some essentials relations between all different sets of information.

Process the data in a multi- criteria data set.Scoring the information into different sets of criteria, allows to prioritize the information. Part of the criteria are based on the classical source-path-receptor linkages.The output of the processOne of the main issues here was to find out, ”who” are we working for and how the output of the process would be used. All information was presented in a set of maps of the area.

DIRECT TOXICITY TESTING FOR CONTAMINATED LAND MANAGEMENT

Katalin Gruiz Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, HU

Contaminated land management is generally based on the assessment of exposure and its comparison to the hazard posed on the ecosystem of identified contaminants. Exposure is calculated from measured environmental concentrations by using transport and fate models and compared to the no effect threshold of a single chemical. In the real environment contamination is typically caused by a mixture of unidentified contaminants and the actual adverse effect is largely influenced by environmental conditions (pH, Eh, humidity), the soil matrix and the living organisms present, meaning that the same concentration of the same contaminant may pose a strong effect or no effect at all.

Direct toxicity assessment (DTA) of contaminated environmental samples ensures high environmental relevance representing all possible interactions between contaminants, ecosystem members and soil phases aggregating the effects of the contaminants present in the sample. In addition to this, DTA can simulate different water and soil uses and real, multiple exposures related to single or more test organisms. DTA gives a risk related result and provides information for direct decision making based on the measured scale of adverse effects. But directly measured toxicity of environmental samples cannot be expressed in concentration thus it does not fit into the chemical risk assessment model and concentration-based screening values applied in environmental management.

The author demonstrates practical examples of applying direct toxicity measuring methods in environmental management:

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persistent in groundwaters and reliable data on the absorption of this substance by roots and leaves are scarce. The advice is needed in particular when the concentrations are in the range of 2-10 µg/L with levels below or analogous to the drinking water limits. Metals such arsenic, vanadium, lead can be present in high concentrations in groundwaters due to natural and anthropogenic causes; several pesticides have been also detected in groundwater at different concentration levels; other emerging substances for which less data are available can be present in groundwaters bodies in particular near urban areas and in this case the use of biodiagnostic tools such as bioassays in vitro and in vivo should be advised.

It is evident that the availability of a national guideline establishing the criteria and methods of analysis of the risks associated with the use of water in agriculture is a prerequisite to improve the sustainable management of water resources.

In line with the principles adopted for the water safety plans in relations to drinking waters by WHO a risk assessment framework should be adopted also for the use in agriculture; this framework should include the hazard identification, the hazard characterization and the exposure assessment based on the analysis of the pressure and impacts on the area and on the environmental fate of the pollutants after irrigation and their capacity to bioaccumulate in the different parts of the crops. The risk evaluation should be linked to the management framework related to the quantitative aspects connected to the aquifer recharge capacity.

ThS 1C.1 Comparison of sustainable approaches


COMPARISON OF INTERNATIONAL APPROACHES TO SUSTAINABLE REMEDIATION

Erika Rizzo1, Paul Bardos2, Lisa Pizzol3, Andrea Critto3, Elisa Giubilato3, Antonio Marcomini3

1University Ca’ Foscari Venice. Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Venice, IT2r3 environmental technology ltd, Reading, GB3University Ca’ Foscari Venice, Venice, IT

Since the second half of the 19th century, industrialization has produced many contaminated areas all over the world. The most common approach to manage these areas has for long time been based on prevention of unacceptable risks to human health and the environment. Over recent years, a number of initiatives across the world have begun applying the sustainable development principles to the management of contaminated sites. These include sustainable remediation forums in: Italy, UK, USA, Canada, Australia / New Zealand, Brazil, Taiwan and other countries, as well as international networks such as the European stakeholders’ networks like Common Forum on Contaminated Land and NICOLE (Network for Industrially Contaminated Land in Europe). Since 2010/11 this thinking has begun to crystalize into a number of “frameworks” for defining and applying sustainable remediation. While there is a remarkable degree of consistency in the approaches proposed by these initiatives, there are differences in detail and emphasis.

This contribution compares frameworks or related forms of guidance from 10 different sustainable remediation initiatives worldwide, describing similarities and differences and identifying general trends in the proposed approaches. The comparison is performed on the basis of a set of criteria which were drawn from the structure of the emerging ISO descriptive standard on sustainable remediation (ISO, 2014. Committee Draft ISO/CD 18504: Soil quality - Guidance on sustainable remediation. TC 190/SC7/WG12. Dated 19 September 2014). The comparison criteria are: definitions, principles, framework structures, context, assessment approach, provision of terminology/vocabulary, case studies, dealing with stakeholders, documentation and recordkeeping.

An initial comparison was made on the basis of the framework documents alone, and then including directly related supporting documents. These comparisons are based on analysis of the written wordings of the documents.

Initial outcomes suggest that there is a general consensus across the initiatives on what sustainable remediation is considered to be. Initiatives share also a common perspective that sustainable remediation can contribute to sustainable development and community resiliency. Some differences emerged when comparing how initiatives suggest this contribution to sustainable development can be given. Different contexts, characterized by different legal frameworks, assumptions, circumstances, facts and stakeholders involved, influence the approaches to sustainable remediation recommended by the initiatives.

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criteria or standards that can apply to a range of project types.The use of best (or good) practice by the contaminated land sector has been encouraged in the UK for a few decades. This is supported by a robust range of standards, codes of practice and technical guidance published by authoritative bodies from which the SMPs are derived. SMPs are not necessarily “new things to do” in addition to standard practice. They do however offer a way of changing behaviours or actions to reduce the cost, use of natural resources and/or the negative impact on community or the environment.

What is new is that the actions are mapped against the SuRF-UK indicator categories to place even simple and low cost actions in a sustainability context. It is SuRF-UK’s contention that SMPs provide practical and generally inexpensive actions that can yield demonstrable ‘sustainability gains’ for a project. They should be selected where there is a clear benefit in doing so on a project-by-project basis.

A set of headline activities covers generic management activities and also those associated with the main stages for the management of land contamination:• Procurement• Land use planning• Risk assessment (primarily Site Investigation)• Options Appraisal• Implementation of remediation – Design• Implementation of remediation – Construction and Operation• Implementation of remediation – Verification/Long-term

Monitoring and Closure

The SMPs are provided in an Excel spreadsheet file, downloadable from www.claire.co.uk/surfuk. This format means that the SMPs can be readily modified or updated. If modified or updated it is important that the source of information from which a new SMP is derived is cited. A report is also available that describes the development of SMPs and instructions for use of the SMP spreadsheet (CL:AIRE, 2014).

The benefits to a practitioner and client in adopting sustainable approaches to all activities associated with the management of land contamination include:

• Demonstrate compliance with legal or corporate sustainability policies

• Save capital and/or operational costs • Achieve a reduction in emissions to air, water and land• Achieve efficient use of energy and natural resources• Minimise production and disposal of waste, and optimise

recycling and re-use• Achieve or exceed corporate targets• Support local businesses and contribute to local employment• Be a “good neighbour”• Operate transparently• Minimise plant mobilisations• Optimise data collection.

References:

CL:AIRE, 2010. A framework for Assessing the Sustainability of Soil and Groundwater Remediation. CL:AIRE, London.

CL:AIRE, 2014. Sustainable Management Practices for Management of Land Contamination. CL:AIRE, London.

Preliminary findings are being shared with members of the various networks via the “SURF international” quarterly meetings they hold managed by CL:AIRE in the UK (www.claire.co.uk/surfinternational). The study also includes feedback from the various international initiatives on the various similarities and differences found from the actual wordings. This exercise is intended to find out whether these differences are real (intentional) or perceived (not intentional), and why any differences may have occurred.

PRACTICAL APPLICATION FOR THE SURF-UK TOOL KIT: SUSTAINABILITY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

Paul Bardos1, Brian Bone2, Richard Boyle3, Frank Evans4, Nicola Harries5, Trevor Howard 6, Jonathan Smith7

1r3 environmental technology ltd, Reading, GB2Bone Environmental Ltd, Chipping Campden, GB3Homes and Communities Agency, Bristol, GB4National Grid, Warwick, GB5CL:AIRE, London, GB6Environment Agency, Bristol, GB7Shell Global Solutions (UK) Ltd, Rijswijk, NL

The aim of this presentation is to inform about the new practical tools that SuRF-UK has developed to help to undertake a sustainable remediation assessment. It is particularly targeted at site owners/managers and service providers (consultants contractors), regulators and authorities.

The UK Sustainable Remediation Forum (SuRF-UK) was established in 2007 to support the application of sustainability principles for remediation in the UK. It is a collaborative, multi-stakeholder initiative co-ordinated by CL:AIRE with a Steering Group that incorporates members from regulatory bodies, industry, consultancy and academia.

The SuRF-UK framework has received an enthusiastic welcome and is now widely used in the UK and elsewhere in the world. It includes a comprehensive set of supporting guidance including a framework document, indicator categories and suggestions, technical support for establishing sustainability assessment boundaries and parameters, baseline sustainability management practices and carrying out qualitative sustainability assessment (see www.claire.co.uk/surfuk).

This presentation will focus on the use of Sustainability Management Practices (SMPs) to support operations throughout the contaminated land management process from site investigation through to remediation deployment and verification and will demonstrate how National Grid Property have used the SMP concept and established a set of expected standards to help embed sustainability into their land regeneration activities.

SuRF-UK defines SMPs as “relatively simple, common sense actions that can be implemented at any stage in a land contamination management project to improve its environmental, social and/or economic performance”. SMPs can be used to improve the benefits (e.g. resource efficiency, cost) or reduce the negative impacts (e.g. spillages, complaints) of a project, leading to project ‘sustainability gains’, without requiring a formal sustainability assessment (e.g. following a framework such as CL:AIRE, 2010) at site-specific level. SMPs may also be used where sustainability gains are sought at a programme of work level using generic

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has been identified as one commonly accepted outcome of these discussions.

While only a few assessment frameworks have been published so far (e. g. SURF UK), a large variety of “tool-boxes” and “ready-to-use” software packages are in use to identify the most sustainable among different remediation options. As the principle of sustainable development is claiming intra-/intergenerational equity in terms of environmental, economic and social implications, comparing different options regarding their sustainability can be seen as a classical multi-criteria assessment problem. Although the multi-criteria problem is recognised and all three pillars of sustainability are addressed by most of the assessment approaches, there are remarkable methodological differences. Surprisingly, this applies in particular for the assessment of environmental effects.

In our contribution we will give a brief overview on the historical development of sustainable remediation and the main players promoting its implementation into contaminated site management. We will address the theoretical background of assessing sustainability and discuss the suitability of different assessment methods. Special emphasis will be given on the selection of environmental sustainability indicators since identifying appropriate environmental indicators, in our opinion, represent one of the most crucial issues in order to get reliable assessment results. The theoretical discussion will be exemplified by an analysis of recent trends in the assessment of sustainable remediation. Based on contributions to scientific conferences, such as AquaConSoil 2013 or the International Conferences on Sustainable Remediation 2012 and 2014, it can be shown that contrary to secondary environmental effects, which are considered by almost all assessment methods, only a minority of assessment methods are counting for primary environmental effects. Generally, primary environmental effects are linked to the environmental goals of remediation measures (e.g. reducing risks for humans and the environment), whereas secondary environmental effects comprise accompanying side effects (e. g. greenhouse gas emissions, waste generation, water consumption, energy demand), which mostly are unintended. Similar to secondary environmental effects, remediation options may also differ in their ability to meet environmental goals significantly; meeting the remediation targets set by the authority may be seen as a minimum requirement. Thus, neglecting primary environmental effects may result in a biased ranking of remediation options. Other examples for a considerable impact on assessment results are related to the role of holistic assessment frameworks and system boundaries.

In conclusion, an inappropriate selection of sustainability indicators, and in particular counting for secondary environmental effects only, implies the danger of the tail wagging the dog.

A MULTI-CRITERIA METHOD FOR ASSESSING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF REMEDIATION ALTERNATIVES

Gitte Lemming Søndergaard1, Morten Bondgaard2, Philip J. Binning1, Kaspar Ruegg3, Anja Melvej2, Børge Hvidberg2, Poul L. Bjerg1 1Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, DK2Central Denmark Region, Holstebro, DK3Region Midtjylland, Holstebro, DK

In order to improve and support decision-making regarding the selection of remedial techniques for contaminated sites a multi-

DEVELOPMENT OF A GREEN REMEDIATION TOOL FOR SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT OF SOIL REMEDIATION IN JAPAN

Tetsuo Yasutaka1, Yoshihito Hama2, Yasuhisa Tsukada2, Kouki Murayama2, Yasuhide Furukawa3 1National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, JP2Tokyo Metropolitan Government, JP3 Takenaka Corporation, JP

In order to promote sustainable remediation of contaminated sites, we developed a green remediation tool inserted with 16 soil remediation methods. This tool includes 19-100 (?) environmental inventories, and can integrate these inventories into a single index (a monetary value “yen”) using a life cycle impact assessment method based on endpoint modeling (LIME2).

In this study, we used this tool to evaluate remediation of an arsenic-contaminated site. Five remediation methods, were compared: 1) excavation and off-site landfill disposal (EOL), 2) excavation and on-site landfill and washing of contaminated soil (EOW), 3) in situ insolubilization (ISI), 4) in situ containment (ISC), 5) and groundwater monitoring (MN).

Our results showed that the integrated environmental impact associated with the EOL method totaled 1.3 million yen/3000m3, followed by 1.18 million yen/3000m3 for the EOW method, 0.72 million yen/3000m3 for the ISC method, and 0.61 million/3000m3 yen for the ISI method, indicating that in situ remediation is more advantageous, in terms of environmental impact, than off-site remediation. At 0.01 million yen/3000m3, the MN method exhibited the least impact. Based on the damage analysis, all of the remediation methods were associated with markedly higher integrated impacts on human health and social assets than on biodiversity and primary production. In terms of impact category analysis, major impacts associated with each remediation method were global warming, urban area air pollution, and resources consumption. Furthermore, contribution analysis of each remediation process to the total integrated impact revealed that energy consumption contributed markedly to the impact of off-site remediation, whereas the utilization of materials accounted for over 70% of the total impact of in situ remediation. Transport of contaminated soil was a major factor affecting the impact of off-site remediation. The changes of inventories including CO2 emission, PM10 generation and oil combustion were the main contributors to the impact associated with all remediation methods. We believe that these results could serve as an effective reference for remediating heavy metal-contaminated sites or for identifying weaknesses in a particular remediation process.

RECENT TRENDS IN THE ASSESSMENT OF SUSTAINABLE REMEDIATION: DOES THE TAIL WAG THE DOG?

Gernot Döberl, Dietmar Müller-Grabherr Environment Agency Austria, Vienna, AT

Within the last decade “sustainable remediation”, i.e. enhancing the “sustainability” of contaminated site remediation by applying the principles of sustainable development has been discussed intensively by different networks and stakeholder groups from different perspectives (SURF networks, NICOLE, Common Forum and others). Among others, the need for appropriate (holistic) assessment frameworks, methods and indicators to compare and rank different remediation options regarding their sustainability

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ThS 1C.2 Integrating sustainable remediation into other policies


THE REGULATORY BASIS FOR SUSTAINABLE REMEDIATION PRACTICE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND UNITED KINGDOM

Richard Bewley1, Rick Parkman1, Paul Bardos2, Marcus van Zutphen3, Jonathan Smith3

1AECOM Infrastructure & Environment UK Limited, Manchester, GB2r3 environmental technology ltd, Reading, GB3Shell Global Solutions International B.V., Rijswijk, NL

Sustainable Remediation involves the balanced consideration of environmental, social and economic factors in soil and groundwater risk assessment and risk‐management decisions. The principles and practice of Sustainable Remediation are being increasingly promoted and applied to the management of contaminated soil and groundwater in the European Union (EU), including the United Kingdom (UK).

This paper presents the findings of an assessment as to how the actual wordings issued by legislative bodies in the EU and UK can require, promote, or support the application of Sustainable Remediation principles, and how such sections of regulatory text can be drawn upon by contaminated land practitioners and regulatory authorities to develop or support an argument for a sustainable remediation approach.

To fulfil this objective, legislative, regulatory, and technical guidance documents relevant to the contaminated land regime in the EU and UK were subjected to a detailed, systematic review. Specific areas of text identified as both explicitly or implicitly supporting sustainable approaches to remediation were subsequently collated and presented in a format reflecting the phased, risk-based approach to contaminated land management adopted in the UK.

The review found sustainability principles embedded in a wide body of EU directives, and UK legislation, regulation, and technical guidance. These included the Water Framework Directive (2000), the Environmental Liabilities Directive (2004), the Groundwater Directive (2006), the Waste Framework Directive (2008), the Industrial Emissions Directive (2010) and the Priority Substances Directive (2013) as well as the Common Implementation Strategy (CIS) guidance for the WFD and Groundwater Directives.

Some of these principles were over-arching statements that were applicable throughout the project life cycle whereas others were specifically relevant to particular scenarios, that might be encountered at particular stages in progressing from site assessment to remediation: in the UK for example sustainability principles could be brought to bear during the risk assessment process in the setting of the compliance point to protect water resources. In fact, documented regulatory support for sustainable remediation principles encompassed almost all facets of the site assessment and remediation process, including: risk assessment, selection of remedial objectives, remedial options appraisal, and, the implementation of remedial strategies.

Sustainability themes were also strongly represented in sections of key planning policy documents relevant to the contaminated land regime, such as the promotion of brownfield development in urban planning strategies.

criteria assessment (MCA) method has been developed. The MCA tool compares the sustainability of remediation alternatives by integrating environmental as well as societal and economic criteria in the assessment. In addition, the method encourages stakeholder participation by including stakeholder-derived criteria weights.

The MCA method was developed using a hierarchical structure and includes five main decision criteria: Remedial effect, remediation cost, remediation time, environmental impacts and societal impacts. Environmental impacts and societal impacts are subdivided into a number of sub criteria. The environmental impacts cover mainly secondary impacts to the environment caused by the remedial activities and are assessed in a life cycle assessment (LCA). The societal impacts are to a large extent local impacts and are mainly assessed in a more qualitative manner on a scale from 1-5. The performance on each main criterion is converted to a score and an overall score is obtained by multiplying each score by a criteria weight.

To illustrate the use of the method it was applied to assess four management scenarios for the Groyne 42 site in Denmark. Groyne 42 is one of the largest contaminated sites in Denmark with an area of 20,000 m2 and is located on the west coast of Jutland. In the 50s and 60s large amounts of waste, mainly residues from pesticide production, was disposed of at the site. In the 70s and 80s, parts of the contamination were excavated, but the deeper contamination was not removed and contains approximately 100 tons of contaminants. In 2006 a sheet pile wall was installed around the contaminated site in order to prevent the transportation of the contaminants to the North Sea.

The Central Denmark Region is responsible for the management of the site and have proposed four different management scenarios: (1) Excavation of the site followed by soil treatment, (2) In situ alkaline hydrolysis, (3) In situ steam enhanced extraction and (4) Continued encapsulation of the site (no removal of contaminants).

The five management scenarios were assessed using the MCA method described above. The various impacts were weighted using a stakeholder panel who assessed the importance of the five main criteria (Effect, Economy, Time, Environment and Society) in relation to each other. The stakeholders gave the highest weighting to the remedial effect of the methods and to the societal impacts.

The developed multi-criteria method provides useful insight into how the remediation scenarios compare to each other in terms of remedial effect, cost, time use and external impacts to environment and society. In addition, it offers a possibility for summing the weighted criteria scores in order to identify which option is more sustainable. For the Groyne 42 case study, the excavation option obtained the lowest overall score in the MCA and was therefore found to be the more sustainable option. This was especially due to the fact that this option could efficiently remove both pesticides and mercury and therefore obtained a high score in Effect, which was given a large weight by stakeholders. The continued encapsulation was found to be less sustainable than the other options. This was partly due to the fact, that this option would not improve the reputation of the area and therefore had large social impacts.

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GREEN MANAGEMENT OF FORMER INDUSTRIAL DECANTATION PONDS

Hermine Huot1,2,3, Patrick Charbonnier2, Marie-Odile Simonnot1,3, Jean-Louis Morel1

1Laboratoire Sols et Environnement / INRA-Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, FR2Arcelor Mittal France, Luxembourg, LU3Université de Lorraine - CNRS, Nancy Cedex, FR

The steelmaking process generates numerous metal-rich by-products. Black furnace sludge were often disposed of in settling ponds, which now require special attention regarding the risks they generate for environmental bodies and human health as a result of their high concentration of metals (e.g. Pb, Zn). After closure and termination of sludge deposits, a vegetation cover may develop, which raises the question of the sustainability of this mode of management analogous to a natural attenuation.

In this context, a former industrial decantation pond closed in the 1950’s, and covered with an alluvial deciduous forest, was characterized i) to assess the risk of transfer of metals to groundwater and organisms and ii) to study the potential influence of vegetation, and in particular roots, on the mobilization of metals. A thorough characterization of the soil developed on the deposits along with lysimeter experiments were conducted. Results showed that a significant range of soluble compounds (sulfates, carbonates) may be released in water, but that metal flow is rather negligible due to low soil permeability and low metal solubility. Also, the presence of vegetation reduces water flow and limits the risk of transfer to groundwater. In contrast, in the rhizosphere soil, extractability of metals may increase as a result of root activity suggesting a potential mobilization of metals in the long term. In conclusion, risk of transfer of metals to groundwater and organisms is limited because of the presence low solubility of metal compounds and of specific physical properties of the sludge materials, which are in favor metal retention. In terms of site management, the presence of a dense vegetation cover prevents dust hazard, stabilizes materials and limits water flow and thus risk of transfer to groundwater. Changes caused by roots on the chemical status of metals are limited in space, but must be monitored to support to this management option.

[1] Huot, H. (2013). Formation, fonctionnement et évolution d’un Technosol sur des boues sidérurgiques, Thèse de doctorat, Université de Lorraine, France.

[2] Huot H., Simonnot M.O., Marion P., Yvon J., De Donato P., Morel J.L. (2013). Characteristics and potential pedogenetic processes of a Technosol developing on iron industry deposits, Journal of Soils and Sediments, 13(3):555-568, doi 10.1007/s11368-012-0513-1

[3] Huot H., Simonnot M.O., Watteau F., Marion P., Yvon J., De Donato P., Morel J.L. (2013). Early transformation and transfer processes in a Technosol developing on iron industry deposits, European Journal of Soil Science, doi: 10.1111/ejss.12106.

DUTCH REMEDIAL PROGRAMME IS HEADING FOR THE FINISH: WE’RE NEARLY DONE! OR NOT?

Rachelle Verburg1, Hans Slenders2 1ARCADIS Netherlands, ‘s-Hertogenbosch, NL2ARCADIS, Den Bosch, NL

The Netherlands was one of the first countries to undertake remediation of contaminated sites. Since the early 1980s, the investigation and remediation of contaminated sites has been high on the agenda, and the recent Midterm Review revealed that the end of the process of managing historically contaminated sites is in sight. The review gave a comprehensive overview of the remaining contaminated sites that need remediation. The objective of the Dutch government is that at the end of 2015 all risks due to soil and groundwater pollution are controlled, and that the remedial programme for historically contaminated sites is reaching the finishing line.

Results Midterm Review Out of the total amount of contaminated site (estimated on approximately 400.000 sites) only a total of 1539 sites remain that possibly require remedial action. At circa 70% of the sites (1177 sites) the trigger for remediation is the risk of spreading contamination plumes impacting groundwater quality (whereas the risk for humans or ecology near the surface is a priority less than 30% of the sites). A preliminary analysis of the sites where contaminant plumes are spreading in the subsurface indicates that only at 50 sites these plumes are actually leading to a potential risk.

Based on the Dutch soil protection law the Netherlands has almost accomplished the remedial obligations towards historically contaminated sites. This approaching endpoint is made possible by a combination of policy renewal and technical developments. Anno 2015 the Dutch soil protection law is risk based, and the thought of cost-effectiveness of remedial activities is firmly embedded. In addition, monitoring of spreading groundwater plumes is regarded not necessary for the greater part of the contaminated aquifers.

However, compliance to legislation is only one aspect that has to be taken into account. Liabilities are another driver for soil remediation, also for sites were from a legislative context no remediation is necessary. For years it seemed to be lucrative to postpone (additional) soil investigation and remedial activities. But recent jurisprudence in The Netherlands pointed out that registration of a potentially spreading groundwater contamination by the authorities can be a strategic step in controlling liabilities.

During this suggested presentation light will be thrown at the Dutch pragmatic approach, and the impact will be illustrated using several cases and examples:

• Cases that give an impression of the wingspan of the Dutch risk-based approach. E.g. several 10s of tonnes of chlorinated hydrocarbons (including DNAPL) in aquifers can be accepted, as they don’t migrate towards a drinking water station or other vulnerable object. Same accounts for substantial amounts of LNAPL. Regional groundwater management.

• Recent jurisprudence on liabilities concerning site-crossing groundwater plumes

• Compliance of Dutch soil protection law with EU legislation

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In order to achieve this vision, many actions are needed. We need to reduce the intake of green fields, e.g. by brownfield redevelopment. Co-operations with investors will be more important. We have to invent instruments to stimulate investors in a way that the results the society desires are obtained.

Some strategic areas were chosen to first try out this new ideas. One of them is the area North of Brussels, which is an area with many challenges from a demographic, economically and environmental point of view. For smaller zones in this strategic area more concrete plans are drawn up in an interactive way. Strategic visions are produced on different themes, such as mobility, social and demographic aspects, sustainable soil management and sustainable use of materials, …

OVAM is member of the executive committee of this pilot project, together with the administration on Spatial Planning, Brussels Capital Region and the Province of Vlaams-Brabant. This creates the opportunity to make sure soil contamination is taken into account by spatial planning from the very beginning.

Concrete examples to illustrate the current policy will be presented.

BUILDING A NETWORK-BASED EXPERT-STAKEHOLDER FRAMEWORK FOR SUSTAINABLE REGENERATION

Filip Alexandrescu, Erika Rizzo, Lisa Pizzol, Andrea CrittoUniversity Ca’ Foscari, Venice, IT

The management of contaminated land has moved through different stages over the last few decades, each stage being characterized by a specific approach. The most recent stage is that of sustainable remediation, whereby decisions on the management of contaminated sites have to be sustainable across all the three pillars of sustainable development (environmental, economic and social). In particular, ensuring the social acceptability and support of remediation strategies and actions is currently regarded as being of high importance. The proposed research project aims to improve the development and assessment of sustainability in contaminated land management processes, through the development of an interdisciplinary framework for the integration of new social sustainability indicators with existing indicators of environmental and economic sustainability applicable to remediation projects. The development of this framework requires first the integration of expert and stakeholder-based assessments of social sustainability and the subsequent integration of the social assessments with environmental and economic indicators of sustainability. To achieve these ends, the project advances an original interdisciplinary approach that draws on social network analysis (from sociology), project ecologies (from economic geography) and multi-criteria decision analysis and sustainable remediation (from environmental science). The results are relevant for researchers interested in sustainable remediation, to policy makers, experts and consultants involved in contaminated site management as well as for site owners, local authorities, site neighbors and the interested public.

FLANDERS INTEGRATES SUSTAINABLE SOIL REMEDIATION INTO OTHER POLICIES

Griet Van Gestel1, Johan Ceenaeme1, Ellen Luyten1, Tim Caers2, Bavo Peeters1, Nick Bruneel1 1OVAM Public Waste Agency of Flanders, Mechelen, BE2Openbare Vlaamse Afvalstoffenmaatschappij (OVAM), Mechelen, BE

In redevelopment projects, much can be gained when the presence of soil contamination is taken into account as early as possible. Not only on the financial side, but also socially and environmentally. The integration of soil remediation in spatial planning and redevelopment is an important aspect of sustainable remediation.

OVAM, the Flemish authority responsible for the management of soil contamination and management of materials and waste, promotes green and sustainable remediation. These days, the integration of sustainable remediation in other processes and policies is emphasized. This will be explained at the hand of two action lines (1) the development of a decision framework and tool for sustainable redevelopment and remediation of sites, and (2) integration of soil remediation in the new policy on spatial planning in Flanders.

Early this year, a workshop on sustainable remediation was held with all stakeholders, such as developers, soil experts, contractors, representatives of industrial sectors, … One conclusion of the workshop was that there is a need for an objective and transparent framework to evaluate sustainability. A framework that allows assessment of sustainability in the different phases of a redevelopment and remediation process: thus also at an early stage, when results of detailed surveys are not yet available. Also, different regulations and policies in Flanders should be taken into account, on soil remediation, but also e.g. on the sustainable management of materials.

Thus, a project was started to develop a ‘OVAM sustainability barometer’. The aim is to develop a flexible, web-based and easy to use tool, that can be applied on a voluntary basis. Existing tools will be integrated in this new instrument, e.g. the multicriteria analysis used for the BATNEEC-evaluation of soil remediation projects. For cases were construction of buildings are involved, the tool will allow the evaluation of sustainable use of materials. The evaluation of ‘residual’ contamination will be part of the framework. ‘Residual’ contamination of soil and groundwater causes no risks with the present use of the land. But when the land use changes, human health and other risks may occur.

The project was commissioned to Witteveen+Bos nv. Different stakeholders will be involved during the project. A lot of emphasis is put on visualization and flexibility. The tool will also be used for evaluations of proposals given for sites OVAM wants to sell in the framework of the ‘protocol for curators’. These sites were bought by OVAM for one symbolic euro, because no one else was interested to buy it due to high remediation costs.

The second line of action is the integration of soil remediation in the new policy on spatial planning. Recently a ‘green paper’ on the spatial planning for Flanders in 2050 was published. The paper describes the desired spatial planning and structure for the future, which involves an important change from how it is done now. Poly-centric urban regions, where proximity and accessibility are the guiding principles, are planned together with a vital countryside, where open space is protected. These areas will be connected by networks of blue-green corridors, and measures will be taken to make space more resilient.

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to the managing body of the Austrian Ministry of Environment, together with several application forms.

Fulfilling all statutory provisions and passing a commission, that gives a recommendation to the federal minister of environment of funding remediation projects, a percentage of costs ranging from 55% up to 95% can be reimbursed, depending on the defined priority of the remediated site.

Following this procedure since 1990 for about 170 contaminated sites remediation measures have been set and funded with public means in Austria. The average funding rate was about 77 %. In this context it can be mentioned that excavation is still the most common remediation technology, followed by sub-soil containment and combinations of pneumatic and hydraulic techniques.

During the last 25 years also 36 research projects were funded. Actual focus is given to research projects investigating the possibilities of nanotechnology on one hand and projects combining chemical and biological in-situ technologies on the other Hand.

If Austria wants to reach the target to complete all required remediation in 2050 the common practice needs to be changed and improved. In 2010 a revision of the process and goals was started. Now the focus is on creating a new additional law, a uniform practice- and material law for the whole field of contaminated sites. The remediation targets should then be site- and land use specific. In addition the development of innovative and cost-efficient remediation technologies is encouraged and a focus is set on research and demonstration projects.

HARMONISATION – BOTTOM-UP OR TOP-DOWN? – A NATIONAL REMEDIATION FRAMEWORK FOR AUSTRALIA

Bruce Kennedy1, Kerry Scott1, Ravi Naidu2

1CRC CARE, Mawson Lakes, AU2CRC Care and CERAR, Univ. of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, AU

Why a National Remediation Framework?The federal nature of Australian governance means that responsibilities are split between federal and state governments. Constitutionally, land management and environmental protection lies with the states, and differences have arisen in the management of these matters across the continent, due partly to disparities in geology, soil types and biota.

As the shift to a ‘seamless national economy’ continues (in parallel with globalisation), there is a drive to harmonise law, regulation and guidance across states, with significant benefits for the national economy. This also applies in environmental protection, and a Federal-state ministerial body has developed legally mandated, harmonised national environmental standards, including national guidelines for the assessment of site contamination. Legal and political realities have meant that to date, complementary national guidelines for remediation and management of contaminated sites are not in place – states each have their own guidance for remediation and management – which differs from one state to another, both in approach and in coverage of issues.

The comprehensive National Remediation Framework will promote cost effective and efficient site clean-up and management, and will facilitate enhanced standards of professional practice across the country. Where relevant the Framework will harmonise existing practice, and will not impinge on the decision-making prerogatives of the states.

ThS 1C.3 Decentralization and harmonization


PUBLIC FUNDING SCHEME FOR REMEDIATION PROJECTS IN AUSTRIA

Regine Patek KPC, Vienna, AT

Following the estimation of the Federal Environment Agency Austria there are over 67.000 potentially contaminated sites in Austria, 7,5 % are to be considered waste disposal damages whereas 92,5 % are old industrial sites. Out of these it is estimated that 2.000 sites finally need remediation requirements at predicted costs of 5 to 6 Billion Euros.

The goal of the Austrian government is to remediate these damages within two generations. This is a very ambitious goal, which needs to be based on a solid financial aid system that encourages voluntary measures for the implementation of remediation projects.

The legal basis for the Austrian governmental aid consists of 4 different guidelines:

• Guideline of the European Community for governmental aid• Law on Remediation of Contaminated Sites (ALSAG)• Law on the aid of Environmental Protection (UFG) • Guidelines for financial aid for remediation projects (Versions

1991, 1997, 2002 and 2008)

The most important law is the ALSAG, because it comprises the regulation of how to receive revenue for financing the Austrian subsidy system: a fee needs to be paid for every ton of depositing or burning waste, also for exporting (Austrian) waste. This law was implemented in 1990; since then the income can be indicated with 1,24 Billion Euro - for the issue earmarked money.

But not every remediation of a contaminated area can be financed by this aid. Substantial health-related and environmental risks must be proven, which means that the site must be registered in the “register of contaminated sites”- regulation after a profound analysis (risk-assessment) carried out by the Federal Environmental Agency. All registered sites will receive a priority assessment (ranging from 1 to 3), which stresses the importance and urgency of implementation of measures. These priorities also define the percentage of funding rate for the costs of a remediation project, which can be received.

For receiving funding the whole remediation phase must follow a strict and predefined process:

First an analysis has to be carried out in order to verify if the contamination was caused before 1st of July 1989 (a requirement set by the ALSAG-law).

After establishing this fact it must be verified by a cost-benefit analysis for different technical options that the implemented remediation or safeguarding project will achieve the greatest possible ecological benefit related to (macro-economically) justifiable expenses by the proposed technical implementation. Together with the aspired implemented variant the reduction or removal of the substantial health-related or environmental risks (the affected subject of protection) must be verified. The next step will be a reliable cost-estimate, which has to be submitted

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The Framework and sustainabilityThe Framework will facilitate optimisation of the environmental, economic and social footprints for remediation and management. To this end, risk based land management (including the management of source-path-receptor links) and sustainability concepts underpin the Framework, consistent with state and federal environmental protection legislation.

DeliveryThe Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE) is funded by government and industry, as well as research providers, to carry out mission oriented research into the clean-up of contaminated sites. CRC CARE’s remit also includes the development of regulatory guidance, premised on its credibility with all sectors and its access to government and industry expertise.

A steering group provides strategic oversight for the development of the Framework, and comprises stakeholders from the petroleum and mining industries, the Defence Department, land development agencies, contaminated land contractors consultants and auditors, and state environmental protection agencies, as well as community representation.

The Framework comprises the following elements:

Part 1: Philosophy

• Context: background and jurisdictional arrangements, as well as purpose and intended audience

• Principles: consistent with ecologically sustainabledevelopment and sustainability

Part 2: Practice

• Guidance: practical guidance for practitioners relating to allsteps of remediation and management - from the setting ofremediation objectives to development and implementationof site remediation plans to post-remediation auditing andthe use of institutional controls for longer term management.

Part 1 has been completed, and the development of Part 2 is well underway. It is expected that governments will endorse the completed framework.

PROGRESS TOWARDS AN ISO DOCUMENT ON SUSTAINABLE REMEDIATION

C. Paul Nathanail University of Nottingham, GB

Sustainable remediation optimises the social, environmental and economic value of the work. In the context of risk based contaminated land management, it involves achieving the necessary risk reduction. Sustainable remediation assessment is the final part of the process of deciding a site specific remediation strategy. It involves comparing short listed strategies any of which could achieve the desired risk reduction within a specific legal and policy context..

A document drawing together a worldwide consensus on the nature and process of identifying sustainable remediation on a site specific basis is being developed by a working group under the auspices of the ISO technical committee on soil quality (ISO TC190/SC7/WG12).

A committee draft was submitted in September 2014 and the working group are developing a Draft International Standard that takes on board comments received from National Standards Boards.

National Strategy for Contaminated Land Management in Finland - Experiences on the Preparation Process

Sarianne Tikkanen1, Anna-Maija Pajukallio2, Outi Pyy1

1Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, FI2Ministry for the Environment, FI

National strategies and action plans are important instruments for governments to steer contaminated land management policy. In October 2014, the Finnish Ministry of the Environment appointed a working group to prepare a national strategy for Finland, which name has now changed to national action plan. The ministry expects the action plan to be comprehensive and feasible and to promote sustainable and cost-efficient risk based management of contaminated land. Another premise is the coherence with the strategic documents of other policy fields e.g. water protection, waste policy and circular economy. The preparation work is currently underway and this presentation elucidates the experiences gained so far and it focuses on two issues: the policy goals set, and the role of interaction during the preparation process. Firstly, the main goal of the action plan is to identify and remove significant risks for human health and the environment at contaminated sites by the year 2040. To achieve this ambitious goal, a site investigation and remediation program will be launched together with a renewed funding system for orphan sites. The other policy goals identified in the action plan are: • The management of contaminated land is integrated into the other goals of land use to achieve sustainable and comprehensive solutions.• The risk management and remediation measures are cost-efficient, minimize harmful environmental effects, and promote circular economy by reusing and saving natural resources. • The management procedures of contaminated sites are based on a clear liability regime, and interactive communication and public participation methods are integrated into them.• The national database on contaminated sites will be updated to ensure comprehensive and reliable site-specific data that are easily and securely accessible as a part of the new national ICT infrastructure. Secondly, we will discuss the preparation process of the action plan and focus on the interaction and engagement of relevant stakeholders and balancing between different views and interests. Already the members of the working group are representing a variety of interests: the Ministry of the Environment, the Ministry of Finance, the Finnish Environment Institute, the Regional Centres for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment, the Finnish Oil Pollution Compensation Fund, the Association of Finnish Local and Regional Authorities and the National Institute for Health and Welfare. The preparation process started with a workshop where the working group along with many other stakeholders defined future visions and goals for contaminated land policy. Thereafter, several other interactive methods have been applied, like expert interviews and meetings, e-mail questionnaires, presentations and discussions in seminars and workshops, as well as, written comments. In addition, five sub groups were set up to discuss and develop each individual policy goal and to suggest which means and instruments could be used to achieve them.

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In conclusion, we will share good practices – as well as challenges – and give some recommendations to the preparation of a national strategy or action plan for contaminated land policy. For example, a consensus over general policy goals is quite easy to find, but when the means and instruments are defined the opinions and interests become more divergent. A worthwhile practice has been the interactive and close engagement of stakeholders, including administration from all levels, municipalities, research institutes and consultants, in the very beginning of the preparation process. Although it has been time consuming it proved very rewarding and fruitful for the contents of the action plan. At the same time, it enhanced the commitment to the action plan and served the awareness raising, participation and communication. We hope that a good ground work will pave the way to the most important, the implementation of the action plan

LAKE BOYUK SHOR: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND ECO-HYDROLOGY AS FAST TRACK TO ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS FOR LAKE RESTORATION IN AZERBAIJAN

Bjent Enden1, Rob Dijcker1, Dirk Kramer1, G. Kruitwagen2

1Witteveen+Bos Consulting Engineers, Deventer, NL2Witteveen+Bos Consulting Engineers, Rotterdam, NL

The lakes situated around Baku, the capital of the Republic of Azerbaijan, are ecological and environmental heavily impaired. For 9 lakes a Feasibility study on the remediation options was performed, creating a target for future developments and policies. For the largest lake this momentum is directly effectuated by implementing the proposed remediation options before June 2015. What has been the approach from available data to a full scale lake remediation within the given time constraint?

Economic prosperity resulting from oil industry has been the driving factor behind the rapid expansion of Baku, capital of Azerbaijan. The city has now expanded beyond the 9 lakes that lay in a belt around the city. The expansion of the city has increased the potential value of the lakes, which is at present limited by severe pollution. The lakes have been neglected for a long time as a result of the orientation of the city towards the Caspian Sea. As a side-effect the lakes have become a dumping ground for oil products, sewage, and solid wastes. The Ministry of Economy and Industry of the Republic of Azerbaijan is now making a major effort aimed at the remediation and rehabilitation of the lakes.In spring 2013 an assessment of the feasibility of remediation and rehabilitation of the 9 lakes was started. The focus of the feasibility study was on system analysis: getting an understanding of the key factors and processes in the functioning of the lakes in the Baku area. The complex pollution was unravelled including identification of its sources resulting in a conceptual site model for each lake. Based on an economical cost-benefit analysis remediation scenarios are developed and assessed.

In autumn 2013 the efforts were focussed on the remediation of the Boyuk Shor lake. The remediation aims at development of social and economic potential of this part of the city in the vicinity of the lake. The lake will also form the decor for the first European Games, to be held in June 2015. To serve this combination of long-term restoration goals and short term functionalities a detailed design for rehabilitation of the lake was made. The conceptual site model and remediation scenario development were used as powerful tools to identify key measures for the remediation and structure the restoration efforts. At present the restoration of 250 hectares of the lake is already in full swing: a direct result of the multidisciplinary approach in which hydrology, ecology, environmental remediation and hydraulic engineering are interwoven to get from feasibility study through design and engineering to realisation within 2 years.

SpS 1C.4S Sustainable remediation - avoiding greenwash by striving to demonstrate better results


Organizers: Claudio Albano (CH2MHILL & SuRF Italy & International SuRF Network), Laurent Bakker (TAUW & NICOLE SRWG)Moderators: Jonathan Smith (Shell Global Solutions & SuRF UK), Dominique Darmendrail (COMMON FORUM on Contaminated Land in Europe)


SpS 1C.5S Contaminated site remediation - pracitcal decision making


Organizer: John Hunt (Leighton Engineering Co, AU)

INTERNATIONAL APPROACHES AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN REMEDIATION STRATEGY

Hans SlendersARCADIS-EU, NICOLE, SURF-NL, NL

In the early days of soil remediation, the first reaction was to strive for full removal of contaminated soil. Since then much has changed, and soil policies all over the world have evolved. While this evolution has varied depending on the economic climate and political setting, in general the following stages of evolution can be recognised: Growing Awareness of the Problem – Complete Removal – Risk Based Land Management – Risk Informed and Sustainable Remediation (SURF-US/NICOLE/Common Forum). Some countries have since proceeded further, considering sustainable management and use of the subsurface, which is an extension to the concept of sustainable use of land at the earth’s surface. Within this broad process of evolution, approaches and decision making can differ, and making decisions at a project level can vary markedly from the national policy framework. This paper provides an overview of innovative remediation solutions that are being adopted, and how decisions can be made to determine what is the most practical and appropriate solution for a contaminated site.

“Risk Informed and Sustainable Remediation”Since the CLARINET report of 2002 many countries are moving to “Sustainable Remediation” of soil, sediment and groundwater, seeking to maximise the overall benefit through a balanced, evidence-based and transparent decision-making process, taking into account environmental, social and economic benefits and impacts of remedial strategies and options. This implies widening the scope of decision making, recognising that stakeholder involvement is crucial in minimising project-specific uncertainties, and allowing stakeholders to provide their perspectives on the balance of benefits and impacts. As a general decision framework “sustainability” is of great importance, and the first part of this paper will provide a short overview around the globe as to what is developing.

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Moving on to innovative approaches, there are two aspects: new technical strategies, concepts and methods for dealing with the contamination; and new ways of evaluating options and making decisions.

New concepts and strategies, including consideration of the use of the subsurface In densely populated Netherlands (and increasingly in neighbouring countries), the scale and number of contaminated sites is well known and there is growing awareness that other solutions are needed to tackle areas where the contamination is common and widespread. The process of reaching an agreement with all stakeholders (site owners, municipalities, water boards etc.) is well documented and examples will be presented of strategies involving for example “biowashing machines in city centres”, and remedial plans for areas of 200 km2. Groundwater extraction or Aquifer Thermal Energy systems are no longer prohibited, and are now encouraged because they can have a beneficial effect on the contaminants. Green remediation strategies involving solar or wind power are also being adopted. The biggest gain, however, will often be achieved by agreeing on reasonable and flexible remediation targets and levels. But the question is: how do we do this?

Decision tools There are many frameworks and guidelines for assessing and remediating contaminated sites. Nearly every country has its own methodology. Many tools are available for evaluating or comparing remediation options; these include for example sustainability tools, and CO2 calculators. Multi-criteria analyses are widely practised; these can seek to balance benefits and impacts, but making indicators measurable and comparable and giving due consideration to essential matters such as effectiveness of a technology and likely outcome is often a challenge. How does the global soil community perform? We present an example that illustrates the issues.

End Point strategiesMore and more we come to realize that every remediation project and site must come to an end, and that there should be a focus on minimising after care and reducing the risk that additional remediation will be required at some time in the future. Realising this leads to other decisions, more robust solutions and perhaps initial higher investments, or further consideration of remedial targets, within the context of a sustainable approach. This strategy is illustrated with a real life case in Amersfoort. This involved renegotiation of the clean-up strategy and the replacing a bioscreen (that would need continuous operation) with a physical, vertical narrowing of a funnel.

Total cost of OwnershipSelecting the remediation strategy also involves balancing the investigation/preparation cost against the resulting remediation cost. Often investing more in the investigation phase can result in a reduced cost of remediation, and vice versa.

DETERMINING THE MOST APPROPRIATE REMEDIATION STRATEGY FOR A CONTAMINATED SITE

Peter Nadebaum GHD Pty Ltd, Melbourne, AU

Determining the most appropriate remediation strategy for a contaminated site is often the single most important issue that a site owner or regulator has to resolve. Regulatory agencies have particular objectives; these are generally framed in terms of reducing the concentration of contaminants to below certain threshold values, and in some jurisdictions the practicability of achieving this outcome is taken into account. There is also increasing consideration being given to the principles of sustainability, with the objective not only being fixed on protection of human health and the environment, but also considering the benefits and trade-offs with respect to environmental, social and economic factors.

Formulation of a National Remediation Framework is underway in Australia to guide the industry on how to determine the most appropriate remediation strategy. This work is being led by Australia’s peak ?assessment and remediation research centre CRC CARE. Formulating a Remediation Framework has prompted thinking about the decision process that should apply.

The author is involved in this work and is contributing to the preparation of various modules that will make up the Framework, and is working closely with various organisations including government, industry, the Australasian Land and Groundwater Association, SuRF ANZ, and CRC CARE. This paper presents a personal view on the issues that arise in developing guidance on determining the most appropriate remediation strategy, reflecting various of the views that are being canvassed. A structured approach to the problem is suggested, taking into account regulatory requirements and necessary endpoints, the risk perception of the various stakeholders, the town planning interface and development options, the concepts of risk-based land management, the role of institutional controls, how to facilitate development when multiple sites are involved, the role of independent review and certification, when and how to take into account the principles of sustainable remediation, and how to achieve closure and an end to the remediation process.

The approach outlined seeks to protect key environmental values, encourage a wise use of resources commensurate with the problem, consider the views of stakeholders, have a measure of what constitutes “serious” contamination and requires careful management, and how to facilitate the development of brownfields comprising many individual contaminated sites.

DESIGNING A REMEDIATION SYSTEM – THE SOLUTION IS ONLY AS GOOD AS THE PROBLEM DEFINITION

John W. Hunt1, Ian Brookman2

1Leighton Engineering Co, AU2Thiess Services Pty Ltd. , Burwood, Victoria, AU

As remediation contractors we too often are presented with remediation tenders where the remediation problem is poorly defined, the remediation solution is poorly thought through and the associated level of technical and commercial risk and uncertainty is unacceptably high. This presentation will discuss

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Problem definition and mechanisms like risk based standards should fall under the control of the contractor.

PROBLEMMany projects go through years of detailed investigation aimed at determining whether there is a problem that requires positive action and determining clean-up standards and method selection but without adequate remediation data (as opposed to investigation data) before a remediation contractor is involved. This commonly results in significant time and cost over-runs to achieve project completion.

TEAMAs with other projects, having a team approach (client, consultant, project manager and EPA accredited Auditor) to a remediation project is more likely to ensure a successful outcome. However, getting the contractor into the team early can be problematic due to probity requirements, or other contractual issues.

TIMEDepending on the scale and complexity of the project, the planning and regulatory approval process may start several years before the actual works are undertaken and in several instances the final proposed solution may require a change of approval which can add significantly to the time, cost, and uncertainty of the project.

RISK MANAGEMENTKey issues to be addressed during the planning and delivery phases of a remediation project which can reduce the uncertainty risk are:

• Ensuring that all stakeholders understand the steps required to get to remediation. Be clear with the client that a RAP is not a remediation design and ensure that the client understands the full process - not just a simplified version.

• Defining the required outcome of the remediation process – be clear on the ultimate end use and work back. Ensure that architects, planners and other key stakeholders are ‚in the tent‘ and everyone is clear on what the process is.

• Defining the problem and solution through the development of a basis of design. This details the design and delivery of the remediation. This is not a simplified RAP, or even a detailed RAP, but a detailed design document that specifies all the engineering inputs required for a project.

• Understanding that it will be much more difficult and costly to change course later in the process. Rather than viewing the remediation as a separate exercise, integrating the remedial works into the development outcome can add substantial value to a project.

The presenter has been involved with a number of different commercial models for a variety of projects and will talk through Australian examples of remediation projects and the types of contractual models used. He will focus on risk mitigation strategies employed whilst delivering the projects, in particular:

• A contractors approach to site remediation characterisation;• Obtaining acceptable environmental conditions for the

remediation; • Obtaining acceptable finance for the project;• Obtaining acceptable conditions for the subsequent

development; and• Removal of regulatory notices on the sites.

how to get the most out of the assessment data when defining a remediation problem with reference to ex-situ and insitu solutions, selection of an appropriate remediation solution and additional information requirements minimise risk when implementing the solution.

Many clients are unaware that once a problem has been identified that requires active remediation; the assessment data are insufficient to define the problem and remediation solution with certainty to manage technical and commercial risks during remediation. The outcome is that many remediation projects run over time and over budget resulting in costly commercial litigation. The key to implementing a cost effective and timely remediation solution is to adequately define the remediation problem by interpreting the remediation data and collecting additional information required to support a remediation solution.

All remediation problems require information on the:

• The extent and composition of the contaminated matrix to be treated including principally soil and groundwater. For soil this should include maps showing the thickness and structure of the affected strata particularly fill and bedrock, and estimates of composition including waste, oversize, grainsize, moisture content and density

• The nature of the contaminants including the concentration and mass distributions of the contaminants of concern, other contaminants, species or properties relevant to the potential remediation methods such as total organic carbon, material with calorific value and alkalinity / acidity;;

• Solution specific treatability data such as oxidant demand for oxidation methods, biological activity, nutrient status and inhibitors for bioremediation methods, leachability and compressive strength for stabilisation / immobilisation methods and calorific value and sulphur, fluorine, chlorine and nitrogen balances for thermal methods.

• The above points will be illustrated with examples from real life showing the importance of using common methods to interpret assessment data and the role of treatability data in assessing technical risk.

RISK MANAGEMENT MODELS FOR REMEDIATION PROJECTS – AN AUSTRALIAN HISTORY

Ian Brookman1, John W. Hunt2

1Thiess Services Pty Ltd. , Burwood, Victoria, AU2Leighton Engineering Co, AU

RISK AND UNCERTAINTY Remediation projects are inherently risky because they typically involve many unknowns and may be complex in nature. The resulting uncertainty is problematic and generally it is risk and uncertainty that drives the final cost and ultimately determines a projects success.

Adequate problem definition prior to a project being tendered, matching the project delivery mechanism to the level of project risk and including risk management mechanisms in the remediation contract are key to achieving a successful project outcome for all the parties.

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contaminated sites. The information collected can also be used to judge and pre-select remediation methods, as was shown for the former Soviet military airport Szprotawa. In this case, ISCO, soil-flushing and air sparging for the centre of the plume, combined with phytoremediation and MNA, would be suitable and cost-efficient. At construction sites, where soil is excavated anyway, on-site composting or dumping are rapid alternatives.

POLLUTION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER BY INDUSTRIAL OILS DUMPING IN JARAMA RIVER BASIN (MADRID, SPAIN)

Fermín Villarroya, Esperanza Montero, Juan Pedro Martín Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, ES

In the eighties of the last century, heavy oils of industrial origin were poured in an abandoned gravel quarry in the quaternary aquifer of the Jarama River, close to Madrid (Spain). The quarrying activities have generated lakes, nowadays protected by several environmental figures. The regional government has decided to clean up contaminated soils and groundwater at the site. In December 2013, the environmental impact assessment and the development of a remediation methodology were carried out. According to the studies, ex situ and in situ techniques will be combined. The ex situ techniques will consist in the removal of oil, by pumping the more fluid layers and mechanically the denser ones, and subsequent deposit in the high security landfill of Madrid Community. The in situ techniques will consist in the soil treatment, the filling of the hole and the soil regeneration by mean of autochthonous plants. The study conducted by the above signatories has shown that more than thirty years since the activity began in the quarry, contamination is confined to the site, has not generated any plume and the lakes around the quarry don’t have symptoms of contamination. Moreover, the hydrogeological characteristics of the aquifer reflect that in case of leakage, the groundwater flow would transport contaminants towards the south or southwest affecting several lakes. In these conditions, the cleanup of the site should be especially careful to avoid any contact between the hydrocarbon residues and the more permeable layers of the quaternary aquifer.

LAC MEGANTIC : THE REHABILITATION OF A TOWN FOLLOWING A PETROLEUM LOADED TRAIN EXPLOSION

Michel Beaulieu MDDELCC, Quebec City, CA

The town of Lac Mégantic, 6 000 inhabitants, is located in the Canadian Province of Quebec south east corner, only 35 kilometers away from the American state of Maine. Build along the lake which gave its name to the city, Lac Mégantic is a major northern transit route for trains circulating from the earth of the continent to the Atlantic seaboard. Petroleum is one of the goods carried over that railway line, increasingly so over the last years. Late on July 5th 2013, a convoy consisting of 5 engines and 72 tankers filled with crude petroleum extracted from the Bakken formation in North Dakota reached the town of Nantes, 13 kilometres uphill from Lac Mégantic. On its way to the St-John’s Irving refinery in the neighbouring eastern Canadian province of New Brunswick, it stopped for the night at the top of a slope. Few minutes before 1 o’clock at night, the breaks of the unattended train let go. The convoy started to roll down the 1.2% slope. At 1:16 in the morning, entering Lac Mégantic downtown full speed, the train

SpS 1C.6S Sustainability in contaminated site management – case Finland


Organizers: Jaana Sorvari (Aalto University, FI), Seppo Nikunen (Pöyry Finland Oy, FI), Jussi Reinikainen, Outi Pyy (Finnish Environment Institute, FI), Anna-Maija Pajukallio (Ministry of the Environment, FI)Moderator: Jaana Sorvari (Aalto University, FI)


ThS 1C.7 Strategies for remediation and brownfield regeneration


REGENERATION OF BROWNFIELD MEGA-SITES – A REVIEW OF EXISTING AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND THEIR APPLICATION FOR A TEST-SITE

Lauge Clausen1, Stephan Bartke2, Mariusz Kalisz3, Janusz Krupanek3, Nicolas Fatin-Rouge4, Mette Algreen1, Stefan Trapp1

1Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, DK2Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Leipzig, DE3Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, Katowice, PL4Institute UTINAM (UMR CNRS 6213), University of Franche-Comté, Besançon cedex, FR

This study aims to answer the question of which technologies that can overcome the remediation challenge of brownfield mega-sites. We reviewed potential remediation strategies and assessed their applicability for a former Soviet military air-base at Szprotawa, Poland, with a BTEX contaminated area of roughly 75 ha. The remediation technologies reviewed are: monitored natural attenuation MNA, phytoremediation or phyto-enhanced natural attenuation, in-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO), soil-flushing and ex-situ composting. The assessment is done based on data acquired by site screening with direct-push, soil gas measurements, phytoscreening and soil and groundwater monitoring.

Results from the screening allowed us to make a pre-selection of methods. Soil gas measurements on methane (high), oxygen (low) and CO2 (high) prove ongoing natural attenuation processes. The high permeability of the soil allows air sparging, bioventing or soil-flushing of the source zone. Presence of BTEX in tree cores shows that tree roots reach the subsurface plume. By uptake of pollutants, rhizo-and phytodegradation, natural attenuation would be enhanced. Most importantly, trees transpire water which increase aerated soil pore space and lower groundwater level – drawing down oxygen. Direct-push did not only give a 3-D picture of the NAPL, but yielded also information on the hydrological conditions and aquifer material. The hot spot areas (approx. 100 000 m3) has levels above 10 g/kg hydrocarbons, mostly kerosene, and cannot be treated by MNA or phytoremediation within reasonable time. Here, in-situ treatments like ISCO or air sparging would be applicable. Conclusion: The use of pre-screening methods, such as soil gas measurements, tree coring and direct-push, does not only lead to a denser grid and better survey of

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screening of remediation methods. Based on the experience from phase I, a more dynamic approach with a combination of several drilling / sampling methods is proposed for investigation. It is also important to perform the correct utilization of conceptual model, and a practical risk assessment. An expert panel is will be established in order to have a smooth and systematic dialogue with both the political administration and the leading experts from Chinese academy and institution. It is expected that this dialogue will find the balance between Danish experience and Chinese requirement in legislation, so as to develop a more practical model for contaminated site management in general.

COMBINED REMEDY SYNERGIES — EXAMPLES AND CONCEPTUAL ROAD MAP

Jeremy Birnstingl Regenesis, Bath, GB

Today, there are many in situ remediation technologies used regularly around the world in countries with established clean-up legislation, ranging from extractive (pump-and-treat, thermal), chemical (in situ chemical oxidation / reduction) to biological (enhanced / monitored natural attenuation). That so many options are available is testimony in itself that no one technology is ideal in all circumstances – if that were so, it would follow that that technology alone would be employed. The variety of technologies available is instead a direct reflection of the variety of performance characteristics they each present, be it in the balance of achievable cost vs. time, the degree of intrusion necessary for their furtherance, their optimum concentration range for maximum efficiency, or their suitability to a given geological, hydrological or geochemical setting.

Integrated treatment design is developing as a progressive approach to remediation, incorporating a range of synergistic technologies to achieve site closure, each operating in its own particular area of individual strength. Specifically, the strategy requires pragmatic selection of compatible technologies, such that each compliments the others and operates at its greatest efficiency, ensuring optimum performance and cost-effectiveness throughout the project duration – which can be significantly shortened as a consequence.

Through the deployment of a combination of compatible technologies, which may be drawn from physical, chemical and biological arenas, remediation goals and site closure can frequently be achieved more rapidly, and at lower cost, than through the use of any one approach used alone. This is due to each technology having very different strengths and weaknesses, and through suitable combination – either sequentially, spatially or both – the strengths can be combined and the weaknesses overcome to achieve far better results, more rapidly, and with less expense, than through the use of any of the technologies in isolation.

This talk briefly explores the driving pressures and evolutionary background to the widespread single-technology design predisposition still evident across much of the industry, and outlines the technical basis of its inherent shortcomings in the dynamic and heterogeneous context of an impacted aquifer undergoing clean-up. The physico-chemical principles favoring the use of integrated remedial approaches – both spatially

derailed. Massive explosions and a huge fire followed, killing 47 people and destroying most of the town centre buildings. Around 30 buildings, including the municipal library and the city archives, were burned down. 37 others buildings, still standing, were more or less impacted by the fire and the pollution. The nearby lake as well as its effluent, the Chaudière River, the source of drinking water for three towns located downriver, were also contaminated.Involved almost immediately, the Quebec Sustainable Development, Environment and Climate Change Ministry had to take charge of the following environmental interventions, after that the responsible company failed to do so. This paper describes the interventions done by the ministry up to May 2015, at which point 90 % of the site had been cleaned up.

REMEDIATION IN CHINA

John Ulrik Bastrup1, Jie Cheng2, Daniel Chiang3 1Geo, Lyngby, DK2Dongzhimen Nandajie, CN3Wuxi Taihu Lake Rstoration Co., Wuxi, CN

Soil and groundwater contamination is becoming one of the environmental issue with arising public attention in China. Along with the tremendous urbanization process, large scale movement of industry leads to a significant amount of brownfield, with both potential in environmental risk and good value of property development. A serial of environmental accident has made Chinese government realize the necessity of contaminated site handling, initiatives such as drafting legislation, inventory of potential contaminated sites and demonstrating investigation / remediation have been performed to a certain extent. Temporary guidelines for site investigation, monitoring and risk assessment have been published, soon comes guidelines for remediation activities. In the public administration system, Chinese National Environmental Protection Ministry has been responsible for drafting the legislation and national guidelines, while it is the provincial Environmental Protection Department being responsible for guidelines implementation and localization, project monitoring and implementation with practical support from municipal Environmental Protection Bureau.

Although “polluter pay” is still the general principal, most of the projects are financed by public financing. The clear needs for a more practical business model, a more experienced and professional administration as well as methods for both investigation and remediation are identified and confirmed.

A pilot project which involves Danish expertise has taken place in Jiangsu province Wuxi city. Jiangsu is one of the most economically and technically advanced province in China. while Wuxi’s Real GDP per capital takes the first place. Phase I investigation has been done in order to find initial facts about the site profile and contamination. Based on the historical review, a wide range of potential contaminates are suspected and therefore scanned. Comparing with the mature practice in Denmark, the differences in decision making progress, soil criteria and relevant legislation are recognized. The joint field work also proved a lack of advanced and efficient methods for both drilling and sampling. As the investigated upper layer of the site is profiled as mainly clay with shallow groundwater level, two source areas with relatively heavy contamination are identified. An intrusive investigation is therefore highly recommended.

Phase II investigation activities are to be carried out, including more detailed sampling and analysis, risk assessment and

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The removal rate can be determined in different ways, ranging from the oxygen mass transfer rates for air-sparging to the delivery rates of electron acceptors for biodegradation, to determine the current degradation rates in-situ. Knowing the electron acceptor delivery rate, the contaminant mass degradation rate can be calculated applying stoichiometric factors. When using the electron delivery rates there is a need to consider other adverse processes, besides non-productive processes, that are reducing the delivery rate. Furthermore, since natural processes in the aquifer may also use the electron acceptors in a non-productive way, it is important to identify these processes and to characterize the subsurface in order to quantify the non-productive substrate consumption.

Full-scale degradation rates may be derived from pilot tests applying isotopic signature analysis. The principle underlying this investigation method is that only biodegradation causes an enrichment of heavier stable isotopes (e.g. 13C versus 12C) in the not yet degraded fraction. On the basis of the isotope enrichment factor and the biodegradation kinetics (frequently 1st order), the biodegradation rate may be calculated. Another option to determine the in-situ degradation, provided that the groundwater flow velocity is not too high, is push-pull-tests using the compound of concern (as non-conservative tracer) together with conservative non-degradable compounds. The tools will be discussed in detail.

Other tools involve the transport modelling including subsurface heterogeneity, a factor which can substantially increase the remediation time in comparison to the estimates.

ANALYSIS OF REMEDIATION STUDIES TO ASSESS THE MAJOR FACTORS INFLUENCING REMEDIATION EFFICIENCY

Florian Cazals1, Olivier Atteia1 1INNOVASOL, Pessac, FR2EA 4592 G&E, ENSEGID, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, FR

The main objective of this project is to build a tool allowing the contaminated soil owner to evaluate the efficiency of the remediation scenarios. For this purpose, it is necessary to determine, for each scenario, and according to the pollutant, the critical parameters to successfully achieve the remediation, depending on the selected technique. The impact of each parameter is evaluated to weight its effect on the remediation efficiency.

The overall objective can be split in three phases. These phases require an important quantity of soil remediation data obtained from grey literature, remediation final reports and PhD thesis.

• First, a set of data is used to ascertain the different steps involving in each remediation technique and for each pollutant. This phase allows us to determine the critical points of each technique to achieve the remediation of the target area.

• The purpose of the second phase is to define the weight of different specific parameters (geology investigation, number of wells, determination of the radius of influence…) for each remediation technique. Like this, a different weight on the final efficiency of pollutants recovery is attributed to each parameter.

and temporally – are summarized, and practical indicators for determining optimal points of inflection of technology change are outlined. The case is presented for incorporation of integrated design considerations with objective technology changeover trigger points into the initial remediation approval process, thereby securing efficiency and cost benefits to all stakeholders.

The potential benefits of the concept are illustrated through field examples taken from different aquifer and regulatory settings around the world, offering striking illustrations of both the scale of the potential problem and the magnitude and ease of potential savings achievable through appropriate application of technology integration. It is anticipated that this talk will be of interest to end-users, regulators and professional remediation engineers alike.

Ths 1C.8 Uncertainty in remediation


TOOLS FOR THE CALCULATION OF REMEDIATION TIMES

Thomas Held ARCADIS Deutschland GmbH, Darmstadt, DE

The timescale for operation and maintenance (O&M) activities is a critical parameter, and depends on the technology adopted and remediation end-point. The timescale contributes to the total lifecycle costs of a project and, when more than one technically feasible technology has been selected, it should be calculated as precisely as possible to help identify which one is the most commercially feasible. If the O&M time is calculated incorrectly, a suboptimal technology might be selected, while another technology with a different cost structure might have been more cost effective in the long run. Hence, in the feasibility study phase it is important to investigate the costs structure (investment and re-investment versus O&M) of different technologies. The question is how to deal with uncertainties. Contingencies to cover a possible time overrun that are too high may be prohibitive on the market. Considering the possibility of a remediation prolongation in the costs estimate may lead the client to think that the bidder is not able to reliably calculate the time needed for remediation. On the other hand, many projects run longer than expected, giving the impression that the work was not carried out efficiently enough and not fulfilling the expectations of the client. Furthermore, correct calculation of the O&M time is crucial for fixed price projects.

Therefore, based on the experience of thousands of remediation projects globally, we have gathered all our expertise and tools in estimating remediation O&M times. The basis for all calculations is the determination of the contaminant inventory as precisely as possible. Usually the occurrence of residual product phases makes it impossible to determine to inventory reliably. However, recently several methods such as the impulse-neutron-neutron-tool (INN) for the determination of DNAPL and nuclear magnetic resonance measurement (NMR) for the quantification of light none aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) have been developed allowing an improved inventory calculation. If the inventory and the removal rates are known it is possible to estimate the remediation time.

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with a 5 m screen in just the top of the unsaturated zone. The three wells were situated at distances of 16, 60 and 62 m respectively. Vacuum was applied individually to the screens while measuring the differential pressure in the other screens.

The vacuum (max. capacity 103 m³/h at a vacuum of 150 mbar) was applied for a period of between 4 and 94 hours during the 5 ventilation tests. The lengthiest test was for the upper screen in the well closest to the TCE hotspot. Before and after each vacuum test, a soil air sample from the vacuum well was sampled and analysed.

At regular intervals during the vacuum tests, the content of volatile gases was screened with a PID (PhotoIonisation Detector), and the content of oxygen, carbon dioxide and methane was measured with a field instrument.

Furthermore, a tracer test with injection of 20 litres carbon monoxide gas at a well 16 m from the well closest to the TCE hotspot was carried out to evaluate gas transport time during vacuum extraction. The carbon monoxide content was measured continually at the vacuum well with an INNOVA gas meter.

The ventilation tests demonstrate and compare the vacuum that can be achieved in the respective screens in the three wells. As expected, the influence due to the pumping from the vacuum well decreases with distance, so the well at a distance of 62 m to the vacuum well is less affected than the well at a distance of 16 m. The differential pressure measurements indicate a predominantly homogeneous unsaturated sand horizon in all directions.

The tracer test with carbon monoxide indicated a gas transport speed of 4 x 10-4 m/s with a vacuum of 54 mbar at the well closest to the TCE hotspot.

Data treatment of the results allowed calculation of the radius of influence at different depths and positions with different vacuum (pumping) strategies. If the unsaturated sand is sufficiently permeable, the vacuum test reveals a low differential pressure between wells which provides a large radius of influence, whereas a large differential pressure indicates a less permeable horizon in which case the radius of influence during remediation is less, indicating the need for additional vacuum wells.

Furthermore, the change in soil gas concentrations from start to stop of the vacuum ventilation test indicates the soil gas concentrations that can be achieved under steady state conditions. For the well close to the TCE hotspot, an increase in TCE soil gas concentrations by a factor of 5 was observed during the ventilation test. Due to the soil gas contamination with PCE and the degradation product TCE at the PCE hotspot at the adjacent site, the development in soil gas concentration at the well nearest to the PCE hotspot demonstrated an increase in soil gas concentrations with PCE and TCE by a factor of 17 and 7 respectively.

The vacuum ventilation and tracer tests provided valuable information about the extent of pollution in the confined unsaturated zone and allowed estimation of the potential rates of removal by full scale vacuum extraction.

Based on the tests, a theoretical extraction rate of about 2.6 kg /year was calculated for the well closest to the TCE hotspot, which indicates that remediation by ventilation should provide an adequate solution to the clean-up of TCE in the unsaturated and confined sandy horizon.

• The last phase is the validation of the tool, based on complementary reports. All the actions described in these reports are input in the tool and the estimated efficiency is compared to the real efficiency. This phase will allow us to confirm the influence of each parameter and the validation of the project.

The presentation will be focused on the major phase of the project: i.e. the weighting of the main factors influencing the overall efficiency. A detailed analysis of the project revealed that two factors are of major influence. The first is the heterogeneity of permeability and pollutant distribution in the source zone. For this purpose, we suggest some approaches for the analysis and ranking of the heterogeneity level at the sites. The second point concerns the adaptation of each step of the remediation to the specific pollution at the site. For the second point we suggest a catalogue gathering the methods that were used in the field to better target the pollution. A statistical analysis is then used to weight these methods.

ESTIMATION OF REMEDIATION RATES FOR CHLORINATED SOLVENTS IN CONFINED UNSATURATED MEDIA

Gro Lilbaek1, Jacqueline Anne Falkenberg1, Anders G. Christensen1, Helle Overgaard2

1NIRAS, Allerød, DK2The Capital Region of Denmark, Hillerød, DK

The consequences of vapour transport in the unsaturated zone above groundwater aquifers is often overlooked and the advantages of the investigation and mapping of contaminant transport in confined and unsaturated media is underestimated.At a site in Zealand, Denmark, a long standing contamination of the overlying moraine sands and clays with trichloroethylene (TCE) has been investigated and delineated to a relatively limited area of about 100 m². At a depth of 12 – 25 meter´s under the moraine clay, an unsaturated sandy horizon of about 10 - 15 meters overlies the regional groundwater reservoir.

Investigation of the soil air content in the unsaturated sand horizon using Geoprobe soundings indicated that the volatisation of trichloroethylene (TCE) from the TCE hotspot area in the moraine clay has led to diffusion to the underlying unsaturated zone and contamination of an area of about 5.000 m² with soil air concentrations of 500 – 1.000 µg TCE/m³. This contamination in the confined unsaturated zone under moraine clays constitutes a TCE contaminant mass of about 20 – 30 g which can continue to burden the groundwater reservoir for decades.

The contaminant situation with TCE in the unsaturated zone was further complicated by the presence of a severe contamination with perchloroethylene (PCE-hotspot) at an adjacent site which causes an addition source of PCE and TCE in the unsaturated and confined sandy horizon providing a one directional and increasing contribution with both PCE and TCE during the vacuum tests.

To estimate the amount of contaminant that can be removed by remedial activities involving ventilation of the unsaturated zone, vacuum ventilation and tracer tests have been performed.

The investigation involved 5 vacuum ventilation tests from two wells each with two 5 m screens in both the upper and lower part of the unsaturated zone, i.e. just above the aquifer, and one well

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STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT OF UNCERTAINTIES OF REMEDIATION COSTS BY IDENTIFICATION OF CRITICAL PARAMETERS AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS ON COSTS: METHODOLOGY AND CASE STUDIES

Karen Van Geert1, Wouter Gevaerts2, Gerlinde De Moor1, Anja Vandercappellen1

1ARCADIS Belgium, Brussels, BE2ARCADIS, Antwerp, BE Clients often request environmental cost estimates at different stages of the investigation or remediation project. Different levels of accuracy are generally associated with each stage of the project. Therefor contingencies are applied to cost estimates to cover unknowns, unforeseen circumstances, or unanticipated conditions that cannot be evaluated from the knowledge available at the time of estimate preparation (i.e at the different cost estimate levels).

ARCADIS developed a methodology to give insight in different aspects that have a direct influence on remediation cost estimate and hence the contingency of the cost estimate. The methodology is used to evaluate decisions and determine the financial risks within the progress of the investigation or remediation and hence optimize the remediation costs and reduce the contingency.

The methodology can be used at different levels of the project:

• Level 1: Post-Investigation cost estimate• Level 2: Pilot testing/Feasibility Study cost estimate• Level 3: Engineering/design cost estimate

Changes in the cost elements are likely to occur as a result of new information and data collected during the investigation or the design of the remediation.

As the level of project definition increases from the investigation stage through final design, the contingency should decrease along with the level of uncertainty.

Within the different levels of the project, different criteria that determine the cost estimate are defined. For each level of the project the cost estimate will range between an optimistic cost estimate, a realistic cost estimate and conservative cost estimate.

To date, this method has been used to determine cost estimates at a number of sites in Flanders.

Two case studies will be presented to show how strategic choices during the progress of the project will result in more reliable cost estimates with higher accuracy. Insight will be given in the percentage of uncertainty of the cost estimates at different levels of the project.

THE USE OF SMART DPE AND REAL TIME DATA FOR MAXIMISING THE RETURN OF INVESTMAENT IN CONTAMINATED LAND REMEDIATION

Anil Waduge Arcadis, Leeds, GB

This case study presents the use of strategic Dual Phase Extraction (DPE) remediation technology together with conceptual site model and 3D mapping to maximise the return on investment in remediation of a chlorinated solvent, primarily Trichloroethene (TCE), plume identified beneath a former manufacturing site in the UK.

The site, occupying an area of approximately 8,200 square meters, comprises a former manufacturing facility that had previously been used for production of electronic components. The site is bounded by a school to the western and north –western, residential estate to the northeast and a road with residential properties beyond to the south, resulting in the presence of sensitive human health receptors around the site .

The results of previous environmental works identified potentially unacceptable risks to both water resources and human health receptors, primarily associated with concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons including TCE. The results also indicated the potential for off-site migration of dissolved plume of chlorinated solvent towards the residential area.

Site geology, hydrogeology and contaminant distribution were extremely complex. The initial investigations focused on understanding the geological conditions which did not match what was expected from the regional map, the vertical and lateral distribution of contamination, and understanding why the lateral distribution of contaminants appeared contrary to the groundwater flow direction. Concentrations of TCE were been measured in some areas greater than 1 g/L. Although the measured concentration of dissolved phase TCE is indicative of the presence of free phase Dense Non Aqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL), no free phase DNAPL was observed during site investigation.

The client requirements were to manage immediate risks economically and effectively, while providing the maximum return on their investments in terms of managing the associated environmental liabilities. A series of different types of investigation techniques to provide real time data such as Membrane Interphase Probe (MIP), dye testing for LNAPL and Cone Penetration Testing (CPT) and multi-level soil and groundwater sampling were carried to understand the geology, hydrogeology and contaminant distribution beneath the site. The findings of these investigations were used to develop the conceptual site model together with 3D mapping of geology and contaminant distribution.

Based on the conceptual site model and 3D mapping, strategically selective Dual Phase Extraction (DPE) was chosen to achieve the maximum return on the investment. The DPE system was operated at the Site for only six months and a cumulative TCE equivalent contamination mass of 4 tonnes was removed from beneath the site over a period of 6 months. . A significant amount of contamination mass was removed and the groundwater concentration was reduced by 70 to 80% across the area while minimising the potential for off-site migration of contamination which was achieved at relatively low cost and effort over a short time scale.

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ATES as an engineered system that locate at similar depth in the subsurface where VOCls also present , could possibly change the environmental conditions for VOCls biodegradation, when ATES is used as a tool for bio-stimulation implementations. ATES is expected to highly influence the temperature and groundwater flow in the subsurface. Temperature is already known as a significant factor for the activities of microorganisms. The tolerance, metabolic activity of microorganisms, and interactions with other microorganisms are influenced by temperature. For biological systems, if rate-limited by enzyme activity, the conversion rates increase by a factor of 1.5 to 2.5, when the temperature of the system increases by 10°C . Moreover, the transport of large volume groundwater (ATES systems have a typical flow rate up to several hundred cubic meters of groundwater per hour) can alter other conditions in the subsurface. Generally seasonal change of groundwater flow direction could be simplified as a homogeneous and redistributive effect in the ATES area, especially on some important geochemical solutes like SO42-, NO3- and HCO3-, microorganism, dissolved organic carbons and nutrients, leading to larger biodegradation area. The enhanced dissolution effect on DNAPL could also be benefit for its bioavailability when ATES is located in DNAPL layers. The dissolution can as well reduce the toxic effect of DNAPL on microorganism. Therefore with proper designs and operation, ATES can be further used to apply bioaugmentation or chemical injection and implemented to stimulate bioremediation.

On the other hand, the functioning of ATES can negatively affect bioremediation of VOCls, and vice versa. The possible disturbance on reductive dechlorination from external unsuitable groundwater with high redox state due to groundwater movement, and biological clogging on ATES wells due to biomass growth from bio-stimulation approaches are so far the most concerns for the application of ATES on contaminated fields. As a result, combing ATES and bio-stimulation as an enhanced bioremediation technique or system requires both comprehensive study of the biogeochemical aspects on different processes as well as characterization of subsurface conditions, and later optimization of engineered system design.

This PhD project aims to investigate the feasibility of combining ATES and bioremediation of VOCls, and study the mutual effects between them. This lecture will provide an overview of the whole PhD project, including latest results, conclusions and future perspective, from not only lab experiments (both batches and columns), but also from numerical models.

“POST-MORTEM” OF A SUCCESSFUL ERD PROJECT IN A GERMAN URBAN AREA

Laura Simone, Thomas Held ARCADIS Deutschland GmbH, Darmstadt, DE

Chlorinated Volatile Organic Compounds (CVOCs) are often remediated by means of Enhanced Reductive Dechlorination (ERD). While the working principle and the design criteria are well known in the remediation sector, construction and operation details, which could seem trivial in the design phase, may lead to a significant increase in the Operation and Maintenance (O&M) costs if not properly addressed. Moreover, an adaptive approach, oriented to the optimization in every project phase can contribute to achieve the remediation goals in the planned timeframes. An

ThS 1C.9 Bioremediation of chlorinated solvents in groundwater 1


FFECTS OF AQUIFER THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE ON BIOREMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED ETHENES

Zhuobiao Ni1, Martijn Smit1, Tim Grotenhuis1, Pauline van Gaans2, Huub Rijnaarts1

1Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL2Deltares, Utrecht, NL

Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES), considered as an energy saving system and sustainable energy technology, it is growing exponentially in the Netherlands. The principle of ATES system is to cold or heat when available and retrieve it or use when needed. The NL government wishes to stimulate this growth to diminish energy use and reduce emissions. However, because many urban city centres deal with contaminated soil and groundwater, more and more ATES ambitions are confronted with the presence of contaminants.

Chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOCls) are by far the most prevalent organic contaminants in the subsurface throughout the world . Among these compounds, PCE, TCE cis-DCE and vinyl chloride (VC) are the main representatives . Since VOCls are potentially carcinogenic, especially VC has been classified by International Agency for Research on Cancer as a human carcinogen , their presence in groundwater is considered as a threat to public health.

Together with the concerns on toxic impacts, the removal of VOCls is of importance and necessary as well. Due to the recalcitrant nature of VOCls, they are among the most difficult contaminants to be cleaned up and characterised, especially when they exist as dense non aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL). Therefore, conventional techniques such as pump-and-treat, soil vapour extraction and soil excavation are either too costly or inefficient to properly remediate VOCls contaminants, while bio-based techniques become more and more attractive, such as monitored natural attenuation and enhanced bioremediation . It is reported that remediation based on biological transformation and biodegradation with proper stimulation approaches can be an effective way to reduce organic contaminants . Hence a combination of natural attenuation and (bio)stimulation by existing engineering system, in this case ATES system, could a very promising integrated technique for remediation of VOCls.

Several factors are proved to be important for biological natural attenuation, which also apply in enhanced bioremediation of VOCls, included temperature, availability of electron donor and nutrients, redox conditions, presence of specific microorganisms and pH . When these conditions are suitable in the environment, VOCls can be biologically reduce to ethane completely . Such anaerobic process is called reductive dechlorination. However, natural reductive dechlorination is normally limited by one or more factors that mentioned above, resulting in no or incompletely biodegradation of VOCls in the subsurface. For instance, due to lack of “Dehalococcoides ethenogenes”, the only species that can perform full reduction of VOCls to ethene, often cis-DCE and VC accumulate in contaminated subsurface; and electron donor and extra pH most often should be added as part of an engineered bioremediation scheme to fulfil reductive dechlorination .

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BIOREMEDIATION AT LOW PH - EMERGING TOOLS AND APPROACHES FOR CHLORINATED SOLVENT SITES

Jeff Roberts, Phil Dennis, Peter Dollar, Sandra Dworatzek SiREM, Guelph, CA Bioremediation of chlorinated ethenes and many other chlorinated compounds is optimal at neutral pH with pH’s below 6.0 considered problematic for bioremediation. For example, complete biodegradation of chloroethenes to ethene, is often inhibited below pH 6.0. Given that both reductive dechlorination and fermentation of commonly used electron donors are acid generating processes, enhanced bioremediation has the potential to decrease pH into the inhibitory range, even if prior to biostimulation, pH was acceptable. In recent years, modifying aquifer pH using buffering agents such as sodium bicarbonate and various commercial formulations has become increasingly common. Aquifer pH modification has met with varying

degrees of success depending on application method, site geology and geochemistry but is generally considered challenging. Effective alternatives or complimentary approaches would be welcome and could improve bioremediation outcomes.

In certain cases, especially where pH is near or slightly below 6.0, the use of bioaugmentation cultures acclimated to lower pH has the potential to reduce the need for aquifer neutralization. Increasing evidence indicates that complete dechlorination to ethene is possible below pH 6.0 with pH tolerant bioaugmentation cultures. Also, previous studies have indicated that certain electron donors have a reduced acidification impact, particularly formate (McCarty et al., 2007) which generates neutralizing bicarbonate alkalinity upon fermentation. The use of electron donors with reduced pH impact, combined with pH tolerant bioaugmentation cultures has the potential to achieve successful bioremediation results with reduced need for aquifer pH adjustment.

The development and field use of low pH acclimated cultures will be discussed and case studies presented. At a Site in Florida, with the pH ranging between 5.5 and 6.0, PCE, TCE and cDCE were completely dechlorinated to VC and ethene within 6 months of bioaugmentation with a low pH tolerant bioaugmentation culture.

AEROBIC BIODEGRADATION OF TRICHLOROETHENE WITHOUT AUXILIARY SUBSTRATES

Kathrin Rachel Schmidt, Sarah Gaza, Andreas Tiehm The German Water Centre (TZW), Karlsruhe, DE

Trichloroethene (TCE) is a priority pollutant and among the most frequently detected contaminants in groundwater. The currently available bioremediation measures have certain drawbacks like e.g. the need for auxiliary substrates. Oxidation of chloroethenes under aerobic conditions represents a promising way to deal with the shortcomings of anaerobic reductive dechlorination.

Aerobic oxidation is possible via metabolic degradation with the pollutant serving as growth substrate as well as via cometabolic degradation depending on the presence of a suitable auxiliary substrate. Metabolic pollutant degradation is superior for field applications compared to cometabolic degradation since it

ERD project led by ARCADIS in an urban area in Germany is used as an example to show how the combination of the adaptive approach with the optimization of technical details could lead to a successful remediation even with a limited accessibility of the contaminated area that is densely covered with buildings.

The contamination at the site was caused by unknown volumes of CVOCs, released by a metalworking factory. The CVOCs are present both in the shallow, low conductive porous aquifer and, in lower concentrations, in a second deeper aquifer in the fractured bedrock. The site was first remediated starting at the end of the 1980s using a combination of Pump and Treat in the aquifer and SVE in the vadose zone. These remediation measures were unsuccessful; ARCADIS was therefore commissioned with a new remediation plan. After integrative investigations and the definition of the groundwater model, ERD was chosen as most feasible remediation method. According to the new remediation plan, diluted molasses would have to be used as organic substrate to promote the biological degradation of the CVOCs. At the beginning of the remediation, concentrations of CVOCs up to 20 mg/L were present in the porous aquifer, and 3 contaminated hot spots were known.

From the very start of the ERD-remediation the injection and monitoring have been managed in a flexible way to address the critical contaminated hot spots. Between the regular monitoring campaigns on all available groundwater wells, more frequent samplings of critical wells were performed and through their evaluation the next injection round was adaptively planned. Through this approach an optimal molasses concentration and optimal injection parameters were selected and further used.

After approximately two years of active remediation only one critical contaminated hot spot was left, which is for the most part covered by a building. After having tried to address this hot spot by increasing the injection volumes in the injection points upstream (to increase the radius of influence and get to deliver the substrate to the soil volume underneath the building), a new injection well in the proximity of the building was installed. The well construction was used as a chance to gain more information about the source area: soil samples were taken and hydrophobic dye soil-water shake tests were carried out to assess the possible presence of residual DNAPL. Through the information collected it was possible to better localize the main contamination source, on which the last remediation efforts were concentrated.

Meanwhile the daily operation of the injection plant proved the efficacy of some design choices. For example, diluting the molasses on site by pumping it through a static mixer in the drinking water stream, biofouling was substantially reduced in comparison to plants in which the mixing happens beforehand, the maintenance was reduced and the molasses could be preserved undiluted for months. Other aspects were optimized during the remediation. For instance, instead of continuously injecting for a long time, the remediation plant was activated intermittently to reduce the pressure within the pipes. Appropriate remediation steering avoided any problems concerning outgassing in the urban remediation area.

The combination of the adaptive approach with the technical optimization allowed reducing the contaminant mass flux to values below the regulatory limit. The remediation was therefore ended, exactly as planned, after four years. Currently the site is monitored to check whether rebound occurs and that the expected transition to the natural attenuation of the residual contamination takes place as postulated.

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does not require the presence of oxidisable auxiliary substrates within the plume. Furthermore, additional oxygen consumption by the auxiliary substrates is avoided. Thus, aerobic metabolic degradation can occur even in aquifers with low organic carbon content, in which cometabolic aerobic degradation as well as anaerobic reductive dechlorination will be hampered due to limited availability of auxiliary substrates.

In our study, the aerobic biodegradation of TCE as the sole growth substrate was demonstrated. This new process of metabolic TCE degradation was first detected in laboratory groundwater microcosms. Further experiments with the enriched mixed bacterial culture in mineral salts medium showed sustained long-term TCE biodegradation down to concentrations below the detection limit. Aerobic TCE degradation resulted in stoichiometric chloride formation and bacterial growth (increase of DNA). Stable carbon isotope fractionation was observed providing a reliable analytical tool to assess this new biodegradation process at field sites. Please refer to Schmidt K. R., Gaza S., Voropaev A., Ertl S., Tiehm A. (2014) Aerobic biodegradation of trichloroethene without auxiliary substrates. Water Res. 59: 112-118 for further information.

Further studies are currently conducted to prove field applicability of the aerobic metabolic TCE biodegradation by a field test with in-situ delivery of oxygen into a joint aquifer.

Aerobic metabolic TCE degradation might represent a new and promising concept for monitored natural attenuation (MNA) approaches or engineered bioremediation of contaminated sites (enhanced natural attenuation, ENA). Those remediation approaches should have advantages compared to reductive dechlorination or cometabolic degradation and can be considered cost-efficient and environmental safe.

Based on these results the assessment of aerobic metabolic TCE degradation at field sites is highly recommended. The observed stable carbon isotope fractionation provides a reliable analytical tool to monitor and quantify aerobic oxidative degradation pathways in the field.

Financial support provided by the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (grant number: 16224 N) is acknowledged. The authors thank Michael Deusch, Siegmund Ertl, Markus Friedrich, Holger Hansel, Michael Heidinger, and Andrey Voropaev for their support.

MEETING THE CHALLENGES FOR BIOREMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED SOLVENTS POSED AT OPERATIONAL SITES: A COMPARISON OF CASE STUDIES

Richard Bewley1, Paula Hick2, Anthea Rawcliffe1 1AECOM Infrastructure & Environment UK Limited, Manchester, GB2AECOM Infrastructure & Environment UK Limited, Leeds, GB

In situ bioremediation of chlorinated solvents faces particular challenges at operational facilities posed by practicability issues, most notably accessibility. This paper will examine two case studies where remedial strategies employed complementary approaches or treatment trains to address historic losses of tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) at operational sites in the UK.

At the first site, TCE concentrations averaging 2900µg/l showed little evidence of degradation, with degradation products being less than an order of magnitude (cis -1,2-dichloroethene (cis-DCE) being <0.01mg/l in source zone and vinyl chloride (VC) below detection) . Groundwater conditions were mostly aerobic, so conditions were unsuitable for reductive dechlorination and elevated concentrations of competing electron acceptors were also present such as sulphate. The remedial strategy consisted of injection of a lactate-based hydrogen release compound (HRC®, manufactured by Regenesis) accompanied by HRC primer to acclimatise the groundwater for reductive dechlorination, which was duly demonstrated by successive increases , followed by decreases in the degradation products cis-DCE, VC and ethene. An order of magnitude reduction in total chlorinated ethenes was achieved in two years, and despite the initial absence of any significant reductive dechlorination, no inoculation with Dehalococcoides was necessary. A soil vapour extraction scheme, undertaken in parallel with the groundwater successfully reduced vadose zone concentrations of TCE in soil above the impacted area, the aeration having no effect on redox conditions and no inhibitory effects on reductive dechlorination proceeding within the underlying groundwater.

The second site by contrast had been subject to a much greater degree of impact (and by PCE as well as TCE), including the presence of localised DNAPL in a more cohesive geological formation consisting of a gravelly clay. Reductive dechlorination was already well advanced but access to a significant area of the source of the contamination was restricted, so the overall aim was to mitigate the potential for any off-site migration as a first priority whilst achieving a reasonable degree of mass removal within the source and plume subject to the constraints of on-site operations. A three-fold strategy was therefore implemented involving (i) periodic injection of HRC as a ‘barrier’ hydraulically down gradient at the site boundary to protect off-site receptors, (ii) application of a percarbonate-based chemical oxidation reagent, Regenox followed by HRC in the source area and (iii) HRC alone in the plume, the HRC applications comprising both a primer and an extended release formulation HRC-X. The purpose of the Regenox was to achieve some immediate mass reduction and/or conversion to more labile intermediates but also to enhance the availability of the contaminant for subsequent degradation. Application of both Regenox (involving three successive rounds of injection over three months) and HRC resulted in a significant mobilisation of PCE or TCE from sorbed or localised DNAPL into the aqueous phase, which subsequently underwent rapid conversion to cis -1,2-dichloroethene followed by a slower reduction to vinyl chloride and then through to ethene. Notwithstanding some continuing dissolution into the aqueous phase within the source area and immediately down hydraulic gradient from it, degradation has been proceeding at a steady rate in localities towards the boundary. Here, following initial mobilisation, total chlorinated hydrocarbons in groundwater rose from tens of thousands to over 100,000µg/l before being reduced by two-orders of magnitude to concentrations of less than 1,000µg/l, five years after treatment commenced.

The paper will discuss the variation in CHC behaviour in response to active remedial intervention according to its nature, severity and distribution and how remedial progression can be assed using the’ chloride index’, in conjunction with mass removal.

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of each experimental condition were performed, and all sealed vials were stirred at 100 rpm in a thermostatic chamber at 12°C, the average groundwater temperature. Samples were analyzed at specified times in order to monitor the evolution of the amounts of chlorinated compounds. Ion chromatography was used to determine the production of chloride ions. A percentage of dechlorination was calculated from the measured concentrations of chloride ions by considering a complete dechlorination of all chlorinated compounds contained in the mixture. Gas chromatography –injecting aqueous and headspace samples– was used to determine the amounts of initial compounds and intermediate products of their degradation.

Experimental results have shown that, in these operating conditions, reductants are more efficient than oxidants. The highest percentage is about 12.5 % after 80 days of dechlorination, and is obtained with a ratio of sodium sulfide equal to 5 times the theoretical stoichiometry. This low value can be explained by worse operating conditions, with amount of chlorinated solvents well beyond saturation. The maximum percentage obtained for both nanoscale zero-valent iron and dithionite is about 9%, but at different stoichiometry: at stoichiometry ratio for dithionite and at 0.39 the stoichiometry ratio for iron. Increasing the amount of iron should enhance the degradation of chlorinated solvents. Regarding oxidants, only KMnO4 have shown relevant results, but lower than those obtained with reductants.

Results obtained by gas chromatography have illustrated the evolution of concentrations of chlorinated solvents. Hexachloroethane and PCE seems to be preferentially dechlorinated in the mixture: the most important variations in concentrations were observed with them or intermediate products of their degradation. Complex patterns of degradation have been observed, so individual chemicals mechanism could not be explicitly illustrated, except for the reduction of hexachloroethane and PCE. The products of this pathway were mainly PCE (β-elimination) and pentachloroethane (hydrogenolysis), but no quantitation could be obtained.

Further studies are currently in progress. The next phase consists in studying the degradation of the mixture with amounts of reagents widely in excess to define the limits of treatment efficiency. Others chemicals will also be tested, in particular potassium ferrate (oxidant) and palladium-doped microscale zero-valent iron (reductant). Once the best reagent compositions are known, several studies will be done with three chlorinated solvents – hexachlorobutadiene, hexachloroethane and hexachlorobenzene – taken individually to establish the reaction kinetics and mechanism at different experimental conditions (pH, temperature, concentration…).

References:

[1] Amir A, Lee W (2011). Chemical Engineering Journal 170, 492-497.

[2] Amonette JE, Templeton J, Speed R, Zipperer J (1992). In: SSSA Meetings, Soil Science Society of America: Minneapolis, pp 1-16.

[3] Amonette JE, Szecsody JE, Schaef HT, Templeton JC, Gorby YA, Fruchter JS (1994). In: In-situ Remediation: Scientific Basis for Current and Future Technologies. Part 2, Gee GW, Wing NR (Eds). Battelle Press: Columbus, pp 851-881.

[4] Xie Y, Cwiertny DM (2010). Environmental Science and Technology 44, 8649-8655.

Ths 1C.10 Bioremediation of chlorinated solvents in groundwater 2


SILPHES – INVESTIGATION OF CHEMICAL TREATMENTS FOR THE REMEDIATION OF RECALCITRANT CHLORINATED SOLVENTS

Romain Rodrigues1, Stéphanie Betelu1, Frédéric Garnier1, Stéfan Colombano1, Antoine Joubert2, David Cazaux3, Guillaume Masselot4, Theodore Tzedakis5, Ioannis Ignatiadis1 1Brgm, Orleans, FR2Serpol, Venissieux, FR3SOLVAY, Tavaux, FR4Ademe, Angers, FR5Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Toulouse, FR This study is accomplished within the framework of SILPHES financed by ADEME, the French Environment and Energy Management Agency (AMI 2013 program). SILPHES is a “technology demonstrator” project which aims at developing innovative solutions for in situ remediation of a mixture of recalcitrant chlorinated solvent, mainly composed of hexachlorobutadiene, hexachloroethane, PCE, TCE and hexachlorobenzene. SILPHES is organized around two fundamental and complementary tasks:

• The remediation of chlorinated solvents point source pollution. This part is devoted to the optimization of the treatment of the point source, which includes physical, chemical and thermal treatments, associated with diagnostic and monitoring;

• The remediation of chlorinated solvents plume. This part is devoted to the improvement of environmental diagnosis and the design and monitoring of natural attenuation, bioremediation or chemical treatment.

This paper only covers a part of the first point stated above, i.e. the remediation of the residual phase of chlorinated solvents remaining after pumping.

Since the 1990s, in situ chemical remediation is frequently considered because of good treatment efficiency without carrying out an excavation or without additional processing step. Among the in situ remediation techniques, those for the treatment of chlorinated solvents are highly widespread, essentially for the treatment of PCE and TCE [1-4] by using strong oxidizing or reducing agents. The particularity of this study is the diversity of the chlorinated solvents mixture encountered in situ: both aliphatic and aromatic compounds. As a result, molecules have different chemical affinities with reactants, so both oxidation and reduction have been studied.

The chemical degradation of the mixture was investigated in vials to define the relative efficiency of various reagents. Three oxidizing agents (potassium permanganate, Fenton’s reagent and sodium persulphate) and four reducing agents (a suspension of nanoscale zero-valent iron, with or without surfactant, sodium dithionite and sodium sulfide) have been used.

All experiments were performed in 100 mL vials filled with 50 mL of deionized water and 1 mL of the mixture of the chlorinated compounds. Different concentrations of reactants were added to the batch system after removing dissolved oxygen. Six replicates

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the soil in order to stimulate anaerobic degradation. The process can be controlled by constantly monitoring the influent, infiltrate and bioreactor streams for pH, oxygen and ORP. The strength of this concept lies in its relatively short active stimulation phase with complete degradation of the chlorinated hydrocarbons to harmless end products.

The general remedial approach involves extraction, amendment and re-circulation of groundwater in the targeted aquifer zone. Extracted groundwater is passed through an anaerobic bioreactor to enrich the water with DHC. After filtration, the feed is infiltrated through injection screens or wells located up gradient of the treated zone. This anaerobic bioremediation approach can be applied in urbanized areas with limited site access to prevent site disruption and reduce impacts to the environment. This semi-passive method can expedite the time of remediation, compared to passive approaches. The fully automated remotely controlled bioreactor system provides clients with a complete biodegradation of chlorinated ethenes.

The system consists of a control unit, a bioreactor and a filtration and charging system. Once the DHC inoculum is added to the bioreactor, their growth is enhanced by feeding the system, until a cell count of 105 cells/ml is achieved. Bioreactor operating conditions include ORP levels of less than -300 mV, while oxygen levels are reduced to zero at a temperature of about 20 ºC. The bioreactor operates at an extraction/infiltration flow rate of about 10 m3/hr. Depending on the size of a pore volume for the targeted zone, the system may be able to treat a site within a period of several months. Based on previous experiences, amendment of one pore volume of the targeted aquifer zone is sufficient for complete chlorinated ethenes treatment at most sites.

Monitoring our process and performance is crucial to the success of the enhanced bioremediation projects. Therefore, defined parameters such as oxygen concentration, pH, water temperature (ºC) and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) are monitored continuously. When the parameters exceed threshold levels, the bioreactor is automatically switched off. Monitoring wells in the field are used to assess the efficacy of enhanced bioremediation. The design and operation of this in-situ system of extraction and infiltration can be adjusted depending on the volumes of groundwater to be treated, site specific circumstances and remedial targets to be met.

Leakages that had occurred, because of a former dry cleaner in the center of The Hague in The Netherlands, left the shallow and deeper groundwater up to 15 m –gl contaminated with chlorinated solvents (PCE and TCE).

Soil properties, in the area of The Hague, are characterized by sediments of medium fine sand and heterogeneous intermediate layers of clay and/or peat. Groundwater contamination plumes had spread to a volume of 400,000 m3 underneath private properties and form a thread for the deeper aquifers and the abstraction of drinking water.

The design by Bioclear opted for a phased approach, with the infiltration and extraction filters all in the public road. The plume was divided into six successive steps which were provided with a carbon source and micro-organisms. After completion of the first phase, the extraction wells of phase 1 were used as infiltration wells for phase 2. This function shift is also applied in subsequent phases, for which a total of 55 wells are placed.

The contaminants are biologically degraded in the subsurface

DICHLOROELIMINATION OF POLYCHLORINATED ALKANES BY A DEHALOGENIMONAS-CONTAINING ENRICHMENT CULTURE

Ernest Marco-Urrea1, Lucia Martín-González1, Siti Hatijah Mortan1, Lorenz Adrian2, Maira Martínez-Alonso1, Nuria Gaju1, Eloi Parladé1, Mònica Rosell3, Teresa Vicent1, Glòria Caminal4 1Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, ES2Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, DE3Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, ES4Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, ES

Chlorinated alkanes, including 1,2-dichloropropane (1,2-DCP), 1,2,3-trichloropropane (1,2,3-TCP), and 1,1,2-trichloroethane (1,1,2-TCA), have been extensively used as fumigants, intermediates in chemical syntheses or solvents. Due to their toxicity and recalcitrant nature, some of these chemicals are no longer manufactured but remain present at historically contaminated sites. Information describing the transformation of chlorinated alkanes under anaerobic conditions is scarce and it is limited to a few bacterial genera including Dehalococcoides, Desulfitobacterium, Dehalobacter, and Dehalogenimonas. These organohalide-respiring bacteria (ORB) can couple the reductive dechlorination of chlorinated alkanes to energy conservation and growth; therefore they are of greater interest for in situ bioremediation. To date, there are only four isolates belonging to the genus Dehalogenimonas, all of them isolated in the United States. Here, we show a stable sediment-free enrichment culture derived from river estuary sediments in Barcelona (Spain) that exclusively dechlorinates vicinally chlorinated alkanes via dichloroelimination. This reaction involves the simultaneous removal of two chlorines from adjacent carbon atoms with the formation of a carbon-carbon double bound. PCR with genus-specific primers revealed the presence Dehalogenimonas in our culture. To gain insights into the identities of dominant bacterial populations present in the enrichment culture, prominent DGGE bands were excised and sequenced. Compound specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) was used to determine the carbon isotope fractionation during reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated alkanes. Our results show that dechlorination was accompanied by significant isotope fractionation that differs from those values described previously by other ORBs. Advances in the fundamental understanding of carbon isotope fractionation during reductive dechlorination can contribute to confirm and quantify in situ bioremediation of these chemicals in contaminated sites containing Dehalogenimonas.

FULLY AUTOMATED ENHANCED BIODEGRADATION OF CHLORINATED ETHENES WITH AN ON SITE ANAEROBIC BIOREACTOR

Gerard Borggreve1, Albert Smits1, Dennis Scheper1, Adri Nipshagen2, Rene Tjassens3, Michiel Pluim3 1NTP Enviro Netherlands, Enschede, NL2Bioclear, Groningen, NL3Municipality The Hague, Den Haag, NL A special category of soil remediation covers sites that have been contaminated by the use of solvents, especially chlorinated ethenes. These contaminants can be removed by enhanced natural attenuation using the so-called TCE concept. Artificially cultivated bacteria (Dehalococcoides ethenogenes, DHC) with the required carbon source and nutrients are introduced into

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within the course of a few months to a few years at most. After this time the risks will have been removed and we are left with clean groundwater. The location in The Hague is situated in an urban area; even so, the entire remediation system could be placed without problems. All required wells and pipes were placed underground. The remediation unit was on-site for approximately sixteen months. This is very short when compared to more traditional remediation techniques. This also meant that the disturbance to the community was kept to a minimum. Furthermore, this technique is sustainable and environmentally friendly, as it requires very little energy and only natural nutrients are used. In a period of sixteen months, the bacteria and nutrients were introduced into the soil. A large portion of the contamination had already been entirely degraded in that time. The remediation project was therefore a great success.

The TCE treatment results in a complete degradation to ethane/ethane in all the projects.

Using the fully automated telemetric system, it is possible to continuously control the pH, redox and oxygen in the groundwater.

Logging data indicated the working of the TCE unit with minimum human supervision and maximum efficiency. TCE is a sustainable solution for large plume remediations in comparison to conventional techniques.

The project was completed in time, with no rebound observed and with no cost overruns.

BIOREMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED SOLVENTS UNDER LOW GROUNDWATER TEMPERATURES AND IN LOW PERMEABILITY STRATA

Phil Dennis, Jeff Roberts, Sandra Dworatzek, Peter Dollar SiREM, Guelph, CA

Bioremediation of chlorinated solvents including chlorinated ethenes, chlorinated ethanes and chlorinated methanes in groundwater is a proven remedial approach and has been used widely in Europe and North America for over a decade. In many Northern locations in Europe, the U.S., and Canada low groundwater temperatures are ubiquitous and low permeability matrices are widespread. Technologies that can mitigate injection issues in low permeability matrices and growing experience with low groundwater temperature bioremediation have led to a better understanding of remediation strategies and timelines under these conditions.

Understanding the feasibility of bioremediation and the practical limits of bioremediation of chlorinated solvents under cold conditions is important in remedy selection and expectation management for colder climate bioremediation projects. Groundwater temperatures defined as cold for bioremediation applications (i.e., below 10 ºC) are commonly found in Europe north of approximately 55 degrees latitude including much of Scandinavia, the Baltic Countries and Scotland. In North America cold groundwater is generally found north of 45 degrees latitude in the Northern contiguous US, Alaska and much of Canada. Specific strategies for approaching cold water bioremediation will be discussed including bioaugmentation, electron donor selection and application. Examples of successful bioremediation

at cold climate sites in Denmark, United States (Alaska) and Canada, will be presented with a focus on degradation half-lives, concentrations of dechlorinating bacteria (Dehalococcoides) and remediation outcomes.

Low permeability strata are common in some of the most highly industrialized areas of Europe and North America. Low permeability materials pose a challenge for in situ remedial technologies as delivery of the amendments and contact with the compounds of interest can be challenging. Closely spaced injection points using multiple injection intervals per point can aid distribution, but can also be time consuming and costly. Novel technologies, such as Electro Kinetic bioremediation (EK-Bio), can be used to deliver electron donor in low permeability matrices as well as transporting dechlorinating bacteria through the low permeability materials. Hydraulic fracturing, a technique originally conceived as an oil and gas extraction technology, can also be used to improve distribution of bioremediation amendments, thereby improving bioremediation outcomes. Examples of successful implementation of EK-BIO and hydraulic fracturing for bioremediation in clay strata will be discussed.

BIOAUGMENTATION WITH OPTIMIZED IN-SITU CULTURE PROPAGATION (BACAD)

Johan Gemoets1, Queenie Simons1, Baue Boonen2 1VITO nv, Mol, BE2RSK Benelux, Houthalen-Helchteren, DE

A metal processing site in Flanders, Belgium is characterized by a groundwater contamination with chloro-ethenes that has migrated 1 km off-site. The groundwater has a high seepage velocity and is acidic. Laboratory tests have shown that enhanced natural attenuation by addition of organic substrate induces partial dechlorination of PCE, which stalls at cis-DCE. The objective of this EU-LIFE+ sponsored project BACAd is to demonstrate that bioaugmentation can be achieved on full-scale in a cost efficient way by optimizing the in-situ propagation of injected cultures.

In a first stage, five microbial cultures which were derived from different sites and two electron donors were screened with laboratory microcosm tests. The two best cultures were used for execution of two push-pull pilot tests. Each test was done with a specific culture and electron donor. Laboratory column tests were performed with these cultures and site materials to evaluate and optimize their migration in the soil. The culture that performed the best in the push-pull and column tests was injected in a pilot test with 4 injection wells. At the same time, a similar field test has been performed in an adjacent area with injection of groundwater from another site where complete dechlorination of PCE has occurred. Afterwards, the remediation has been scaled up to a reactive zone with 40 + 20 injection wells that covers the entire plume width. Full-scale bioaugmentation with transfers of the microbial population from the initial pilot test remediation areas to the reactive zone has started in spring 2014. By doing this, the costs for the production and injection of the microbial culture may be decreased, improving remediation efficiency. The in-situ propagation of microbial cultures is monitored with QPCR and DGGE-analyses.

Laboratory microcosms have demonstrated complete dechlorination with bio-augmentation in the presence of the substrates Nutrolase (a residue from potatoe processing)

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ThS 1C.11 Bioremediation of coal tar and fuels


SIMULATION OF BIOREMEDIATION OPTIONS BY MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF AGED PAH CONTAMINATION IN SOILS

Arno Rein1, Stefan Trapp2, Iris K. U. Adam3, Anja Miltner3, Kilian Smith4, Geoffrey Marchal2, Ulrich Gosewinkel4, Philipp Mayer2, Matthias Kästner3, Lauge Clausen2 1Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, DE2Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, DK3Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Leipzig, DE4Korean Institute of Science and Technology Europe, Saarbrücken, DE5Aarhus University, Roskilde, DK

At many sites contaminated with hydrophobic organic chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), it has been observed that a fraction of pollutants sequesters with time, thus remaining unavailable for biodegradation. In addition, residual tar oils containing PAH are often dumped combined with small grain size waste coal and coke materials from processing at former gas work sites. In order to find suitable solutions for improving the biodegradation potential at the respective sites, predictions can be provided for the consequences of altered conditions for microbial growth and degradation. For optimisation of the remediation strategies and for interpreting observed effects, a combined model was applied for simultaneously considering dissolution from an organic chemical phase (non-aqueous phase liquids or solids), ad/desorption, sequestration (aging), microbial metabolism and growth, and the formation of non-extractable residues. The model has been verified from experimental observations in various aspects (Marchal et al. 2013, Kästner et al. 2014, Adam et al. 2014; see also presentation of Rein et al. on dissolution and microbial degradation of different PAH, at AquaConsoil 2015).

This model was used for the simulation of bioremediation options for clean-up of PAH-contaminated soils. The objectives were to understand the behaviour of PAH compounds in contaminated environments and to give recommendations for bioremediation measures based on this knowledge. We analysed the turnover of PAH by combining ad/desorption models for organic compounds with models for the growth and degradation kinetics of microbes. We modelled several scenarios and interpreted the observed effects, such as increasing distribution coefficient (Kd) and persistence of the PAH with time, decreasing degradation rates with concentration, and effects of amendments on sorption and degradation. Based on the kinetics of the processes and the fluxes in the system, we can provide a robust mathematical definition of the terms “bioavailability” and “bioaccessibility”. Finally, the model was applied to evaluate the most effective remediation strategy for PAH contaminated soils and sediments.

The modelling results indicate that added degrader bacteria only remove substrate for a short time-period. The addition of sorbents may decrease the bioavailable fraction. This results in lower plant uptake and toxicological risk, but may increase the persistent residual fraction. The persistence of a compound in aged soils can be overcome by increasing the desorption flux (e.g., by detergents or solvents e.g. acetone) and by stimulating bacterial growth by amendment with complex co-substrates (compost, root exudates). In addition, substrate affinity is an important factor for the competitiveness of bacteria in microbial

and glycerol. The column tests confirmed the need for bio-augmentation and the dechlorination capabilities of the two cultures that were used in the field. They have demonstrated the mobility of the cultures in aquifer materials of the site.

The two push-pull test with cultures grown on Nutrolase and glycerol induced complete dechlorination in the field. Acidic groundwater conditions have slowed the process and required neutralization. Glycerol was a better substrate than Nutrolase. The culture grown on Nutrolase was contaminated by pathogenic bacteria, which was caused by the Nutrolase. The in-situ evolution of the pathogens (faecal Streptococci) has been monitored. Results of microbial and molecular analyses by QPCR will be presented.

The first small scale pilot test with injection of glycerol and a microbial culture has achieved complete dechlorination in the injection wells following bio-augmentation. QPCR analyses have demonstrated that DNA of Dehalococcoides and of dehalogenating enzymes has increased consistently over time. Full dechlorination has not been achieved yet in the injection wells of the second small-scale test in which groundwater from another site was injected, although removal of PCE, TCE and DCE has been achieved to a large extent.

The establishment of suitable environmental conditions in the full-scale test area by regular injections of glycerol and bicarbonate has required more time than expected. This was the result of high groundwater velocity, oxidizing redox conditions and an acidic pH of 4. The transfers of groundwater from bioaugmented pilot test areas into the full-scale reactive zone were initiated as soon as favourable environmental conditions were established in the injection wells. They have been ongoing at regular time intervals since spring 2014. The monitoring results will be presented.

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occurring in groundwater samples and responding to microcosm incubations were analyzed by next generation sequencing (NGS). 16S rRNA gene-based 454-pyrosequencing from total Eubacteria was applied to i) initial groundwater (P11), and wells W23 and W29, before and after in-situ aerobic stimulation, and ii) microcosms from P11, which were aerobically stimulated with different N and P sources. The results showed that the microbial community structure from the groundwater (P11, W23 and W29) after the implementation of in-situ stimulation strategies was clearly different from the pre-existing microbiota. The predominant phylum in polluted groundwater prior to biostimulation (P11 and W23) corresponded to Proteobacteria with a relative abundance above 90% of the total population, being mainly composed by representatives of the Pseudomonadaceae family (Gamma-Proteobacteria). Members of the classes Alpha- and Beta-Proteobacteria, as well as from the phyla Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria were also predominant in samples P11, W23 and W29 and in the microcosms. Multivariate correspondence analysis based on OTUs closely related to known ETBE/TBA degraders described in literature revealed a significant association of OTU 18 with ETBE exposed microcosms and non-stimulated groundwater (P11 and W23), but was not detected after in-situ biostimulation. Interestingly, OTU 18, accounting for 0.4% and 1% of the total community present in samples W23 and P11, respectively, was identical in sequence to the ETBE degrading isolates ETBE-3 and ETBE-10 and was highly homologous to the type strain of Rhodococcus erythropolis. After in-situ bioestimulation OTUs linked to other Actinobacteria, such as Arthrobacter spp. or Mycobacterium spp., became more predominant. In this sense, it is noteworthy that only one OTU closely related to Gordonia (strain ETBE-16) could be detected in W23 at late stages (t2) after in-situ biostimulation.

NGS results combined with microcosm studies and isolation of degrading strains revealed important shifts on the microbial community structure and the diversity of potential ETBE/TBA degraders affected by biostimulation strategies.

QUINONES INCREASE AVAILABILITY OF POORLY SOLUBLE GEOGENIC TERMINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTORS FOR ANAEROBIC HYDROCARBON DEGRADATION

Kerstin E. Scherr1, Amandine de Schaetzen1, Marion Hasinger-Sumetzberger1, Diana Backes1, Gertrud Kadlec1, Andreas Loibner1, Manfred Nahold2 1University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Austria, Tulln, AT2GUT Gruppe Umwelt + Technik GmbH Linz, Austria, Linz, AT

Coal tar, or creosote, as a by-product from coal gasification in municipal or manufactured gas plants (MGP), has been used for numerous industrial purposes including wood impregnation or preservation and as a raw material for a variety of commodity products. Being initially valued for its antibiotic properties, the constituents of coal tar, where released into soil and groundwater, now pose a considerable threat to soil and especially aquatic resources in many industrialized countries.

Coal tar is a complex mixture; its aromatic and phenolic constituents are considered the most worrisome from an environmental viewpoint. A comprehensive understanding of abiotic and enzymatically mediated pollutant transformation processes, involving complex contaminant (= tar oil), geochemical (= soil and aquifer mineral inventory) and microbial matrices (=

communities under varying environmental conditions and in particular for varying available substrate abundances. It will thus finally determine the community structure at contaminated sites in general and particularly how the microbial community structure is affected by remediation measures.

References:

Marchal G, Smith KE, Rein A, Winding A, Wollensen de Jonge L, Trapp S, Karlson UG. 2013. Impact of activated carbon, biochar and compost on the desorption and mineralization of phenanthrene in soil. Environ. Pollut. 181, 200-210.

Kästner M, Nowak KM, Miltner A, Trapp S, Schäffer A. 2014. Classification and modelling of non-extractable residue (NER) formation of xenobiotics in soil - a synthesis. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44 (19), 2107 - 2171.

Adam IKU, Rein A, Miltner A, Fulgêncio ACD, Trapp S, Kästner M. 2014. Experimental results and integrated modelling of bacterial growth on insoluble hydrophobic substrate (phenanthrene). Environ. Sci. Technol. 48 (15), 8717-8726.

Rein A, Adam IKU, Miltner A, Fulgêncio ACD, Brumme K, Trapp S, Kästner M. 2015. Impact of low-soluble hydrophobic substances on microbial turnover – Integrated modelling of microbial growth, degradation and dissolution from organic phase. Presentation at AquaConsoil 2015.

MICROBIAL KEY PLAYERS DURING IN-SITU AND IN-VITRO BIOSTIMULATION OF AN ETBE POLLUTED AQUIFER

Marc Viñas1, Miriam Guivernau1, Isabel Mori2, Fernando García3, Joaquim Vila4, Francesc X. Prenafeta-Boldú1

1Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Caldes de Montbui (Barcelona), ES2Invesoil Consultores Medioambientales S.L., Barcelona, ES3Compañía Logística de Hidrocarburos, CLH S.A., Madrid, ES4University of Barcelona, Barcelona, ES

The microbial diversity linked to ETBE and TBA degradation in an ETBE-polluted aquifer was assessed by means of an integrated culture dependent/independent approach. Bench scale microcosm studies, isolation of ETBE/TBA degrading strains and microbiome analysis of native microbiota both in microcosms and in-situ stimulated groundwater were performed.

ETBE degrading strains were isolated directly from polluted groundwater (piezometer P11 and well W29) and from ETBE-degrading microcosms constructed from non-stimulated P11 groundwater. The obtained isolates were able to grow on mineral agar supplemented with vitamins under a saturated ETBE atmosphere as the sole source of carbon and energy. On the basis of colony morphology and 16S rRNA gene sequence, five strains were identified (ETBE-3 and ETBE-10 (belonging to Rhodococcus erytrhropolis), ETBE-8 (Sphingopyxis sp.), ETBE-11 (Hydrogenophaga pseudoflava) and ETBE-16 (Gordonia sp.) and selected for subsequent ETBE and TBA biodegradability assays. Three of the five strains (ETBE-3, ETBE-10 and ETBE-16) were able to degrade ETBE, whereas ETBE-8 (Sphingopyxis sp.) and ETBE-11 (H. pseudoflava) were only able to degrade TBA in batch assay conditions. The strain ETBE-16 was able to degrade both ETBE and TBA, but a transient accumulation of TBA was observed at early incubation stages. The synthetic consortium formed by the combination of the five strains was able to degrade 100 mg/L of ETBE in 5 days, without any transient accumulation of TBA. The co-culture of strains ETBE-16 and ETBE-11 was also able to prompt the complete ETBE biodegradation with no TBA occurrence during ETBE degradation.

In order to ascertain the environmental relevance of the isolated ETBE/TBA degrading strains, the microbial communities naturally

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INOCULATED BIOREACTOR FOR MTBE/TBA REMOVAL FROM WATER – LAB & PILOT TESTS

Leen Bastiaens, Queenie Simons, Hans Sterckx, Guy Borgmans, Johan Gemoets VITO NV, Mol, BE

Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) is a synthetic car fuel additive. However, it’s widely use resulted in groundwater contamination (up to 830 mg/L) with MTBE. Tert-butyl alcohol (TBA), an intermediate in MTBE degradation, is often found in association with MTBE contamination. Both compounds are very mobile in the subsurface and are threatening drinking water winning areas. They are, however, difficult to treat with existing pump and treat technologies (air stripping; sorption on activated carbon) due to their low sorption tendency, high water solubility and recalcitrancy. However, more efficient innovative technologies exist, which comprise biotechnology.

GROUNDWATER TREATMENT: Earlier, an aerobic MTBE/TBA-degrading bacterial consortium (M-consortium) has been isolated and its use for treating MTBE/TBA-contaminated groundwater was demonstrated. An inoculated bioreactor for ex-situ MTBE/TBA-removal from groundwater, as part of a pump and treat solution, was developed at lab-scale and demonstrated successfully at pilot scale. The technology realizes not only improved MTBE/TBA-removal, but is also more sustainable and eco-efficient in comparison with alternative methods, as the technology focuses on the destruction of the pollutants and not a relocation to other compartments (air, activated carbon).

Within the FP7 MINOTAURUS project (EU GA 265946) the robustness and reliability of biotechnologies like the inoculated bioreactor was investigated, which is important to come to innovation, being the full scale applications. Earlier, results from lab scale tests showed (1) that bioremediation is a valuable option to remove MTBE/TBA from groundwater and (2) that the M-consortium has potential as bacterial inoculum to enhance MTBE/TBA and BTEX-biodegradation under aerobic conditions. Next, pilot scale tests were performed to evaluate the robustness and reliability of the system at larger scale under real conditions. The results of 2 pilot test in the field will be summarized.

Test site 1: A pilot scale inoculated bioreactor (300L) was operated in the field at an industrial in Belgium for about 5 months. The prototype bioreactor was shown to be a relatively fast starting and stable system, removing MTBE (300-5000 µg/L) and TBA (3500-10000 µg/L) from the groundwater in an efficient way, hereby meeting regulatory limits.

Test site 2: An improved filling material to retain the biomass in the bioreactor was selected and used for the second bioreactor test. Firstly, the reactor was uploaded off-site where data indicated a good performance of the system. Next, the system was transported and operated at a petrol gas station (Belgium) treating groundwater contaminated with MTBE and TBA.

DRINKING WATER: The quality standards for drinking water are stricter in comparison with groundwater. Within the MIRESOWA-project (Danish project) different partners were active to evaluate the potential of biotechnology for treatment of polluted drinking water resources. The basis of the proposed technologies was bio-augmentation. Besides pesticides, MTBE and TBA were among the pollutants considered. At lab scale, bioreactors inoculated with the M-consortium were tested to remove MTBE and TBA at conditions that are inherent to drinking water production

mixed archaeal and bacterial communities), is required to control and, if desired, enhance biogeochemical reactions that contribute to the breakdown of organic contaminants.

In this context, one of the geochemical aspects less well understood is the role of poorly water soluble minerals that may serve as terminal electron acceptors (TEA) in anaerobic contaminant oxidation, including Fe(III) and Mn(IV) minerals, in hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifers. Despite their poor aqueous solubility and thus poor bio-accessibility, these mineral species participate in microbe-driven geochemical cycles. Several mechanisms, including electrochemically conductive pilus-like assemblages expressed by Geobacter species, or Shewanella’s chelating agents, enable for extracellular electron transport to practically insoluble Fe(III) and Mn(IV) surfaces serving as TEA in contaminant oxidation, have been ‘devised’ by nature.

The present study sets out to investigate artificial substitutes to these species-specific mechanisms to increase extracellular electron transfer processes connected to potential benefits for anaerobic contaminant oxidation. These extracellular electron shuttles (EES) are small organic and reversibly reducible/oxidizable structures that may participate in a large number of consecutive reduction and re-oxidation, driven by or in the absence of microbes. Both laboratory- and field-scale studies were performed.

Potential extracellular electron shuttles were characterized in laboratory trials using historically tar-oil contaminated soil and aquifers in terms of their efficiency to mediate the anaerobic oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons, with a focus on EPA-PAH, N-, S- and O- substituted heterocyclic compounds as well as alkylated PAH. Contaminant transformation was monitored using GC-MS and comprehensive GCxGC-MS. The addition of various investigated structures, predominantly humic model substances (Quinones) in substoichiometric quantities were found to significantly increase biochemical and, to a lesser extent, abiotic contaminant oxidation in anaerobic bioreactors. A decrease in PAH concentrations was found to occur in parallel to an increase in aqueous-phase Mn and Fe-contents. These data suggest that using EES, a certain, soil or aquifer-specific poorly crystalline fraction of reducible Mn- and Fe-minerals are being made available to PAH-degrading organisms using EES. This fraction was predicted by incubating soil and aquifer samples with Shewanella alga and an easily accessible source of carbon and energy.

A small field trial was implemented in a microbially active, anaerobic tar oil contaminated aquifer with a high predicted Mn (IV) - availability. There, the increase in aqueous Mn- concentrations in the wake of the addition of a non-toxic EES into the groundwater points towards the possibility to stimulate electron transfer to poorly soluble geogenic terminal electron acceptors connected to the anaerobic oxidation of PAH. The analysis of ground water samples using GCxGC-TOF-MS revealed a qualitative change in hydrocarbon inventory and an enrichment in tentative PAH degradation products during EES application, suggesting a link of Mn- reduction to PAH oxidation facilitated by EES.

The application of extracellular electron shuttles to increase anaerobic oxidation processes is a direct approach to exploit indigenous, poorly soluble electron acceptors and thus represents an environmentally compatible bioremediation measure.

From a molecular level, geochemical and biogeochemical transformation processes involving hydrophobic contaminants and poorly accessible electron acceptors in complex matrices remain largely unexplored.

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ThS 1C.12 In situ remediation technologies


AN INNOVATION TO INCREASE RATE AND PERFORMANCE OF IN SITU BIOREMEDIATION – DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW TECHNOLOGY

Jeremy Birnstingl1, Ben Mork2 1Regenesis, Bath, GB2Regenesis, San Clemente, US

Bioremediation is now an established remediation approach widely used around the world. However, since its early adoption in the 1970s and 80s, there have been relatively few innovations within the sector beyond the increasing sophistication of electron donors and acceptors, and ancillary developments such as improved measurement technologies. Notwithstanding these, the technology remains challenged by a number of factors, from the forefront of which may arguably be singled out two perennial, core issues:

• Bioremediation takes time – despite great headway being made, it remains a relatively slow technology;

• End-points remain uncertain – whilst bioremediation may be employed with confidence to efficiently and inexpensively reduce contamination by one or two orders of magnitude, the (linear) rate of destruction characteristically decreases with time, leading to uncertainty of predictable performance against very low clean-up targets.

This paper presents a new innovation designed to address the above challenges. The technical innovation allows for wide area low-pressure dispersion of a sorptive medium through the aqueous subsurface primary porosity. The medium has a dual function; it sorbs contaminants, quickly removing them from the mobile phase, and provides a high surface area matrix favorable for microbial colonization and growth. Contaminant availability within a risk pathway is therefore reduced while at the same time contaminant destruction is accelerated.

Upon reagent injection, target contaminants partition out of the aqueous phase and into the reagent, thereby removing mobile contaminants from the immediate risk pathway. Concentration of the contaminants in this manner, in a matrix conducive to degrader colonization and activity, results in a direct increase in the overall instantaneous rate of contaminant destruction, given the quasi first-order biodegradation kinetics characteristic of environmental systems. This phenomenon can be doubly important at low contaminant concentrations, which may otherwise prove insufficient to support appreciable growth and activity of a degrading microflora.

The technology can be employed to inhibit spreading of contaminant plumes, to protect sensitive receptors, or to prevent contaminant migration across property boundaries. The technology is also postulated an effective tool for control and treatment of groundwater contamination associated with low-permeability porous formations and matrix back-diffusion, promoting diffusion out of the immobile porosity while preventing groundwater impact.

Field studies confirm wide-area dispersion, with order of magnitude (>90%) dissolved-phase concentration reductions secured at the test sites post-application sampling, increasing

processes, being lower concentrations and higher fluxes. The results showed that the inoculated bioreactor technology offers potential for drinking water as it was possible to reduce the MTBE and TBA concentration below the regulatory limit (20 µg/L) without the need for frequent inoculation of the system.

ANAEROBIC BIO-OXIDATION: A SUSTAINABLE REMEDIAL TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF BTEX

Karen Van Geert1, Jeroen Verhack1, Wouter Gevaerts2, Koen Enkels1, Karolien Claeys1, Gerlinde De Moor1 1ARCADIS Belgium, Brussels, BE2ARCADIS, Antwerp, BE Anaerobic bio-oxidation uses alternative electron acceptors instead of oxygen to destroy petroleum based contamination. This process occurs naturally at nearly all petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated sites. Cases with engineered addition of alternative electron acceptors are limited, as anaerobic oxidation is perceived as a slow process. However, the increased knowledge of bioremediation and recent studies have revealed that this process is more rapid than previously perceived, and that it has some significant advantages over the use of oxygen for bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons. In particular, the use of sulfate has gained recognition recently due to its high solubility and the limited potential for reactions with the soil matrix. Further, the absence of requirement for an energy intensive extraction and treatment system is an additional advantage.

An intensive study on the degradation capacity of sulfate on two site in Belgium, contaminated with BTEX, is described. Both the natural degradation capacity of soil and groundwater and the effect of addition of sulfate were evaluated. At one site a pilot test wit sulphate injection was performed and monitoring results of 1 year indicated a significant decrease of groundwater contamination.

For this evaluation, the following investigation was executed:

• Analysis of geochemical parameters to determine the geochemical conditions

• Sulfur and sulfate soil analysis were performed to estimate the quantity of reduced contamination and the quantity of sulfate available for biodegradation

• Biotraps® were used as microbial growth media in monitoring wells and analyzed after exposure to the aquifer. The following tests were undertaken:• Biotraps® were marked with C-13 labeled benzene

to evaluate the degradation velocity of benzene, the formation of CO2 and C-13 uptake in biomass.

• Biotraps® were analyzed on bacterial composition with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis

• The above tests were performed under natural conditions and with sulfate addition

• Field pilottest with injection of sulphate and monitoring of degradation during one year.

Based on the findings, a remedial strategy with natural attenuation and focused application of sulfate in the source zones was selected and was preferred to a remedial strategy with a resource and energy-intensive multi-phase extraction.

The general principles of the technology and the investigation results of the case studies including the pilot test results will be presented.

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Given the success of the laboratory and field tests, a full-scale remediation plan was designed, starting with a 7 year monitoring campaign to obtain semi long-term information on the behaviour of the formed precipitates.

At the time of the conference, monitoring results for a period of 3,5 years after the first injection event will be available and presented.

IN-SITU BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF NITRATE-POLLUTED GROUNDWATER FOR DRINKING WATER PRODUCTION

Irene Jubany1, Montserrat Calderer1, Ester Vilanova2, Jordi Font-Capo2, Jorge Molinero2, Roser Grau3, Esteve Pintó3 1Fundació CTM Centre Tecnològic, Manresa, ES2Amphos 21 Consulting S.L, Barcelona, ES3Catalana de Perforacions, Santpedor, ES

This study was conducted in the framework of Life+ InSiTrate project which is developing an in-situ treatment technology for drinking water production from nitrate-polluted groundwater. The objectives of this work are to demonstrate at pilot scale the feasibility of in situ bioremediation technology of nitrate-polluted groundwater and to develop an innovative tool for design and prediction, based on numerical modelling, of the optimal bioremediation strategy and denitrification plant characteristics at any new site. Therefore, Life+ InSiTrate project pretends to demonstrate the adequacy of an innovative technology to restore groundwater quality and recover drinking water wells especially for small communities with a lack of other available freshwater sources.

Initially, the most appropriate organic matter for denitrification was selected. The selection of the organic substrate is a crucial point when implementing biological treatments since it directly affects the feasibility of the technology. To define the optimal organic substrate for in situ denitrification, technical, economic and environmental criteria were taken into account in this project. First, 23 organic carbon sources (8 commercial products, 3 by-products and 12 wastes) were identified as potential substrates to stimulate denitrification. Suitability of these substrates was evaluated from the environmental point of view following the methodology of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). By means of LCA and considering also the cost of the organic carbon sources, 5 substrates were finally selected for further technical evaluation at lab scale. Experiments were conducted in 5 different columns filled with aquifer soil and fed with nitrate-polluted groundwater spiked with the selected substrates (acetic acid, glycerol, glucose, molasses and wastewater from a fruit juice producer). Acetic acid showed the most promising results for in situ denitrification. Besides, lab experiments permitted to define proper stimulation strategies to minimize bioclogging of the system.

At the same time, the site for the pilot plant implementation was characterized do design the pilot plant based on predictive modeling. In fact, predictive modeling and optimization of the plant design (particularly within thick unconfined aquifers) require detailed hydrologic characterization and moreover, remedial actions depend on adequate characterization of the hydraulic properties of geologic material at the sites. In the alluvial aquifer placed above granitic basement where the plant was to be installed (in the municipality of Sant Andreu de Llavaneres, Spain), different characterization tasks were conducted: hydrogeological study, piezometric maps, drilling of new boreholes, periodical characterization of the groundwater quality and pumping

to two orders of magnitude (>99%) within two months for both chlorinated solvent and hydrocarbon species alike. Laboratory and field data provide confirmation of post-sorption degradation enhancement, with laboratory data describing a significant increase in the rate of contaminant destruction in biotic matrix systems compared to abiotic matrix and biotic non-matrix controls.

It is anticipated this technology will be of interest to users, prescribers and regulators of bioremediation alike, who may be confronted by the concerns stated above. The technology may be particularly welcomed by those challenged by back-diffusion and performance-tailing issues in dual-porosity or mixed-permeability sites.

IN-SITU ZINC BIOPRECIPITATION THROUGH ORGANIC SUBSTRATE INJECTION IN A HIGH-FLOW AQUIFER: FROM LABORATORY TO FULL-SCALE

Mattias Verbeeck1, Richard Lookman2, Johan Gemoets3, Beatrijs Lambié1 1Antea Group, Antwerp, BE2Verhoeve Groep Belgium bvba, Antwerpen, BE3VITO nv, Mol, BE Throughout the years, a large (approximately 15000 m²) groundwater zinc contamination plume has developed at a galvanizing company in Maasmechelen, Belgium. The considerable surface of the contamination plume is due to the high permeability of the local aquifer (hydraulic conductivity of approximately 45 m/day), resulting in a high groundwater velocity (0.2 - 1 m/day). Zinc concentrations in the plume fluctuate from 1000 to 100000 µg/L, whereas the legal Flemish limit concentration is 500 µg/L. Groundwater is relatively oxidized, naturally low in DOC (< 1 mg/L) and relatively low in sulphate (40 – 50 mg/L).

This study investigated whether remediation through in-situ zinc bioprecipitation is attainable given the local geophysical and -chemical conditions. Both laboratory feasibility tests and two long-term field pilot test were conducted.

The laboratory microcosm tests demonstrated the occurence of zinc precipitation processes after addition of organic substrate and sulphate, which removed 99 % of zinc from the water phase. Sodium lactate, glycerol and vegetable oil proved equally effective as a substrate. An anaerobic leaching test over 28 days indicated that the precipitates are stable. However, they also suggested that the solubility (leachability) of arsenic and manganese had increased upon substrate addition.

During approximately one year of field testing, an overall zinc concentration reduction of 96 – 97 % was observed both in the zone injected with glycerol and in the zone injected with vegetable oil. Neither one of the test zones showed mobilization of arsenic. Through the formation of iron and zinc sulfides, arsenic may have been coprecipitated. The field observations for manganese corresponded with the laboratory feasibility tests. Manganese groundwater concentrations increased from 0.01 – 0.6 mg/L to 0.4 – 6.5 mg/L.

The results showed that bioprecipitation of zinc is a valuable groundwater remediation technology, even in highly permeable, poorly reduced aquifers.

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by EK-BIO with KB-1™ bioaugmentation. Based on the successful pilot test, a full-scale remediation was implemented.

The full-scale EK-BIO implementation targeting a PCE source area at the Skuldelev site was initiated as a World’s First in December 2012. The treatment zone, addressed by a network of 15 electrode wells, covers an area of 100 m2 to a maximum depth of 10 m bgl. The overall area is divided into two sub-areas, which are treated in alternating stages, each for a period of three months. The polarity of the electrodes is changed to alter the current directions and electric field orientations in alternating stages in order to optimize the EK transport efficiency and to achieve treatment of the entire target zone for remediation. Performance monitoring comprises monthly water sampling for TOC and field measurements, as well as quarterly water sampling for complete characterization of contaminant composition and degradation processes. In addition, soil sampling is also performed at the end of select stages of operation to assess treatment in clay materials.

Result from the first two years of EK-BIO operation will be presented. At present, five stages (approximately 20 months) of operation and monitoring have been completed with very encouraging and expected results. Both electron donor and Dhc have been distributed throughout the treatment area and complete reductive dechlorination of PCE to ethene has been well established where the degree of dechlorination continues to increase. Orders of magnitude increases of Dhc have been observed between clay soil samples collected before remediation and following one year of implementation. Soil sampling data support the groundwater monitoring data and confirm that EK-BIO implementation has achieved active reductive dechlorination treatment within low-permeability clay materials. Successful implementation of this EK-BIO project will broaden the applicability of various in-situ remediation technologies.

PREDICTING TOOLS FOR AN OPTIMAL IN SITU BIOREMEDIATION STRATEGY IN A HYDROCARBONS CONTAMINATED RAIL YARD SITE.

Laura Tiano1, Jørgen Mølgaard Christensen1, Beate Müller2, Michael Petzold3 1Biorem Aps, Lystrup, DK2DB Netz AG, Regionalbereich Ost, Berlin, DE3Deutsche Bahn AG, Berlin, DE

Rail yard facilities are highly specialized facilities consisting of one or more areas including engine maintenance buildings, fueling areas, track and switching areas, and track maintenance/material storage yards. The raw materials associated with this industry are primarily used in fueling and maintenance operations. During the early 20th century, the railway infrastructure developed rapidly in a number of European cities. The railways at that time needed gas for lightning and other purpose, and a great number of gas production plants were established in the central part of many cities. In the Northern part of Berlin an oil gas production was running between 1909 and 1922. During that period, an oil tank was situated at the site and a tar pit was established for the remaining tar from the gas production. The handling of the oil and tar resulted in considerable soil and groundwater contamination of the area. The contamination mainly consists of tar oil with a high content of PAH and other aromatic compounds. Today, the contamination is located below buildings, constructions and active railways tracks, making it both difficult and expensive to

and tracer tests to obtain the hydraulic parameters. These data together with the results of lab experiments were included in the numerical model which considers reactive transport of contaminants. The modeled system had an important 3D component (groundwater flow, variable injection of organic matter and kinetics of chemical reactions…) that could not be reproduced considering only first order kinetics.

Using this tool and considering the physical constraints of the specific site (closed to a road, closed to a stream, with houses around), the pilot plant configuration was defined. It consisted of one extraction well (2.5 L/s) and two injection wells for the organic matter supply (0.1 % acetic acid) located at 30 and 35 m, respectively, from the extraction well. Two control wells in between the injection wells and the extraction well were also built in order to monitor the biological process.

After pilot plant construction, a pumping test was performed to recalculate the hydrogeological parameters of the site and to design the operation strategy.

Injection of organic matter was performed continuously for three months and fast nitrate depletion was observed. Continuous monitoring of nitrate concentration in the extraction well was performed by means of a nitrate sensor based on a UV absorption method. Periodic sampling of control wells and other surrounding wells was performed to monitor main parameters of the process: pH, redox, nitrate, nitrite, organic matter and metals. This work will show the results of the first three months operation.

FULL-SCALE ELECTROKINETICS-ENHANCED BIOREMEDIATION (EK-BIO) OF PCE DNAPL SOURCE AREA IN CLAY TILL

Charlotte Riis1, Martin Bymose1, Dorte Pade1, Evan Cox2, James Wang3, David Gent4, Mads Terkelsen5

1NIRAS A/S, Allerød, DK2Geosyntec Consultants, Waterloo, CA3Geosyntec Consultants, Columbia, US4US Army Corps of Engineers ERDC, Vicksburg, MS, US5Capital Region of Denmark, Center for Regional Development, Hilleroed, DK

The success of in-situ remediation technologies requires effective and uniform delivery of remediation reagents through the target treatment area. Traditional amendment delivery techniques based on hydraulic advection mechanisms are often faced with limitations in areas with low permeability materials and/or highly heterogeneous geology. Transport of ionic substances, such as lactate, in an electric field is relatively independent of hydraulic properties and fluid flow. Therefore, electrokinetics-enhanced amendment delivery represents an innovative solution allowing effective in-situ remediation in areas where permeability is limited and heterogeneous.

In 2011, a field pilot test was carried out at the Skuldelev site, Denmark to assess the ability of the novel EK-BIO technology to treat PCE DNAPL source material in clay till with interbedded deposits of sand. The EK-BIO pilot test demonstrated the transport and distribution of amendments (lactate and microbial culture KB-1™) through clay soils in the target area. Results from groundwater and clay soil sampling showed significant reductive dechlorination of PCE to cisDCE, VC, and ethene coupled with significant levels of dechlorinating microorganisms (Dhc with vcrA), indicating that PCE dechlorination in clay soil was achieved

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ThS 1C.13 In situ remediation technologies 2


FEASIBILITY OF BIOSCREENS FOR REGIONAL VOC-PLUME IN INDUSTRIAL-URBAN AREA

Katrien Van de Wiele1, D. Paulus2, W. Goyens2, N. Bal2, N. Pennickx2, Johan Ceenaeme1 OVAM, Mechelen, BE2Tauw Belgium, Wijgmaal-Leuven, BE

In the industrial-urban area of Vilvorde-Machelen (situated Belgium, Flanders, ca. 170 ha, ca. 665 parcels) different historical activities caused a big regional groundwater contamination. Since sources of the contamination and their contribution to the groundwater plume were not exactly known, a region based strategy was established by the OVAM (Flemish authorities). In this integrated approach the groundwater contamination was globally mapped on a regional scale using historical and new data. Risks were evaluated. A juridical framework with guidelines was set up to create incentives for owners to deal with their local remediation challenges.

The river Zenne drains a big part of the contaminated area of Vilvorde–Machelen. The groundwater contamination with CVOC’s and benzene is therefore a potential threat for the quality of the surface water and stream bed sediments of the river Zenne. Because of the width of the groundwater plume (> 1,5 km) a ‘bioscreen’ based on enhanced natural attenuation of the contaminants was selected as a valid option to protect the river Zenne.

Two different pilot tests were conducted to investigate the feasibility of such a ‘bioscreen’. In Vilvorde a test site with low chlorinated products (1,2-DCE, VC, 1,1-DCA & MCA) and with traces of benzene was selected for a pilot test with enhanced degradation under aerobic conditions. At the Vilvorde test site a solution with calciumperoxide was injected to enhance aerobic degradation of benzene and co-metabole degradation of 1,2-DCE & VC. Direct push (top-down) using sonic drillings was used as the injection method.

In Machelen a test site with high chlorinated mother product (TCE) and low chlorinated degradation products (1,2-DCE & VC) of CVOC’s was selected for a pilot test with enhanced degradation under anaerobic conditions. The Machelen test site contained no traces of benzene. Glycerine, a re-used waste product from the soap-industry, was injected to enhance reductive dechlorination at the Machelen test site.

The effects of the injections were studied by a periodical monitoring of the concentrations of the contaminants, the degradation products and the geochemical parameters at different distances downstream of the injection points over a time span of 2 years.

From the results of the pilot test at the Vilvorde-site it’s clear that aerobic degradation of low chlorinated components is feasible. The results at the Machelen site confirmed the feasibility of enhanced anaerobic biodegradation of an highly chlorinated chloroethene contamination.

apply traditional remediation strategies. On the contrary, the use of in situ biological remediation can provide an excellent solution, enabling efficient clean ups below constructions, requiring relatively less energy, and generating less waste and less costs.Thus the objective of this study was to develop and evaluate tools for predicting the optimal strategy for bioremediation in a PAHs contaminated former gas plant in Berlin.

The site is characterized by deep-lying contamination of both soil and groundwater. Several meters of free phase tar oil are present in the source area, and a plume of contaminants, in varying concentrations, was detected down-gradient of it.

A multidisciplinary approach was established, as a combination of physiochemical analyses (groundwater monitoring), treatability study (based on batch incubations), and microbial population analyses (based on next-generation DNA-sequencing techniques), in order to evaluate the potential of the in situ microbial communities to biodegrade the target contaminants and thus choose the optimal bioremediation approach for the site.

Different sets of amendments (e-acceptors and e-donors/carbon sources) where tested in batch incubations of soil samples over a period of about 90 days. The temporal evolution of the microbial degradation of naphthalene and additional chemical compounds was monitored on line with a non-invasive sampling technique, Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME). The presence and identity of the dominating organisms catalyzing the degradation of the hydrocarbons in the contaminated soil was evaluated by comparing samples with similar soil types, from contaminated and uncontaminated areas.

The DNA-based analyses showed that the microbial community from the heavily contaminated soil samples is different to that of the uncontaminated soil sample. Further, it was clear that proliferation of specific bacteria occurred for most treatments revealing that specific changes in the microbial compositions can be induced by addition of defined compounds.

The best degradation rates were achieved with addition of oxygen as e-acceptor (> 99.9% in 90 days). Alternatively, with nitrate as e-acceptor, in combination with DAP (diammonium phosphate) (97.5% in 90 days). Furthermore, the effect of the addition of different external carbon sources was evaluated. A complete biodegradation (final concentrations below detection limit) of naphthalene, and the other monitored chemical compounds, was reached during our treatability study in less than 98 days. However, already after 20 and 50 days it was possible to get a clear overview of degradation rates and trends.

Overall, the results indicate that organisms able to degrade of aromatic hydrocarbons are already present in this contaminated soil, and that the growth can be stimulated by adding the right nutrients and e-acceptors. These findings are used to choose the optimal bioremediation treatment for an in situ field scale test. The use of newly developed microbial and molecular tools, such as NGS (next generation sequencing) technology and batch incubations, to implement our decisional platform a great potential, especially if used together.

The ultimate goal of such study is the coupling of models of microbial growth and metabolism in contaminated environments with existing geochemical and hydrological models, to predict accurately the likely outcome of engineered strategies to accelerate bioremediation. In fact, the results from such pre-studies have the potential to help companies to efficiently and quickly decide which bioremediation strategy should be chosen for a specific contamination problem.

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A COMBINATION OF ANAEROBIC AND AEROBIC BIOREMEDIATION TO TREAT A COMPLEX MIXTURE OF CONTAMINANTS AT A LANDFILL SITE

John Dijk1, Antonio Distante1, Martin Slooijer1, Giovanni Buscone2,

Laura Ledda2

1BioSoil R&D BV, Hendrik Ido Ambacht, NL2Tauw Italia S.r.I., Milano, IT

At a former landfill located in close proximity of the industrial area of Porto Marghera (near Venice, north-east of Italy) a complex soil and groundwater contamination was found to be present. The landfill was in operation for several decades and it was used for the disposal of highly contaminated industrial waste/sludge produced during the production cycles of the petrochemical industries located in Porto Marghera. An extensive contaminated plume is present downstream of the landfill. High concentration levels of chlorinated hydrocarbons, hydrocarbons and heavy metals have been detected in the groundwater.

A pilot field test is being conducted at the site since May 2013 to ascertain the effectiveness of the proposed remediation approach and provide information needed for the full-scale implementation. The approach consists of stimulating biological degradation by means of the installation of an anaerobic biobarrier and an aerobic biobarrier more downstream to treat the complex mixture of contaminants. In general the highly chlorinated contaminants will be reductively dechlorinated in the anaerobic biobarrier, while subsequently the lower chlorinated and non-chlorinated hydrocarbons will be degraded in the aerobic biobarrier.

In the first year of operation already a strong decrease in the concentration of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (95%) could be observed in the anaerobic biobarrier, which was even higher for the carcinogenic chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (98.8 %). In the aerobic biobarrier the concentration of the sum of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons further decreased with 90.7 % and 99.7 % for the carcinogenic ones. The individual BTEX compounds decreased with > 98.7 % and monochlorobenzene with 99.8 %. Additional molecular analysis also demonstrated that co-metabolic degradation processes might play a significant role in the aerobic biobarrier.

So, far the combination of anaerobic and aerobic biodegradation seems an efficient and promising technique to treat a complex mixture of contaminants at a former landfill area.

FIELD PILOT TEST OF IN SITU BIOSTIMULATION AND BIOAUGMENTATION OF PHENOXYACID PESTICIDES AS A REMEDY FOR A PESTICIDE POINT SOURCE.

Katerina Tsitonaki1, Sandra Roost1, Kresten Andersen1, Lars Christian Larsen1, Nina Tuxen2, Katrine Smith3, Hasse Milter4, Ulrich Gosewinkel5, Tue Kjærgaard Nielsen5, Anders Johansen5 1Orbicon A/S, Roskilde, DK2Capital Region of Denmark, Hillerød, DK3Danish EPA, Stadt, DK4Region Zealand, Sorø, DK5Aarhus University, Roskilde, DK

Pesticide contamination of the groundwater in Denmark originates from diffuse agricultural activities as well as from point sources. Point sources are characterized by a concentrated spill of pesticide compounds that may have occurred when

AEROBIC BIOREMEDIATION: NEW SOLUTIONS AND APPROACHES FOR A CONSOLIDATED TECHNOLOGY

Lorenzo Sacchetti Carus Europe, Asturias, ES

Aerobic bioremediation is a consolidated technology widely used for the removal of many organic contaminants, in particular for those of petroleum origin (TPH, DRO, GRO, BTEX, ...). This technology optimizes the ability of autochthonous bacterial strains to oxidize contaminants (electron donors) using oxygen as an electron acceptor.

The biological process can be limited by many factors such as dissolved Oxygen availability. When dissolved Oxygen is not available, bacteria will use other sources of oxygen (electron acceptor) such as nitrates (nitrification), sulfates and other oxidized species. These other sources of oxygen are thermodynamically less convenient and result in reduced rates of contaminant removal.

From a process point of view it is therefore necessary to ensure a good availability of oxygen to stimulate the most effective aerobic degradation reactions. Most of the products that release oxygen are based on CaO2 or MgO2 and should be injected into groundwater in the form of diluted suspension (slurry), which are dense and difficult to inject.

As an alternative to peroxides, Oxygel is a new concept product in gel form that can be injected “as is” at a very high concentration of available oxygen with respect of conventional diluted slurries. The easy and low-volume injections can greatly reduce the total cost (product and injection) and duration of field operations. The duration of Oxygel in the subsoil is equivalent to that of CaO2 and MgO2 based products.

Weidemeier et al. (1999) showed that over 70% of fuels natural attenuation are due to sulfates reduction by sulfate-reducing autochthonous bacteria. Further studies have shown significant success in remediation hydrocarbons exploiting the capabilities of sulfate-reducing bacteria (Reinhard et al., 1997; Anderson and Lovely, 2000; Somsamak et al., 2001; Sublette et al., 2006). For this reason, in collaboration with Carus, Redoxtech (USA) has developed OBC+ an innovative product designed to stimulate sulfate-reducing bacteria by supporting their activities with nutrients and pH buffering. As a side effect, precipitation of dissolved metals in the form of insoluble and stable metal sulfides has been observed. The use of OBC+ results in unexpected high contaminants degradation rates even in presence of residual free phase (LNAPL).

We will present the different available technologies to improve aerobic bioremediation reactions (Oxygen release, sulfate reducing bacteria stimulation) along with cost comparisons and several case studies.

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As of November 2014, oxygen levels in test field 2 are stable and augmentation with bacteria is about to be performed. It has yet not been possible to establish aerobic conditions in test field 1.

Measurements of oxygen, pesticide concentrations and microbial parameters will be performed in monthly intervals for the next six to twelve months. By the time of the conference results from at least 6 monitoring events will be available to indicate the efficiency of the biodegradation process.

NOVEL AND ADVANCED CHEMICAL INTERPRETATION METHODS DOCUMENTING MONITORED NATURAL ATTENUATION (MNA) OF PESTICIDES

Trine Skov Jepsen1, Hasse Milter2, Mads Georg Møller1, Nina Tuxen3, Niels Døssing1, Lars Christian Larsen1, Janni Thomsen1 1Orbicon, Roskilde, DK1, 2Region Zealand, Sorø, DK3Capital Region of Denmark, Hillerød, DK Leaching of pesticides from a landfill has caused a widespread pesticide contamination in the underlying large sandy aquifer. The phenoxy acids dichlorprop, MCPP and daughter compounds are documented in a broad contamination plume more than 500 meter down gradient from the landfill site. The precise location of the contaminant source is unknown and delineation and characterization of the source will require extensive research. Since 1995, the pesticide contamination has been handled by a pump and treat system (P&T). Recently, modeling has provided some evidence that the existing remediation does not effectively prevent further migration of the contaminant plume, resulting in this reassessment of the strategy.

Monitored Natural Attenuation (MNA) relies on naturally occurring processes reducing the contamination to an acceptable level. In order to document that attenuation is taking place degradation must be proven by several analysis and interpretation methods. As MNA of phenoxy acids from landfills previously has been shown effective, there are reasons to believe that this could be an attractive “green” and cost-effective remediation approach.

The aim of the project is to determine whether the green and cost effective approach of MNA is an attractive remediation technology for the pesticide contamination caused by the landfill site, as well as to test three new interpretation methods documenting in-situ natural degradation:

1. Analysis of mother and daughter compound fractions 2. Analysis of enantiomeric ratios3. Analysis of the development in enantiomer specific isotopes

MNA requires solid data and must be proven by several lines of evidence. An investigation was carried out including traditional sampling in 26 filters and passive multilevel sampling in 61 points. The sampling was applied in a transect covering the pesticide plume and along a flow line giving a high vertical and horizontal discretizing. All 87 water samples were analyzed for pesticides and advanced chemical analysis was applied for three selected samples. Traditional methods such as analysis of geochemical parameters as well as spatial and temporal variations of pesticide concentrations were not found very useful in this case. Hence, a combination of three advanced interpretation methods was tested:

storing, handling/cleaning or disposing pesticides and spraying equipment. Phenoxy-acid pesticides are some of the most commonly found pesticides in Danish groundwater.

While diffuse contamination can be controlled mainly through regulation/change of agricultural practice, contamination from point sources, that can contain a large mass of pesticides in a small area, can be remediated with reasonable technical and economical means. Remediation of phenoxy-acid pesticides has normally involves containment of the contaminated plume through pump-and-treat solutions or monitored during natural attenuation. The latter has shown positive results under aerobic conditions. These experiences have motivated a currently running project with stimulation of the degradation processes through delivery of oxygen and/or pesticide-degrading microorganisms. At a site in southern Denmark, the groundwater is contaminated with high levels of dichlorprop and 4-CPP, approximately 100-150 µg/l in the shallow sandy aquifer – well above the groundwater criteria of 0.1 g/l. The groundwater plume from the site threatens the local water supply, located 2 km downgradient. A pump and treat system currently ensures that the water supply wells are not affected. Remediation of the source zone will reduce the operational time and costs of the pump and treat system.

The project aim is to test whether the delivery of oxygen and bacteria in the source zone can stimulate aerobic biodegradation of the pesticides. Specific objectives include an evaluation of biostimulation vs. bioaugmentation as well as providing information for dimensioning a full scale clean-up method for this and similar sites. The project is cofinanced by the Danish EPA and the Region of Sealand.

The pilot test consists of two test-fields. In test field 1, oxygen is delivered to the subsurface through a transect of oxygen diffusers at a very low flow. The objective of this test is to evaluate whether the creation of aerobic conditions solely can stimulate the indigenous microbial community to degrade the pesticides.

In test field 2, oxygen delivery is supplemented with bioaugmentation, i.e. the addition of specific bacteria strains that are known to degrade phenoxyacid pesticides. This test is done in collaboration with Aarhus University.

Each test field consists of three injection wells and 4 monitoring wells. Pesticide levels, oxygen levels and microbiological parameters are monitored throughout the duration of the experiment, as well as prior to pilot test start. Microbial parameters includes total CFU expression of specific degrader genes (mRNA) to indicate the degradation progress, independent of the inherent variation in the concentrations of pesticides in water samples.

A series of laboratory experiments are performed by Aarhus University in parallel to the field activities. The laboratory activities include a mapping of the microbiological diversity at the site, as well as mineralization measurements with the indigenous bacteria as well as the strain to be used for bioaugmentation in test field 2. Moreover, a study of how the degrader bacteria move through the soil has been performed in column experiments.

Results from the laboratory studies show a low microbial diversity at the site (9-11 m depth). The results of the mineralization studies will be available within the next few months. Column studies of transport for employed Sphingomonas indicates that this strain can be transported several cm pr. day.Oxygen delivery at both test fields started in September 2014.

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ThS 1C.14 Combined treatment technologies 1


REMEDIATION AND RESTORATION OF THE LAC MEGANTIC, QUEBEC OIL TRAIN DISASTER

Todd Schwendeman1, Jocelyn Marcotte2, Bruce Noble3 1AECOM, Latham, NY, US2AECOM, Montreal, CA3AECOM, Markham, CA

On July 6, 2013 an unattended train derailed in the centre of the Town of Lac-Mégantic, Québec, approximately 3 hours east of Montréal. The train’s cargo, Bakken North Dakota formation crude oil contained in 74 rail cars, spilled and resulted in multiple explosions with the fire destroying a portion of the downtown killing 47 residents and creating a major environmental disaster. The spill and resultant explosions and fire destroyed over 30 buildings and municipal infrastructure, impacted soils and groundwater in the immediate spill area as well as surface water and sediments in Mégantic Lake and Chaudière River. Following five months of emergency response activities the site has been stabilized, major urban restoration planning has been completed and a soil, sediment, and groundwater remedy is being implemented.

AECOM was contracted by the Town of Lac-Mégantic and the Québec Ministry of Sustainable Development, Environment and Climate Change to design and oversee construction of all remediation and restoration activities. AECOM’s objectives were to: develop and administer a site-wide Health and Safety Plan, Remediation Plan, impacted building Assessment and Rehabilitation Plan, and oversee and report on all spill site restoration and ancillary commercial renovation activities.

Site remediation consisted of utilizing existing emergency response soil, groundwater and sediment data to develop a remedial strategy, integrate the strategy into infrastructure and building restoration and demolition activities as well as numerous off-site activities all related to the revitalization of Lac-Mégantic. Impacted soil volumes requiring removal and treatment are anticipated to be 400,000 tonnes and all treated soils are required to meet Québec Level A soil standards. Soils from impacted areas within the “zone incendiée” (area destroyed by fire), around remaining building foundations, storm sewer replacement and miscellaneous other related construction activities will be removed and transported off-site to a treatment area. Several treatment technologies were evaluated including ex-situ biological treatment, soil washing and thermal treatment. Enhanced biological treatment and select off-site thermal treatment were selected. Remediated materials will be reused where appropriate in the site-wide restoration. In addition, a groundwater cut-off trench and strategically located recovery wells situated throughout the site collect and transfer impacted groundwater to a stationary carbon-based treatment system. Additionally, Chaudière River and some Mégantic Lake sediments impacted by the spill will be further delineated and removed.

The schedule for the remediation is aggressive with some building demolition, infrastructure replacement, soil and groundwater remediation and restoration extending into 2015. As a result, a strategically staged and sequenced plan has been developed with construction beginning in May 2014. The various components of the plan will ensure clean-up of the downtown

1Analysis of mother and daughter compound fractions documented that dichlorprop is degraded. Actual fractions are compared with known worst-case fractions ensuring that impurities from pesticide production are not influencing the degradation assessment.

2Analysis of enantiomer ratios gave clear indications that MCPP is degraded. Enantiomers are chiral compounds with different toxicological properties.They are known to be degraded at different rates, and thus changes in the ratios can indicate degradation.

3Analysis of the development in enantiomer specific isotopes both indicated that dichlorprop is degraded to 4-CPP and that 4-CPP is further attenuated. Microorganisms deplete 12C-molecules faster/more easily than 13C-molecules.

The three different interpretation methods was very successful and supplemented each other providing conclusions all supporting that natural attenuation takes place. However, on the current data basis MNA may not be chosen as an independent remediation method, as indications for degradation are not strong enough in showing significant attenuation of the pollution from the landfill site. In the actual example, it is therefore decided to continue with an optimized P&T strategy, to ensure a hydraulic fixation of the pollution leaving the source area at the landfill site. A robust monitoring program for the plume, including the natural attenuation processes documented by the advanced interpretation methods, is used to establish and document stop criteria for the remediation of P&T shortening the time of operation. However, more data from traditional and advanced water analysis in a combination with further interpretation could substantiate and clarify conclusions about natural attenuation making MNA a preferable and sustainable approach for the future remediation at the landfill site.

Although MNA has been an approach for handling contamination plumes over more than a decade, the implementation still challenges our understanding and handling of groundwater contamination. The method of MNA relies on advanced analysis, research and characterizations of considerable investigation cost. Moreover, authorities should accept a long timeframe for carrying out analysis and investigations. Choosing MNA as the remediation approach requires courage and conviction in order to assure population and other stakeholders that contamination is handled properly. On the other hand, MNA provides a considerable decrease in energy consumption and is as such a green and very cost effective remediation technology.

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the cost of any of the same technologies used alone, representing cost savings of between $1.7M – $6.5M on the overall project. The projected time for completion was also shortened by several years, although the actual extent of this is harder to reliably determine. In the final design, excavation was not required. The remediation left no visible impacts; important both for aesthetics, military security, and macro-environmental impact – the forest was left in place.

This talk provides qualitative and quantitative examples of the cost and practicality benefits that may be secured through proactive technology integration by way of a large, multi-faceted, formal case study. It is anticipated that this talk will be of interest to end-users, remediation practitioners and regulators alike.

DNAPL TREATED BY APPLICATION OF SURFACTANTS FOLLOWED BY ISCO

Petr Kozubek1, Jan Nemecek1, Vladislav Knytl2, Eliska Kosinova2 1ENACON s.r.o., Prague 4, CZ2DEKONTA a.s., Stehelceves, CZ

The presence of DNAPL is often limiting factor for the removal of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons from the subsurface. Residual DNAPL usually results in the rebound effect causing repeated increase of contaminants concentrations. Surfactants (surface active agents) are chemical compounds with specific molecular structures typically composed of a strongly hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. In a DNAPL-contaminated aquifer, this specific property of surfactants can increase DNAPL solubility and lower DNAPL-water interfacial tension to the point that physical mobilization takes place. Application of surfactants thus can enhance the remedial action. Surfactants flushing is a mature technology in the petroleum-engineering field. The technology has been shown to be effective also for DNAPL sites recently. A surfactant flushing system typically consists of a network of injection and extraction wells. A mixture of injected fluid and mobilized contaminant is captured through extraction wells that requires further treatment. This treatment could be technically demanding (e.g. due to the tendency of surfactants to form foam). Considering that coupling of surfactants application with another remedial technology seems to be suitable. In-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) is promising technology for the combination with surfactants. In addition, the main weakness of ISCO application to treat DNAPL thus could be solved.

The pilot test of combined application of surfactants and ISCO was performed at the DNAPL-contaminated site in the western part of the Czech Republic. From the geological point of view, the site bedrock is formed by mica-schist. The shallow aquifer is bound to the zone of weathered bedrock and overlying sandy to clayey loams. The aquifer permeability is relatively low represented by hydraulic conductivity of 10-6 to 10-7 m/s.

The test comprised three phases: 1) separate application of surfactant (i.e. without subsequent injection of oxidant); 2) separate application of oxidant (i.e. without preceding application of surfactant); 3) combined application of surfactant and oxidant. Concentrations of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, surfactant and other relevant parameters were monitored during the pilot test.

The application of surfactant resulted in the multiply increase of concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons (up to 13 times) confirming the efficiency of surfactant to mobilize the residual

area to performance objectives, re-design and installation of required municipal infrastructure, successful treatment of removed soil, groundwater recovery, treatment and monitoring, and flexibility to enable future site development in concert with on-going discussions and consultations with the residents of Lac-Mégantic.

This presentation will provide an update on restorative construction activities, overview of the application of innovative and sustainable remedial technologies and approaches, and provide the basis for the vision of the future of Lac-Mégantic.

COMBINED REMEDY BENEFITS OF INTEGRATED PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS ON A 14 MILLION LITRE FUEL SPILL IN A SWEDISH FOREST

Kristin Forsberg1, Jonny Bergman2, Gareth Leonard3, Jeremy Birnstingl3 1RGS 90 Sverige AB, Malmö, SE2RGS 90 Sverige AB, Gothenburg, SE3Regenesis, Bath, GB

A series of historic spills from a Swedish military storage depot led to an extensive area of groundwater under forest and commercial property being impacted with petroleum fuels. The largest spill event was an explosion resulting in a loss of life and the release of 14 million litres of petroleum products that reached the wider environment, covering an area of approximately 45,000m2. The problem was enhanced by the difficult terrain, which largely consisted of a hillside moraine and boulder fields covered with dense vegetation. An integrated in situ treatment approach proactively combining physical, chemical and biological technologies both spatially and in sequence was selected, with the combined application presenting clear time and cost benefits over the projected use of any one of the technologies used alone. The principal pollution incident occurred in 1958 following an explosion. 14,000,000 L of gasoline, diesel and jet-fuel were released and flowed down the forested mountainside and into a lake. The initial 1950’s clean-up activities included setting the lake on fire, with the remaining free-product ‘lake’ on shore then covered with soil, left in place and used as a playground.

Contemporary remedial options considered have included excavation, multi-phase extraction, in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO), bio-sparging and enhanced natural attenuation. Following costing and feasibility evaluations, integration of physical, chemical and biological technologies both spatially and sequentially was been identified as the most cost-effective and flexibly adaptive strategy. Pilot tests of the component parts (selected as compatible) were conducted separately to identify optimal efficiency bands and dosing requirements, and from this, the spatial arrangement of technologies and sequential switch-points for optimal efficiency were determined. The first stage of full-scale application was conducted through winter of 2013-14. Performance validation (at time of abstract; 6 – 8 months) describes concentration reductions of >95% to non-detect through the majority of the areas treated.

Identification of optimal bands of application based on pilot study performance and cost-projection enabled each technology to be applied at its maximum efficiency, providing an overall ‘treatment-train’ synergy. The projected cost of integrated technology application was calculated at between 25 – 55% of

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regulators were invited to attend monthly progress meetings and encouraged to become part of the ‘project team’, steering the works to a successful conclusion.

Design/PerformanceAn innovative remediation system was designed to recover technically challenging solvents, combining the efficiencies of four techniques to achieve the required balance of ‘neat’ solvent recovery and groundwater treatment, integrated into a single highly flexible and adaptable system. Performance parameters were automatically measured and relayed to the team and the system was continually adapted to maximise the ‘betterment’ achieved. Whilst the system focused on treating groundwater and soils, a secondary system was used to recirculate treated groundwater and encourage ‘neat’ solvent into recovery wells where it could be extracted. The system proved very successful and ‘neat’ solvent was identified within a week of commencing operations. Whereas initial expectations were that hundreds of kilos of solvent might be recovered, 17 tonnes were ultimately extracted, significantly exceeding the regulator’s expectations. Multi-phase extraction was used to aggressively recover neat solvents from the base of treatment boreholes. The success of the system was measured against the goal of achieving ‘asymptotic’ conditions in terms of recovery of solvents, to demonstrate maximum practicable recovery.

BenefitsThe main benefit of undertaking sustainable remediation was recovering a significant volume of a highly toxic persistent contaminant, improving groundwater quality and reducing environmental risks to the River Mersey and to local people. Secondly, the remediation works successfully unlocked the site development constraints allowing the development to proceed. Also, significant cost and time delays to the project were avoided by ensuring that the Regulator did not designate the site as a ‘Contaminated Site’ under Part IIA regulations.

The “Fixed price” gave economic certainty to HBC. In turn HBC gained the advantage of significantly reducing (effectively removing) the ‘risk price’ the Preferred Bidder might have put against the contamination issue which was expected to have been many times greater than the £2.2M cost of the remediation. The early completion also removed a significant potential programme risk from the Project. During 14 months, 90% operational time was achieved based on 24/7 working. The work was delivered on budget within the strict programme. Ultimately regulatory sign-off was achieved within a week, as Regulators had confidence that the remediation work was completed diligently. The pro-active approach adopted in implementing the remediation design enabled a robust approach to health and safety to be maintained during high profile works. The benefits that this delivered included no lost time incidents during the entire programme. Celtic was awarded “Performance beyond Compliance” certification under the Considerate Constructors Scheme and their approach to H&S was commended by the CDM-C.

DNAPL. The subsequent injection of oxidant showed immediate reduction of chlorinated hydrocarbons mobilized by surfactants.

The results of pilot test indicate the applicability of combined use of surfactants and in-situ chemical oxidation at the DNAPL-contaminated sites but also some limitations of this approach.

The performed work was granted by Czech Ministry of Industry and Trade.

INNOVATIVE APPROACH TO THE REMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER

Phil Studds Ramboll, Leeds, GB

The contextHalton Borough Council (HBC) is procuring a £686M road crossing of the River Mersey between Widnes and Runcorn, known as the Mersey Gateway Project, one of the UK government’s Top 40 priority projects in the National Infrastructure Plan. Part of the advance works has been the remediation of Catalyst Trade Park, a 5.6ha site to be covered by an embankment and road junction associated with the new bridge.

The challengeHistorically, the site was an alkali works and then ICI’s ‘Widnes Experimental Site’. It was contaminated with chlorinated solvents (at concentrations so high ‘neat’ solvents were present), arsenic and radioactive materials. These contaminants posed significant cost and programme risks if remediation was left for the main construction works. The remediation was a ‘critical path’ item so completion on time and prompt ‘sign off’ were key expectations of HBC and Merseylink, the Preferred Bidder. The remediation had to be delivered between central Government conditional financial approval and ‘financial close’. Given the complexity of the site’s geology and the technically challenging nature of the contaminants a goal of ‘betterment’ rather than ‘target’ values was successfully negotiated by Ramboll with the regulators.

The solutionWithout set targets to achieve, the problem for the project team was to achieve and demonstrate ‘betterment’ to the regulators within a specific timeframe. Ram,boll’s approach to this problem enabled a previously challenging concept, remediation of chlorinated solvents, to be delivered at considerably lower risk in terms of certainty, costs and programme. Ramboll and Celtic (the remediation contractor) designed, installed, then successfully demonstrated that substantial “betterment” had been achieved. This resulted from technical excellence through innovation, flexibility and optimisation in design with the technical deployment of a combination of remediation techniques, the complex nature of the site and the contaminants, including the ‘neat’ solvents, meant that a simple “off-the-shelf” remediation solution would not suffice. Celtic and Ramboll collaborated closely with HBC and the regulators to develop the remediation solution that combined the efficiencies of four separate techniques (groundwater abstraction, multiphase extraction of contaminated water, vapours, in-situ chemical oxidation and ‘neat’ solvent recovery) to achieve the maximum and most cost effective mass recovery possible within programme. ‘Betterment’ was maximised by continuously monitoring performance parameters and site conditions so that the system could be optimised and adapted as changing circumstances required. The

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ThS 1C.15 Combined treatment technologies 2


COOPERATION OF IRON REDUCING BACTERIA AND IRON PARTICLES IN REMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED ETHYLENES

Lenka Honetschlägerová, Petra Janouškovcová Institute of chemical technology Prague, Prague, CZ

Chlorinated solvents, such as trichloroethylene (TCE) or perchloroethylene (PCE), are among the most common groundwater pollutants. TCE and PCE often exist in the subsurface as dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs), which serve as a source of long-term contamination. The inefficiency and high cost associated with the conventional remediation methods to remove DNAPLs led to seek for alternative ways of remediation, which accelerate the rate at which contaminated sites are restored back to an acceptable condition, and thereby reduce the cost of remediation. Probably the most attention in recent years is focused on the in situ chemical reduction using nanoscale metallic iron (Fe0), also referred to nanoscale zero valent iron (nZVI). The technology involves corrosion of Fe0 which provides the electrons necessary for the reduction of compounds such as chlorinated solvents. In aqueous solution, nZVI reacts with water and oxygen to form outer layer consisted of iron oxide/hydroxide. The accumulation of the corrosion products on Fe0 surface can affect reduction either by inhibiting contaminant access to the metal surface or by forming new sites for contaminant adsorption, reaction, and catalysis to occur.

Iron has long been recognized as physiological requirement for life of many microorganisms that persist in water, soils and sediments. Several iron reducing bacteria use Fe(III) oxyhydroxide and iron oxides as terminal electron acceptors under anaerobic conditions. These dissimilatory iron reducing bacteria (DIRB) that are widely distributed in the subsurface may play an important role in enhancement reductive treatment by nZVI. Hydrogen which is catholically produced during anaerobic corrosion of Fe0 can stimulate anaerobic bioremediation by serving as electron donor for the biotransformation of reducible contaminants. Moreover, DIBR could enhance the reactivity of nZVI by reductive dissolution of Fe(III)-oxide layers and formation of reactive minerals such as green rust and magnetite.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether DIRBs are able to utilize Fe(III) on the surface of nZVI and thus enhance its reactivity. Furthermore TCE removal by three strains of DIRBs was examined using different sources of Fe(III) including nZVI. Batch experiments using 120 mL serum bottles containing artificial groundwater, real groundwater and soil were used. The batch experiments were conducted in dark, at 12°C, and bottles were shaken using horizontal shaker. The bacterial concentrations were obtained using the most probable number method. Fe(II) and Fe(III) were analyzed using Ferrozine test, and head space analysis of TCE was performed on gas chromatograph/ mass spectrometer. Furthermore pilot test on a site contaminated by chlorinated ethylenes was conducted.

Experiments showed that tested DIRBs had sufficient microbial activity to reduce Fe(III) on the surface of nZVI. The experimental results also showed that DIRBs were able to degrade TCE in the condition of natural groundwater, however, did not improve the reactivity of nZVI.

This work was financially supported by Technology Agency of the Czech Republic, project number TA02020654.

COUPLING GROUNDWATER RECIRCULATION BY GCW AND CHEMICAL/BIOLOGICAL REDUCTIVE PROCESSES FOR RESIDUAL DNAPL SOURCE REMOVAL: LAB INVESTIGATION AND LARGE PILOT TESTING

Marco Petrangeli Papini1, Mauro Majone1, Lucia Pierro1, M. Sagliaschi2, S. Sucato2, Eduard Alesi3, Ernst Bartsch3 1University of Rome, IT2EDF-Fenice, SpA, Stadt, IT3IEG Technologie GmbH, Gruibingen, DE

The remediation of aged source zone affected by residual chlorinated solvents DNAPL represent one of the main challenge in aquifer contamination. When biological reductive dechlorination is considered as a feasible remediation approach, effective delivery and distribution of electron donors other than bioavailability of contaminants in heterogeneous aquifers are some of the primary limitations in most hydrogeological settings. Traditional injection approaches are often limited by preferential migration of injected fluids through better permeable zones, while delivery through less permeable and contaminated layers is usually limited.

By this regards, Groundwater Circulation Wells (GCWs) could advantageously improve the distribution of soluble electron donors by creating a three-dimensional groundwater controlled circulation pattern, especially efficient in anisotropic settings where significant differences exist between horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity.

In this work we report on the remediation activity carried out at an operative industrial site in North Italy, heavily contaminated by different chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, including 1,1-DCA, TCE, 1,2-DCE and VC at concentration up to 100 mg/L. The site is characterized by the presence of a persistent source zone in an hydrogeological complex saturated zone characterized by fine to middle sands with intercalation of less permeable sandy silts to clayey silts layers.

Microbiological characterization by FISH and qPCR techniques along with results from extensive microcosm investigation with different electron donors have clearly indicated the possibility to enhance the active biological reductive dechlorination (RD) until the complete dechlorination of the occurring CAH to ethene. Among the different tested electron donors, poly-hydroxy-butyrrate (PHB), a biodegradable polymer easily fermented to volatile fatty acids and molecular hydrogen, have been experimentally verified as effective in stimulating biological RD at the investigated site. Moreover, coupling biological RD with ZVI have been considered and tested as the option to efficiently remove the spectrum of CAH present at the site.

Based on the laboratory investigation and site characterization, a 30 meter deep GCW, with three screen sections, was designed and installed at the site for a pilot testing. Groundwater is pumped, at a rate up to 2.5 m3/h, towards two screen sections of the GCW and is reinjected into the aquifer by another screen section after passing through an above ground installed PHB (releasing electron donor) and ZVI reactor. The pumping rate can be adjusted to the progress of microbiological remediation and also the spreading of biostimulants in the subsurface can be varied. For sampling purposes and to monitor the remediation progress two Multilevel Sampling System (MLWS) and a multi cluster well are installed in the sphere of influence of the GCW .

Key performance issues from hydraulic, technical and operational standpoints will be discussed and evaluated during the presentation.

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ACCELERATING TRICHLOROETHYLENE REMEDIATION IN SAPROLITE AND FRACTURED CRYSTALLINE BEDROCK BY IN-SITU CHEMICAL OXIDATION AND IN-SITU CHEMICAL REDUCTION - A SUCCESSFUL CASE STUDY OF COMBINED REMEDIES AT A CHALLENGING SITE

George Y. Maalouf Rogers & Callcott Environmental, Greenville, SC, US

A recent release of approximately 7,600 Kilograms of trichloroethylene (TCE) that occurred in the mid-90s resulted in an 18-meter thick impacted vadose zone and a 6-hectare dissolved groundwater plume. Early testing conducted in 2001 and 2003 identified TCE concentrations in the source area as high as 81,000 mg/Kg in soil and 1,200 mg/L in groundwater, near its water solubility limit. The owner has set ambitious clean-up objectives to reach the allowable regulatory TCE concentration of 5 ug/L throughout the entire plume by the year 2025. Multiple interim and final remedial approaches were implemented toward achieving this goal. Traditional and innovative technologies were applied, two of which are not usually considered in consort for the same site. This presentation will discuss remediation performance following a full scale injection of In-Situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO) and In-Situ Chemical Reduction (ISCR) reagents that were pilot tested at the site, the results of which were presented at this conference in 2013.

Meeting the site clean-up goal required an aggressive approach of intensive interim remedial measures while completing the Remedial Investigation, Risk Assessment, and Feasibility Study, followed by a comprehensive final Remedial Action. A remediation strategy was developed to meet the various technical and schedule requirements of this particularly challenging site characterized by relatively high source area concentrations, low permeability saprolite overlying fractured bedrock, low natural attenuation rate, large plume area with limited accessibility, and a very aggressive remediation timeframe.

Approximately 89% of the contaminant mass was removed by the interim remedies, which consisted of excavation, soil vapor extraction (SVE) and In-Situ Thermal Desorption (ISTD) in the source area, and a Pump & Treat system along the property boundary. In the final remedy, these were replaced by SVE in the vadose zone, aggressive ISCO injection for rapid and complete contaminant mass removal in the source area aquifer, and a series of passive, long-lasting permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) using ISCR to address long-term contaminant advection and diffusion in the plume area. The latter two technologies are rarely applied at the same site because of their antagonistic redox environment and must be given careful consideration during design and implementation. However, their application as parts of the same combined remedy can be greatly beneficial to challenging sites. The efficacy of combining the antagonistic ISCO/ISCR remedial approaches was pilot tested at the same site prior to the full scale implementation. Modeling and monitoring were conducted during design and implementation as a basis for reagent requirements, injection point spacing, scale-up for future expansion of the treatment, and to ensure reagents do not interact and destroy each other. The injection wells were installed using sonic drilling methods to allow for a close examination of the overburden and bedrock core in the target injection intervals. Due to the low-permeability saprolite and random fracturing patterns in bedrock, traditional injection methods have proven unsuccessful at this site. Hence, both reagents were emplaced as slurry using a hydraulic injection technique in the form of fractures at a 1.2-meter vertical spacing.

LECITHIN AND FERROUS IRON AS ELECTRON DONORS FOR ENHANCED REDUCTION DECHLORINATION (ERD) AND IN SITU CHEMICAL REDUCTION (ISCR)

Alan Seech1, Michael Mueller2, Daniel Leigh3 1PeroxyChem Environmental Technologies, Corona Del Mar, US2PeroxyChem Environmental Technologies, Zirl, AT3PeroxyChem, Walnut Creek, CA, US

Both enhanced reductive dechlorination (ERD) and in situ chemical reduction (ISCR) have emerged as cost-effective remedial approaches for groundwater with elevated concentrations of chlorinated solvents or heavy metals. ERD involves the addition to groundwater of an organic electron donor that can promote the activity of bacteria that mediate reductive dechlorination reactions. The electron donors can be augmented with a bacterial culture or consortium with proven ability to fully degrade common chlorinated solvents. ISCR treatment combines an organic electron donor addition with a chemical reducing agent, such as zero valent iron (ZVI) or divalent iron (DVI). In general, ERD is seen as the simplest technical approach for many chlorinated solvent sites, while ISCR is viewed as a more robust technology capable of dealing with more challenging groundwater conditions (e.g., wide range of pH, high sulfate levels, persistent contaminant sources, combined organics and metals).

Several factors should be taken into account when selecting an organic electron donor for use in ERD or ISCR applications, including cost, ease of use, and longevity. A wide variety of carbon substrates, including lactate, molasses, and vegetable oil, have been used in ERD and ISCR applications in the past. Recently, lecithin has been identified as a potentially advantageous organic electron donor based on its physical, chemical, and nutritional properties. This work involved testing of lecithin alone, and lecithin supplemented with DVI, under bench-scale, pilot-scale, and full-scale conditions. The full-scale applications were conducted at military sites in Texas and California, USA.

Bench-scale studies determined the influence of lecithin, and lecithin supplemented with DVI, on groundwater ORP, pH, TOC, and TCE degradation, including production and destruction of daughter products. Pilot-scale demonstrations focused on delivery of the lecithin substrate to the subsurface and evaluation of its influence on TCE degradation. Full-scale applications involved treatment of a TCE plumes and included monitoring of recognized ERD parameters including target compound degradation, metabolite generation and removal, and cost analysis.

Bench-scale studies indicated that both lecithin and lecithin supplemented with DVI generated reducing conditions more rapidly than alternative organic carbon substrates, and supported TCE removal for more than 15 months. The pilot-scale demonstration enabled estimation of the zone of influence and addressed the issues of large-scale emulsion preparation, dilution, and injection methodology. Full-scale application focused on scale-up issues of substrate preparation, delivery, injection, distribution, TCE and metabolite degradation, and impacts on aquifer geochemistry. Cost information will also be presented.

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successful in many instances there are still two main limitations to ISCO to treat heavy sorbed phase contamination. The first being that DPE systems are often used in low permeability sites where they achieve greater treatment radii because of the beneficial use of high vacuum flow. These very same soils may prevent efficient distribution and contact of a chemical oxidant. The second point is that while a DPE system may have reached an asymptote the corresponding soil and groundwater concentrations may still be quite high meaning that the number of injections and volume of reagent required would be costly.

The use of surfactants to enhance recovery of sorbed-phase or smeared hydrocarbon is another option, but applications are rare owing to perceptions of cost, pore-blockage, trapping of residual hydrocarbons by sub-CMC residual surfactant, and high residual surfactant biological oxygen demand (BOD) that inhibit follow-on biodegradation or natural / enhanced attenuation of residual hydrocarbon.

This presentation will provide information on a reagent-based approach which systematically addresses the above issues in order to increase the efficiency and expedite the closure of physical extraction-based clean-up projects (DPE, pump-and-treat, etc.). This technology is entirely inorganic and presents no BOD yet provides combined ISCO and enhanced desorption at contaminated sites to treat bound hydrocarbon and NAPL. This approach can also be used to increase efficiency at failing DPE installations for fast and cost-effective mass reduction. An overview of the results from laboratory and field studies will be presented and the potential modes of usage and anticipated benefits to common remediation projects explored.

COMBINED NANO-BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR IN-SITU REMEDIATION OF MIXED CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATER BY HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM AND CHLORINATED SOLVENTS.

Jan Nemecek1, Petr Pokorný1, Ondřej Lhotský2, Petra Najmanová2, Vladislav Knytl2, Jana Steinová3, Miroslav Černík3, Tomáš Cajthaml4

1ENACON s.r.o., Prague 4, CZ2DEKONTA, a.s., Stehelčeves, CZ3Technical University Liberec, Liberec, CZ4Institute of Microbiology of the AS CR & Charles University, Prague, CZ

Chlorinated solvents are one of the most abundant contaminants of groundwater due to its frequent historical industrial exploitation. Chlorinated solvents are accompanied very often by hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) as a result of improper handling these chemicals during degreasing and subsequent metal plating processes. Despite of approximately 25 years of remediation technology development, achieving typical concentration-based cleanup goals in soil and groundwater for these constituents remains technically challenging at many contaminated sites. This study combines in-situ chemical reduction by nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) and subsequent biological reductive treatment, supported by addition of whey as an organic substrate in order to treat aquifer impacted by Cr(VI) and chlorinated ethenes. Added substrate as electron donor supports microbial reduction of Cr(VI) to non-toxic and significantly less mobile Cr(III), in addition, hydrogen and acetate as products of substrate fermentation serve as the electron donors in reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethenes.

For the ISCO source area treatment, 75 metric tons of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and sand blend (50% each) were injected in three stages between 2011 and 2014, including the pilot study. Seventeen injection wells were used covering an area of approximately 390 square meters and extending 24 meters into the saprolite overburden and 4 meters into the underlying fractured granitic gneiss. The ISCR treatment consisted of three zero-valent iron (ZVI) PRBs that effectively divide the plume into four segments, thereby drastically shortening its lifespan. A total of 658 metric tons of granular ZVI were injected into 62 injections wells with 6 meters of separation between wells and PRB lengths ranging from 73 meters to 161 meters. Vertically, the PRBs extended up to 26 meters into the saprolite and up to 13 meters into the underlying granitic schist and gneiss.

Performance monitoring has been conducted at least quarterly. As of the fourth quarter of 2014, approximately 80 Kgs of TCE have been removed from the vadose zone by the SVE system. A similar amount (~74 Kgs) has been removed by the ISCO injection. It is estimated the clean-up goal in the source area (<5.0 ug/L) should be met after the removal of an additional 2 Kgs. Of the 15 monitoring wells in the source area, 11 wells have experienced complete TCE concentration reduction (>99.99%). TCE concentrations in the remaining four wells dropped by 92% to 99.5% from the ISCO baseline levels. Permanganate was not observed in any of the wells located outside the source area, and reducing conditions have been sustained in the immediately downgradient ZVI injection wells; therefore, the permanganate did not adversely affect the PRBs.

The ZVI performance monitoring wells have exhibited significant reductions in TCE concentrations ranging between 90.5% and 99.8% at the most upgradient PRB, but at lower rates in the mid-PRB (69.7% - 100%) and most downgradient PRB (34% - 59%), where groundwater flow rates are relatively lower.

PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON MASS REMOVAL USING REAGENT BASED ENHANCED DESORPTION COMBINED WITH PHYSICAL RECOVERY TECHNIQUES

Jeremy Birnstingl1, Alberto Leombruni2, Ben Mork3, Gareth Leonard1

1Regenesis, Bath, GB2Regenesis Ltd, Terni, IT3Regenesis, San Clemente, US

Dual-phase extraction (DPE) or pump-and-treat (P&T) systems are widely used for the remediation of high concentrations of hydrocarbon nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) at contaminated sites. While the initial phase of DPE system operation typically achieves rapid reduction of NAPL the long-term effectiveness diminishes and the system often reaches an asymptote. Further operation of a system in asymptote conditions would provide little incremental benefit in treating soil or groundwater contamination thus negatively impacting both project costs and time.

The leveling off of DPE effectiveness typically arises as a result of hydrocarbon distribution through zones of differential matrix permeability, the presence of slowly dissolving smeared or sorbed hydrocarbon contamination, or a combination of both of these factors. For many remediation practitioners the next logical choice for remediation when DPE operation is asymptotic is to use In Situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO). While the use of ISCO can be

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ThS 1C.16 In Situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO) 1


DESTRUCTION OF PERFLOUROOCTAINE SULFONATE (PFOS) AND PERFLOUROCTANOIC ACID (PFOA) USING ACTIVATED PERSULFATE

Josephine Molin1, Michael Mueller2, Brant Smith1, Daniel Leigh3 1PeroxyChem Environmental Technologies, Philadelphia, US2PeroxyChem Environmental Technologies, Zirl, AT3PeroxyChem, Walnut Creek, CA, US

PFOS and PFOA are emerging as contaminants of concern in many countries and authorities around the world are in the initial stages of establishing regulatory limits for groundwater. PFOS and PFOA are both difficult to remediate in soil and groundwater systems due to their recalcitrant nature and therefore in situ remedial options are limited. Activated persulfate chemistry has been used effectively to treat soil and groundwater contaminated by a wide range of pollutants of concern. Recent laboratory work has demonstrated that activated persulfate is capable of oxidizing and mineralizing PFOS in groundwater with minimal daughter product formation. This presentation will provide the latest in data demonstrating the reduction of PFOS by activated persulfate, utilizing a variety of activation methods, such as high pH, hydrogen peroxide and chelated iron as well as an overview of peer-reviewed papers investigating the destruction of PFOA by persulfate.

A twenty-one day laboratory treatability study was performed to investigate the ability of persulfate, activated by a variety of methods, to destroy PFOS in an aqueous system. Activation methods investigated include chelated iron, high pH, hydrogen peroxide and heat. Aliquots from the study were then sampled for residual persulfate, PFOS and PFOS daughter products. In addition, a survey of the current literature discussing the destruction of PFOA and PFOS by persulfate methods was performed.

Initial results indicate that activated persulfate is capable of destroying PFOS under the conditions of the test. Based on the concept of the Persulfate Efficiency Number (PEN), which is the ratio of the amount of contaminant destroyed divided by the amount of persulfate used, high PEN values were obtained for iron-EDTA, hydrogen peroxide and high pH activation strategies. Very little to no daughter product formation was observed after twenty one days. The literature would indicate that PFOA is destroyed by activated persulfate as well, using a variety of different activation methods.

SUSTAINED-RELEASE REMOX® SR+ ISCO REAGENT TECHNOLOGY: REACTIVE SYNERGIES RESULTING FROM PERMANGANATE IN COMBINATION WITH PERSULFATE FOR PASSIVE CONTAMINANT TREATMENT

Lorenzo Sacchetti1, Pamela Dugan2 1Carus Europe, Asturias, ES2Carus Corporation, La Salle, US

Complex organic contaminant mixtures (e.g., gasoline, jet fuel, chlorinated solvents, solvent stabilizers) are routinely co-disposed at hazardous waste sites and commonly found at many if not most sites (e.g., Rao et al., 1997; McCray and Dugan, 2002; McCray et al., 2011).

Combining these two remedial approaches takes advantage of features from both – fast nZVI-mediated decrease of Cr(VI) concentrations in source area groundwater to prevent the further spread of the contamination followed by more economical treatment of chlorinated ethenes and the lower Cr(VI) concentrations in the plume by microorganisms.

The combined technology was tested in the field at a pilot site where the initial Cr(VI) concentration in groundwater ranged from 4.4 to 57 mg/l. The total concentration of chlorinated ethenes ranged from 400 to 6526 µg/l. Trichloroethene (TCE) and cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cis-DCE) were dominant chlorinated contaminants (TCE formed 45% up to 93% and cis-DCE formed 5% up to 53% of total chlorinated ethenes on a molar basis). At the pilot test site the aquifer lies in Quaternary sands and gravels with a saturated thickness of 4 m. nZVI was injected twice with a 4-month interval. 20 kg of pure nZVI in suspension was used for each injection using a direct push technology. Two months after the second nZVI injection, whey was added in order to achieve 60 mg TOC/l in groundwater.

During the pilot test, the applications of nZVI rapidly pretreated the aquifer with regards to toxic Cr(VI) and to some extend also to chlorinated ethenes without any negative impact on the composition or abundance of indigenous bacteria. Stimulation of biological reductive treatment using whey resulted in a further decrease in Cr(VI) concentrations in the groundwater below a detection limit (<0.05 mg/l) throughout the treated areas without any rebound of Cr(VI) concentrations after substrate depletion. Addition of whey resulted in a temporal increase of concentration of chlorinated ethenes as a consequence of the desorption/solubilisation effect of whey and its metabolites in the groundwater followed by intensive subsequent dechlorination of chlorinated ethenes up to ethene and ethane.

The chlorine number (average number of Cl atoms per ethane in the groundwater sample from down-gradient monitoring wells) decreased from initial 2.6 – 2.8 to 0.1 – 0.9 approximately 3.5 months after addition of whey. Within the same time the total concentration of chlorinated ethenes decreased to the range from 69 to 747 µg/l (the pilot test is on-going). The results of PLFA analyses clearly indicated positive effect of nZVI injection on the abundance of indigenous microorganisms. The effect of whey application was rather complex and will be evaluated in a paper in detail. Dechlorinating bacteria belonging to genus Dehalobacter, Dehalococcoides and Sulfurospirillium were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or quantitative PCR (qPCR) in groundwater during the test. Cultivation tests showed positive effect of both nZVI and whey injection on psychrophilic bacteria.

No adverse effects to hydrochemical composition of groundwater were observed. Depletion of nitrate, temporary elevated concentrations of iron and manganese and a decrease in the content of sulphate are (together with a drop of EH) common indicators of the created thermodynamically favorable conditions for reduction of both contaminants.

In sum, the successive combination of the two in-situ methods – chemical reduction by nZVI and biological reductive treatment seems to be an efficient and sustainable remedial approach for treatment of the mixture of the rather frequent contaminants - Cr(VI) and chlorinated ethenes.

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USE OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF PERSULFATE ACTIVATION AND FENTON REAGENT FOR THE REMOVAL OF PFOA AND PFOS FROM CONTAMINATED WATER.

Fernando Pardo, Virginia Huerta, Esperanza Montero, Sergio Rodríguez, Aurora Santos, Arturo Romero University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, ES

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), as a compound of the group of PFCAs (perfluorocarboxilic acids), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), have been widely used in industry, such as surfactants, surface treatment agents, polymers, metal coating, fire retardants, etc. during the last decades. Due to their hydrophobic and oleophobic nature, and chemical and thermal resistance, PFOA and PFOS tend to bioaccumulate and resist degradation (meeting the “persistent” and “very persistent” EU criteria) [1].

Although PFOA and PFOS have been prohibited from industrial uses, they still remain in the environment, resulting in serious health and ecological risks due to their proven toxicity and likely carcinogenic effects, furthermore, there have been several cases reporting the presence of PFOA and PFOS in some tissues and organs of both humans and animals. Therefore, the need to remove this kind of contaminants from the environment has been considered as a matter of increasing interest in the last years [1], [2].

Because of the strong fluorine-carbon bond and low vapor pressure, conventional treatment technologies such as bioremediation and direct oxidation have not offered satisfactory removal efficiencies. Whilst, on the other hand, activated carbon filters and reverse osmosis have shown effectiveness for the abatement of PFCs in water until acceptable levels, although for complete destruction of PFOS and PFOA it is necessary to incinerate the concentrated waste. Therefore, the current solutions for the removal of these pollutants are questioned in regards to their cost-effectiveness. [1]

Due to this fact, alternative technologies have been studied, such as photochemical oxidation, thermally-induced reduction, sonochemical degradation and persulfate oxidation. In case of chemical oxidation, it would be necessary to study different reaction conditions, regarding persulfate and hydrogen peroxide activation for hydroxyl radical production, in order to assess the extent of the effectiveness of all these oxidation techniques. [3], [4].

In this work it has been studied the use of activated persulfate by different ways and Fenton reagent for the removal of PFOA and PFOS, it has been also studied the defluorination grade in order to ensure a complete degradation of the pollutant.

Water samples contaminated with PFOA and PFOS 0.1 mM each, were treated with Fenton Reagent and activated persulfate. Both advanced oxidation techniques were carried out by modifying the type of activator. In case of Fenton reagent, activation was carried out by adding only ferric sulfate and ferric sulfate combined with humic acids. For persulfate activation, it was used temperature (ranging from 25 to 70 ºC), zerovalent iron, alkaline conditions (pH=12) and persulfate combined with ferric sulfate and humic acids.

Reactions, carried out in glass reactors covered with aluminium foil in order to avoid sunlight, were performed at 25 ºC by orbital shaking, while for those corresponding to higher temperatures (>25 ºC), a glicerine bath with magnetic stirring was used. Concentration of contaminants, pH, fluoride in solution and remaining oxidant were followed during reactions.

In situ chemical oxidation using unactivated persulfate and permanganate have separately been demonstrated to remediate a wide variety of contaminants. Recent research has demonstrated that novel and innovative synergistic reactivity occurs when combinations of oxidants are used in tandem to treat mixtures of organic contaminants. This paper will describe results and lessons learned from a number of laboratory and field efforts where sustained-release permanganate and persulfate cylinders (MultiOx SR) were utilized as a remedial alternative that is easy to implement, has low footprint, does not require the injection of liquids, and minimizes disruption of active facilities.

A series of bench-scale oxidation experiments were performed to 1) understand the release rates of blends of permanganate and persulfate from sustained-release cylinders, 2) determine the persistence of permanganate and persulfate in site soil and groundwater, and 3) determine the kinetic rate of contaminant degradation by mixtures of permanganate and persulfate. The experimental approach included experiments in both 1) deionized water and 2) aquifer materials to evaluate the potential of natural activation mechanisms and reactive synergies resulting from mixtures of permanganate and unactivated persulfate. Both contaminant and oxidant concentrations were measured over the 30-day long experiment. Second-order kinetic coefficients were calculated and a minimum contact time was determined to ensure complete contaminant degradation of contaminant mixtures. Finally, the release of the blended oxidants from slow release cylinders was evaluated from 3-inch sections in a series of 1-D column experiments. Kinetic models were used to describe the contaminant oxidation rates and regression models were developed to quantify the release of permanganate and persulfate from MultiOx cylinders.

To validate the approach of using MultiOx SR cylinders, a conceptual framework was developed that incorporated 1) oxidant release from the cylinders, 2) soil oxidant demand rates, and 3) contaminant oxidation kinetics. Results from these experiments demonstrate that the oxidant released from the cylinders is sufficient to overcome the soil oxidant demand and can effectively degrade mixtures of contaminants in situ. The results of the laboratory experiments were then used to design a remedial plan for a field site where a co-mingled plume containing petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents as well as the solvent stabilizer 1,4 dioxane were present.

The utilization of MultiOx cylinders can provide a simple, long-term and cost-effective approach for remediating co-mingled plumes. The cylinders can be easily emplaced in the subsurface using direct-push technology or suspended in wells for easy recharge. The sustained-release MultiOx SR cylinder has a very favorable health and safety profile, no hazardous liquid activators or injection equipment is required. Finally, there is great potential to combine the sustained-release permanganate and persulfate cylinders with other technologies such as biological remediation or other mass removal strategies (e.g. excavation, SVE) for accelerated and more efficient site remediation.

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The implementation of an ISCO based remediation on an operating petrochemical site, makes this project extraordinary. By reasons of the hazardous properties of the applied substances (ozone and peroxide), health and safety issues are priority matters on the site. Prior to the remediation an extensive safety and health plan was conducted, which includes all necessary measures during the remediation process. These measures are essential for the human health management on one hand and for the operation of the chemical storage plant on the other hand (main risks are possible corrosion of underground infrastructures, storage tanks and risk of explosion.) The main objectives of the LIFE+ project are:

4. Demonstrate the applicability of ISCO with perozone® for the remediation of complex soil and groundwater pollution containing multiple contaminants;

5. Demonstrate the feasibility of ISCO on EX-rated sites, including adequate safety measures;

6. Demonstrate the cost and energy efficiency of the remediation technique;

7. Demonstrate the environmental benefits of the remediation technique compared to conventional remediation techniques (lower energy and water consumption and carbon emissions);

8. Disseminate the acquired knowledge.

Verhoeve Milieu & Water is mainly involved in the execution of the in-situ remediation. First, between September 2012 and January 2013 the civil engineering works and the installation of the underground remediation infrastructure were executed, including the removal of the heavily contaminated top layers in the source zone. The actual ISCO remediation began in April 2013. In total 61 ISCO filters, 32 multiple phase extraction filters and several drains were installed. Along to chemical oxidation, multi-phase extraction was initially included for tackling mass removal at the source zone. However the high concentrations has led to quick saturation of active carbon filters. After consultation with the authorities (which doesn´t permit any emission to outdoor air) multi-phase extraction was excluded from the process.

The approach of the contamination is divided in several stages, in which different site parts were treated. The first removal was conducted at the former drum storage, followed by the road section and at the end the tank farm. The activities at the former drum storage has been successfully finished at the end of 2013. At the moment the remediation at the road section is well under way and the process at the tank farm has just started. Prior of each stage an extensive risk inventory was conducted. Sometimes, additional investigations of measures were taken, when it was considered as necessary. An example of such measure is the examination of the radius of influence in the tank farm, in order to prevent damage to the corrosion sensitive tanks through high ozone concentrations.

On Aquaconsoil 2015, we like to present the results of the until then performed remediation. Which includes special attention for various risk-based assessments performed during the remediation project, to achieve a safe and effective remediation witch ISCO on an Industrial EX-rated site.

PFOA was analyzed by HPLC with a Diode Array Detector (maximum absorbance 190 nm), fluoride was followed by a selective electrode in order to study the defluorination grade. Hydrogen peroxide was measured by potentiometric titration with KMnO4 and persulfate by indirect potentiometric titration of iodide (KI) with sodium thiosulfate. A glass electrode was used for pH measurement.

Higher removal efficiencies of PFOA were obtained with activated persulfate by temperature, zerovalent iron and ferric sulfate with humic acids. Regarding Fenton reagent, the best result was obtained when ferric salt and humic acids were used.

In terms of defluorination, persulfate activation with temperature offered the highest efficiencies for both PFOA and PFOS, while for other techniques, despite the high removal efficiencies of contaminant, incomplete defluorination rates were obtained.

References

[1] Environmental protection agency (USA). Emerging Contaminants – Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA).

[2] Lee et al. Persulfate oxidation of perfluorooctanoic acid under the temperatures of 20–40°. Chemical Engineering Journal. Volumes 198–199, 1 August 2012, Pages 27–32.

[3] Wang et al. Electrochemically enhanced adsorption of PFOA and PFOS on multiwalled carbon nanotubes in continuous flow mode. Chinese Science Bulletin. August 2014, Volume 59, Issue 23, pp 2890-2897

[4] Yang et al. Oxidative Degradation of PFOA/PFOS with Physicochemical Techniques. PROGRESS IN CHEMISTRY. Volume 26, 7 Pages: 1265-1274.

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge financial support from the Comunidad Autonoma de Madrid provided throughout projects CARESOIL (S2013-MAE-2739) and from Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, projects CTM2010-16693 and CTM2013-43794-R.

IMPLEMENTING IN-SITU CHEMICAL OXIDATION ON AN INDUSTRIAL EX-RATED SITE

Edward van de Ven1, Art Lobs1, Tim De Bouw2, Richard Lookman3 1Verhoeve Milieu & Water, Dordrecht, NL2RSK Benelux bvba, Willebroek, BE3Verhoeve Groep Belgium bvba, Antwerpen, BE

For the EU – LIFE+ project of VOPAK-EXPER03, VERHOEVE MILIEU & WATER co-operate closely with VOPAK, RSK and Badeco on the execution of soil remediation by applying In-situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO).

The relevant site, VOPAK Terminal ACS, is located in Belgium. Some parts on the site are classified as historical contaminated. The existing contamination includes: chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, BTEX and volatile petroleum hydrocarbons. These chemicals have polluted both soil and ground water. The remediation forms a great challenge, due to the different physical and chemical properties of these contaminants. Conventional remediation techniques can’t guarantee complete removal and the required time is inefficiently long. To cope with these factors, ISCO is implemented through the application of Perozone®. This technique injects a combination of ozone and peroxide into the soil, which can transform a variety of contaminants into harmless products.

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ThS 1C.17 In Situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO) 2


COMBINED FENTON-LIKE OXIDATION AND CO2 SPARGING FOR THE TREATMENT OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATED BY ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Daniela Zingaretti, Iason Verginelli, Renato Baciocchi University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, IT

In the last decades, in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) has become one of the attractive remedial alternatives for treating many organic contaminants. This remediation technique involves injecting oxidants (such as hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate or sodium persulfate) into the subsurface to destroy the compounds of concern. Many studies so far have demonstrated the effectiveness of the ISCO processes in the contaminated site remediation. Among the available oxidation processes the Fenton’s one gained an increasing interest due to its ability of treating a wide range of contaminants. However, the persistence of hydrogen peroxide in the subsurface is a key factor to consider since it affects the contact time of the oxidant with the contaminant and ultimately the delivery of H2O2 in the subsurface. With respect to other oxidants, such as potassium permanganate or persulfate, hydrogen peroxide in fact persists in soil and aquifer for relatively short times (from minutes to hours) and hence the radius of influence of the treatment could be relatively limited. To overcome this limitation, various reagents that enhance the lifetime of H2O2 in the aquifer can be used. Namely, the most common H2O2 stabilizers involves various forms of phosphate which reduce the availability of inorganic reactants (e.g. Fe and Mn) via complexation or precipitation reactions. More recently, different studies analysed the performances achievable using also organic acids, such as phytate, citrate and malonate. In this study we evaluate the performance achievable applying a Fenton-like treatment combined with carbon dioxide sparging. The applied CO2 stream in fact could in principle exert a double effect. On the one hand fluxing CO2 in water leads to carbonic acid production with a consequent decrease of pH to acidic values that makes the Fenton’s process more effective. On the other hand the CO2 sparging can enhance the contaminant removal due to a stripping effect. Thus to evaluate the performance of this combined process different lab-scale tests on a soil-water system artificially contaminated by MtBE were performed. In particular a Fenton-like process based on the use of hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by naturally occurring iron and manganese minerals was used. The oxidation process was then applied using either CO2 or KH2PO4 as stabilizing agents and the results, in terms of hydrogen peroxide lifetime and MtBE oxidation, were compared with the ones obtained without the addition of any hydrogen peroxide stabiliser. Furthermore, control tests applying only a carbon dioxide sparging without H2O2 were performed in order to evaluate the stripping effect of CO2. The obtained results showed that the use of either CO2 or KH2PO4 allows to enhance the hydrogen peroxide lifetime. However the stabilizing effect on hydrogen peroxide exerted by carbon dioxide was lower than the one observed when KH2PO4 was used. On the contrary, the removal of MtBE observed at the end of the different tests revealed that the combination of the Fenton-like process with the CO2 sparging was the most effective leading to a reduction of MtBE up to 99%. The application of CO2 sparging alone, instead, led to a MtBE removal in the order of 50-60% whereas the traditional Fenton-like with KH2PO4 allowed to remove up to 80-90% of the initial contaminant concentration. These findings hence suggest

REMEDIATION OF A PENTACHLOROPHENOL CONTAMINATION UNDERNEATH A RESIDENTIAL AREA

Tessa Pancras, Jurgen van der Wal, Joop Verhagen ARCADIS Nederland B.V., Apeldoorn, NL

Pentachlorophenol has been used as a pesticide and disinfectant in mushroom nurseries and wood treating facilities. Soil and groundwater was contaminated with pentachlorophenol underneath a residential area at a site in Limburg, the Netherlands. The maximum concentration measured at the site was 1,700 µg/l (> 500 x Dutch intervention value), the contamination was present in a volume of approximately 6,000 m3.

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a compound which adsorbs strongly to soil. The contamination is difficult to remediate with most in-situ remediation techniques, due to the strong adsorption and the low volatility. However, the pentachlorophenol used is the more soluble sodium pentachlorophenate. The species that dominates in the soil depends on the pH, but at normal circumstances, the anion dominates. The anion has a much higher solubility than PCP itself, and is less inclined to adsorb to the soil. This explains why PCP contaminations can be much more widely distributed, and treatment is more viable, than anticipated based on the physical and chemical properties of PCP.

In-situ chemical oxidation, using Fenton’s reagent at a neutral pH, was selected as a viable remediation technique for the PCP contamination underneath the residential area. During the remediation access to houses and roads had to be maintained at all times.

The contaminated area was treated during two injection periods of 1-2 weeks each. Following treatment, the concentrations were monitored for one year, and the concentrations were low enough to fulfill the requirements for the site.

We would like to present the considerations for the remediation strategy, the results of the remediation and the subsequent monitoring.

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removal efficiency of every pollutant (Anthracene, Phenanthrene, Pyrene and Benzo(a) pyrene) with persulfate activated by Fe (II), Fe (III) combined with humic acids, granular ZVI, nanoparticle ZVI. Besides, the evolution of the different species (oxidant, surfactant, total iron in solution and contaminant) as well as pH, was followed during the reaction time and the identification of oxidation products and intermediates was carried out.

RESULTS

Effect of humic acidsIt were found, after 5 days, higher removal efficiencies for all PAH when Fe (III) + humic acids were added than Fe (II). However, in both cases phenanthrene was the PAH with showed lower removal efficiencies. Furthermore, given the best results, activation with Fe(III) + humic acids was selected to be compared with ZVI activation for longer, due to the fact that there was an important quantity of remaining persulfate in the media.

Effect of surfactantThe presence of surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) offered better removal efficiencies for all PAH. In this sense, despite being a competitor for the oxidant, as well as the pollutants, the enhancement of the mass transfer to the aqueous phase improved the removal efficiency for each PAH.

Effect of particle sizeComparing the effect of granular ZVI and nanoparticle ZVI, no significant differences were observed regarding removal efficiencies for all PAH. Anyway, after 40 days of reaction, it was observed a complete conversion of the contaminants.

Effect of nanovalent ZVI concentrationIn this case, although almost complete removal efficiencies were achieved, when nanoparticle ZVI was used, less time was needed for the achievement of these conversions.

Oxidation intermediatesIn some reactions, at intermediate times, it was observed the presence of anthraquinone, typical toxic compound found during oxidation processes of PAH [3].

References

[1] Environmental Protection Agency, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs).

[2] ZHAO et al. Effect and mechanism of persulfate activated by different methods for PAHs removal in soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 254– 255 (2013) 228– 235.

[3] Liao et al. Identification of persulfate oxidation products of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon during remediation of contaminated soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials 276 (2014) 26–34.

Acknowledgements: The authors acknowledge financial support from the Comunidad Autonoma de Madrid provided throughout projects CARESOIL (S2013-MAE-2739) and from Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, projects CTM2010-16693 and CTM2013-43794-R.

that the combination of carbon dioxide sparging with a Fenton-like process could represent a promising remediation option for the treatment of many organic compounds in groundwater.

USE OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF PERSULFATE ACTIVATION WITH IRON FOR THE REMEDIATION OF A PAH-CONTAMINATED SOIL

Fernando Pardo1, Marina Peluffo2, Aurora Santos1, Arturo Romero1 1Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, ES2CINDEFI. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas-UNLP, CCT-La Plata, CONICET, La Plata, AR

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are organic compounds consisting of three or more fused benzene rings. PAH have low vapor pressure and negligible solubility in water. Due to their known toxicity, carcinogenic and mutagenic potentials, and their persistence in the environment, it is considered an international priority to take immediate, low cost measures for the removal of this kind of pollutants.

PAHs usually come from the incomplete combustion of organic matter, therefore these pollutants are usually found in coal and oil, coal tar, creosote, industrial areas, even in some cases of burnt food.

Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) have shown good effectiveness in the removal of these contaminants, among all AOPs used for the remediation of PAH contaminated soils, it has become of increasing interest the use of activated persulfate, with a high redox potential of 2.12 V. Furthermore, stability of persulfate in soil is high, which can show activeness for months, making this reagent able to oxidize a wide range of organic contaminants. Besides, unlike hydrogen peroxide, non-productive consumption of persulfate is not strongly influenced by pH. [2], [3].

In spite of these advantages, there is a drawback regarding persulfate activation, which is related to the consumption of activator, as for example, iron. Taking into account that Fe(II) is the specie that activates persulfate for the release of persulfate radicals, when all Fe(II) is oxidized to Fe(III) during activation the release of persulfate radicals is stopped. This can be solved by different ways, as for example by the use of zerovalent iron, which acts as a continuous dose of iron, or the addition of humic acids, which can reduce Fe(III) to Fe(II), increasing the extent of the remediation technique.

The scope of this work is to remediate a PAH contaminated soil by 4 PAHs (anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene and benzo(a)pyrene) by different kinds of persulfate activation, such as the addition of zerovalent iron (ZVI), either granular or nanoparticle, the addition of ferric sulfate combined with humic acids and the addition of surfactant, in order to increase the pollutant’s solubility. The different species involved in the reaction have been monitored (contaminant, oxidant) and also pH.

EXPERIMENTALA sandy loam soil was spiked artificially with 100 mg•kg-1each of 4 PAH, Anthracene (3 rings), Phenanthrene (3 rings), Pyrene (4 rings) and Benzo(a)Pyrene (5 rings), all included in the list of 16 PAHs priority pollutants. Soils were aged for two months before oxidation treatment. Reactions were conducted without pH adjustement, using PTFE 50 mL centrifuge tubes as reactors, stirred isothermally at 20 ºC in an orbital shaker. Ratio selected for aqueous phase to soil was 2 mL•g-1. It has been studied the

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Conclusions. The innovative tender procedure has led to a smart solution, according on a ISCO approach with activated Klozur® persulfate based on the results of a bench scale treatability study. It has been shown that bench scale testing is an indispensable tool in designing ISCO projects. The bench scale treatability test and full scale field results correspond to each other. After the first injection period of ISCO treatment was applied the TPH-concentration levels were successfully reduced with 49%.

BARIUM FERRATES FOR IN-SITU CHEMICAL OXIDATION OF BTEX CONTAMINANTS

Norbert Klaas, Christine Herrmann, Karin Hauff University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, DE

Ferrate(VI) has a high oxidizing capacity - under acidic conditions, its redox potential is even higher than the one of ozone - making ferrate(VI) a very promising agent for water and wastewater treatment processes. It has been shown that various types of organic compounds like for example phenol or thiourea can be oxidised by ferrate(VI) [1].

The work presented here is especially focusing on the potential applicability of barium ferrate for in-situ groundwater remediation. To the best of our knowledge currently no material, except for oxygen-releasing compounds being applied for in-situ bioremediation, is tested for passive oxidative remediation. Since barium ferrate offers slow-release properties it could be utilized to form zones of strong oxidation potential with the possibility of producing a depot-effect in the aquifer. BTEX contaminants (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylenes) represent one major category of contaminants affecting groundwater [2] and hence have been chosen as target pollutants to study the use of barium ferrates for in-situ chemical oxidation.

Ferrates(VI) can either be prepared by dry oxidation, wet oxidation or electrochemically. Here, the electrochemical preparation is used because it offers several advantages like for example a shorter synthesis time and reduced costs [3]. The electrochemical synthesis of ferrate(VI) is based on the oxidation of an iron metal anode in alkaline media [4]. Barium ferrate is obtained by subsequent precipitation and characterised by titrimetric chromite analysis [5] and X-ray diffraction. In order to investigate the reactivity of barium ferrate towards BTEX contaminants batch tests have been conducted using toluene as a model contaminant. The results will be presented along with considerations towards the potential applicability of the material for field application, including aspects of a later remediation technology.

“The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n°309517.”

[1] M. Alsheyab, J.-Q. Jiang, C. Stanford, Journal of Environmental Management 2009, 90, 1350.

[2] P. Panagos, M. V. Liedekerke, Y. Yigini, L. Montanarella, Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2013, 2013, Article ID 158764.

[3] X. Yu, S. Licht, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 2008, 38, 731.

[4] S. Licht, R. Tel-Vered, L. Halperin, Journal of the Electrochemical Society 2004, 151, A31.

[5] S. Licht, V. Naschitz, L. Halperin, N. Halperin, L. Lin, J. Chen, S. Ghosh, B. Liu, Journal of Power Sources 2001, 167.

THE ADVANTAGE OF BENCH SCALE TREATABLITY STUDIES AS A DECISION MAKING TOOL FOR A FULL SCALE ISCO APPROACH IN AN INNOVATIVE TENDER PROCEDURE

Albert Smits1, Gerard Borggreve1, Dennis Scheper1, Mart Jansen2, Michael Mueller3 1NTP Enviro Netherlands, Enschede, NL2Dutch Rail Soil Remediation Foundation, Utrecht, NL3PeroxyChem Environmental Technologies, Zirl, AT

Overview. A marshalling yard for trains has been contaminated as a result of leaks, spills and filling losses of hydrocarbon fuels. An in situ remediation by Biosparging, Bioventing and Nutrient dosing has been carried out in the period from 2004 to 2010. After remediation for an amount of half a million Euro, a large residual TPH contamination remained in the soil.

Innovative Tender Procedure. An additional remediation effort was contracted in an innovative tender procedure under conditions of fixed price, time, removed mass and payment. There were two selection criteria. For a fixed budget of a quarter of a million Euro, the contractor should indicate how much mass he demonstrably will remove (70% score). The plan of approach has been tested the feasibility (30% score). A number of contractors have put forward a smart solution. But there were also contractors who have decided not to make an offer.

Considerations and choice-based approach to remediation of a sub area. The main part of the pollutant load was located in the range from 14.5 to 18.5 m below ground level and comprises 47.9% of the overall load. This mass was situated in the top of the saturated zone and is more readily available to biological and chemical in-situ remediation techniques then contamination in the unsaturated zone.

Laboratory tests. By linking the results of an aliphatic aromatic TPH split group with substance group properties, a mathematical insight is obtained into possible remediation techniques. It was found that 43% of the oil is soluble in water and that more than 84% of the contamination is moderately aerobically biological or chemically degradable.

A desk study indicated that chemical oxidation would give the best results with activated sodium persulfate. On a laboratory scale, tests were carried out with alkaline activated persulfate and hydrogen peroxide activated persulfate. The hydrogen peroxide activated persulfate showed a decrease of 38-54% in the ground. However, the TPH was almost completely mobilized to the aqeous phase. Treatment with alkaline activated persulfate showed a destruction of 49-54% of TPH in the ground, with 10 times less mobilization of TPH to the water phase.

Full-Scale Application. The Full-scale remediation was carried out using a fully automated remotely controlled ISCO unit. The unit ensures complete telemetric monitoring, operating 24 / 7. Essential parameters, such as the injection pressure, the amount and flow rate of injection as well as the soil temperature were monitored continuously. During the first injection period, an amount of 6.260 kg alkaline activated Klozur® persulfate, was injected over 15 ISCO injection wells in the most polluted areas. Application of chemical oxidation with activated Klozur® persulfate leads to an increase in the pH, the redox potential and dissolved oxygen levels.

Comparison of the pollutant load after completion of the chemical oxidation with the load prior to the chemical oxidation, is showing a decrease of 49% of TPH in the ground. A strong mobilization of product into the aqueous phase was not observed. A second activation of the remaining Klozur® persulfate will be performed later this year, followed by a phase of enhanced aerobic bioremediation.

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ThS 1C.18 Miscellaneous remediation topics 1


INTENSIVE CSM DEVELOPMENT PROVIDING DATA FOR CONCISE DESIGN OF CONTAINMENT

Koen Enkels, Karolien Claeys, Bram De Keulenaere, Bart Callens, Karen Van Geert, Wouter Gevaerts, Gerlinde De Moor ARCADIS Belgium nv, BE

At a former tar production plant of ca. 6.8 ha, high concentrations of organic contaminants are present in the quaternary layer. Tar DNAPL is present at a depth of ca. 15 m-below ground level (bgl), on top of the Tertiary layers underneath important parts of the site. The contamination has migrated under the adjacent River Scheldt underneath an ecological valuable area. The DNAPL-contamination threatens the underlying Tertiary aquifer (important source of drinking water extraction) and downstream areas. The design of a remediation strategy was challenging, due to the size and depth of the contaminated area, the complex alluvial (hydro)geology, the presence of an active chemical production site and the presence of many stakeholders.

Initial feasibility studies showed that complete cleanup of the site was not cost effective. Hence, the remediation strategy design focused on elimination of the migration risk. To be able to identify the crucial aspects of the migration risk an elaborate Conceptual Site Model has been developed. In addition to conventional drillings and monitoring wells, next generation techniques have been used to map geology and contamination in three dimensions: LIF-CPT (ROST), electrical CPT and geoelectrical tomography. These data provided the means to identify gaps in the underlying Tertiary clay layer, to map the migration of DNAPL underneath the River Scheldt, to delineate in detail the presence of contamination in the different soil layers and to set up a hydrogeological model.

Based on these insights, a robust containment strategy was designed and approved by the authorities. Isolation of the contamination is to be attained by a three-sided bentonite slurry wall, to be installed in 2016/2017, combined with limited pumping of groundwater to compensate for ground- and rainwater inflow. Forty DNAPL-recovery wells are installed in some selected critical locations and at present manual pumping of DNAPL using a peristaltic pump is undertaken. A detailed testing phase provided the ideal pumping rates and tube diameters for the selective removal of DNAPL. Results showed that it was crucial to develop a different pumping schedule for every well, because of heterogeneity of the DNAPL inflow rate. First results of the full scale system are promising: a total removal rate of more than 1.000 liter DNAPL/day was attained. A further elaboration of the technique, as well as automation of the system is expected to increase the removal rate in the near future. More results will be available at the AquaConSoil conference.

IN-SITU SODIUM PERSULFATE OXIDATION OF BENZENE UNDER AMBIENT (THERMAL) ACTIVATION

Ian Ross ARCADIS, Manchester, GB

Sodium persulfate is a widely used and accepted remedial strategy, however, the geochemical and physical conditions present in soil and groundwater are often overlooked when selecting an appropriate activator. The persulfate anion alone has the thermodynamic strength to react with organic target compounds but activation either alkaline, iron, hydrogen peroxide, or heat is required to generate the sulfate radical, which is preferred for efficient and kinetically meaningful reactions. Ambient activation methods have been employed at petroleum sites, with the understanding that ferrous iron naturally present in a reduced aquifer is contributing to activation, however, the influence of temperature is often overlooked. At a site in Arizona, sodium persulfate was injected in a groundwater aquifer with very low concentrations of iron (2-3 mg/L), relying on elevated injection fluid and groundwater temperatures (greater than 20 degrees Celsius) as the most prevalent activation method for activation using sodium persulfate.

The impacts at the site are petroleum-related hydrocarbons, with benzene as the primary remedial driver, observed at concentrations up to 2,800 µg/L in the study area. Two injection events were completed at the site to: (1) confirm lateral and vertical reagent distribution and related hydraulic properties, (2) obtain sodium persulfate persistence and consumption rates, and (3) assess the effectiveness of ambient activated in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) at the site.

Two injections of 8,950 and 14,500 gallons of sodium persulfate solution were completed during the summers of 2011 and 2012. Groundwater within the injection area was monitored during and after each injection for approximately eight months.

To assess the transport, persistence, and consumption rates of the sodium persulfate in-situ during the first injection, a groundwater tracer (deuterated water) was used to distinguish between reagent consumption and washout as well as to determine sodium persulfate half-lives. Deuterated water was selected as a tracer for this application as it is very conservative and non-reactive with either sodium persulfate or the aquifer materials and non-toxic at the applied concentrations.

The injection solution showed relatively consistent vertical and lateral distribution around the injection well. The kinetic reaction rate was relatively rapid, and as a result of the injections benzene concentrations declined by an average 80% from baseline concentrations. The data shows that at sites where groundwater temperatures are elevated naturally, ambient activation of sodium persulfate is a viable method for oxidation of benzene, and may play a more significant role than activation by background iron in either soil or groundwater.

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required for a ‘good’ chemical status of groundwater) for studied scenarios varied from 20 to more than 100 years. The most effective remediation strategy was selected based on the MCA which included: (i) the environmental criterion (i.e. reaching the ‘good’ chemical status of groundwater: ia – in immediate surroundings of waterworks, ib – in whole study area); (ii) the waterworks operational criterion (i.e. drinking water standards (STCE+PCE <10 µg/dm3); (iii) the economic criterion (investment and operational costs). Each adapted criterion was weighted based on the site-specific factors as: 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, and 0.1, respectively. The results indicated that ‘pump-and-treat’ was the most effective method of groundwater remediation under the assumed conditions, followed by PRB and ISCO. NA turned to be the least suitable requiring the longest time to obtain the remediation goal, particularly due to small sorption and unfavorable hydrogeochemical conditions for intrinsic biodegradation.

Concluding, numerical contaminants’ F&T modeling allows simulating different remediation strategies, thus it can facilitate the decision making process. The developed methodology for assessing effective remediation methods based on F&T modelling and the MCA may be applied also at other sites contaminated with other contaminants. However, the selection criteria should be set for each site individually. The prescribed weights in MCA allow to point out the most important factors to deal with from an investor’s viewpoint, as well as from administrative, formal, environmental, social, etc. perspectives.

IN SITU CHEMICAL REDUCTION: LABORATORY AND PILOT-SCALE STUDIES FOR FULL-SCALE TREATMENT OF CHROMIUM VI CONTAMINATED SOILS

Aldo Trezzi1, Sara Ceccon1, Roberto Pisterna1, Domenico Osella2, Roberto De Franco3, Caterina Di Carlo4, Pierre Matz5, Davide Musso2, Grazia Caielli3 1ENVIRON Italy Srl, Milan, IT2Università del Piemonte Orientale, IT3CNR IDPA, IT4Solvay Specialty Polymers, Spinetta Marengo (AL), IT5Solvay SA, BE In situ chemical reduction (ISCR) is a technique commonly used to transform highly toxic and soluble hexavalent chromium (CrVI) into relatively low toxic and less mobile trivalent chromium (CrIII). There have been several studies focussed on CrVI contaminated groundwater, but in situ remediation techniques of unsaturated soils have not been thoroughly tested. The Spinetta Marengo (SM) industrial site (Alessandria, Italy) was contaminated with cromium (Cr) as a result of the activities of the chrome planting facility that was dismantled in the mid-1970s. Data indicated that the source of groundwater contamination was CrVI in the unsaturated soils. A novel pilot test study was conducted at the SM site to evaluate how effective different treatment techniques were in reducing CrVI concentrations in the unsaturated zone.Material and Methods.

Core samples were submitted for preliminary laboratory treatability studies (batch and column tests). Results indicated that sodium dithionite was the most appropriate reagent for treating the subsurface contamination.Field scale pilot tests were conducted that involved injections of sodium dithionite in an area historically used for dichromate

APPLYING NUMERICAL CONTAMINANTS’ F&T MODELLING FOR DESIGNING EFFECTIVE GROUNDWATER REMEDIATION STRATEGIES

Aleksandra Kiecak, Grzegorz Malina, Ewa Kret, Tadeusz Szklarczyk AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, PL

Numerical contaminants’ fate and transport (F&T) modelling has been commonly used: (i) to describe and predict contaminants’ distribution and migration in groundwater, (ii) to improve understanding of processes occurring in the subsurface and influencing the contaminants’ migration; (iii) as a framework for data integration and interpretation; (iv) to assess risk associated with groundwater contamination, (v) to predict contaminants’ behavior under different scenarios, and (vi) to improve groundwater monitoring network. In this work we applied F&T modeling for selecting effective remediation of contaminated groundwater.

Selection of the most effective remediation scenario for contaminated groundwater is a complex issue that requires a suitable methodology. An important part of it is F&T modeling, preceded by field and laboratory investigations. The simulations enable to forecast contaminants’ migration in the aquifer depending on different remediation scenarios and present the results in a friendly way by visualization of concentration changes in time and space. However, the model’s credibility depends strongly on series of conditions including: proper site investigations, relevant conceptual site models, appropriate estimates for model parameters and selecting the most suitable algorithms to fit the conceptual models. The obtained results should be always treated as an approximation what is associated with the nature of the modeling tool: developing the conceptual scheme requires simplification of real-world conditions due to capability of computer programs. An insufficient access to the aquifer is another important issue that may strongly affect the modelling results. The modeling approach should include detailed calibration to match the simulated and observed parameters, and validation – the process of evaluating and testing the different aspects of the model in order to refine and enhance the model.

A site with TCE and PCE contaminated groundwater located in south-east Poland was selected as a case study to present an application of F&T numerical modeling for selecting an effective remediation strategy. A methodology was developed, that included: field and laboratory investigation followed by numerical groundwater flow modeling and contaminants’ F&T modeling. The selection of effective scenarios was based on a multi-criteria analysis (MCA), and a monitoring network was designed to control the performance of selected remediation scenario.

The contaminants’ F&T model was developed using Visual MODFLOW software in MT3D environment. Based on the defined criteria simulations were conducted for a number of selected groundwater remediation strategies: (i) natural attenuation (NA) based remediation, (ii) ‘pump and treat’, (iii) permeable reactive barriers (PRB), and (iv) in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) applied locally in the contamination source area. To perform a comprehensive evaluation simulations were conducted for a 100-year period. Changes in contaminants’ concentrations were evaluated in 1-year periods and presented graphically. Localization, configuration and other characteristics (e.g. pumping rates, PRB permeability parameters) of the remedial installations were adjusted manually by the trials and errors method.The estimated times required to reach the defined remediation goal (i.e. TCE and PCE concentrations in water <50 µg/dm3

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samples collected in the treatment zone indicated a significant decrease in CrVI concentrations: less than the detection limit of 1 mg/kg. As expected, the excess of dithionite rapidly turned to sulphate and insoluble metal sulfides were formed. The total sulfur concentrations in the unsaturated soils increased to 3490 mg/kg following the reductant injection. The average total Cr concentrations in the core samples collected before and after treatment showed no significant changes.

The investigations proved the capacity of geophysical monitoring to clearly evidence the reductant migration in the unsaturated zone. Concentrations of CrVl in the unsaturated soils were reduced by approximately 80-100% after injecting sodium dithionite with a four-port Geoprobe® tip. Finally, pilot testing indicated that direct push injections of sodium dithionite at specified depths is a viable treatment technology for unsaturated soil remediation at the SM site.

Acknowledgments. The authors would like to thank Solvay Specialty Polymers for funding this project.

USE OF NUMERICAL MODELS FOR UNDERSTANDING AND DESIGN OF SURFACTANT ENHANCED REMEDIATION

Søren Rygaard Lenschow1, Anders G. Christensen1, Mette Marie Mygind2, Phillip C. DeBlanc3, Ahmad Seyedabbasi3, Konstantinos Kostarelos4 1NIRAS A/S, DK2Danish Defence Estates & Infrastructure Organisation, Hjørring, DK3GSI Environmental Inc., Houston, US4University of Houston, Houston, US

A combination of laboratory experiments, field hydraulic and transport tracer studies, and numerical modeling were used to design a Surfactant Enhanced Aquifer Remediation (SEAR) of a sandy aquifer contaminated by petroleum based jet fuel (LNAPL) at a Danish Defense tank storage facility situated in western Jutland in Denmark. In the full scale application, a blend of anionic surfactant in a brine solution (sodium chloride) will be injected into the subsurface to mobilize free-phase and residual NAPL from subsurface soils to downstream extraction wells. The SEAR will utilize foam in the aquifer to improve mobility control and to enhance remediation in the smear zone. The use of surfactant and foam is a well-established technology for enhanced oil recovery in the oil industry. The technology has also been proven in remediation of both LNAPL and DNAPL in both the laboratory and in the field. The use of numerical models, calibrated to both laboratory and field studies, at every stage of the design process has provided essential information for the design of the final SEAR, currently scheduled for spring 2015.

During planning and design of the SEAR, numerical models have been tools for understanding phase behavior, decisions on use of technologies, and in the SEAR design. As a first step, the multi-phase model UTCHEM was calibrated to laboratory partitioning experiments to ensure that phase behavior could be accurately simulated over the range of expected field conditions. UTCHEM phase behavior and other physical/chemical parameters were further refined by matching simulated breakthrough curves of aqueous, oil, and microemulsion phases to breakthrough curves measured in laboratory column studies of surfactant flooding. Very close matches between measured and simulated phase behavior and breakthrough curves were obtained.

ore processing where some of the highest solid phase CrVI concentrations had been observed in the unsaturated zone.

Pre-treatment sampling. Soil samples were collected to the maximum depth of 6m bgl and analysed for solid phase total concentrations of Cr, CrVI, Fe, S, Mn, As, Ni and Fraction Organic Carbon (fOC). The CrVI concentrations ranged from 78 to 3000 mg/kg. The monitoring network implemented for the pilot test consisted of three fully screened piezometers and six boreholes for georadar investigation. Pre-treatment CrVI concentrations in groundwater ranged from 0.45 to 3.2 mg/L.

A stoichiometric excess of sodium dithionite was added to an aqueous solution with a sodium carbonate pH buffer.The solution was formulated and immediately injected to prevent dithionite reaction with O2. The solution presented a negative redox potential (-600 mV vs NHE), a significant electrical conductivity, and alkaline pH (10-12). Three injection tests were conducted from June to October 2012.

Injection Test I consisted of a grid with four direct push injections, spaced 1.8 m from one another. At each point, 1000 L of solution were delivered between 2.0-4.0 m bgl, at a flow rate of 70 L/min. The direct push rod was fitted with a four-port Geoprobe® injection tip to facilitate reductant delivery at specified depths.Injection Test II included two injection wells installed 1.8 m from one another. The two wells consisted of two inch diameter PVC screened from 2.0-4.0 m bgl. At each point, 1000 L of solution was injected at an average rate of 125 L/min.

Injection Test III included a single multi-step direct push injection. During injection, a 500 L solution was delivered between 0.5-1.0 m bgl, to force the reductant into the filling material and fine-grained silt unit, and an additional 2000 L solution was delivered between 2-4 m bgl.

Geophysical monitoring. High resolution electrical resistivity tomography, surface and borehole georadar techniques were performed before, during and after the injections, and a time-lapse geophysical approach was adopted.

Groundwater monitoring. Based on numerical modelling simulations, a groundwater monitoring campaign was carried out to determine baseline hydrochemistry and hydraulic heads and continued during and after the injections with defined intervals, approximately ranging from 24 hours to a week. All the groundwater samples were analysed on site for CrVI, electrical conductivity, temperature and pH. Additional groundwater samples were collected and analysed for total concentrations of Cr, CrVI, Mn, As, Ni, Fe, SO4

2-.

Post-treatment soil sampling. Based on geophysical evidences, post-treatment soil samples were collected in the highly perturbed areas (resistivity anomalies lesser than -30%) to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment.

In situ water flushing. An injection of 1500 L of water into the treatment zone was accomplished with Geoprobe® technology in November 2012. Groundwater samples were collected and analysed before, during and after injection to verify the mobility of CrVI in the unsaturated soils.

The injection caused a significant reduction of resistivity in the unsaturated soils, ranging between -10% and -70%. The data indicated an average radius of influence of 1.1 m for each single direct push injection, with a maximum of 1.5 m, and a treated unsaturated soil volume ranging from 6-9 m3. Post-treatment soil

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are formed at the centres of the highest local concentration of the target contaminant. This system offers some target selectivity due to its sorption properties towards non-polar molecules and the size-selectivity provided by the zeolite framework.

For the intended application, colloidal suspensions of Fe-zeolites with a particle size in the lower μm-range shall be injected into the subsurface where they will be immobilised on the sediment after a certain travel distance. The zeolite particles form a permeable sorption barrier which will cut off contaminant plumes by means of adsorption. After particle loading by sorption, the barrier will be regenerated by the injection of H2O2. Therefore, the injection of catalyst and oxidant is separated in time and space, offering safety and economic benefits compared to common Fenton-based ISCO. In case of plume treatment, the combination of sorption and subsequent oxidation should provide a more efficient use of H2O2 per mass of target contaminant.

Tracking Fe-zeolite particles in sediment is a very challenging task. Methods based on element composition cannot be used, since Fe-zeolites are composed of ubiquitous elements (Fe, Si and Al). Other sum parameters like turbidity only work under well-defined conditions. and iInherent zeolite properties like their high specific surface area can be used but are not applicable in a routine analysis setup.

We will present results on the issue of Fe-zeolites monitoring in water and sediment matrices. Since fluorescence as detection principle has the potential to solve many issues in tracking particle fate in the environment, a method to irreversibly label zeolites with a fluorescent dye was developed. A fluorescent dye molecule is synthesized inside the framework of the zeolites from educts which are small enough to enter the channel system. The resulting product, on the other hand, is too big to exit the channel system. This type of process is called ship-in-a-bottle synthesis. Verification of the applicability for zeolite tracing includes experiments on detection limits in various water and sediment matrices, stability against leaching and oxidants and representativeness (i.e. exclusion of impacts of labelling on particle key properties such as mobility).

Acknowledgements: This work was supported by funding from European Union within the NanoRem project.

The field-scale SEAR design was completed in several stages. First, the numerical models MODFLOW and MODPATH were used to design a preliminary injection/extraction well network. The MODFLOW model hydraulic conductivities, storage coefficients, and stratigraphy were adjusted until the flow patterns matched data from pumping and slug tests. A chloride tracer test was then simulated with the MODFLOW and MT3D to estimate the degree of subsurface heterogeneity, fine-tune flow and transport parameters, and ensure that injected fluids would be captured by the extraction wells.

Following the hydraulic simulations, a UTCHEM model was created that matched the characteristics of the MODFLOW model. The UTCHEM model was then run to determine optimal fluid injection rates, expected phase production at the extraction wells, injection and production well depths, foam injection rates and effects, and other operating parameters. The operating parameters and alternative well configurations were altered to maximize oil removal while ensuring recovery of injected fluids. The final UTCHEM simulations form the basis for the planned SEAR operating conditions

The combination of multi-phase simulations, field studies, and laboratory experiments is a powerful technique for designing SEAR remediation projects. SEAR projects frequently do not meet performance expectations because the complexities of the processes involved are difficult to estimate without careful study. These design techniques can be applied to many other planned SEAR projects to increase their chances for success and give regulators better data on which to base decisions.

The use of numerical models has been a helpful tool in understanding the remediation processes compared to the often used “black box” approach, in which remediation selection and performance are evaluated by laboratory parameters and monitoring data from the field without a thorough understanding of the processes. The correlation between laboratory, field and model results gave understanding, knowledge and credibility in choice of surfactant blend and set up and design of the full scale remediation. The results of the simulations were also helpful to regulators, who were able to use the results to set up terms and permits for the full scale application and to accept endpoints of a full scale remediation.

A NOVEL APPROACH FOR PARTICLE DETECTION IN POROUS MEDIA - FLUORESCENT LABELLED FE-ZEOLITES

Glenn Gillies, Anett Georgi, Katrin Mackenzie, Frank-Dieter Kopinke Helmholtz Center for Envionmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, DE

In-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) by means of Fenton reagents is an established method for treating groundwater pollution. The utilization of the Fenton cycle for the production of highly reactive OH-radicals from hydrogen peroxide needs auxiliary materials. Complexing agents and/or acids are required in order to keep the catalytically active Fe- cations in the dissolved state.In the EU-project NanoRem a variation of the conventional Fenton-based ISCO process is developed. The disadvantages of dissolved Fe are avoided by the use of Fe-loaded zeolites as catalysts. Contrary to Fe- ions as catalyst, the formation of OH-radicals at the Fe-zeolite takes place at neutral pH without the necessity for other agents. Furthermore, the zeolite framework adds sorption properties to the system, so the reactive species

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were produced as there was no toxicity associated to the mature composts. According to our results, the composition of the organic waste does not play a substantial role on the extent of PAHs degradation if suitable humidity and carbon to nitrogen ratio are provided, although some differences in the rate of contaminants degradation were observed.

A second set of experiments was aimed at assessing the optimal organic waste to soil ratio. According to the literature, optimal volumetric ratio of soil to compost mixture in order to reach thermophilic conditions is around 30 %, but this is known to highly depend on the quality of both organic waste and soil. In addition, it is not clear yet whether it is necessary to reach the termophilic conditions in order to trigger PAHs degradation. Therefore, experiments were carried out in smaller volumes (150 l), in thermally insulated rotary composter. The organic waste that proved to be the most conducive to PAHs degradation in the previous test was selected along with a soil similar to 1st soil described above (with a slightly higher PAHs concentration, i.e. ΣPAHs 540 mg kg-1). The soil to compost substrate ratios tested were in the range of 10 to 50 vol.%. After 113 days of incubation, the residual concentration of PAHs ranged from 4 to 6% of the original concentration regardless of compost composition, while in the control microcosm (pure contaminated soil) it accounted to 80%. These results show that an efficient PAHs removal is achieved during composting even with a high soil to compost volumetric ratio (up to 50 vol. %). However, these tests were conducted in thermally-insulated composters, under ideal conditions and larger scale tests (0.75 m3 as described previously) are currently in progress. Preliminary results from these latest set up show that the degradation of PAHs is speeded up significantly, even in the presence of 65 vol.% of soil in the compost mixture compared to the control microcosm.

The project was supported by the Technology agency of the Czech Republic (project No. TE01020218).

ENVIRONMENTAL DREDGING OF A CHROMIUM CONTAMINATED FJORD IN VALDEMARSVIK, SWEDEN

Stany Pensaert DEC, 2070, BE

The touristic magnet of the Valdemarsvik fjord lies on Sweden’s southeast coast in a geotechnically unstable area with high risk of landslides. For many years Valdemarsvik was the largest single source of chromium for the Baltic Sea area, producing about 250kg/year. That, and the now-closed Lundsberg Läder chromium tannery, created contamination that is being addressed today at this area of high importance for marine tourism, boating, fishing and bathing.

The Municipality of Valdemarsvik and the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency are financing the remediation of the fjord and awarded a €25M ($31.7M) contract to DEME Environmental Contractors (DEC) in January 2012.The project requires dredging the contaminated seabed in the inner part of the fjord, then re-using the dredged sediment at Grännäsviken, an onshore fill area.

The actual dredging went on in the course of 2013. From an area of about 350,000m2 with water depths ranging from 1-14m, DEC has removed all sediment with a chromium concentration above

ThS 1C.19 Miscellaneous remediation topics 2


COMPOSTING FOR EX SITU/ON SITE DECONTAMINATION OF PAHS CONTAMINATED SOILS

Ondřej Lhotský1,Stefano Covino2, Jana Janochová3, Monika Stavělová4, Petra Najmanová1, Tomáš Cajthaml5 1DEKONTA, a.s., Stehelčeves, CZ2Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, CZ3Institute of Microbiology of the AS CR, Prague, CZ4Aecom CZ, Prague, CZ5Institute of Microbiology of the AS CR & Charles University, Prague, CZ

Composting is a process known from ancient times which is widely used nowadays for the stabilization of biodegradable municipal/agro-industrial wastes and the preparation of organic fertilizers. A number of different organic materials can be utilized as compost substrates. The microbial consortia that develop in the composting pile during the process are responsible for the breakdown of organic matter as well as for the degradation of more amenable environmental contaminants (petroleum-derived products, monoaromatics, organic solvents etc.). In recent years the degradation of more persistent organic pollutants (PAHs, PCBs and chlorinated pesticides) during composting treatments has been proved.

In bioremediation practices, composting consists of mixing of polluted soils with typical compost substrates in order to achieve the decontamination/detoxification of such contaminated matrices. Although co-composting approaches have been already used for remediation at full scale (e.g. by the US Army for the treatment of TNT contaminated soils) in case of pollution with POPs there are still some limitations that needs to be overcome to make this an established technology.

This presentation will focus mainly on the tests performed to optimize the composting of PAHs contaminated soils so that it could be used in practice.

A first set of experiments was aimed at evaluating the suitability of various waste materials and mixtures for the co-composting of PAHs contaminated soils. Two different soils (1st ΣPAHs 370 mg kg-1, the highest concentration of pyrene and fluoranthene; 2nd ΣPAHs 6000 mg kg-1, the highest concentration of phenanthrene and anthracene) and 5 different organic waste mixtures were tested. The volume of each compost pile was approx. 0.75 m3

and the ratio of soil to organic waste was 1:1 (w/w dry basis). Compost piles were aerated by re-digging the whole content of composters 4 times a year.

Since the beginning of the experiment, temperature in the piles’ core, air quality and respiratory gases, were monitored continuously, while concentration of PAHs and microbial parameters (PLFA) were assessed during the thermophilic, cooling and maturation phase throughout a period of 2 years. When the concentrations of PAHs dropped significantly and composts were mature a battery of ecotoxicological and leachate tests was performed. These analyses proved that PAHs were degraded effectively during the composting process as their degradation in both soils varied from 95 to 98 % after 2 years (with more than 90 % of the initial PAHs content was degraded within the first year). Ecotoxicological tests suggested that no toxic metabolites

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sand and coarse silt. After leaching, the distribution between different particle types was slightly changed, but in general the soil residues were similar to the original ones. This was also confirmed by the scanning electron microscope SEM images. The pH values in the final soils were acidic and around 4. However, already in the original soils the pH values were <5. Based on these results the soil function “soil as filter and buffer for heavy metals” were evaluated using the TUSEC (technique for soil evaluation and categorization for natural and anthropogenic soils) manual. Originally the soil from site A was of class 5 i.e. “very low capacity of binding and buffering heavy metals”, while site B was of class 4 i.e. “low capacity”. After the soil washing remediation process both soils belongs to class 5. Consequently, the acidic leaching did not influence on the soil properties to a large extent.

After acidic leaching and water washing the Cu contents in the soil samples are reduced five times or more. However, the Cu contents in both soils still exceed the Swedish regulation for “less sensitive land use” (MKM) and cannot directly be put back to the former contaminated site. Instead they might be landfilled. The original soils cannot even be deposited in landfills for hazardous waste, while after treating the soils according to the proposed method the Cu leaching is decreased 6 times and the solid residues can be treated in landfills for non-hazardous waste.

To summarize, the proposed method clearly shows a potential not only to remediate Cu polluted soils but also to recover and reuse the Cu from the generated leachates. Even though the previously highly polluted soils cannot be directly put back at site the solid residues can be deposited in landfills for non-hazardous waste, which is an improvement compared to the original soils that cannot even be deposited in a landfill for hazardous waste.

SUPERCRITICAL EXTRACTION COUPLED WITH ULTRASOUNDS FOR REMOVAL OF PESTICIDES FROM SOIL

Teresa Castelo-Grande1, Paulo A. Augusto2, Domingos Barbosa1 FEUP, Porto, PT1Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, PT.2Universidad de Salamanca, ES

An innovative environmental friendly technique, which combines supercritical extraction with carbon dioxide (CO2) and ultrasounds, is studied by applying it to the removal of atrazine from soil matrices. The obtained recovery for atrazine is higher than the corresponding values for supercritical extraction with CO2, and similar to the recoveries obtained when organic cosolvents are used. Besides high values of recovery, this new technique does not significantly affect the structure of the soil and does not leave any type of residue.

Supercritical extraction (SCE) with carbon dioxide (CO2) has been suggested for the removal of hazardous substances from solid matrices and liquids [1-3], however, to increase the selectivity and the recovery of some types of contaminants, mainly polar substances, this technique is used with organic cosolvent (e.g., methanol and acetone). As SCE with CO2 is considered a environmentally friendly remediation technique, the use of organic cosolvents is a major drawback.

Ultrasounds have been used, mainly in analytical techniques, to enhance the extraction from natural products and other solid matrices [4-6]. These studies have been mainly focused in

500 mg/kg. About 200,000m3 of sediment has been removed. This will reduce future chromium discharge into the Baltic Sea by as much as 90%.

Given the unstable nature of the site DEC first installed 400,000 m of lime-cement pillars to a maximum depth of 22m near the shores in order to minimize the risk of settlement and landslides during dredging and landfill construction.

To meet stringent environmental demands dredging took place within silt screens to prevent turbidity outside the dredging area. Furthermore environmental dredging tools were applied to minimize the spill and the spill’s chromium content to below 20g/m².

Dredged sediment was transported by barges to the site Grännäsviken, where it was screened and stabilized with cement to obtain a shear strength of minimal 25kPa. The stabilized material was then used as backfill on the site.

Any water released from the sediments was treated for suspended solids and chromium VI by means of a mobile water treatment plant.

ACIDIC SOIL WASHING AS A REMEDIATION METHOD FOR CU POLLUTED SOIL: OPTIMIZATION OF THE LEACHING PROCESS AND ASSESSMENT OF THE SOLID RESIDUES

Karin Karlfeldt Fedje, Ann-Margret Strömvall Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, SE

Excavation followed by landfilling is the most common method for treating soils contaminated by metals. Except from that landfilling is not sustainable in a longer perspective, potential valuable metals present in the landfilled masses are not utilized and returned into the societal cycle but left in the landfill with risks of future leaching. Thus, alternative treatment methods are needed. One interesting method is soil washing with metal recovery. By removing the metals not only valuable substances can be recovered but in addition the soil residues become cleaner. Earlier studies by our group on similar soil samples show that leaching using acidic waste process water efficiently release Cu from the samples and that the Cu can be recovered. In this project the method is further developed and evaluated. In addition a special focus has been on the soil residues in order to investigate how the proposed remediation method influences on the soil properties.

Soil samples strongly polluted with copper (Cu) were collected from two sites (A and B) in Sweden. The soil samples were washed with a strongly acidic process water. The leaching efficiency for Cu was optimized for the parameters liquid-to-solid-ratio (L/S) and dilution of the acidic process water. It was also indicated that in one of the sites sieving of the soil before leaching could reduce the amounts of soil needed to be treated, while in the other soil sample the Cu was more or less evenly distributed between different soil particles sizes. The final leaching parameters that were used in a scaled up batch experiment were; 30 minutes leaching time for the soil washing, L/S of 8, acidic process water diluted with milliQ water to 75/25. In order to release weakly sorbed metal ions the residues were thereafter washed with milliQ water.

The original soil from site A is classified as clayish fine sand/coarse silt, while the soil from site B is classified as slightly clayish

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HIGH RESOLUTION GROUNDWATER FLOW DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM FOR OPTIMIZATION OF IN-SITU SITE REMEDIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

Petr Kvapil, Martin Procházka, Tomas Lederer AQUATEST a.s., CZ The success of in-situ remediation strongly depends on the level of knowledge and a quality description of the geological structure of the contaminated site. Most failed applications of in-situ remediation technologies were based on successful laboratory and field pilot tests. The failure of the remediation methods is usually not a failure of the technology itself, but it is a failure of the insufficient description of the geological and hydrogeological conditions at the site. The basic conditions for successful remediation include a detailed description of contaminant distribution, proper understanding of the groundwater flow, a detailed geological description, a description of stratification and fracturation, a description of aquifer inhomogeneities, and an understanding of the directions and velocities of groundwater flow. In recent years, high resolution methods have been used for a very detailed description of the contamination as well as the geological and hydrogeological conditions. A complex of methods related to well-logging technology is a very effective system for high resolution diagnosis.

Some data obtained from well-logging cannot be obtained by other methods. Well-logging is irreplaceable from this perspective. One such group of data is used to clarify the groundwater flow in the borehole and clarify its relation with the geological and tectonic structure and the construction of the well. Using an appropriate set of well-logging methods we can determine depths of permeable layers and of open fractures in which there is a flow, it is also possible to measure the intensity of flow. The measurement can determine whether there is a flow across the borehole or whether there is water “short circuit” between two permeable layers. Well-logging can also be used to determine the groundwater flow direction. The advantage of well-logging is its ability to detect fast but also very slow flow: centimeters per day, and slower. If there is a group of wells at a location, it is possible to measure this group of wells to draw conclusions about groundwater flow not only in the wells themselves but also in the whole rock body. This method is widely applied to sites with contaminated groundwater. Based on the results it is possible not only to describe the current state of migration of the contaminated water (in favorable cases it is possible to also record the form of pollution i.e. water insoluble) but a fairly accurate estimate can be made of the further spread of the contamination plume. Well-logging thus provides important information that can be used in planning the optimal remedial method as well as during the actual remediation: in the risk analysis stage, during the remedial work and also in the course of monitoring after completion of the remediation.

This paper describes examples of measured data from sites and demonstrates the significance of well-logging measurements for a detailed understanding, enhancement and optimization of in-situ remedial systems. Detailed measurement and interpretation of natural conditions together with a detailed description of the contaminant distribution provide essential information for the design and dimensioning of the in-situ application of reactive agents and monitoring of in-situ remedial technologies. The presented data are from the interstitial soil environment as well as from a fractured bedrock site.

Acknowledgements: We would like to thank the TA ČR for their financial support (project No. TE01020218, research centre “NANOBIOWAT” and project FP7 No. 309517 “NANOREM”)

convencional solid-liquid extraction.The increase in the recovery by using ultrasounds is mainly due to the phenomena of cavitation, which consists in the formation, growth and collapse of gas/vapour bubbles in a liquid medium. This generates micro-turbulence and very high temperatures and pressures (close to 1000 atm and 5000 K) in the vicinity of these bubbles. Because supercritical fluids have densities close to that of liquids, we would expect a similar phenomena to occur in supercritical extraction.To analyse this possibility, the supercritical extraction of atrazine from soil samples, with and without ultrasounds, was studied and the results compared.

This study was carried out in a semi-continuous supercritical extraction unit consisting of an extractor (with a capacity of 80 cm3), to which supercritical carbon dioxide was continuously fed at the specified pressure. The extractor is inside a thermostated air bath, to maintain the temperature constant, and has an ultrasonic transducer connected to its walls (this transducer is connected to an ultrasound generator). Each extraction essay lasts for 7-8 hours, and the range of temperatures and pressures studied were 303 – 333 K and 10 – 25 MPa.

The experiments were done with soil samples (30 – 35 g) impregnated with known amounts of atrazine, and the recovery of atrazine was quantified by HPLC.

The results obtained for the extraction of atrazine, with and without ultrasounds, are summarized in Figure 1 for an operating pressure of 24.5 MPa. This figure clearly shows that the use of ultrasounds enhances the extraction of atrazine leading to an increase of 60 – 80% in its recovery

A new environmentally friendly remediation technique for soils, which joins ultrasounds and supercritical extraction with carbon dioxide, is studied for the extraction of atrazine. This preliminary results show that this is a promising remediation technique for soils contaminated with pesticides and other hazardous substances, which does not affect the soil structure and does not leave any type of residues.

References:[1] J. Sunarso and S. Ismadji, Journal of Hazardous Materials 161, 1 (2009).[2] G. Anitescu and L.L. Tavlarides, Journal of Supercritical Fluids 38, 167 (2006).[3] M.N. Baig, G.A. Leeke, P.J. Hammond and R.C.D. Santos, Environmental Pollution 159, 1802 (2011).[4] S.R. Shirsath, S.H. Sonawane and P.R. Gogate, Chemical Engineering and Processing 53, 10 (2012).[5] E. Riera, Y. Golás, A. Blanco, J.A. Gallego, M. Blasco and A. Mulet, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 11, 241 (2004).[6] H. Bagherian, F.Z. Ashtiani, A. Fouladijatar and M. Mohtashamy, Chemical Engineering and Processing 50, 1237 (2011).

Acknowledgments: The authors would like to acknowledge the Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina (CBQF), of the Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Portugal, for the use of the supercritical extraction equipment.

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CHALLENGES AND HOPES FOR SCALING UP AN ELECTRODIALYTIC REMEDIATION METHOD FOR TREATING CCA CONTAMINATED SOIL

Krzysztof Kowalski1, Sanne Skov Nielsen2, Pernille Erland Jensen1, Thomas Larsen2, Mads Terkelsen3, Lisbeth Ottosen1 1Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, DK2Orbicon A/S, Roskilde, DK3Capital Region of Denmark, Center for Regional Development, Hilleroed, DK

The Collstrop site, a former wood preservation plant, represents a highly soil contaminated area with contaminants of copper, chromium and arsenic. The contaminants were originally used in the impregnation process. The content of copper, chromium and arsenic (1000-2000 mgCu/kg of soil, 300-600 mgCr/kg of soil and 200-1200 mgAs/kg of soil) are clearly above the Danish clean soil criteria, that are 500 mgCu/kg, 500 mgCr/kg and 20 mgAs/kg. The contaminants are primarily found associated with the fine fraction of the soil (<0.063 mm), where more than 95% m contaminant/m soil can be found (4000-10000 mgCu/kg of fine fraction, 1000-2500 mgCr/kg of fine fraction and 3000-8000 mgAs/kg of fine fraction). The Collstrop site only poses minimal risk to the nearby recipients and the groundwater resource in the area, but it is a standard site for wood preservation. The site is therefore used by The Capital Region of Denmark for testing remediation methods. The objective is that these methods in the future can be applied on similar sites where remediation is required due to risks towards groundwater and recipients.

Removal of ionic contaminants is being performed with help of an electrodialytic remediation (EDI) method. The method is a ex-situ continuous process, where ions are separated from soil slurries with help of applied electric field to electrodes isolated from soil slurries by ion-exchange membranes. Anions, like arsenite and arsenate, are removed to the anode compartment through a anion-exchange membrane and cations, of copper and chromium, are moved into a compartment with cathode through a cation-exchange membrane. Application of the electrodialytic remediation developed at the Danish Technical University has been well described in last decades, but was mostly applied as laboratory and bench scale experiments with very limited mass of treated material (Ottosen & Hansen, 1992). Previous laboratory experiments proved that it is possible to remove Cu from 1360 to 40 mg/kg soil in the part of the soil closest to the anode in 70 days without any enhancement of the system (Ottosen et al. 1997). However As is not removed significantly in this system. This is mainly because the soil is acidified during the remediation, and in acidified soil As will mainly be present in uncharged species (H3AsO3 in case of As(III) and H3AsO4 in case of As(V)). Such uncharged species are not transported in the applied electric field. However increasing pH, to pH=3-4, has significantly increased arsenic species removal, but reaching a removal efficiency of only 60% (Sun et al. 2012). The last and other previous studies have also shown an energy consumption corresponding to between 25 kWh and several thousand kWh per ton of soil at 20% fine fraction. Furthermore the treatment of the finest soil fraction will reduce treated mass and increase initial contaminants content, which is expected to increase the removal efficiency and reduce the process energy consumption to below 200 kWh/ton of soil. Based on previous successful experiences with EDI remediation an upscaling of the process has been proposed to treat 15 tons of contaminated soil according to following on-site procedure:

1. Soil excavation.2. Separation and soil fractionation in a soil washing facility. 3. Performing on-site EDI remediation on the fine fraction 4. Soil regeneration.

ThS 1C.20 New remediation technologies 1


PESTICIDE CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER – USE OF ELECTROCHEMICAL OXIDATION AND NF/RO MEMBRANES FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT TREATMENT

Henrik Tækker Madsen, Jens Muff, Erik Søgaard Aalborg University, Esbjerg, DK

Pesticide pollution of water resources is a widespread global problem. The United Nations Environment Programme note in their fifth Global Environment Outlook report that up to 90% of water and fish samples are found to be contaminated with pesticides, and in a Danish study 99% of the kids participating in the study were found to have pesticide residues in their urine. Especially, pollution of groundwater may be troublesome as these pollutions tend to be long lasting due to the stable biological/physico-chemical environment and long retention time of groundwater. In Denmark, pesticide pollution of groundwater has been monitored carefully since the beginning of the 90s, and here it has been found that close to 50% of the groundwater has been polluted with pesticides. The most commonly used treatment technique, activated carbon, comes with known disadvantages, and furthermore, pesticides found in groundwater are often small and polar, leading to inefficient removal by active carbon. As an alternative we studied the use of the advanced oxidation process (AOP) electrochemical oxidation (EO) and nanofiltration/reverse osmosis (NF/RO) membranes for the treatment of pesticide polluted groundwater.

Experiments were conducted with commercially available NF/RO membranes in order to clarify the applicability of these membranes to treat pesticide polluted groundwater. Both laboratory grade and real groundwaters were used to investigate the effect of the groundwater matrix. EO was carried out with two different anode materials, Pt and BDD, and in three different solutions: an inert sulphate electrolyte solution, an electroactive chloride electrolyte solution and a real groundwater solution. In these experiments focus was on the efficiency of the degradation and the formation of by-products. Finally, the membranes and the EO were combined to investigate the effect on the energy efficiency of the EO degradation and the overall energy required to treat polluted groundwater.

The experiments showed that high removals of pesticides in groundwater can be obtained with currently available membranes (95-99%), and that the rejection will increase with increasing ionic strength of the groundwater. However, the smaller and increasingly polar pesticides found in groundwater may require use of RO membranes to obtain sufficiently high rejections. The pollutant BAM was found to be completely removed with both anode materials. Use of the BDD anode resulted in fewer by-products, and could be used to obtain complete mineralisation. When chloride was used as the electrolyte, a more diverse group of by-products were seen, but the total amount of by-products was smaller. Finally, combination with a RO membrane resulted in a more energy efficient EO degradation, and when the whole system energy was determined, it was found that 95% less energy was required compared to using the EO as a stand alone operation.

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integrated into the design of a full-scale STAR treatment system for the site with operations commencing in 2014 and continuing through mid-2016.

The conceptual site model identified zones of impacted volume applicable for STAR treatment. Pilot testing within the surficial fill unit demonstrated sustained destruction rates in excess of 800 kg/day supported through air injection at a single well. Deep sand unit testing (twenty-five feet below the water table) resulted in the treatment of a targeted six-foot layer of impacted fine sands to a radial distance of approximately twelve feet. These results (and additional parameters) were used to develop a full-scale STAR design consisting of approximately 1500 surficial fill ignition points and 500 deep sand ignition points and two treatment systems (air distribution and vapor collection / treatment system) to remediate an approximately 14-acre footprint of contaminated soils within the project timelines (i.e., by mid-2016). The Remedial Action Work Plan is being approved through the LSRP program. Field activities began in early 2014 and progress is currently on-schedule.

THE FATE OF POTENTIALLY TOXIC ELEMENT CO-CONTAMINANTS DURING SMOULDERING REMEDIATION

Andrew Robson1, Christine Switzer1, David Kosson2 1University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, GB2Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, US

Smouldering remediation is capable of removing in excess of 99.9% of hazardous organic liquid contaminants in soils in periods of hours or days. The high temperatures of this process affect soil mineralogy and geochemistry. Highly contaminated sites where smouldering remediation is likely to be deployed tend to have complex contamination issues. For example, former manufactured gas sites tend to have contaminants such as coal tars; potentially toxic elements (PTEs) such as lead, cadmium, chromium, and mercury; spent oxides; and other contaminants of potential concern. The impact of smouldering on the fate of PTE co-contaminants is essential to establish.

Laboratory tests were conducted on a field-obtained soil to determine total and available PTEs. Four variations of this soil were studied: before contamination; after artificial contamination with 0.8g/kg coal tar and remediation by smouldering; before remediation but with artificial contamination by six common PTEs; and after contamination of PTEs and coal tar and remediation by smouldering. Soil pH and organic matter were measured before and after remediation. Total PTE content was determined by acid digestion and analysis by ICP-OAS and cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectrometry. USEPA Method 1313 was used to establish liquid to solid partitioning of PTEs as a function of pH 2-13.

Total and available PTE contents were affected by smouldering and effects varied by constituent. Smouldering removes soil organic matter, changes soil pH, and changes the oxidation states of some PTE co-contaminants. Changes to pH affect PTE availability after smouldering. PTEs that complex with organic matter (e.g. arsenic) change availability with pH after the removal of organic matter during smouldering. Changes to mineralogy affect availability of other PTEs. Detailed knowledge of PTE presence and fate is essential to ensure suitable design of holistic, site-specific remediation strategies.

The first results indicates that the two step process, removing first Cr and Cu under strongly acidic conditions and then As under circum-neutral pH, showed that it is possible to remove Cu and Cr within 2 days of the EDI treatment. As expected, more problematic is removal of arsenic that is associated with iron hydroxides. Therefore the main challenge for upscaling is overcoming the issue of arsenic mobilization from the fine fraction with parallel ensuring that arsenic species are in ionized form, as anions, that can be attracted by anode.

The aim of this study is to confirm the feasibility of the EDI remediation and implementation of the proposed procedure for soil treatment. The pilot scale investigations give an opportunity to evaluate the EDI process, find its drawbacks and foremost improve it to developed cost-efficient soil remediation technology.

The project is carried out in collaboration between DTU-Byg at the Technical University of Denmark and Orbicon A/S and a project owner is Center for Regional Development, Capital Region of Denmark. We expect to perform all pilot scale investigations and reporting within spring 2015.

We would like to acknowledge Center for Regional Development, Capital Region of Denmark for funding the project and their support.

References:

Hansen H.K., Ottosen L.M., Kliem B.K., Villumsen A. (1997) Electrodialytic remediation of soils polluted with Cu, Cr, Hg, Pb and Zn. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 70:67–73.

Ottosen, L.M.; Hansen, H.K. (1992) Electrokinetic cleaning of heavy metal polluted soil. Internal report. Fysisk-Kemisk Institut and Institut for Geologi og Geoteknik, Technical university of Denmark.

Sun, T.R., Ottosen, L.M. Jensen, P.E.; Kirkelund, G.M. (2012) Electrodialytic remediation of suspended soil – Comparison of two different soil fractions Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol: 203-204, p. 229-235

FULL-SCALE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STAR TECHNOLOGY AT A COAL TAR-IMPACTED SITE

Gavin Grant1, Grant Scholes1, David Major2, Len de Vlaming2, Marlaina Auger2 1Savron, Guelph, CA2Geosyntec Consultants International Inc, Guelph, CA

STAR is an innovative in situ thermal technology based on the principles of smoldering combustion, where the contaminants are the source of fuel. This presentation provides (1) a summary of how the integration of the conceptual site model (CSM) with regulatory objectives and pilot testing lead to the acceptance and application of the innovative STAR technology as the remedial alternative to treat coal tar-impacted soils at a former industrial facility in Newark, New Jersey; and (2) the full-scale design, and the early results of the full-scale application of the STAR technology.

A CSM was developed utilizing historical data, and a combination of traditional and high resolution characterization methods. Three phases of pilot testing were conducted within two hydrogeologic units at the site (i.e., surficial fill and underlying sand units). These pilot tests were conducted to evaluate key design parameters such as: 1) contaminant mass destruction rates; 2) STAR well radius of influence (ROI); and, 3) vapor emissions levels. These data were

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ELECTROKINETICALLY ENHANCED REMEDIATION – AN INNOVATIVE SOLUTION FOR SOURCE AREA REMEDIATION

Evan Cox1, James Wang2, Neal Durant2, David Reynolds1, David Gent3 1Geosyntec Consultants, Waterloo, CA2Geosyntec Consultants, Columbia, US3US Army Corps of Engineers ERDC, Vicksburg, MS, US

Contaminants in clays and silts are long-term sources of pollutants to groundwater, requiring costly remediation and monitoring over many decades. Significant advances have been made in the past few years in the area of electrokinetically (EK) enhanced amendment delivery to treat contaminant source areas in low permeability (low K) and highly heterogeneous subsurface materials. EK is an innovative approach that uses electrokinetic mechanisms to promote migration of amendments through clays/silts through electromigration, electroosmosis and/or electrophoresis. EK approaches are not dependent on hydraulic conductivity, and can therefore achieve uniform and rapid distribution of amendments in clays and silts. Amendments can include electron donors (e.g., lactate), electron acceptors (e.g., nitrate), and/or bacteria (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter) for in situ bioremediation (EK-BIO), or oxidants such as permanganate for in situ chemical oxidation (EK-ISCO). A recent novel addition to the EK toolbox is EK-thermally activated persulfate (EK-TAP) which uses the same infrastructure to both deliver persulfate through clays and silts (using DC current), followed by heating of the soils (using AC current, which is the basis for electrical resistance heating), to heat the soils to ~40oC to activate the persulfate and destroy contaminants in situ.

This presentation will discuss how and where each of these EK remediation technologies works, and will present results from multiple field applications, including a large full-scale EK-BIO application at a site in Denmark, a second EK-BIO field application at a United States Navy site in Florida, and several field applications of EK-TAP, EK-ISCO, and EK-ZVI at chlorinated solvent sites in the United States and Canada. The results of these field applications show that EK enhanced amendment delivery can be a cost-effective and sustainable means of accelerating remediation of source areas in low K and heterogeneous materials.

ThS 1C.21 New remediation technologies 2


DIRECT-PUSH HIGH PRESSURE JET INJECTION FOR RAPID AMENDMENT DELIVERY IN LOW-PERMEABILITY ZONES: FULL-SCALE DEMONSTRATION

Chapman Ross1, Neal Durant2, Bill Slack3, Doug Knight3, Torben Højbjerg Jørgensen4, Eline Begtrup Weeth5, Kirsten Rügge5, Peder Johansen6, Mads Terkelsen6 1Geosyntec Consultants, Acton, MA, US2Geosyntec Consultants, Columbia, US3FRx, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio, US4COWI A/S, Odense C, DK5COWI A/S, Kongens Lyngby, DK6Capital Region of Denmark, Hilleroed, DK

In situ remediation of chlorinated solvents in clay till can be highly challenging because reagent delivery is constrained by low-permeability and the rate of treatment is limited due to inadequate contact with solvents that have diffused into the clay matrix. Conventional direct-push technology (DPT) and enhanced fracturing techniques can improve delivery of treatment agents; however, the radius of influence (ROI) of these methods in clay till is limited and often controlled by natural fracture networks. Here we present a novel method for relatively rapid emplacement of reactive treatment agents in clay till and other unconsolidated low-permeability matrices using DPT high-pressure jet injection. The method uses a custom-fabricated DPT injection tip possessing multiple injection ports, and combines jetting for emplacement of reagent-filled conduits, followed by emplacement of reagents into hydraulic fractures propagated into notches cut into the geologic matrix by jetting. The performance of the method was demonstrated in a full-scale application at a site Nivå, Denmark (the Site) where zero valent iron (ZVI) powder was injected for treatment of a chlorinated solvent source area in clay till and silt.

The target treatment zone (TTZ) at the Site occurs in a variable sequence of clay till and silt deposits between depths of 6 to 12 meters below ground surface (mbgs). Chlorinated solvent concentrations within the TTZ, pre-treatment, typically ranged from 40 to 80 mg/Kg. The area and volume of the TTZ is approximately 705 m2 and 3,900 m3, respectively. High-pressure (700 bar) DPT jet injection was used to deliver ZVI powder (Hepure), guar gel slurry, and sand into 19 injection borings with a grid spacing of approximately 6 meters. Between 4 to 7 injections were performed in each boring, with depth spacing of approximately 1 m apart. Overall, 123 injections were performed, with a target 400 kg ZVI, 200 kg sand, and 570L guar gel slurry emplaced into each injection interval. A total of 49 tonnes of ZVI powder was injected into the TTZ. To enable effective determination of radius of injection (ROI), as well as separation of injection intervals, in three co-located injection borings, a different combination of colored sands (white, red, or green) or dyes (rhodamine WT or brilliant blue) was used. Over 67 coreholes were advance to map the ROI throughout the TTZ. Cores were logged at 1cm resolution with depth for presence of injected ZVI using a field portable magnetic susceptometer.

The injection effort required 19 days to complete 123 injections. Results indicate that the DPT jet injection method consistently created subhorizontal ZVI/sand fractures with a ROI from 3 to 4 meters; in some cases the ROI extends to more than 5 meters.

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Within individual injection borings, distinct fractures were emplaced effectively with depth separations of 0.5 to 1 meter. The method also achieved emplacement of ZVI-filled conduits with ROIs of 0.5 to 1 meter from the injection point. The findings of this work indicate that high-pressure DPT jet injection is capable of achieving rapid, controlled emplacement of treatment agents in clay till with ROIs as great as 5 meters, and therefore represents a substantial improvement over the injection capabilities of conventional DPT injection and hydraulic fracturing in clay till.

THE USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR VENTILATION OF CAPILLARY BREAK LAYERS UNDER BUILDINGS AT POLLUTED SITES

Jakob Washington Skovsgaard1, Morten Nørgaard Christensen1, Mette Christophersen1, Kim Risom Thygesen2, Klaus Bundgaard Mortensen2 1Rambøll Danmark, Vejle, DK2Region of Southern Denmark, Vejle, DK

In Denmark we have very low threshold values for chlorinated solvents in indoor climate and at many polluted sites remediation is being conducted to lower the indoor concentration. Many of the solutions applied are based on ventilation of the capillary break layer under the buildings.

Ventilation systems in the capillary break layer can be provided with electrically driven blowers (active ventilation) or with passive ventilation systems based on e.g. pressure drop across a building created by wind or by applying wind cowls on the roof.

To apply ventilation systems in the capillary break layer successfully, a range of design parameters must be described in details. The right choice of blowers is of crucial importance and the amount of energy needed to run the ventilation system should be assessed. For passive ventilation systems documentation must be provided in order to ensure that the solution applied meets the requirements for driving forces created by wind.

At many sites the exceeding of the threshold value is quite small and often a passive ventilation system is chosen. But often this solution is made without sufficient knowledge about the design parameters, and the lack of effect identified at many passive ventilation systems indicates that the systems applied are insufficient.

Lack of knowledge about the applications and the limitations of the use of passive ventilation can be part of the explanation why insufficient passive ventilation systems are still applied at many sites. The demand for solutions independent of electrical power can be a part of the explanation as well.

Active ventilation systems require energy and the use of renewable energy will result in more environmentally correct solutions and hence a better carbon footprint by lowering greenhouse gas emission. In addition, the use of renewable energy possibly lowers the operation costs.

The aim of the project is to collect knowledge to be used for a catalogue with a review of when the use of renewable energy for active ventilation remediation is cost effective. The renewable energy could be based on solar cells, wind energy, geothermic energy or hybrid systems which combine different renewable energy sources.

Another aim of the project is to describe applications and limitations of passive ventilation systems and gain a better knowledge of the influence of wind on buildings.

The project consists of four phases: 1) a literature study of different kinds of renewable energy (solar, wind, soil, geothermic) in order to identify energy sources and equipment for different kinds of remediation systems, 2) design and conduct laboratory experiments with wind cowls, 3) modelling the passive ventilation effect of wind on buildings using Computational Fluid Dynamics – CFD at a site in the city of Vejen, Denmark, and 4) field test of selected renewable energy sources.

Phase 1, 2, and 3 of the project will be completed in March 2015 and the results will be presented at the conference. Phase 4 covering field test of renewable energy sources will be initiated in the spring of 2015.

SURFACTANT ENHANCED AQUIFER RESTORATION AT FORMER CHEMICAL WORKS

Christopher Taylor-King, J. Thomas, N. Hopkins, M. Holmes Celtic Technologies Ltd, Cardiff, GB

This site was previously one of the most contaminated sites in South-West England and has a long industrial history as a munitions and chemical warfare plant during World War One, followed by zinc and lead smelting with sulphuric acid production until 1972, and then production of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and refrigerants until 2008, when the site was closed. In order to allow redevelopment Celtic were appointed to tackle the remediation works. The most complex and technically challenging element of the works was the in-situ remediation of a contaminant plume, comprising a cocktail of chlorinated compounds, the principal contaminants by mass being chloroform and trichlorofluoromethane (Freon-11) within the deep aquifer, known as the Fluvio Glacial Sands (FGS). The remedial objective was to recover the maximum possible contaminant mass from the FGS within the project timescale. Conventional recovery methods alone were not expected to achieve significant recovery within the programme allowed, therefore enhancement was proposed using surfactant injection to aid conventional pumping.

The remediation works comprised three phases; 1) Drilling, delineation and hydraulic recovery, 2) Surfactant injection and 3) A second phase of hydraulic recovery, to recover the additional mass liberated by surfactant injection.

PHASE 1: In total, 59 new wells were drilled and installed as either recovery and re-injection wells as all groundwater had to be re-injected back into the aquifer following treatment. The first phase of pumping recovered over 1,000 kg of contaminant mass from over 5,000 m3 of groundwater in 6 weeks of operation. In addition, valuable data on groundwater concentrations was gathered during the pumping phase, delineating mobile contaminant mass and aiding the effective design of the Phase 2 surfactant injection works. PHASE 2: The second phase of the in-situ works, comprising surfactant injection, involved surfactant injection into 8 wells within an area of circa 1,360 m2. Over one effective pore volume of surfactant solution was injected into the aquifer over a two week period, prior to subsequent extraction in Phase 3. Prior to

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direct treatment or removal. As is the case with other injection-based technologies such as chemical oxidation, T&T injection recipes can be amended in response to ground conditions and contaminant load to meet a given set of performance objectives. However, where T&T differs is that once installed the technology needs little to no on-going maintenance to provide continued capture and treatment, with the GAC surface regenerating via secondary treatment mechanisms (chemical and/or biological degradation), thus allowing continued trapping to occur. Furthermore, T&T does not generate solid or liquid wastes for above ground treatment; it does not rely on hydraulic control of the groundwater to provide containment or treatment of the plume and it requires no active systems, power, or the installation of engineering measures or pipework to run.

The treatment mechanisms of the technology will be discussed, followed by a presentation of the first implementation of T&T within the United Kingdom, where pilot trials were scheduled to demonstrate the efficacy of the technology (ahead of full-scale implementation) in mitigating the impacts of chlorinated solvents and petroleum hydrocarbons within two discrete areas of an operational bulk storage terminal, near London.

Project design and implementation was bespoke to each contaminant plume; the first being a dissolved phase chlorinated solvent plume (TCE, DCE, VC) and the second, a highly impacted LNAPL plume (some 700mm thick) with both areas lying below operational infrastructure such as tanks, gantries and process pipework.

The case study will highlight the various characterisation steps used to confirm the conceptual site model and develop trial design (incorporating the use of soil cores, Membrane Interface Probe work and field testing/monitoring). An overview of the resultant post treatment results will be provided before a discussion of the merits of the technology is presented with a particular focus on sustainability metrics contrasted at full-scale with competing technologies at the site to examine the relative sustainability of the technology using semi-quantitative scoring methods. The analysis will show that T&T was considered the most suitable approach for full-scale treatment because it provided the most effective and robust means of reducing the contaminant burden, whilst minimising site disruption during installation and operational periods.

This project was recently awarded ‘Best In-situ Design’ at the UK Brownfield Briefing Remediation Awards, October 2014.

full-scale implementation, comprehensive in-house laboratory trials involving vial tests and soil column tests were carried out, with the aim of selecting the most suitable surfactant for both the contaminants of concern and the aquifer geology.

PHASE 3: The post surfactant injection hydraulic recovery yielded a significant increase in mass recovery, recovering a conservative estimate of 550 kg of contaminant mass over a two day period. Mass recovery gradually decreased in the 6 weeks of pumping following surfactant injection, following which there was sufficient confidence that the additional mass liberated by surfactant injection had been recovered, and the programme of treatment was completed. Post works groundwater monitoring indicated significantly reduced concentrations in the aquifer, particularly in areas where pre-works concentrations were indicative of the presence of free phase contaminant mass. At the end of the remediation programme, over 11,690 m3 of groundwater had been treated, removing over 2,500 kg of VOCs in just over 3 months of active recovery.

CONCLUSION: Surfactant Enhanced Aquifer Remediation (SEAR) was successfully deployed at the Avonmouth site, resulting in the liberation and recovery of additional residual contaminant mass from the aquifer. The detailed in-house laboratory trials carried out by Celtic contributed significantly to the success of full-scale field application. Remediation works were completed and verified in a timely manner, allowing the development works to continue on budget and on programme.

APPLICATION OF TRAP AND TREAT™ TECHNOLOGY FOR ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE REMEDIATION OF CONTRASTING CONTAMINANT PLUMES

James Wilson1, Palle Ejlskov2 1AECOM, Wimbledon, GB2Ejlskov, Aarhus, DK

In recent years remediation practitioners within the contaminated land sector have responded to the continued growth and development of sustainable initiatives within the environmental industry by bringing to market remedial solutions and concepts that score highly in social, economic and environmental criteria. One such remedial technology is Trap and Trap™ (T&T), a patented US-based technology that has been applied at a small number of sites around Europe in recent years.

T&T relies upon high-pressure sub-surface top down injections of proprietary water-based formulas of granular activated carbon (GAC), impregnated with amendments to trap and chemically degrade contaminants. BOS100® is a prepared formulation of GAC impregnated with metallic iron to support the continued trapping and complete chemical reduction of CHC contaminants on the GAC surface. BOS200® is a prepared formulation of GAC inoculated with a selected blend of naturally occurring micro-organisms and gypsum (calcium sulphate) to support the continued trapping and biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons on the GAC surface.

T&T does not typically require follow up injection events (as is common place with ISCO for example) to provide continued protection from an upgradient source, making it a high-value option with a low carbon footprint and financial burden, especially where upgradient contaminant sources are inaccessible for

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ThS 1C.22 Zero valent iron


IMPLEMENTATION OF ZEROVALENT IRON FOR SOURCE ZONE TREATMENT VIA SOIL MIXING

Hilde Decuyper1, Nele Vermeiren2, Johan Gemoets3, Richard Lookman4, Ilse Van Keer3, Leen Bastiaens 1A+E Consult bvba, Lauwe, BE2Smet F&C, Dessel, BE3VITO nv, Mol, BE4Verhoeve Groep Belgium bvba, Antwerpen, BE

The soil and groundwater at a textile manufacturing site in Flanders is polluted with chlorinated solvents. Trichloroethylene is found in the groundwater in very high concentrations (426 mg/l). Much less 1,2-dichloroethylene and vinyl chloride has been detected in the groundwater. The pollution in the soil is only trichloroethylene. A pure product layer has been detected at a depth between 7,2 and 7,6 m bgl. The soil consists of sandy clay and the permeability is very low. Practice has shown that the source zone can’t be removed by traditional techniques such as pump and treat. Excavation would be complicated because the pollution is situated near a building and at a great depth. To excavate the pure product layer expensive measurements are required. Because of this, excavation is not BATNEEC. In situ chemical reduction of the DNAPL by injection of ZVI (zero valent iron) may be a solution.

The chemical destruction of the chlorinated solvents by addition of ZVI was examined by VITO in lab tests. These tests proved a degradation of more than 95% at the dose that was selected for field application. After a period of 8 weeks, a carbon source to stimulate biodegradation was added. With the C-source, a further decomposition of the chlorinated solvents was achieved.

On large scale, it is often a problem to keep the iron in suspension during injection and to distribute the iron equally over the polluted zone because of the great density of iron and permeability limitations of the soil. To counter this problem, the iron was suspended in a guar gum slurry which was distributed in the subsurface by soilmixing. During drilling, the ZVI-slurry is injected under high pressure and mixed with the soil at the same time, creating a soil mix pile. At this particular case, a total of 14 soil mix piles were executed successfully until 8,4 m bgl, whereby 3500 kg of fine sized micro scale ZVI was applied. The guar gum will be biodegraded in time with release of simple sugars. This is expected to stimulate the anaerobic biodegradation of the chlorinated solvents, which would complement the chemical reduction by the ZVI.

The soil in the soilmix columns was sampled 12 months after soilmixing. The concentration decreased from 43700 mg/kg dm to 81,5 mg/kg dm. The concentration of iron in the soil is still high.

The groundwater concentrations measured until 12 months after soilmixing prove that trichloroethene is converted to the degradation products cis+trans 1,2-dichloroethene and vinyl chloride by the ZVI. Relatively high concentrations of ethene are measured. The groundwater and soil concentrations will be further monitored.

This pilot has already shown that soilmixing may be a promising alternative to injection of ZVI by direct push or by injection in wells. The soilmixing can be a solution for the treatment of chlorinated solvents in high concentrations in dense soils and at great depth without removing a lot of soil.

JET A RECOVERY USING MICELLAR FLOODING: DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

Konstantinos Kostarelos1, Ahmad Seyedabbasi2, Søren Rygaard Lenschow3, Marinos Stylianou4, Phillip C. DeBlanc2, Mette Marie Mygind5, Anders G. Christensen6 1University of Houston, Houston, US2GSI Environmental Inc., Houston, US3NIRAS A/S, Kolding, DK4University of Cyprus, Nicosia, CY5Danish Defence Estates & Infrastructure Organisation, Hjørring, DK6NIRAS, Alleroed, DK

Surfactants offer two mechanisms for recovering NAPLs: 1) to mobilize NAPL by reducing NAPL/ water interfacial tension, and; 2) to increase the NAPL’s aqueous solubility–called ‘solubilization’–as an enhancement to pump & treat. The second approach has been well-studied and applied successfully in several pilot-scale and a few full-scale tests within the last 15 years, known as Surfactant Enhanced Aquifer Remediation (SEAR). In cases where improved sweep efficiency is desired, the endpoint mobility ratio M° can be reduced using a viscosifier such as foam as was employed successfully at the Hill AFB site in the late 1990s. A useful source of information for this second approach is the “Surfactant–enhanced aquifer remediation (SEAR) design manual” from the U.S. Navy Facilities Engineering Command. Few attempts, however, have been made at recovering NAPLs using the mobilization approach presented in this paper. This approach has the potential to recover NAPLs using less surfactant, less pore volumes (PV) of throughput, with lower overall cost.

Our goal is the design and implementation of a surfactant flood that will recover an LNAPL, Jet A fuel, from a surficial sand aquifer located in Denmark, using a smaller amount of surfactant solution and as few PV of throughput as possible as compared to the SEAR approach. The approach will rely on mobilizing the LNAPL and will include the use of foam as a means of directing the injected solution to the LNAPL contaminated zone. Hydraulic control wells will be incorporated in the design of the project to ensure capture.

This paper will review the laboratory work that has been performed as part of the design for a full-scale implementation of a micellar flood that will include mobility control using foam. Completed lab work includes phase behavior screening of surfactants and detailed salinity scans of the most promising formulations and generating a ternary diagram to be used for the numerical simulations of the field application. We will also present results of two 1-D column tests and in situ foam generation tests. These results will be used in numerical simulations of the 1-D column experiments, followed by three-dimensional simulations of the site in order to design the implementation and optimize performance. In addition, the site owners and regulators were able to make crucial decisions such as the anticipated field results based on this work.

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BATCHTESTS AND FIELD APPLICATION OF IN SITU REMEDIATION OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATED WITH CHLORINATED SOLVENTS BY DIRECT INJECTION OF NANOSCALE ZERO VALENT IRON ON THREE LOCATIONS IN DENMARK.

Anne Gammeltoft Hindrichsen1, John Ulrik Bastrup1, Jan Slunský2 1Geo, Lyngby, DK2NANO IRON, s.r.o., Rajhrad, CZ

In 2012 and 2013 Geo has been doing field scale remediation with stimulated reductive dechlorination on several sites in Denmark contaminated with chlorinated solvents. We have been using molasses as substrate and we have added the bacteria culture KB1® in order to increase the number of specific degraders on the sites. We have been observing degradation of the mother compounds PCE and TCE but we have also observed accumulation of the degradation products cis-DCE and VC.

To achieve full degradation of the chlorinated solvents there have been good experience with adding zero valent iron to the groundwater after SRD as a part of a treatment train. The method has been used following SRD with lactate as a substrate but as far as we know, the method has not been applied after SRD using molasses as a substrate as we have done.

The purpose with this lecture is to share experience with the method and show results from the field scale implementation of remediation by direct injection of nZVI slurry on three locations in Denmark.

Geo has been running batch tests in the laboratory where we have added nanoscale zero valent iron to PCE and TCE contaminated groundwater from 5 different locations where we have been conducting SRD with molasses as substrate. The batch tests showed positive results, and based on the results, we have been doing field scale remediation with direct injection of nanoscale zero valent iron slurry into the groundwater on three locations in Denmark.

The results from the batch tests showed in general increased degree of dechlorination (DOD%) when adding nZVI to the groundwater. In 11 out of 13 tests, the degradation rate increased more in the batches with nZVI than in the blind batches and there was measured a sustainably amount of ethen and ethane.

Based on the results from the batch tests we have injected nZVI on three locations in Denmark. The injections has been carried out as direct injections with a jetprobe by Geo, Arkil A/S and NANO IRON, s.r.o. The nZVI was delivered from NANO IRON, s.r.o.The first results from one of the locations show increasing concentrations of VC, ethen and ethane and increasing DOD%, indicating that the chlorinated solvents are fully degrading. An example from one of the locations shows a DOD% on 10%-50% before remediation. After SRD with molasses as substrate the DOD% increased to between 40%-70% and after adding nZVI to the groundwater the DOD% increases to 60%-80% in the majority of the groundwater samples.

At another location we have injected nZVI in two areas. The plume close to the source area where we have been injecting molasses and bacteria 2 years before treating with nZVI and the plume area more downstream where we only have been injecting nZVI. In the hotspot area we measured a maximum concentration of sum of chlorinated solvent and their degradation products on 130 µg/l mainly composed of VC. In the plume we measured a maximum concentration of sum of chlorinated solvents and their degradation products on 180 µg/l mainly composed of TCE and

IN SITU REMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED SOLVENTS USING ZVI-CLAY SOIL MIXING FOR THE FIRST TIME IN SWEDEN

Nicklas Larsson1, Anders G. Christensen2, Ulf Winnberg3, Henrik Engdal Steffensen4 1NIRAS, Malmo, SE2NIRAS, Alleroed, DK3Geological Survey of Sweden, Stockholm, SE4NIRAS A/S, Odense, DK

In Hagfors, located in central Sweden, a former by the state operated dry cleaning facility has led to a significant PCE contamination of soil and groundwater. A thermal treatment was performed about ten years ago, collecting around 5 000 kg of PCE from the unsaturated zone. However, later investigations have showed that both residual and mobile PCE DNAPL remains at larger depths and outside the thermally treated area. Today, the contaminants pose a threat to indoor air quality, as well as a nearby creek where some 100 kg of mainly PCE is being discharged per annum.

The facility is located upon esker material, explaining why the site geology consists of diversified layers of clay, silt, sands and gravel upon bedrock. PCE DNAPL occurs in both low conductivity soils in the unsaturated zone and all the way down to the saturated gravel upon bedrock at some 20 m below ground. Given the large depths and alternating high and low soil hydraulic conductivities, several in situ techniques are expected to perform poorly at the location. However, in situ soil mixing has been identified as a possible method to overcome reagent-contaminant contact issues associated with the subsurface heterogeneity in Hagfors.

In early 2014, a laboratory study has been performed in North America, where contaminated material from the Hagfors location has been mixed with bentonite clay and zero valent iron. The lab results indicate that a complete mineralization of PCE occurs in between 80 – 200 days, depending on iron type. In early December 2014 a pilot study is being performed at the Hagfors location, where it will be evaluated if soil mixing can be performed in situ down to a depth of 20 m using standard large format drilling rigs. The pilot test will involve 8 drillings, where different methods and tools for drilling, iron dosage, etcetera will be evaluated. Thereby, the pilot test has the potential to both refine and quicken the current standard operation protocol of the ZVI-Clay method.

The aim is to present a case study and thereby to spread knowledge about a refined standard operation for the ZVI-Clay method to the audience. The presentation will include a project background, a description of the conceptual site model, a general introduction to the ZVI-Clay method and data from lab- and pilot tests.

The presentation may be relevant to administrative personnel (national regions etc.), consultants, entrepreneurs and others involved in the remediation of chlorinated solvents, but also other contaminants where different types of soil mixing is an option for enabling contact between contaminants and reagents.

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We will present details of the applied ZVI soil mixing technology in general and for this specific urban site in particular. Also several issues that have to be taken into account during application will be further discussed..

OPTIMIZING THE PROPERTIES OF NANOFLUIDS FOR THE EFFICIENT NAPL REMEDIATION IN POROUS MEDIA

Christos Tsakiroglou, Katerina Terzi, Alexandra Sikinioti-Lock, Kata Hajdu, Christos AggelopoulosFoundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras, GR

Nanotechnology has special relevance to the in situ soil and groundwater remediation, due to the combination of nanoparticles properties with fluid characteristics and thus the potential for injecting nano-sized (reactive or adsorptive) particles into contaminated porous media (e.g. soils, sediments, and aquifers). Among the various nano-materials explored for remediation (e.g. zeolites, metal oxides, carbon nanotubes, etc) nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) is currently the most widely used for the in situ remediation of soils from a variety of toxic pollutants (e.g. chlorinated hydrocarbons, nitro-aromatics, CrVI, etc). The nanoparticles are typically injected as slurries (nanofluids) directly into the subsurface to remediate contaminated groundwater plumes or contaminant source zones. A variety of coatings (e.g. polyelectrolytes, surfactants, polymers) and supports (e.g. carbon, silica) may be used to stabilize the nanofluids by increasing their resistance to particle aggregation and facilitating their delivery to target pollutants. There is a need to understand the interacting factors controlling the stability, mobility, and reactivity of nanoparticles when injected in saturated porous media. In this respect, the current study is breaking new boundaries as no systematic study has previously been made to specify the most suitable agents that ensure the stabilization of reactive nanomaterials and their successful delivery to the target pollutants within contaminated groundwater.

Aqueous suspensions of nZVI (nanofluids) are prepared by adding NaBH4 solution under anoxic conditions in an aqueous solution of FeSO4 7H2O pre-grafted with the following polymers acting as coatings: PAA-Na (sodium polyacrylic acid), CMC-Na (sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), CMC-g-PDMAM (carboxymethyl cellulose-g-polydimethylacryl amide), and PAA-g-PDMAM. The size distribution of nanoparticles (NP) is measured with dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), whereas their stability is evaluated with sedimentation tests and measuring the ζ-potential. Per-chloro-ethylene (PCE) is used as model non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL). To assess the nZVI reactivity with respect to dissolved and bulk NAPL, tests are performed in batch reactors, and mechanistic multi-step reaction models are developed to estimate all pertinent kinetic parameters.

Visualization studies in glass-etched pore networks enable us to identify the nanoparticle flow and reaction mechanisms at pore-scale. The transient NP sticking coefficient associated with the attachment/detachment of NPs is determined as a function of the pore blockage reflected in the “effective” water permeability. The accumulation of NPs in the water/free NAPL/solid contact line may change the interfacial tension and/or wettability by stimulating the NAPL detachment from the solid surface and leading to ganglia mobilization. Hence, it is of high importance to

DCE. The first results show that the chlorinated solvents has been degraded in the hot spot area after injection of nZVI but in the plume area we still measure concentrations of sum chlorinated solvents and degradation products up to around 90 µg/l mainly TCE and DCE. The results indicates that the pre-treatment with molasses increases the degradation rate.

We will show some illustrative results from the cases, and discuss advantages and also hurdles to overcome with this kind of treatment train in sandy aquifers.

DNAPL SOURCE ZONE TREATMENT WITH ZVI SOIL MIXING

Denny Schanze ARCADIS Nederland BV, Apeldoorn, NL

Dense Non Aquious Phase Liquid (DNAPL) source zone remediation remains a challenge. The known heterogeneous distribution of chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHC) and the formation of difficult to locate DNAPL pools and/or residual DNAPL makes the successful remediation of CHC source zones even more challenging.

In the historic city center of a small town near Rotterdam (The Netherlands) the activities of a former dry cleaner led to contamination of soil and groundwater. The soil stratigraphy consists of mainly clay with heterogeneous distributed layers of peat and sand. The soil is contaminated down to 10 meters below surface with CHC (PCE, TCE, DCE, VC) which feeds a plume in the first aquifer. In order to make the site suitable for redevelopment the client was looking for a remedial solution that is capable of reducing the contaminant mass in the source zone in a short period of time and stops the distribution of the contaminants towards the plume.

Several remedial options for the source zone were evaluated such as biological treatment, chemical oxidation and excavation. All these remedial approaches were judged not feasible, because of the very sensitive historical buildings in close vicinity to the source zone, the soil stratigraphy and the probable presence of DNAPL as well as the wish of the client for rapid redevelopment of the site.

ARCADIS proposed soil mixing with zero valent iron (ZVI) as best option for the site and was granted the contract. This innovative technology combines the benefits of a chemical treatment with optimal reagent distribution. The application is vibration-free and fast. Since the reagent slurry comprised of a combination of ZVI and bentonite the introduced clay also assists in additional reduction of the permeability which subsequently leads to further reduction of leaching of residual contamination to the plume.

Prior to the field application ARCADIS executed a feasibility study in order to develop an optimum reagent mixture. For the full-scale remediation, a double auger system best suited to the location specific constraints was developed. In a five weeks timeframe, 600 overlapping columns were drilled to treat the 1.200 m3 source zone. With the implementation of a thorough quality control protocol, issues such as ZVI quality and mixing performance could immediately be identified and corrected. Six months after application the contaminant mass in the treated soil volume was already reduced by more than 90% while further reduction is expected.

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ThS 1C.25 Phytoremediation


POTENTIAL OF ALFALFA FOR THE TREATMENT OF HYDROCARBONS AND HEAVY METALS CO-CONTAMINATED SOILS: EFFECT OF BIOAUGMENTATION-ASSISTED PHYTOREMEDIATION

David Huguenot1, Ana Carolina Agnello1, Eric Van Hullebusch1, Giovanni Esposito2

1Université Paris Est Marne la Vallée, FR2University of Cassino, Cassino, IT

Soil pollution by petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals is currently one of the major issues when dealing with anthropogenic impacting activities. In France, most of 30% of the inventoried contaminated lands are contaminated with hydrocarbons. Due to their hydrophobic characteristics, these compounds are tightly bound to organic matter and they are also highly bioaccumulated in human bodies. Moreover, hydrocarbons are the main pollutants responsible for groundwater contamination. Deleterious effects of hydrocarbons can affect both environment and human health making them priority substances. Furthermore, they are most of the time found with heavy metals whose effects on human health and environment are also of concern.

Contaminated soil treatment appears therefore as sustainable way for the management of such non-renewable resources (at human scale). French national legislation on soil management strongly recommends the use of in situ techniques since 2007, as well as biological techniques. Biological treatment of soil includes both the use of plants to extract metals and the use of microorganisms to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons. These techniques are currently underused given their low efficiency and time consuming constraint. Improving both techniques can be achieved by the stimulation of soil hydrocarbon degraders and also plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. In order to better understand what is going on in the soil-plant-microorganism system, it is necessary to consider both plant and microflora functioning.

The objective of this work is to set a remediation strategy able to clean up a genuinely co-contaminated soil mainly with petroleum hydrocarbons and in a lesser extent, heavy metals. The strategy developed relies on the use of competent bacteria producing metabolites able to increase pollutant bioavailability. This study evaluated four bioremediation strategies: a) natural attenuation, b) bioaugmentation with P. aeruginosa, c) phytoremediation with alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and d) bioaugmentation-assisted phytoremediation, for the treatment of a heavy metal and petroleum hydrocarbon co-contaminated soil.

The results showed that alfalfa plants were able to tolerate and grow in the co-contaminated soil. In addition, bioaugmentation treatment enhanced shoot and root biomass by 56 % and 105 %, respectively after and 90 days of experiment. The content of heavy metals in alfalfa plants was limited and following the order: Zn > Cu > Pb. Heavy metals were mainly concentrated in plant roots and they were poorly translocated. Bioaugmentation-assisted phytoremediation generally decreased metal concentration in plant parts as well as metal translocation, but increased the total uptake of Cu by alfalfa roots and that of Zn by shoots. Bioaugmentation-assisted phytoremediation treatment

clarify if the free NAPL mobilization is not favored relative to NAPL reaction processes. The capacity of nanoparticles to dechlorinate the bulk and dissolved PCE under realistic conditions is tested with continuous flow tests in soil columns. To evaluate the capacity of NPs to remediate trapped ganglia of NAPL (source zone), the residual NAPL is created with successive drainage-imbibition displacement cycles at adjustable flow rates. The effluents from the tests are collected in fraction collectors, treated adequately (e.g. filtration, centrifuging, solvent extraction), and analyzed to measure the concentration of PCE or any other intermediate reaction product (e.g. TCE) with GC-ECD (Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detector) and the concentration of nZVI with atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS).

A macroscopic numerical model is developed by coupling the reactive with multiphase transport and colloid filtration processes in homogeneous porous media. The model is used to estimate all pertinent parameters with inverse modeling of flow-through tests in soil columns. Finally, quantitative data concerning the nanoparticles mobility, longevity, and reactivity are used in a feedback mode to classify the nanofluids and suggest the most efficient ones for eventual pilot-scale studies.

SpS 1C.23S Nanoremediation part 1 –all you wanted to know(a practical guide to nanoremediation)


Organizers: Paul Bardos (r3 environmental technology ltd, GB), Juergen Braun (University of Stuttgart, DE), Miroslav Černík (Technical University of Liberec, CZ), Dan Elliott (Geosyntec Consultants, US), Elsa Limasset (BRGM, FR), Hans-Peter Koschitzky (University of Stuttgart, DE)


SpS 1C.24S Nanoremediation part 2 –your future business opportunities(strategic and market intelligence)


Organizers: Paul Bardos (r3 environmental technology ltd, GB), Stephan Bartke (Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, DE), Nicola Harries (CL:AIRE, GB), Hans-Peter Koschitzky (University of Stuttgart, DE)

For session details please have a look at page 21

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COST-BENEFIT ANALYSES OF ARSENIC CONTAMINATED SOIL PHYTOREMEDIATION IN CHINA

Xiaoming Wan Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, CN

Phytoremediation is an attractive technology treating arsenic (As) contaminated soils because it is low-cost, easy to operate and favorable to landscape. Pteris vittata is a known hyperaccumulator with high As concentration and huge biomass.

Several As phytoremediation projects covering ~200 ha soil have been established in China. The basic information of these projects are summarized, including the main contaminants, the soil type, the area, the land uses before and after the remediation, the remediation efficiency and the funding source.

Based on our 3-year experiences on these projects, costs and benefits of arsenic contaminated soil phytoremediation were conducted. Costs for the phytoremediation include basic investment and daily operating cost, with each accounting for half of the cost, according to our preliminary result. Seedlings equipment and incineration equipment are two of the most costing basic investment. Unexpectedly, weed control is the most costing daily operating cost. Towards the particularly high cost of weed control, detailed study was being conducted. Benefits include direct benefit and indirect benefit. The direct benefit mainly comes from the planting of economic crops. It is note worth that the planting of economic crops can prevent contaminants entering food chain and at the same time create cash income for land owners. The indirect benefit is more difficult to calculate, which include environmental benefit and social benefit. In terms of environmental benefit, the yield increase was considered. For the social benefit, the decrease of hospitalization costs was calculated. According to our calculation, the indirect benefits can fill in the gap between the cost and direct benefit after 2-year production.

PHYTO REMEDIATION USING THE CHINESE BRAKE FERN PTERIS VITTATA

Stefan Outzen1, Mads Terkelsen2, John Ulrik Bastrup3 1OutzenPro, Charlottenlund, DK2Capital Region of Denmark, Hilleroed, DK3Geo, Lyngby, DK

In 2001 scientists at Florida University in Miami discovered that the Chinese brake fern pteris vittata is a hyper accumulator of arsenic. Pteris vittata is tolerant of high concentrations of arsenic, up to 1,500 mg As kg-1 soil, and it is able to accumulate up to 20,000 mg AS kg-1 bio mass (fronds).

The Capital Region of Denmark has in 2014 tested the effect of the plant under Danish climate conditions for accumulating arsenic on a CCA contaminated site. The tests have been carried out by OutzenPro and Geo for the Capital Region in cooperation with the Danish EPA.

The overall objective with the test is to examine the plants ability to accumu-late arsenic under Danish climatic conditions and to learn how to cultivate it for best possible growth and highest possible uptake.

A number of 25 plants were planted in a greenhouse on a CCA

showed the highest removal rates of TPH (68 %), followed by bioaugmentation (59 %), phytoremediation (47 %) and natural attenuation (37 %). Although soil lipase activity and the number of alkane degraders tended to be higher when alfalfa and/or P. aeruginosa were present in the system, there was not an absolute correlation between these parameters and TPH removal.The phytotreatment of heavy metals in this study appears to be closer to a phytostabilization strategy rather than phytoextraction. The use of competent bacteria has shown a clear impact on the removal of petroleum hydrocarbons. The findings of this study suggest that bioaugmentation-assisted phytoremediation could be a promising bioremediation option for the treatment of co-contaminated soils.

FATE AND BEHAVIOR OF TCE IN WILLOW TREES DURING PHYTOREMEDIATION

Philipp Schöftner, Andrea Watzinger, Philipp Holzknecht, Bernhard Wimmer, Thomas Reichenauer AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Tulln, AT

Willow trees are known to be capable to take up, transform und transpire trichloroethylene (TCE). To trace the fate of TCE in water and plant biomass single willows were grown in glass cylinders filled quartz sand covered by a compost layer. The experiment was repeated once with the same plants in two consecutive years (2010 and 2011). TCE was added in nominal concentrations of 0 mg l-1, 144 mg l-1, 288 mg l-1and 721 mg l-1 (in five replicates of each treatment). Additionally unplanted cylinders were set-up and spiked with nominal concentrations of 721 mg l-1 TCE in 2011. In 2011 a 13C enriched TCE solution (δ13C = 110.3 ‰) was used. Periodically water and biomass (leaves and bark) were sampled and TCE content and metabolites were analyzed. To determine the presence of TCE degrading microorganisms, the concentrations of TCE and its metabolites, the isotopic ratio of carbon (13C/12C) in TCE and the abundance of 13C labeled microbial PLFAs (Phospholipid fatty acids) were monitored. More than 98% of TCE evapotranspirated from the planted pots at the latest within one month after addition of TCE, whereas unplanted pots did not show any TCE reduction. Almost 1 % of TCE was metabolized whereby TCAA and DCAA were found to be the dominant metabolites while less TCOH and TCE accumulated in plant tissues. Microbial degradation was ruled out by delta13C measurements of water samples and of PLFAs from the sand and the compost layer. TCE had no detected influence on plant stress status, neither chlorophyll-fluorescence nor evapotranspiration were influenced by TCE.

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HOW EFFECTIVE IS THERMAL REMEDIATION OF DNAPL SOURCE ZONES IN REDUCING GROUNDWATER CONCENTRATIONS?

Ralph Baker1, Gorm Heron1, Steffen Griepke Nielsen1, Niels Ploug2 1TerraTherm, Inc., Gardner, US2Krüger A/S, Soeborg, DK

Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL) source areas containing halogenated volatile organic compounds such as trichloroethene (TCE) and tetrachloroethene (PCE) often have given rise to significant dissolved plumes in groundwater, threatening or even leading to closure of downgradient private and municipal water supply wells. At many such sites, hydraulic containments via pump-and-treat have been implemented to limit migration and protect well fields, but their long-term operation is costly and in most cases must continue indefinitely. Removal of the DNAPL source area by excavation or other means such as in situ thermal remediation (ISTR) offers the potential to diminish or end the need for hydraulic containment if the associated dissolved plume attenuates sufficiently following source removal. A question often raised is whether this occurs, or whether back-diffusion of contaminants from secondary sources such as low permeability lenses in the dissolved plume precludes it. TerraTherm has been charged with conducting DNAPL source removal using ISTR at dozens of sites, but until recently groundwater data for the associated dissolved plumes have not been readily available. This paper presents a compilation of cases where such data are now becoming available. The data indicate that implementation of a thorough ISTR in a DNAPL source area can result in rapid and complete attenuation of the associated dissolved plume, such that long-standing pump-and-treat systems are no longer needed and can finally be turned off. At a site in Upstate New York, USA, dissolved plumes of PCE and daughter products TCE, cis-1,2-Dichloroethene and Vinyl Chloride emanated from the DNAPL source area and extended ~1 km downgradient beneath a residential neighborhood. Two years following completion of source treatment using ISTR, the dissolved plume concentrations had diminished so dramatically that the regulatory agency gave permission for two out of three of the pumping wells that had operated there for decades to be shut off, and the final pumping well is expected to be able to be shut off soon. At a site in Odense, Denmark, a very similar story unfolded following ISTR treatment of a PCE source area. There the source area resided beneath an operating dry cleaner facility, which had to remain in operation throughout implementation of ISTR. This paper will summarize these and several other cases with similar results, showing that application of thermal remediation can result in not only unobtrusive and thorough removal of the DNAPL source, but also effective diminution of dissolved plume groundwater concentrations and achievement of drinking water standards. In each case, information concerning the subsurface lithology and hydrology will be presented so that generalizations concerning the settings and applicability of the results can be drawn.

contaminated site. The arsenic concentration on the chosen spot was approximately 1,000 mg kg-1 soil and the concentrations of chromium 400 and copper 1,800 mg kg-1 soil.

Two plants were placed outside the greenhouse and another 20 plants were grown in the laboratory. Before planting, the soil was analyzed for the arsenic (As), copper (Cu) and chromium (Cr). Arsenic was analyzed for As (III), AS (V) and organic com-pounds. Likewise, the soil was further investigated for content of N, K and P and the measurement of pH in order to secure proper growing conditions.

Additionally, samples from pore water were analyzed to determine the appearance of ionic and suspended substances. Fronds were harvested after respectively 16 and 21 weeks and the material was analyzed for the content of As, Cr and Cu.

After the season, the plants have been left on site protected with a simple winter cover.The tests have provided a lot of experience as to the growing. The project met some not foreseen difficulties and challenges. In first place, the soil was too contaminated to allow a normal growth as the soil was lacking microbiological activity. Next, since the soil was “dead” it was also compact and did not absorb rain waters which led to floods after a few weeks due to heavy rainfall.

Thus, it took some time to achieve proper growing conditions and by that time the growing season was about to run out. The biggest plants reached a weight of 50 g corresponding to 12.5 g dry matter.

The results of the analyses, however, seem promising taking into account that the growing conditions were not optimal and the test period too short to both achieve growing experience and optimize the process.

After 16 weeks the fronds had reached an average accumulation of 1,600 mg As kg-1 and after 21 weeks 2,100 mg As kg-1 (dry matter). Highest concentration reached 3,600 mg As kg-1 and the highest biomass in one plant reached 40 g.

Based on the results, it is likely to believe that it will be possible to reach a much higher degree of accumulation and that it will be possible to enlarge the biomass by a more precise soil preparation.

Thus, the concept is foreseen to be successful as a cleanup principle in low to medium arsenic contaminated soil, i.e. up to 100 mg kg-1. The tests indicate that it will be possible to remove 6 g As pr. m2 from the upper 50 cm soil in five years.

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MIXTURE OF HIGH AND LOW BOILING COMPOUNDS IN A MIXED LOW AND HIGH PERMEABLE SETTING – THERMAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Jesper Holm1, Niels Ploug1, Max Jensen1, Steffen Griepke Nielsen2, Gorm Heron2 1Krüger A/S, Soborg, DK2TerraTherm, Inc., Gardner, US

A 1750 m2 site heavily contaminated with a variety of chlorinated components is to be remediated. The chlorinated compounds mainly consist of Vinylchloide, Trichlorethylene, 1.2 Dichlorobenzene, Chloro benzene and 4-Chloro-2-Methylanilin with boiling points ranging from -13 °C to 241 °C for. This means that a treatment temperature of 100 °C will only provide partial treatment of the high boiling compounds.

The contamination is situated in a heterogeneous, low permeable unsaturated zone extending approximately 6 meters below ground and in a gravelly aquifer below the unsaturated zone. More than 98% of the mass is situated in the unsaturated part of the remediation zone. The groundwater aquifer has a substantial flow of approximately 100 m/year. The challenge is to heat the high permeable aquifer and also ensure that the interface between the unsaturated zone and the saturated zone is heated thoroughly.

To remediate the unsaturated zone and at the same time provide remediation of the underlying groundwater, a combination of steam enhanced extraction in the saturated zone and ISTD in the unsaturated zone will been implemented. The target treatment temperature for both unsaturated and saturated zone is 100 oC. However using ISTD in the unsaturated zone will ensure part of the unsaturated volume to be heated well above 100 oC and in that way ensure a lower average concentration of the higher boiling compounds.

The purpose of the talk is to show the audience the different steps and design considerations in the final design and implementation of the solution. Two thermal models have been used to design steam injection and ISTD heating. Commissioning of the facility is expected to take place during July 2015 and operation is expected to start by the beginning of August 2015.

NDOOR THERMAL REMEDIATION IN AN OLD INDUSTRIAL AREA IN THE CAPITAL REGION OF DENMARK

Katerina Hantzi1, Ida Damgaard1, Jes Kjærulf Holm2, Pernille Kjærsgaard3 1Capital Region of Denmark, Center for Regional Development, Hillerød, DK2Geo, Lyngby, DK3Institution, Ballerup, DK

The Capital Region of Denmark is carrying out a number of contamination studies and remediation activities in an old industrial district to the North of Copenhagen. This industrial district is situated in an area with good-quality groundwater which is used as drinkingwater. One of the contaminated sites has been cleaned up by thermal remediation.

There used to be a metalworking business on the site. Before metal parts were painted, they were de-greased in chlorinated solvents, mainly trichloroethylene (TCE). The degreasing of these metal parts caused TCE to leak to the subsurface, mainly in the area where the degreasing vat was positioned. Today there is an office building on the property, in the area where the vat used to stand.

It was estimated that around 80 kg of TCE was leaked into the subsurface, of which approx. 25 kg were in the unsaturated zone (0-15 m below the surface). To prevent the contamination affecting the quality of the regional groundwater reservoir, the Capital Region of Denmark launched a thermal remediation project using electric resistance heating (ERH) in the unsaturated zone. With ERH the ground is heated by electricity to around 100°C, at which point the solvents vaporise and can be removed by vacuum ventilation. The contaminants were then collected as vapour in a closed system. The vapour was cleaned with activated charcoal and the scrubbed air released into the environment. Setup and remediation took place inside the building in the period from September 2012 to December 2013. We ended up removing 32 kg of TCE.

There were many challenges along the way, such as moving the current business on site, coordinating with district heating works, drilling problems caused by large stone beds and low ceiling heights, establishment of electrodes with low ceiling heights, and timing the decision to complete and wrap up the remediation.

The remediation exercise generated knowledge of cleaning up TCE in an existing business, under a building with low ceilings with the aid of ERH. The remediation posed many challenges and gave rise to many alternative and creative solutions. We would like to pass on our experience.

At the conference we propose to present the case as an example of how the conditions for thermal remediation can change along the way and how you can navigate through them to reach your goal all the same.

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IN-SITU THERMAL REMEDIATION OF CVOCS FROM SOURCE ZONE CONTAINING CHLORINATED SOLVENTS AND MOTOR OIL AS NAPL

Carol Winell, Cavis Carpenter, Grant Geckeler Good Earthkeeping Organization Inc., Corona, US

An active manufacturing facility (Fortune 100 Client) located motor oil LNAPL, 2.1 meters thick, beneath the location of former reclamation drains. A later release of PCE and TCE resulted in commingled sources. Prior employment of a LNAPL skimmer and multi phase extraction system had failed to recover the viscous motor oil, which now contained dissolved phase CVOC content. The remediation was forecast to take between 8 and 12 years with these traditional technologies, despite the relatively permeable subsurface sands. The Client desired a much faster remedial alternative, in order to reduce project lifecycle expenditures. A pilot study and full scale in situ thermal treatment strategy was selected to (1) thermally desorb (co-distill) the chlorinated solvent content from the subsurface soil and motor oil; and (2) decrease the viscosity of the motor oil to facilitate enhanced LNAPL extraction rates.

After the pilot study was successfully completed, a full scale installation of 48 heater wells and 19 extraction wells was commissioned inside the operational automotive manufacturing facility. Over 1,300 m3 of impacts were treated with in-situ thermal remediation consisting of thermal conduction heating using gas fired control units. The system was designed to reduce CVOC concentrations by > 95% in a very short time period of 30 days. This short time period was needed to restore the area to factory usage.

Over the course of 30 days of active heating, the subsurface temperature was increased to approximately 100°C. CVOCs were removed at over 99% rates (by mass), confirmed by validation soil and NAPL samplings. Observed LNAPL motor oil extraction rates increased by a factor of nearly 15 at 50°C (vs. 12°C). The site was returned to unrestricted use, with no fear of the CVOCs causing indoor vapor intrusion issues for factory workers.

EXPERIENCES USING GAS THERMAL REMEDIATION (GTR) IN DENMARK

Jacob H. Christiansen COWI Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, DK

Objectives: To share experiences using a new technology for full remediation of contaminated soil.

Full remediation of sites contaminated by leaking storage tanks containing heating oil for domestic heating is often complicated and expensive because of contaminants under the houses.

As an alternative to tearing down a building and excavate the soil, a full scale GTR has been tested in Elsinore, Denmark. It is the first of its kind in Denmark.

The objective is to achieve a full remediation without having to rehouse the residents – and to a competitive price. As for all thermal techniques, the hydro carbons are forced - by heating - into gas phase, from where it can be extracted. But unlike any other thermal technique, using GTR, we can direct the extracted hydrocarbons into the gas flame, where it is not only fully incinerated, but it also contributes as a fuel to the heating process. This way, the problem can be a part of the solution, and there is no left over product to be handled and disposed of.

The presentation shows the specific site and how the gas heating installations has been designed. The connection between temperature and gas measurements can be documented.

Normal site closure is obtained by taking soil samples from the sides of an excavation that is fully visible. Using GTR we have to rely on other indicators to document uncontaminated soil, like temperature, gas measurements and a few soil samples. This is a demanding task for the contractor, consultant and regulators. The heating process has just come to an end, and the documentation phase begins. The final documentation can be presented at Aqua Consoil 2015.

Why this topic is important to Aqua Consoil 2015:This new technique has the potential to reduce remediation costs and reduce the environmental impact, as soil is treated on site and without having to tear down the building on the site.

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between 250,000 and 1 million kg of chemical mass, dominated by DNAPL rich in TCE, PCE, and BTEX compounds.

In-Situ Thermal Desorption (ISTD) was used to heat and treat the overburden NAPL zone. More than 600 heater borings and vapor extraction wells were used. A special drilling approach reduced the risk of downward spreading of DNAPL during well installation. Heat was delivered to the overburden and approximately 1 m into bedrock (deeper than the treatment zone) in order to ensure complete heating and treatment of the overburden.

ISTD treatment was split into two phases to spread out the mass loading on the vapor treatment system, which consisted of thermal oxidation and acid gas scrubbing. The first phase is near completion in December of 2014, and the remedy will be completed in early 2015. To date, more than 200,000 kg of chemical has been extracted.

Lessons learned from this site will be presented. These include how to avoid spreading of DNAPL to the extent practicable, how to handle the high concentrations in the vapors, how to ensure treatment at both the top and the bottom of the target interval, and closure strategies used to satisfy the regulatory agencies while balancing cost and sustainability factors.

STEAM-AIR INJECTION IN FRACTURED BEDROCK: RESULTS AND LESSONS LEARNED OF A CHC-REMEDIATION AT THE SITE BISWURM (VILLINGEN-SCHWENNINGEN, GERMANY)

Oliver Trötschler1, Hans-Peter Koschitzky2, Bernd Lidola3, Isabell Kleeberg3, Stefan Schulze4 1VEGAS, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, DE2University of Stuttgart, VEGAS, Stuttgart, DE3Stadtbauamt Villingen-Schwenningen, Villingen-Schwenningen, DE4GEOsens, Schallstadt, DE

On the site of a former incineration plant for liquid organic waste contaminants (CHC, BTEX) percolated in the underlaying aquifer systems. During the demolition of the plant and the excavation of the top soil about 1,600 kg of CHC were removed. The remaining source zone covers an area of approx. 2,900 m² and a depth of 37 m in the affected sandstone aquifers. The corresponding plume extended over several hectares. A detailed site investigation estimated a total mass of 10 to 50 tons of CHC in the sandstone aquifers. The concentration of CHC in the groundwater ranged from 1 mg/l in the saturated zone to up to 40 mg/l in the surface water drainage system (6 m bgs.). The content of CHC in the soil vapour was up to 4 g CHC per m³ in the source zone. The upper zone of the sandstone aquifer (15 m bgs.) and the unsaturated zone contain the majority of contaminant mass.

In 2009 VEGAS accomplished a pilot trial of steam-air injection on demand of the problem owner, the city of Villingen-Schwenningen. The heating period by steam-air injection lasted for 19 weeks. The test field extended to 2,000 m³ of fractured rock including the upper aquifer. The thermal radius of steam propagation was 5 m in the target zone between 3 – 15 m bgs. Contaminants that had penetrated into the sandstone matrix were thermally desorbed during the conductive heating of the bedrock. More than 91 % of the total extracted mass (560 kg CHC) was removed from the groundwater fluctuation and unsaturated zones via the soil vapour extraction system, less than 6% thereof via the groundwater containment (34 kg of CHC). The CHC values



IN-SITU THERMAL REMEDIATION OF PCBS: LESSONS LEARNED AND RESULTS FROM TREATABILITY STUDY, PILOT TEST AND FULL SCALE REMEDIATION

Carol Winell, Xiaosong Chen Good Earthkeeping Organization Inc., Corona, US

Background/Objectives. PCBs are highly recalcitrant compounds that have traditionally been relegated to “dig and dump” and “dig and incinerate” remedial solutions. Recent projects have shown, however, that in-situ thermal remediation presents a repeatable solution that foregoes excavation.

Soils at the subject site were primarily contaminated with Polychlorinated Biphenyl Aroclors 1254 and 1260. These contaminants were introduced into the subsurface from 53 transformers that were part of the former manufacturing plant. The volume of impacted soil was estimated at 7,800 cubic meters, and is generally comprised of clay and silty clays. Average combined PCB concentrations of 5,900 mg/kg were present in the soil, both in saturated and unsaturated zones. Remedial goals of < 4.0 mg/kg toxic PCB cogeners was required to achieve total regulatory compliance.

Approach/Activities. The initial laboratory study determined that when the actual site soils were subjected to a treatment temperature of 250°C for 72 hours, over 99% of PCBs could be removed from the test matrix. Based on these results, a pilot study test of 200 m3 was conducted. Thermal treatment extended from grade to 5 m bgs. The unsaturated soils (0 – 4m bgs) were heated to an average temperature of 250°C, and the saturated soils (4 – 5m bgs) were heated to an average temperature of 100°C over 69 days of active thermal treatment. The information obtained from the pilot study was used to optimize the design and energy delivery in the full scale project.

Results/Lessons Learned. The field application pilot study confirmed that average soil reductions of PCBs from 5,900 mg/kg to < 1 mg/kg were realized in the unsaturated zones of the project, confirmed via hot soil validation sampling. The full-scale project reached all temperatures, specifications, and remedial goals.

IN-SITU THERMAL REMEDIATION AT A SITE WITH DNAPL IN OVERBURDEN ABOVE FRACTURED ROCK

Gorm Heron1, Jim Galligan1, Robin Swift1, Bruce Thompson2, Jessie McCusker2, Michael Gefell3, John LaChance3 1TerraTherm, Inc., Gardner, US2demaximis, Windsor, DE3Arcadis, US

The Solvents Recovery Service of New England (SRSNE) Superfund Site is located in Southington, Connecticut, USA. SRSNE processed tens of millions of gallons of solvents between 1955 and 1991. Disposal to lagoons and other releases produced a non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) source zone in overburden and fractured bedrock. The overburden was estimated to contain

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was carried out with financial support of the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, UFZ, Leipzig, the community of Villingen-Schwenningen and the regional council and the State of Baden-Württemberg. The local consultant GEOsens assisted the pilot study and is the leading consultant for the remedy, the scientific supervision for the pilot and the remedy is the responsibility of VEGAS. The remediation company is Bauer Umwelt GmbH.

COMPLEX BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR IN-SITU THERMAL TREATMENTS (ISTT) CONDUCTED DURING LAND RECYCLING AND REMEDIATION BENEATH BUILDINGS

Uwe Hiester, Martina Müller reconsite GmbH, Fellbach, DE

In-situ thermal treatments are applied successfully at several sites worldwide. In the past, several projects had been conducted with a moderate to low interaction with neighbours, structural engineering or industrial production processes. However, ISTT projects can be conducted as well under more complex boundary conditions. To enable successful ISTT projects under these complex conditions, interaction with other specialists must be coordinated usually by the remediation management team (RMT) additional to the remediation works. For example, the RMT has to coordinate as well the structural engineering (like foundation and superstructure works) to enable ISTT during land recycling projects.

Furthermore, more complex boundary conditions might affect ISTT design, operation procedure and measurement devices during the remediation. This lecture will illustrate the management of complex boundary conditions by referring on specific project references.

Example 1: In-situ thermal Treatment during simultaneous foundation and superstructure works for a new factory building

A VOC contamination was determined in low permeable (cohesive) silt and clay layers below an existing factory building in the groundwater fluctuation zone up to 8 m bgl. Due to changes of site owner’s facilities, this existing building was demolished and replaced by a new factory building. The removal of the VOC source zone must be quick, seriously and efficient. In-situ thermal treatment was evaluated as the most economical and efficient technology. The ISTT of the VOC contamination was conducted with the THERIS method (thermal wells, conductive heating). But, ISTT works were not allowed to disturb foundation works or superstructure installation for the new building.

Thus, a close interface management between involved specialists for the installation of the new building like pile foundation team, superstructure construction team and remediation specialists was established to enable failure-free operation of each lot.

Building activity was conducted close to the remediation area. Remote controlled automated monitoring systems for remediation process relevant parameter like subsurface temperature, pressure and concentration and discharge in the SVE were established to enable a detailed remediation management. Coordination with other specialists as well as with authorities was conducted on a weekly base. ISTT was completed after 4 months with no disturbance of the new factory building installation.Example 2: Steam enhanced extraction (SEE) beneath a building during industrial production

in the soil vapour and the groundwater were decreased by 95% and 85%, respectively.

Based on the results of the pilot, the steam-air enhanced remediation of the groundwater fluctuation zone and of the unsaturated zone (2,900 m², 15 m thickness) for the entire site was designed. The site was divided into nine treatment sections in size of 4,500 - 6,000 m³ of fractured bedrock. The duration of the steam-air injection phase (Steam injection power of 400 kW) was calculated to last 33 months requiring 31 two-level injection wells and 34 soil vapour extraction (SVE) wells. The costs were estimated to 2.6 million EUR to treat 40,000 m³ of sandstone during four years of operation.

The steam-air driven remediation started in July 2012. The remediation is currently under full operation and the steam injection phase will last until September 2015. The steam-air mixture is subsequently injected by means of four to five dual-screened wells and 300 – 500 kW to heat up the single treatment sections. There are 10 – 12 soil vapour extraction wells surrounding the injection wells in each section.

Until the end of November 2014 (simultaneous operation in sections 5 and 6) the total CHC mass removal summed up to approximately 3,500 kg. Approximately 3,400 kg CHC were removed by SVE and 90 kg CHC by the groundwater containment, respectively. During the ongoing thermal in-situ remediation the values in the downstream plume range between 200 – 300 µg/L and a CHC mass flux of 70 g/d. The goal of the remediation is to fall short of a maximum emission of 20 g CHC daily.

During the remediation the heating strategy had to be adopted since the desorption process of the CHC from the sandstone bedrock is slower than determined during the pilot study. The time demand will be increased by 35%, the energy consumption by 25%. Since the heat and steam propagation is wider than expected two sections can be heated simultaneously while SVE is extracted from 3 – 4 sections. Therefore the SVE system was extended to ensure pneumatic control. The energy is effectively stored in the bedrock. During desorption phase the average temperature exceeds 88°C in 5,000 tons of heated sandstone. By the end of November 2014 the steam-air mixture was injected via 16 injection wells and approximately 800 m³/h of soil vapour were extracted by means of 45 wells. In total 13 m³/h of groundwater was extracted and treated.

Transport and displacement of evaporated contaminants in the fractures was observed. The monthly depths-specific monitoring of the SVE-wells indicates an almost complete removal of the contaminants from the upper sandstone and the claystone layers between 3 – 8 m bgs. CHC contents are less than 10 mg/m³. In some parts of the lower platy sandstone CHC contents of 100 – 300 mg/m³ were detected after thermal treatment. This indicates a mass removal of more than 90%.

The duration of the cooling time is expected to last for 6 -8 months while contaminants might still be evaporated from the sandstone.

The presentation will show the development of the current remediation and focus on the lessons learned using in-situ thermal treatment by steam-air injection in fractured rock, which is the first application of this technique in Germany.

The environmental agency of Baden-Württemberg (LUBW), the regional council (RP Freiburg) and the community of Villingen-Schwenningen support the application of a thermally enhanced remediation of the site by steam-air injection. The pilot project

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SpS 1C.28S European advances in nanoremediation technology


IN-SITU GROUNDWATER REMEDIATION USING CARBO-IRON®: LARGE SCALE FLUME EXPERIMENT TO INVESTIGATE TRANSPORT AND REACTIVITY IN A SOURCE-TREATMENT APPROACH

Kumiko Miyajima1, Katrin Mackenzie2, Juergen Braun1 1University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, DE2Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, DE

NanoRem (Nanotechnology for contaminated land Remediation) is a research consortium (EU, FP7) dedicated to develop in-situ groundwater remediation technologies. Nanoparticles are developed to be injected into the contamination to create a reactive zone in which contaminants degradation or immobilization will take place. Investigations are being conducted at various scales including large scale containers with volumes of over 240 m³. These large scale upscaling investigations are indoor experiments at a field relevant scale with exactly controlled initial and boundary conditions and a highly disaggregated monitoring grid. They allow for a closed mass balance, and maximum flexibility with contaminants and conclusions with respect to improving the real field sites.

To test the performance of Carbo-Iron® for the first time in a source-remediation approach, a large scale flume experiment in a container of stainless steel (L x W x H = 6 x 1 x 3m) was set-up at VEGAS, University of Stuttgart. The aquifer was contaminated with a perchloroethene (PCE) source and chemically reduced utilizing an injected Carbo-Iron® suspensions. The accurate description of the aquifers and the contaminant distribution as well as a dense monitoring system allow for the testing of these nanoparticle materials and provide insight in particle transport in porous media and knowledge on degradation products under field-relevant conditions.

Goals of the experiment are

1) remediation of PCE source (2kg) utilizing the Carbo-Iron®, composite particles containing nZVI in a colloidal activated-carbon framework

2) design, set-up and test of Carbo-Iron® injection system; determination of suitable composition of suspension and of necessary flow velocities during injection

3) transport and targeted deposition of NP in the subsurface4) quantification of remediation (degradation) rates and

longevity of NP (reinjection intervals).

In the large scale flume an artificial aquifer was set up consisting of a flow domain of 5.6 x 1.0 x 3.0 m (L x W x H) of medium sized homogeneous sand. Inflow and outflow boundaries were established using hydraulically communicating wells, with constant flux and constant head control, respectively. The aquifer is unconfined and its thickness during base flow (v = 0.2 m/d) is at approximately 1.7 m, resulting in an unsaturated zone of approx. 1.3 m. The flume offers a total of 36 sampling ports, distributed in six horizontal planes and six vertical planes to the flow direction.

The PCE source was emplaced by injecting pure PCE into the saturated zone soil. A total mass 2 kg of PCE was injected at six locations placed at equal distances on a circle of r = 30 cm, at 10

During the 1990s, a ‘cold’ soil vapour extraction recovered several kg VOC during a seven years operation. Nevertheless, remaining VOC contaminations were located in stratified sandy and cohesive silty layers beneath an industrial building up to 10 m bgl mainly in the saturated zone.

Source zone removal including permanent production in the building was only possible by installing steam enhanced extraction (SEE). To avoid VOC downward mobilisation, air was added to the injected steam (TUBA method). The steam-air injection was applied beneath the building into the contaminated groundwater. An interference of the production line due to the in-situ thermal treatment had to be avoided. Remote controlled automated monitoring systems were used as well to monitor boundary parameters like indoor air. It could be demonstrated, that indoor air intrusion of VOC was a process during the past years from the remaining source zone beneath the building. It could be reduced significantly by steam injection.

In both examples, mass flux during ISTT was significantly higher than during conventional SVE or Pump and Treat. ISTT enabled a soon remediation success during months including the installation of a new factory building or rather a continued industrial production in the building above the remediated source zone.

THERMAL TREATMENT – CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS

Steffen Griepke Nielsen1, Gorm Heron1, Ralph Baker1, Niels Ploug2 1TerraTherm, Inc., Gardner, US2Krüger A/S, Soeborg, DK

In Situ Thermal Remediation is now an established solution for highly contaminated source zones in need of effective and quick treatment. While thermal methods have a great record of meeting treatment objectives upon completion, site-specific challenges must be addressed. While all of TerraTherm’s projects the past 15 years have met the remediation goals, the projects’ challenges have differed, and sometimes adjustments to the system were needed. This talk will focus on site conditions that have presented challenges during the design and implementation of thermal treatment.

The following issues will be covered and will be backed up by project examples from several thermal sites:

1) Corrosion of well-field materials due to the presence of certain chemicals (sites in Colorado and California),

2) Large chemical mass loading of effluent treatment system (sites in California and Connecticut),

3) Groundwater influx and resulting cooling and impact on hydraulic control (sites in California, New York), and

4) Condensation of contaminants near the surface at sites where an insulated cover was required (sites in California, Massachusetts and Denmark).

Most of these challenges are solved at the design stage. In addition, proper data analysis on a nearly real-time basis during operation results in an early understanding of major operational issues, such that the proper actions can be taken expeditiously to mitigate the unexpected issues.

This talk will cover the basics, and then focus on examples. The challenges and solutions will be identified and discussed, along with suggestions for future refinement of the needed data to improve the predictions.

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cm. Sampling ports are installed before and after each column for analysing contaminant concentration and degradation products in solution. Quantitation of hydrogen formed as a consequence of anaerobic corrosion is enabled by gas traps. pH and redox potential are measured online. Present findings for commercially available magnesium and aluminium microparticles indicate that the dechlorination reaction (simulation of a plume remediation of PCE) is overwhelmed by anaerobic corrosion.

Batch reactivity tests carried out for aluminium have shown an increase in chloride formation under initially alkaline conditions. Therefore current investigations are focusing on the possibility of modifying the aquifer properties by increasing pH also considering the relationship between dechlorination and anaerobic corrosion. Amongst the different iron particles tested so far for a source zone remediation of PCE a milled iron particle (provided by UVR-FIA GmbH, Germany) seems to be promising regarding its longevity and its relationship between dechlorination and anaerobic corrosion. More experiments are to be conducted to further investigate and optimise the dechlorination properties of this particle.

“The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n°309517.”

[1] A. Cundy, L. Hopkinson, R. L. D. Whitby, Science of the Total Environment 2008, 400, 42.

[2] T. Phenrat, N. Saleh, K. Sirk, R. D. Tilton, G. V. Lowry, Environmental Science & Technology 2007, 41, 284.

AGAR AGAR STABILIZED MILLED ZEROVALENT IRON PARTICLES FOR IN SITU GROUNDWATER REMEDIATION

Milica Velimirovic, Doris Schmid, Stephan Wagner, Vesna Micic Batka, Frank von der Kammer, Thilo Hofmann University of Vienna, AT

The use of nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) particles as a nontoxic material for effective in situ degradation of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) into less harmless products has been inhibited by many factors, including the high production costs. For that reason, submicro-scale milled zerovalent iron particles were recently developed (milled ZVI, UVR-FIA, Freiberg, Germany) by grinding macroscopic raw materials of elementary iron as a cheaper alternative to products produced by solid-state reduction. However, currently milled ZVI particles tend to aggregate and sediment due to the rather large particle size (d90 = 16.9 µm). To prevent aggregation and consequently sedimentation of milled ZVI suspension (1 g L-1 of particle concentration) and consequently improve the mobility after in situ application, the use of a stabilizer is necessary. In this study, milled ZVI particles were stabilized by environmentally friendly polymer agar agar (>0.5 g L-1), which had a positive impact on the milled ZVI stability significantly decreasing sedimentation rate by increasing the suspension viscosity. Column transport experiments were performed for bare and agar agar stabilized milled ZVI particles in commercially available fine grained quartz sand (DORSILIT® Nr.8, Gebrüder Dorfner GmbH Co, Hirschau, Germany) under field relevant injection conditions of 100 m d-1. The maximal travel distance (LT) of 12 m calculated for agar agar (1 g L-1) stabilized milled ZVI suspension compared to the non-stabilized suspension (LT < 10 cm) revealed that agar agar as

different depths (33.3 g each) at 10 cm vertical intervals starting at the groundwater table. By this kind of injection a contaminant source zone of approximately 0.90 m diameter, a depth of 1 m, and hence a volume of 0.64 m³ was established with residual saturation around 0.6%.

For the remediation of this source, the injection of Carbo-Iron® was designed along the following criteria:

a. Place particles in sufficient quantity within the source zone: based on stoichiometry a remediation of 2 kg PCE requires 2.6 kg nZVI (= 13 kg Carbo-Iron®). To account for heterogeneities and competing reactions a total mass of 20 kg Carbo-Iron® was injected.

b. Minimize injected volume to avoid loss of PCE during injection. Thus 1 m³ suspension with a high concentration (20 g/L) of Carbo-Iron® and optimized concentration of the stabilizer carboxymethylcellulose was employed.

During and after the injection, the particle transport distance, concentration and sedimentation were monitored. The preliminary remediation result was obtained after the injection.

The proposed oral presentation will focus on the goal, set-up of the experiments, the injection of NP and will present first results of the investigation of transport and reactivity issues of this experiment.

REACTIVITY TESTS IN COLUMNS FOR SIMULATING SOURCE ZONE AND PLUME REMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS BY ZERO-VALENT METAL PARTICLES UNDER SUBSURFACE-LIKE CONDITIONS

Christine Herrmann, Maurice Menadier, Norbert Klaas University of Stuttgart, VEGAS, DE Chlorinated hydrocarbons are commonly detected groundwater contaminants. Permeable reactive barriers composed of zero-valent iron are well-established for remediation of the contaminant plume. Current studies are aiming at implementing the injection of zero-valent iron (nano)particles into the subsurface, thus allowing for a treatment of source and plume areas [1].

However, it has been reported that iron particles show a poor transport behaviour [2]. Aluminium and magnesium have a lower density compared to iron which might promise better transport properties. In addition, aluminium and magnesium offer a better stoichiometry relative to mass in comparison with iron. On the other hand aluminium and magnesium particles are more susceptible to corrosion due to their lower redox potential. In order to investigate and compare the efficiency of remediation as well as the long-term behaviour of zero-valent aluminium, magnesium and iron particles under subsurface-like conditions reactivity tests in columns are performed.

For this purpose two set-ups with 12 experimental columns in all are available for simulating source zone and plume remediation of selected contaminants like for example tetrachloroethene (PCE). The set-up allows for studying the long-term behaviour of the particles (several months) under flow-through, thus field-similar conditions. The experimental columns are made of glass and have a length of 100 or 200 cm and an inner diameter of 3.6

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Barreiro (PO) is an abandoned industrial complex close to the sea with a high content of various heavy metals in both the saturated and unsaturated zone. An additional challenge of this site is the low pH of the groundwater. Different particles are tested to immobilize the heavy metals on small plots on that site.

In Balassagyarmat (HU) next to a company formerly manufacturing electronic equipment (now closed) CHC in plume and some residual saturation has been detected. These contaminations are to be treated using an injection of Carbo-Iron (UFZ, SciDre).

A second heavy metal site is located in Bizkaia (ES). The site is located on an alluvial aquifer next to a river and, in contrast to the Portuguese site, does not show a pH reduction. Goethite NP (HMGU) will be utilized to address this contamination.

The Besor-Secher site in Israel is distinguished by a much more arid climate and a fractured aquifer. While the site offers a range of contaminants from an industrial complex nearby, at this time the main focus on the site is on transport and targeted deposition of various NP in this complicated hydrogeolocical system.

In summary: Particles tested include different kinds of nZVI, Carbo-Iron® and iron-oxide (Goethite) NP. Each of these particles targets specific contaminants (organic, inorganic, chlorinated hydrocarbons etc.), in other words they enhance specific remediation processes (chemical reduction or oxidation, microbial dechlorination or oxidation etc.). Moreover, each NP suspension has specific requirements with respect to hydro-geological (coarse or fine grained porous material, fractures) and hydro-geo-chemical (pH, salinity, redox conditions etc.) site conditions.

The proposed talk will give an overview of the NanoRem sites including their specific goals and challenges. Currently (November 2014), particles were injected in two sites. Three more will follow by the end of March 2015, thus the presentation will also give preliminary results from these test sites.

PERFORMANCE OF CARBO-IRON PARTICLES IN IN-SITU GROUNDWATER PLUME AND SOURCE TREATMENT APPROACHES

Katrin Mackenzie, Steffen Bleyl, Frank-Dieter KopinkeHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, DE

PCBs are highly recalcitrant compounds that have traditionally been relegated to “dig and dump” and “dig and incinerate” remedial solutions. Recent projects have shown, however, that in-situ thermal remediation presents a repeatable solution that foregoes excavation.

Soils at the subject site were primarily contaminated with Polychlorinated Biphenyl Aroclors 1254 and 1260. These contaminants were introduced into the subsurface from 53 transformers that were part of the former manufacturing plant. The volume of impacted soil was estimated at 7,800 cubic meters, and is generally comprised of clay and silty clays. Average combined PCB concentrations of 5,900 mg/kg were present in the soil, both in saturated and unsaturated zones. Remedial goals of < 4.0 mg/kg toxic PCB cogeners was required to achieve total regulatory compliance.

The initial laboratory study determined that when the actual site soils were subjected to a treatment temperature of 250°C

stabilizer significantly improve particle mobility. Finally, lab-scale batch degradation experiments were performed to determine the impact of agar agar on the reactivity of milled ZVI and investigate the apparent corrosion rate of particles by quantifying the hydrogen gas generated by anaerobic corrosion of milled ZVI. The results indicate that despite agar agar had positive impact on the milled ZVI stability and mobility, adverse impact on the reactivity towards trichloroethene was observed compared to the non-stabilized material. On the other hand, this study shows that the apparent corrosion rate of milled ZVI particles is not impacted by the presence of agar agar and longevity of particles action is significantly prolonged compared to the nZVI particles.

This research receives funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013 under grant agreement n°309517.

DEMONSTRATING NANOREMEDIATION IN THE FIELD - THE NANOREM TEST SITES

Juergen Braun1, Randi Bitsch, Matthias Kraatz3, Jorge Gonçalves4, Nerea Otaegi5, Noam Weisbrod6, Petr Kvapil7

1University of Stuttgart, DE2Solvay AG, Bad Zurzach, SE3Golder Associates GmbH, Hamburg, DE4Geoplano-Consultores, S.A, Lisboa, PT5Tecnalia Research & Innovation, Derio, ES6Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion, IL7AQUATEST a.s., Liberec, CZ

NanoRem (Nanotechnology for contaminated land Remediation) is a research consortium (EU, FP7) dedicated to develop in-situ groundwater remediation technologies based on the injection of nanoparticles in the subsurface. For a successful transfer to the end user, nanoremediation technology performance and applicability has to be shown at realistic scales (pilot sites, field applications), including considerations of cost and wider impacts. Successful field demonstrations allow for the test of different injection methods for difficult geological conditions. Selected NPs developed in NanoRem are being tested on several sites in different hydrogeological, hydrochemical and climatic environments and also against different contaminant distributions and target contaminants. Efficient performance requires a suitable injection technology, confirmation that NPs can be transported to the required treatment zone and that their longevity guarantees an economical application (but not a hazardous long term persistence in the environment).

A total of seven field injections are being conducted in six countries in the NanoRem project: In the Bad Zurzach (CH) site CHC were detected in residual concentration in an alluvial aquifer with a fairly high groundwater flow velocity. Milled nZVI particles (UVR-FIA) will be injected to reduce the contaminants.

The Spolchemie Site (CZ) shows a CHC plume and some residual saturation. Groundwater velocities in the alluvial aquifer are moderate. Nanofer 25s (NANOIRON) will be injected to chemically reduce the contamination. In the southeastern part of the Spolchemie site a toluene contamination has been located and delineated. The toluene plume migrating towards the Elbe river is to be intercepted by ironoxide NP (Goethite, HMGU) to enhance microbial degradation and thus to stop the plume.

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93% deposition within 1 m). For targeted deposition, injection in a superposed manner (i.e. with intervals of injection at high flow velocity and intermittent low-flow periods) was successful; no clogging occurred. This is a crucial prerequisite for source treatment, where delivery of a sufficient amount of reactive metallic iron is necessary for efficient contaminant degradation.

The presentation will finally focus on particle transport in 1D-column experiments and give an insight into the tailored design of colloidal nanoiron-based reagents. Furthermore, the influence of particle concentration, water constitution and injection procedures on particle mobility and targeted delivery will be discussed.

Acknowledgements: This work was supported by funding from European Union within the NanoRem project.

SpS 1C.29S Four countries’ approach to solving a contaminated site issue


Organizers: Danish Knowledge Exchange GroupChair: Hans Fredborg, Central Region Denmark


SpS 1C.30S US EPA session 2: Evolution of optimization programs and key trends in cleanup and R&D


Organizers: Carlos S. Pachon and Stephen A. Dyment (United States Environmental Protection Agency)


SpS 1C.31S US EPA session 3: Optimizing remedies, greener cleanups and trends in site cleanup

Friday | 12 June | 9:00 - 10:30 | Meeting Room 19

Organizers: Carlos S. Pachon and Stephen A. Dyment (United States Environmental Protection Agency)


for 72 hours, over 99% of PCBs could be removed from the test matrix. Based on these results, a pilot study test of 200 m3 was conducted. Thermal treatment extended from grade to 5 m bgs. The unsaturated soils (0 – 4m bgs) were heated to an average temperature of 250°C, and the saturated soils (4 – 5m bgs) were heated to an average temperature of 100°C over 69 days of active thermal treatment. The information obtained from the pilot study was used to optimize the design and energy delivery in the full scale project.

The field application pilot study confirmed that average soil reductions of PCBs from 5,900 mg/kg to < 1 mg/kg were realized in the unsaturated zones of the project, confirmed via hot soil validation sampling. The full-scale project reached all temperatures, specifications, and remedial goals.

NANOIRON AND CARBO-IRON® PARTICLE TRANSPORT IN AQUIFER SEDIMENTS - TARGETED DEPOSITION

Steffen Bleyl, Katrin Mackenzie, Anett Georgi, Frank-Dieter Kopinke Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, DE

The applicability of nanoiron-based materials for in situ groundwater remediation has been shown in several lab and field studies within the last decade(s). Compared to larger iron particles, nano-sized zero valent iron (nZVI) shows increased reactivity towards a variety of aliphatic chlorinated hydrocarbons. For this reason and their injectability as colloidal suspensions into contaminated aquifers, the application of nZVI for groundwater treatment seems to be a promising innovative technology. However, the success of a tailored in situ remediation technology is strongly affected by intrinsic particle properties and the environmental conditions (hydrogeological and chemical). As known for bare nZVI colloids, the particles show a pronounced agglomeration tendency which limits targeted reagent transport in water-saturated sediments. Therefore, the research on injectable reactive particles has been focused on optimization of suspension stability and mechanistic understanding of colloid deposition on sediments in different natural environments.

Nanoiron-based materials like Nanofer 25S® (provided by NANOIRON, Czech Republic) and Carbo-Iron® (developed by UFZ, Germany), which are designed as agents for in situ groundwater remediation, are studied within the framework of NanoRem (EU funded research project within FP7). Nanofer 25S is supplied as a stabilized nZVI suspension containing 20 wt-% metallic iron. Carbo-Iron is a composite material consisting of nanoiron clusters on colloidal activated carbon (dparticle ≈ 1 µm). Both iron-based materials were tested regarding their colloid stability and their mobility in sediment-packed columns using glass columns (L = 0.25 … 1 m) filled with tightly packed water saturated sediments. The influence of suspension composition, water constitution (e.g. water hardness) and injection mode (e.g. injection flow velocity) on particle breakthrough are key questions to be addressed. Depending on the remediation approach – plume treatment with low contaminant concentrations or source attack where particles are encountered with highly contaminated groundwater and DNAPL – different requirements have to be met by the material development and suspension composition. For Carbo-Iron suspensions (20 g/L) a tailored approach using carboxymethylcellulose as stabilizing additive in defined concentration ranges leads to either high mobility (LT,99.9 = 12 m) or targeted deposition within a certain transport range (e.g.

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ThS 1D.2 Large scale inventories and strategies for dealing with contamination


REGIONALLY APPROACHED GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT IN ZWOLLE: PREVENTING RISKS AND UTILIZING OPPORTUNITIES

Corinne Koot1, Annemiek Wiegman2, Reinder Slager3, Martijn van Houten1 1Witteveen+Bos, Deventer, NL2Gemeente Zwolle, Zwolle, NL33Dimensies, Zwolle, NL The approach of the contaminated groundwater in the surroundings of the railway station in Zwolle was the first ‘regionally approached groundwater management’ in the Netherlands. Abroad there is quite some scepsis about this approach, which is used in the Netherlands more and more. With this project we would like to demonstrate that this approach is much more than ‘letting the pollution flow’. It’s about making well considered, responsible decisions to prevent risks and to utilize opportunities.

The soil and the water in the surrounding of the railway station in the city centre of Zwolle are contaminated because of many industrial activities in the past. The various pollutions were too complex and too large to investigate and remediate each location separately. In 2003 a cooperation agreement between public and private partners was formulated, in order to protect drinking water and to remediate the existing groundwater pollution.

Measures, monitoring and results This approach has been implemented over the past decade. The measures included the relocation of some drinking water wells, the interception of the contaminated groundwater and remediation of the soil. For the interception of the contaminated groundwater, existing infrastructure of the former drinking water extraction are used. In the polluted ‘source’ area, contaminated groundwater is extracted, thereby preventing it from flowing to the drinking water wells. The heat from the extracted groundwater is used as an energy source for office units nearby. After extracting the heat, the pumped groundwater is aerated and drained to an ditch. Because of the purifying effect of reed plants (constructed wetland) in this ditch, the pollution will be further biodegraded.

Goals achievedNow, after 10 years, the remediation goals are achieved. The groundwater quality has significantly been improved and the drinking water wells are partly relocated , by which the supply of clean drinking water for the inhabitants of Zwolle can be guaranteed.

By making use of this approach, opportunities related to drinking water, energy and green urban development were utilized. Hereby, the municipality of Zwolle aimed to contribute to the sustainable development of the city centre. This approach turned out to be the most sustainable solution: the optimum for people, planet and profit.

SpS 1D.1S Contaminated sites – evolution from the fumbling start to state of the art


Organizers: Lone Tolstrup Karlby, Tage Vikjær Bote (Cowi, DK), Helle Okholm (Danish Environmental Protection Agency, DK), Christian Andersen (Danish Regions, DK), Torben Højbjerg Jørgensen (Cowi,DK), Nina Tuxen (Orbicon A/S, DK), Ninna Dahl Ravnsbæk (Cowi, DK)Moderators: Tage Vikjær Bote & Lone Tolstrup Karlby (COWI, DK)

DANISH LEGISLATION OF CONTAMINATED SITES

Helle Okholm, Ole KiilerichDanish Environmental Protection Agency, DK

The Legislation behind it all and how it has developed over the last 30 years. Why has the law evolved as it has? What are the issues we are trying to solve with the law? What are the challenges we currently face? And how does the Danish legislation comply with EU legislation.

HOW DO THE DANISH REGIONS PRIORITIZE, INVESTIGATE AND REMEDIATE CONTAMINATED SITES

Christian AndersenDanish Regions, Environment and Resource, DK

The aim of the regional authorities work with contaminated sites.The overall framework of the regional authority’s efforts to regulate contaminated sites. The regional authorities as a major actor for development of the approach and technology for handling contaminated sites

INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION METHODS, DEVELOPMENTS AND STATE OF THE ART

Torben Højbjerg JørgensenCOWI, DK

The Danish approach to site investigations and risk assessment of contaminated sites. Working with site conceptual models to secure a high degree of understanding the nature of the pollution and how it is dispersed into the environment.

KRIPP: CONCEPT FOR RISK BASED RANKING AND PRIORITIZATION OF CONTAMINATED SITES

Nina TuxenOrbicon, DK

In Denmark more than 30.000 contaminated sites exist and with the yearly budgets the regions have to manage these sites, the task will last for decades. We present a risk based concept for prioritization of the effort including, mass flux calculations, impact in receptors and uncertainty analyses.

BROWNFIELD REGENERATION

Ninna Dahl RavnsbækCOWI, DK

How the Danish approach influences development of contaminated sites as old industrial areas, harbors and old marshalling yards and prevents that regeneration activities causes contamination to spread.

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status of groundwater in urban areas). The project is financially supported by the program LIFE+2008 environment of European Union from 01/01/2010 to 30/09/2015. Responsible project partners are the Municipal environmental Agency of Stuttgart as well as the Agency for environment, monitoring and ecology in Baden-Württemburg.

LARGE SCALE SYSTEMATIC MAPPING AND PRIORITIZATION OF POSSIBLE SOIL CONTAMINATIONS – A METHOD TO PROTECT DRINKINGWATER RESOURCES, SURFACE WATER AND HUMAN HEALTH IN DENMARK

Thomas Imbert Villumsen, Annie Wejhe Simonsen, Lotte Nielsen Capital Region of Denmark, Hillerød, DK

Soil pollution poses a continuous threat to the Danish groundwater. The groundwater is the primary water resource suitable for drinking water in Denmark, and currently the only one used. Several years of infiltration through the ground has filtered the water, and thus a minimum of treatment is required in order to achieve drinking quality standards. If one or more contaminations are left unnoticed this could potentially affect entire drinking water catchments, and, worst case, shut down drinking water extraction from an entire catchment for years. Therefore, thorough mapping and prioritization of further action at possibly contaminated sites are crucial. This allows an optimal foundation for further actions, remediation and mitigation of contaminated sites to secure clean drinking water.

Using a large scale systematic approach to map and prioritize soil contamination, requires the authority to be able to control both funding and execution of exploration and investigation. In Denmark, the five Regions of Denmark, including the Capital Region, are the authorities of soil and groundwater, and at the same time fund the investigations and remediation of soil and groundwater. As of November 2014 additional funds have been allocated in order to obtain clean groundwater in the Capital Region more rapidly.

Every year the Capital Region of Denmark spends around 20 million EUR on contaminated soil and groundwater. There are approximately 12.000 potentially contaminated sites in the Capital Region. If the contamination threatens either groundwater or indoor climate, the Capital Region is obliged to remediate or mitigate, so prioritization is necessary to ensure that the funds allocated for protection of the environment and human health are spent optimally. The prioritization procedure includes all steps; from preliminary investigations of historical data through delineating investigations to design and execution of remediation and mitigation.

Locating possibly contaminated sites through historical investigations is step one. A systematic examination of historic data identifies industrial activities that typically result in soil and groundwater contamination. The historical investigations are implemented in areas where groundwater has high priority due to high water quality and quantity and in catchment areas. Every tool at disposal is used, such as data from old phonebooks, municipal archives, aerial photos and directories. Several years of knowledge of various industries has been put into industry descriptions. These allow for pinpointing of possibly contaminated sites based on activities and industries found on sites in the historical investigations. There is a constant focus

A GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR STUTTGART

Sandra Vasin, Hermann Josef Kirchholtes City of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, DE

Stuttgart is one of the few large cities in Europe, where mineral water springs and is widely used for spa and medical purposes. Nineteen springs discharge about 44 million liters of highly mineralized and carbogaseous water each day. Mineral springs of Stuttgart are, just after Budapest, the second largest European reservoir. Due to their vulnerability, they are protected as economical, natural and cultural assets.

In general, groundwater in urban areas is exposed to an anthropogenic influence and suffer from concentrations of contaminants. Stuttgart, as highly industrialized city, have more than 5,000 contaminated sites which might influenced the mineral water quality. Despite tremendous efforts and intensive single site orientated remediation since 1984 in downtown, the mineral springs were still affected with chlorinated hydrocarbons at low concentrations. Therefore, the applied practices of environmental management and measures for mitigation of pollution sources were not sufficient and had to be adjusted.

The main goal of this study is to define an integral remediation plan (management plan) for the project area, focusing on the key sources of chlorinated solvents which are relevant for the mineral springs, including the fact that the pollution might originate from several sources. The management plan is generally consisting of:

• detailed description of flow and contaminant situation, together with the processes that are taking place in the investigated area

• scenario and prediction modelling• priorization and definition of remediation targets• remediation feasibility study and monitoring• definition of an implementation concept considering

finances, legal aspects and securing transparency

For the large-scale investigated area of 26,6 km2 and eight aquifers, an extended data and information were available. At the beginning of the project, 182 possible contaminated sites with a significant CHC concentration were identified. The integral investigation had indicated that 21 sites had an impact on the deeper layers. Therefore, a detailed investigation of those sites was performed and the results were summarized in 19 so-called “profiles”. Furthermore, the numerical model indicated that 9 contaminated sites affected the upper Muschelkalk aquifer, i.e. mineral water-bearing aquifer. Finally, the priorization characterised 4 contaminated sites with high priority and need for optimized or additional remediation efforts. For those four contaminated sites feasibility studies were performed and resulted in recommendation of remediation measures with total costs of more than 12.5 million euros.

The proposed strategy and approach are suitable for multiple sources of contamination. Only in this way, the contributions of single contaminated sites to the total groundwater contamination can be identified and local remediation measures with their spatial impact simulated. Due to very complex geological conditions, technically there is no alternative to this strategy in order to achieve the CHC purity in the mineral springs. Stuttgart is appoaching very closely to this goal.

This study was performed within MAGPlan Project (management plan to prevent threats from point sources on the good chemical

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effort taken to stimulate the implementation, the area-orientated and integrated approach of groundwater still gives rise to fierce debate.

We note that there are several reasons why the debate continues:-In the Netherlands, the area-wide groundwater management approach appears to be a goal in itself. The parties involved have no clear picture why they choose the area-oriented approach.-Linked to the debate on area-wide groundwater management, the discussion start whether groundwater should be protected, and if so, in what circumstances. As a consequence, some people see the area-wide approach being an excuse for doing nothing. -The current standards, regulations, methods and demands does not proper fit with the area-oriented approach. As consequence early majority do not adopt the procedure.

During Aquaconsoil we will be able to present the definitive results of this study and we will be able to present tools and solutions that will support governments in managing their groundwater related problems.

A collaboration of four individual consulting companies, called the AGGb, and the RIVM analysed the factors that lie beneath the success and failure of the implementation of an area orientated approach of groundwater. Based on this research practical tools will be developed that will support (early) majority in implementing the area-wide groundwater management..

FLOWERS 4 BRABANT

Jan Frank Mars1, Peter Ramakers2, Reinder Slager3

1RWS leefomgeving Bodem+, Utrecht, NL2Provincie Brabant, ’s-Hertogenbosch, NL33Dimensies, Zwolle, NL

Flowers 4 Brabant: excellent projects for an area oriented approach in North-BrabantCities are expanding. The traditional way of dealing with polluted soil and groundwater does not work in all cases. Cities are expanding, former gasworks, small scale industries are within present day city boundaries and left there polluted footprint behind. Many historical groundwater pollutions are intermingled and the polluter pays principle does not work in those cases, or they ask for endless legal procedures. The polluter is either bankrupt or buried in the graveyard. As a result in urban environments with complex contaminations spatial developments are at a standstill and neighborhoods at a social decline. An area oriented approach can be used to tackle the problems.

In the province of North Brabant in the south of the Netherlands policy makers from a different background try to look over there sectorial walls. In the project “Flowers 4 Brabant” specialists and pioneers who work on an area oriented approach are brought together and with the support of the ministry of Infrastructure and Environment they are sharing knowledge to stimulate an area oriented approach.

Area oriented approach and legislationArea oriented groundwater approach is a policy framework in which the integral and sustainable design of the management of groundwater is performed within a restricted area. Groundwater activities and interventions in the groundwater system are linked to environmental objectives, (recovery) nature and spatial and

on keeping the industry-descriptions up to date. This is done through regional collaboration, exchange of experience and gathering new information. This knowledge is critical since every contamination not found will not be included in the subsequent prioritization and risk assessments, and will be left to possibly affect large quantities of groundwater.

The sites that are historically registered as possibly contaminated will be investigated in the field with an environmental preliminary survey. The sites are prioritized with regard to ground- and surface water threats, and indoor air quality threats. Thus industrial activities known to use chlorinated solvents are investigated first. The preliminary survey includes a predefined method for groundwater, soil and soil gas sampling. The sites with contamination that represent a threat to groundwater and/or indoor climate will be prioritized for delineating investigations, followed by prioritized remediation and mitigation.

All information on the possible and confirmed soil contaminations is registered in a national database, to maintain an overview. This database allows for a review of the registered sites, and future adaptation, should there changes in prioritization occur, or as more experience is gained or new methods developed. It also makes it possible to generate specific publically available databases on the contamination situation at individual sites, for citizens to use in i.e. property sales.

A large scale systematic approach such as this, is viable as long as the authority controls both funding and execution. The yearly budget does not enable the Capital Region to investigate all contaminated sites in the region at once. With the extra funding allocated in 2014, the current objective is to protect 80% of the groundwater within a 10 year timeframe, while still ensuring safe indoor climate. With this systematic approach it is possible to handle thousands of potentially contaminated sites, and through historical and environmental investigation, gradually reduce their number to a few hundred that ultimately need remediation, in order to meet the 10 year deadline.

SUCCESS AND FAILURE FACTORS AREA-WIDE GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT

Arne Alphenaar1, Frank Swartjes2, Piet Otte2, Reinder Slager3 1TTE Consultants, Deventer, NL2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, NL33Dimensies, Zwolle, NL

Interfering and wide spread plumes of contaminated groundwater are hardly treated or controlled using conventional methods. An area-wide groundwater management approach seems to be more effective. Environmental policy in the Netherlands has been adapted to facilitate this approach. Innovators and early adaptors still faced technical, regulatory and organizational challenges. The application in practice stagnates. To overcome the barriers we started a study to investigate and interpret the factors lie beneath the success or failure off area-wide groundwater management

Area-wide groundwater management originally was developed as a tool to manage large scale and interfering plumes of contaminated groundwater. In those cases the usual case-oriented approach is limited in technical, practical and financial ways. Since then, the area-wide approach has evolved into a tool to tune most groundwater related challenges. Despite the

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leads to a broad-based approach for all actors is the foundation of the Implementation Strategy of Brabant. By placing assignments in a broader context, to restore confidence and link budgets new initiatives germinate. This can been seen at various places in the province where the area oriented approach is applied and solutions are developed to tackle long term stagnations and economic growth flourish. Flowers 4 Brabant has demonstrated that an area oriented approach is still human work. Enthusiastic pioneers are needed, people who have the courage to step out of there comfort zone.

ThS 1D.3 Risk mitigation and intervention measures


CAN WE TRUST IN MANAGED AQUIFER RECHARGE (MAR) TO DEAL WITH EMERGING CONTAMINANTS PRESENT IN RECLAIMED WATER?

Marta Hernández García1, Oriol Gibert2, Xavier Bernat1, Karsten Nödler3, Tobias Licha3 1CETaqua, Water Technology Center, Barcelona, ES2Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, ES3Geoscience Center of University of Göttingen, DE

The list of priority substances for which environmental quality standards were set in 2008 has been recently modified, increasing the number of substances or groups of substances from 33 to 45 (DIRECTIVE 2013/39/EU). New monitoring methods as passive sampling and other instruments have a promising future application for detection and quantification of micropollutants not yet regulated. Scientific community and water operators go one step forward finding innovative solutions for the elimination of these undesirable substances in water depuration and purification processes.

In this context, the 7th Framework Programme European co-funded DEMEAU project means a unique opportunity to demonstrate how conventional and alternative water treatment processes can deal with the emerging pollutants elimination in drinking water processes and anthropogenic-impacted environments. Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) is one of the four promising technologies evaluated in DEMEAU. First output available include a complete European MAR catalogue with the characterisation of more than 300 MAR sites. The catalogue shows how MAR is widely spread in 23 European countries.The demonstrative phase of the project includes the analysis of selected emerging pollutants in a simulated MAR system fed with reclaimed water. The selection of the target compounds has been made according to the following criteria: (i) presence in wastewater and drinking water supplies, (ii) environmental relevance; (iii) chemical and physical properties and (iv) existence of analytical method/s for their quantification.

The objective of this work is to present the results of the demonstration phase of DEMEAU project concerning the simulation of a MAR system using reclaimed water in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Therefore, the evaluation of the elimination

economic developments are implemented and integrated in the groundwater system for the long term. The policy framework for area oriented groundwater approach will be determined by the relevant authorities (provinces, municipalities and/or waterboards) through an administrative arrangement. From that point, the governing bodies will manage the area oriented groundwater approach in the form of an implementation plan. This plan also operate as a reference for the authorisation and decisions within the existing laws and regulations aimed at soil, groundwater and the use of geothermal energy.

The Dutch soil protection act has been amended on 1 July 2012 to make an area oriented groundwater approach legally possible. The area oriented approach involves the polluted groundwater being allowed to freely move around inside the system area, providing that it does not engender risks to people or the ecology and does not spread outside the designated area. The area oriented approach therefore contributes in a general way to the realization of the objectives of the Groundwater Directive. According to article 5 plumes has to be monitored and article 6 prohibits the introduction of pollutants into the groundwater. The area oriented approach is par excellence made to prevent spreading of plumes outside the contaminated area and also addresses the pollution source as an essential part of the approach.

Sustainable urban development and soil quality are connected. A poor groundwater quality can form a risk and a limiting factor for desired urban developments. A badly designed urban development can form a long term risk for sustainable use of the subsoil, the environment and the health of its inhabitants. But the other way around urban re-developments are important triggers and a chance to restore soil quality. Also a good sustainable urban design concept can draw new customers and increase value and profit. So, groundwater quality, sustainability and urban development are connected. Can a win-win situation be reached? An area oriented approach which allows for more synergies through early connecting and overlapping different disciplines in urban planning is thought to be the most effective approach. But it is complex matter and actors involved have to collaborate and will need guidance to achieve an successful area oriented approach. In general local governments will take the role of director and organize the public private partnerships.

Lessons learned from Flowers 4 Brabant The provincial government has in recent years actively stimulated the opportunity to apply the area oriented approach. There are essentially two reasons for the province to take this active position:

1. The province sees that many projects are bogged down because there is much unclear about finances, responsibility of the different actors (public and private), and who should pay for what.

2. An area oriented approach will achieve more than just solving a groundwater problem. The province, municipalities and other actors see advantages for sustainable re development.

The province of North Brabant recognises area oriented approach therefore as an effective tool to address soil and groundwater contamination, and it is also a tool to (re)start social and spatial developments which where stagnated due to groundwater contamination. Therefore the province developed an administrative Implementation Strategy for the area oriented approach.

Confidentiality and cooperation with other actors is an important key. Transparency and balancing the different interests, which

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BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF MICROPOLLUTANTS IN DRINKING WATER RESOURCES

Janneke Wittebol, Marlea Wagelmans Bioclear b.v., Groningen, NL

Contamination of drinking water resources is becoming a threat that is particularly widespread. Nowadays even in European countries clean drinking water is at risk. Pharmaceuticals, pesticides and other micropollutants are emerging substances in surface and groundwater causing contamination of drinking water resources and ultimately to closing down groundwater abstraction wells.

Pesticides and other micropollutants in groundwater and surface water are more and more present in very low concentrations, in the nanogram to microgram per litre range. Concentrations already exceed the EU limit value for pesticides (or other micropollutants) in drinking water recourses. Closure of the groundwater abstraction wells or the entailing treatment is costly. It is important to find a sustainable and cost-effective remediation technique since it remains unknown if there are long term cumulative dose-additive or synergistic effects of low concentrations of substances occurring as a mixture. Knowledge of degradation processes at such low concentrations is limited and novel approaches are needed to develop biological treatment technologies that are efficient at these low concentrations.

BIOTREAT is a European project in which urgently needed sustainable biotechnologies are developed for remediation of drinking water resources contaminated with micropollutants such as pesticides and pharmaceuticals and their metabolites. The basis of the technologies is bioaugmentation, which in this case is the introduction of specific degrading microorganisms or microbial consortia into existing sand filters at waterworks or mobile filters placed close to the (groundwater) abstraction well.

The compound BAM (2,6 Dichlorobenzamide) has been chosen as model compound for metabolic biological degradation. BAM is a metabolite of the broadly used herbicide dichlorobenzonitrile or dichlobenil. The bacterium Aminobacter sp. MSH1 is found to be capable to mineralize BAM.

A strategy using metabolic degradation pathways was used to target water-pollution cases where metabolically degrading bacteria are available. In order to simulate drinking water production at waterworks we have up scaled the lab-scale batch experiments to a sand filter column experiment in our lab and finally to a medium scale sand filter column that is used as experimental column at a drinking water well. The BAM mineralizing bacterium was found capable to degrade the metabolite in batch culture and sandfilter column experiments at low concentrations. Pilot scale sand columns have been designed based on these results. A Life Cycle Analyses (LCA) and a cost benefit analyses (CBA) have been performed in order to gain insight in the sustainability and cost effectiveness of the developed technologies. Based on the technical results, the LCA and the CBA actions plans for implementation of the developed technologies could be made.

Biotreat partnersGEUS, DTU, University Leuven, EAWAG, University Gent, Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde, Avecom, LCA 2.0, Bioclear

potential of emerging compounds by Soil Aquifer Treatment (SAT) is presented. Aerobic and anaerobic conditions have been selected because they are known be significant for emerging pollutants abatement in MAR facilities (Heberer et al. 2008).

The Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) of El Prat del Llobregat has been selected for the operation of two experimental columns simulating the process of aquifer recharge with (i) direct water from the secondary treatment of the plant (anaerobic conditions) and (ii) water after 10-15 days aeration (aerobic conditions). Water injected from the secondary effluent has a high concentration in ammonia and a low dissolved oxygen content.

Columns are made of stainless steel (1.50 meters high and 0.50 meters of inner diameter) and have been operated at a residence time of about 2 months. The filling material is constituted by homogeneous sand grains enriched with 1% of organic matter, simulating the natural conditions of an alluvial aquifer (Barbieri et al. 2011). Emerging pollutants are naturally present in the effluent of the secondary treatment of the WWTP selected at different concentrations in the range of micrograms/L and nanograms/L (see Table 1, Teijon et al., 2010). pH, redox potential, dissolved oxygen, total organic carbon, turbidity and major ions (NO3-, NO2-, NH4+, SO42-) have been analysed regularly in recharge water and output water to monitor MAR process response. The analysis of the behaviour of 11 selected emerging compounds along the experiment has been also carried out.

The results shown geochemical changes occurring along the recharge period and their relation with emerging micropollutants removal. Results obtained in the experimental phase have been used to feed a toolbox to help new MAR facilities implement and operate successfully under different field conditions. Specifically in Spain, results are useful for the start-up of the deep injection system located in the area of the Vall d’Uxó (Castellon), in the Mediterranean coast.

References

Barbieri, M., Carrera, J., Sanchez-Vila, X., Ayora, C., Cama J., Köck-Schulmeyer, M., López de Alda, M., Barceló, D., Tobella Brunet, J., Hernández García, M (2011). Microcosm experiments to control anaerobic redox conditions when studying the fate of organic micropollutants in aquifer material. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 126 (2011) 330–345.

DIRECTIVE 2013/39/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 August 2013 amending Directives 2000/60/EC and 2008/105/EC as regards priority substances in the field of water policy. Official Journal of the European Union. 24.8.2013.

Heberer, T.; Massmann, G.; Franck, B.; Taute, T. and Dünnbier, U. (2008). Behaviour and redox sensitivity of antimicrobial residues during bank filtration. Chemosphere 73, 451–460.

Teijon, G., Candela, L., Tamoh, K., Molina-Díaz, A., Fernández-Alba, A. R. (2010). Occurrence of emerging contaminants, priority substances (2008/105/CE) and heavy metals in treated wastewater and Groundwater at Depurbaix facility (Barcelona, Spain). Science of the Total Environment 408 (2010) 3584-3595.

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HOW TO GET A CAMEL TO GO THROUGH THE EYE OF A NEEDLE: SUCCESSFUL SITE REMEDIATION OF A FORMER EXPLOSIVES PRODUCTION SITE: SAFE HOUSING, WORKING AND DRINKING WATER PRODUCTION ON A LONG-TERM BASIS

Christian Weingran1, H. Georg Meiners2 1HIM GmbH, Stadtallendorf, DE2ahu AG Wasser·Boden·Geomatik, Aachen, DE

After more than 20 years´ work and an expenditure of some 160 million euros the remediation project regarding the site of a former explosives production plant is nearing completion. During the remediation, thanks to a close cooperation with all relevant stakeholders during planning and implementation, the drinking water production was able to be continued without any interruption. The remediation will ensure a long-term future utilization of the site for housing and industrial and commercial purposes, as well as drinking water production.

The production of explosives from 1939 to 1945 and the subsequent improper closedown of the plant after the end of the war caused that considerable amounts of contaminants (in particular nitroaromatic compounds e.g. TNT) were released into the environment. Despite this pollution, the location has evolved into a place to live and work, which is important for the region. Today some 8,000 people live and work on the former site. The domestic drinking water and industrial water supply has been covered by the Stadtallendorf waterworks with an annual resource of approx. 10 million m³. All activities made use of the existing infrastructure of the former explosives production plant (buildings, roads, pipes, wells and treatment facilities).

In the 1980s investigations carried out at the site made it clear that the soil and groundwater pollution was a serious threat, as far as the further utilization and the environment in general was concerned. This caused a major uncertainty among the local population, going as far as debates as to whether the location should be completely abandoned.

In view of the intensive utilization of the site a risk management concept for the remediation was developed in consultation with all stakeholders. This was devised to safeguard the various types of land use of the site on a long-term and sustainable basis, both during and after the remediation, and ensure a relevant reduction of contaminants. The safety of the supply of drinking water was a key target of the remediation work which, once the contamination of soil and groundwater had been established, became the main priority.

Apart from the utilization-based soil remediation, which in the hot spots (as a general rule up to a depth of 3 metres) involved the removal of approx. 150 tonnes of nitroaromatic compounds, the concept also provided for hydraulic measures. Since 1995 this has prevented contaminated groundwater from flowing into the drinking water wells. The water extracted (approx. 450,000 m³/a) is processed in a two-line water treatment system (activated carbon). The output volume of the extraction and the pumping rates of the drinking water production are synchronized.

The hydraulic measures undergo meticulous monitoring measures. All stakeholders have access to the data collected via an internet-based information system. Within a project of the German KORA research network a model has been developed to assess the impact of interventions in the hydraulic system.

The remediation of the site will not be finalized with the completion of the soil remediation. The remaining contaminants in the soil make it necessary for the hydraulic measures to

continue in operation and that there is a controlled approach dealing with the soil in the course of any building projects.

Therefore, the remediation phase will be followed by an indefinite period after-care phase which will involve follow-up work regarding the soil, hydraulic measures, contract and project management plus data and knowledge management.

Alongside the technical measures, hydro-geological and geological bases and natural attenuation processes, as well as operational experience, the paper addresses in particular the cooperative process of developing targets and measures with the various stakeholders involved, which of course includes the necessary communication throughout the entire process. The requirements for long-term data and knowledge management will also be illustrated, and the tools used outlined.

PFCS IN THE UNITED STATES: HISTORICAL USE, ENVIRONMENTAL OCCURRENCE, POLICY, AND REGULATION

Neal Durant1, Ramona Darlington2 1Geosyntec Consultants, Columbia, US2Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus Ohio, US

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are a large class of synthetic fluorine-containing chemicals that is receiving increased attention by government agencies and land owners in the United States (U.S.). The structure of PFCs consists of a fluorinated carbon chain, with a varying number of carbon atoms, and a charged functional group such as a sulfonic or carboxylic acid. PFCs historically have been used in a variety of industrial and consumer applications and products, including coatings, aviation hydraulic fluids, fire-fighting foams; household care products (including paints, adhesives, waxes and polishes); water, stain, and grease repellant coatings on textiles, leather, and carpet. The two PFCs with the largest historical production and use in the U.S. are perfluoroctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS). Production of PFOS by its largest U.S. manufacturer in the ended in 2002, and worldwide production of PFOA and analogous PFCs currently is being phased out.

PFCs have extremely high structural high stability due to the strength of their carbon-fluorine bonds. This attribute causes PFCs to be chemically inert, maintain stability at high temperature, resist degradation in the environment, have low volatility, and bioaccumulate in animals. In addition, PFCs tend to have a much higher aqueous solubility and low sorption affinity compared to highly chlorinated pollutants of concern, such as polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Science Advisory Board has characterized PFOA as a likely human carcinogen; however, the U.S. EPA has not yet issued regulatory criteria for PFCs in drinking water. Instead, U.S. EPA has issued Provisional Health Advisory (PHA levels), which are drinking water concentrations that are not known to cause adverse health effects from short-term consumption. The U.S. EPA PHA levels for PFOA and PFOS are 0.4 ug/L, and 0.2 ug/L, respectively. Certain State government agencies in the U.S. have specified drinking water criteria that are different than the U.S EPA PHA levels; Minnesota, for example, has set health risk limit levels for PFOA and PFOS of 0.3 ug/L each, and New Jersey has established a preliminary drinking water guidance value for PFOA of 0.04 ug/L.

Understanding of the environmental occurrence and distribution of PFCs in the U.S. is still in its infancy, similar to understanding of the occurrence of perchlorate and 1,4-dioxane in the U.S. 15

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years ago. Because the analytical methods for quantifying PFCs in groundwater and drinking water samples, which typically involve high pressure liquid chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS), are not routinely used in the analysis of aqueous samples, PFCs in environmental media have gone undetected in a majority of cases. However, a growing body of data suggest that, the more that proper HPLC/MS methods are used to screen environmental samples for PFCs, the more that they are detected at U.S. sites. For example, detection of PFCs in soil and groundwater at fire-fighting training areas in the U.S. has increased significantly. The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) has estimated that up to 600 DoD sites have been used for fire-fighting or crash training and therefore are potential candidates for PFC contamination.

Due to the stability of their carbon-fluorine bonds, PFCs resist many conventional in situ treatment technologies. Ex situ treatment options including reverse osmosis and filtration through granular activated carbon have been shown to treat PFOS and PFOA successfully. Results of recent research suggest that less expensive treatment alternatives for treatment of PFOS and PFOA in groundwater are on the horizon, including ultrasonic irradiation (sonochemical degradation), and in situ chemical oxidation using heat-activated persulfate and permanganate. Clearly, there is need for private and public sector stakeholders around the world to develop and commercialize more cost-effective methods for treating PFOA and PFOS.

This presentation will provide a state-of-the-science overview of historical usage, toxicity, environmental occurrence, environmental fate and transport, and treatment methods for PFCs, as well as current U.S. EPA and State government regulations regarding PFCs.

BOTTOM-UP REGIONAL INITIATIVES TO TIGHTEN UP THE GENERIC PESTICIDES RULES AND REGULATIONS IN THE NETHERLANDS

Cors van den Brink1, Carolien Steinweg1, Anton Dries2

1Royal HaskoningDHV, Groningen, NL2Province of Drenthe

The presence of pesticides in groundwater and surface water in the Northern part of the Netherlands provides a threat for the sustainable drinking water supply. In addition the objectives of the Water Framework Directive may not be met in time. During the last decades various projects have been defined by several stakeholders to study this problem. And also to reduce the risk of pesticides by informing land-users and citizens by (financially) supporting land use management aiming a reduction of the risks by the use of pesticides. However, a comprehensive overview of the presence of pesticides in groundwater and surface water carried out in 2011 showed that WFD-limits were exceeded in approximately 28% of the monitoring wells. To be able to identify and implement effective measures with the appropriate stakeholders, the use and risks of the pesticides were established in the Northern part of the Netherlands.

The analysis of the use and risks of pesticides consists of i) analysis of the actual concentrations of pesticides in groundwater and surface water measured with the regular monitoring networks of the provinces and water boards ii) analysis of the spatial distribution of pesticides in groundwater and surface water, and iii) evaluation of the success factors of initiatives in and outside the region. The evaluation of the monitoring sites of groundwater and

surface water showed that pesticides provide a risk for the groundwater quality in the sandy areas. In areas with more heavy soil types such as clay and peat, the risks of the use of pesticides shift from groundwater towards surface water.

The spatial distributions were calculated based on agricultural and non-agricultural pesticide application reported by regional experts in 1997 and 2010, combined with the land use, soil type, and pesticide characteristics. The measured and calculated risks were corresponding for 70% of the monitoring sites. From the distributions of 1997 and 2010 it was concluded that the risk has been reduced with 80 – 90% for both agricultural and non-agricultural use of pesticides. Nonetheless, the risks are still too high in specific areas and for specific crops. The stakeholders accepted the pesticide-application figures because these figures were provided by regional experts. They also concluded that the instrument could be used to define and evaluate scenario’s aiming at a reduction of the risk of pesticides in the second step of the study.

The second step consisted of i) the selection of top-10 pesticides in groundwater and surface water, ii) the set-up of an analysis framework to define the major focus on reducing risks for each top-10 pesticide, and iii) identification of effective measures together with the stakeholders.

This study shows that combining various points of view, data sources, and stakeholders together with administrations made it possible to make a comprehensive overview of the use and risk of pesticides in the Northern part of the Netherlands. The role and knowledge of regional experts was important for the acceptance of the results calculated with these data. Tools used to structure, quantify and visualise the relevant data and collective understanding were necessary to provide an informed basis for the dialogue, exploration and decision-making in both phases of the study. However, this analysis also showed that even the use of approved pesticides in an approved way and moment of application will result in exceedance of the WFD-limits.

In addition, a detailed analysis of the top-10 pesticides showed, that the risk of the pesticides measured in groundwater and surface water could not be explained and the risks of environmental friendly alternatives were in the same order as the top-10 pesticides. The main results of the study showed that:

• A comprehensive overview of the use and risks of pesticides is carried out and accepted by all stakeholders involved;

• Regional measures will not be effective within the generic rules and regulation because:• Actual risks result from approved pesticides applied in an

appropriate way;• Adequate instruments to identify and stimulate

environmental friendly alternatives are lacking

The tightening up of the generic rules and regulations is therefore the only feasible way to reduce the risks of pesticides. Two tracks have been developed i) based on the results of the analysis, a position paper signed by the authorities of the Northern part of the Netherlands has been sent to the Dutch ministry of Infrastructure and Environment and ii) the monitoring data are used to evaluate the official national approval procedure by the Dutch Board for the Authorisation of Plant Protection Products and Biocides.

As result of the position paper, the issue is ‘on the agenda’ and is discussed in the appropriate fora. In addition, the evaluation of the national approval procedure has resulted in an ongoing and constructive discussion with the Board for the Authorisation of Plant Protection Products and Biocides which might result in changes in the authorisation of riskful pesticides.

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SpS 1D.4S Holistic water planning: How do we protect groundwater in Denmark?


Organizers: The Danish Knowledge Exchange GroupChair: Rolf Johnsen (Central Denmark Region)

The groundwater resource in Denmark accounts for 99 % of the country’s drinking water supply, and it is a major source of irrigation water for agricultural land. This means that, in Denmark, we have a very long tradition of managing and protecting our groundwater aquifers from overexploitation and contamination.The drinking water supply is based on a decentralised water supply structure, with many small and large suppliers. The water supply system in Denmark is characterised by having very simple water treatment, where primarily iron and manganese are separated out in sand filters. After this simple water treatment, the water can then be distributed to the consumers. This is possible because the groundwater resource is generally uncontaminated in Denmark due to a plentiful natural resource with a relatively long transport time from surface to aquifer, and because of our long tradition for generation of knowledge about the groundwater, as well as Danish society’s general pro-active approach to the protection of the groundwater. For example, there is a political tradition for regulating the agricultural sector’s use of fertiliser and pesticides. There is also a tradition for granting resources to the public sector, so it can deal with ownerless contamination that threatens the groundwater resource, and conduct the investigations and clean-up operations mandatory when existing industries contaminate the soil and groundwater. The Danish model is builds on a tradition of planning based on the protection of the resource and the natural environment in collaboration with, and with a great deal of trust between, the authorities and stakeholders.

The session will provide an insight into why and how such considerable financial resources (approx. EUR 360 million) have been used in the last 15 years to map the locations of groundwater aquifers and the transport routes for groundwater formation in Denmark. The work in implementing the protection of groundwater is carried out by the municipalities, which are the local groundwater resource authorities. The session will also provide insight into how work in the last 30 years has focused on mapping, studying and preventing contamination from industrial point sources that threaten the groundwater.

The session will end by a discussion with the audience putting the benefits and future challenges into perspective, in relation to mapping and managing the groundwater resource, and comparing the “Danish model” with other countries’ management systems.

• Drivers/political incentives for the “Danish model” on groundwater mapping and protection(put into perspective, focus on legislation + enforcement) (10 min). Martin Skriver, the Danish Nature Agency.

• Overview of the mapping – what data are generated, which areas are identified to be utilised in the following planning and protection process (15 min). Anna Maria Nielsen, the Danish Nature Agency.

• Example of geological groundwater mapping, 3D geological modelling and interpretation of geophysical data, combination of different modelling techniques (20 min).

Flemming Jørgensen, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland.

• How to use data for response planning and groundwater protection by the players after the mapping has been executed (15 min). Eskild Lund, Lejre Municipality.

• Prioritised efforts for soil contamination- using the groundwater mapping data, (10 min). Hanne Møller Jensen, Region Zealand.

• Discussion questions to/from the audience - polling session during the session (20 min).

SpS 1D.5S From source tracing to remediation and dealing with contamination risk


Organizers: James Taylor (ALS, UK), Douglas Baxter (ALS Scandinavia), Palle Ejlskov ( Ejlskov A/S, DK), Kristian Bitsch (Ramboll, DK)Chair: Nora B. Sutton


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2. Soil, groundwater and sediment in the biobased, circular economy

• Supply of renewable energy and other environmental services (such as sustainable urban drainage).

A range of interventions might be used to deliver these services, in domains such as:

• Soil Management • Water Management• Implementing Green Infrastructure• Gentle Remediation Options• Other Remediation Options• Renewables (energy, materials, biomass)• Sustainable Land Planning and Development.

Some services may generate revenue in their own right, some may be important assets to support public investment in regeneration, and some may have direct or indirect impacts on the value of built redevelopment (for example providing a framing which enhances property values, or providing local energy supply or other environmental services). Regeneration / redevelopment projects that deliver a broad range of services have both improved overall sustainability and enhanced economic value.

HOMBRE (Holistic Management of Brownfield Regeneration) was a major EU FP7 project which concluded in November 2014 (www.zerobrownfields.eu). One of its outputs is a simple design aid to help developers and others involved in brownfields to identify what services they can get from soft reuse interventions for their site, how these interact and what the initial default design considerations might be. HOMBRE’s “Brownfield Opportunity Matrix” is a simple Excel based screening tool that essentially maps the services that might add value to a redevelopment project against the interventions that can deliver those services. It maps the prospective range of opportunities that might be realised by a brownfield redevelopment project and the project’s consequent sources of value. For each opportunity there is a hyperlink to additional information, including a case study. There is also supporting information to describe the various services and interventions listed in the matrix.

This mapping identifies where there are strong synergies between interventions and services, and also the relatively infrequent occurrences of antagonism. Wherever a particular intervention delivers a service, this interaction creates an opportunity to add value. The matrix describes the kinds of value that each opportunity might generate, namely:

• Revenue Generation: for example capital value uplifts, or income opprotunities for example from renewable energy or leisure

• Natural Capital: developed in a number of ways, including (but not limited to) providing green infrastructure, improvement of the local climate, improvement of water resources and mitigation of contamination (protecting and enhancing local ecosystem/environment).

• Cultural Capital: developed by improving the social environment (by improving the aesthetics of an area and/or creating a sense of place/belonging for e.g.) and can be a direct result of an increase in natural capital.

• Economic Capital – tangibles: e.g. increase of land and property values in the area (feeding back into Cultural Capital) providing benefits to the local community and also the investor.

• Economic Capital – intangibles: benefits that are immeasu-rable but can include for example, an improvement of the image of the investor (be it a company or individual).

SpS 2.1 The carbon dilemma: biomass for thebiobased economy or for soil fertility?


Organizers: Sandra Boekhold (Soil Protection Technical Committee, NL), Margot de Cleen (Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment, NL)Moderator: Margot de Cleen (Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment, NL)


SpS 2.2S “Towards Urban Land Management 2065” – Brownfields the secret weapon for sustainable cities


Organizers: Maaike Blauw, Linda Maring (Deltares, NL) Hans van Duijne (Deltares/WU, NL) on behalf of EU FP7 HOMBRE and EU Snowman Balance4P consortium


ThS 2.3 Redevelopment of brownfields part 1


MAXIMISING THE VALUE-PROPOSITION FOR SOFT RE-USE OF BROWNFIELDS

Paul Bardos1, Ian Stephenson2, Pierre Menger3, Victor Beumer4 1r3 environmental technology ltd, Reading, GB2Vertase-FLI, Sheffield, GB3TECNALIA, DERIO, ES4Deltares, Utrecht, NL

Often brownfields re-use is considered in the context of hard re-uses such as for housing, business parks or infrastructure. Soft re- uses, such as for green space or biomass production, can tend to be overlooked. However, soft re-uses can provide services which enhance regeneration, both in their own right and when integrated with hard uses such as for buildings.

Depending on design, some examples of these services are:• Provision of open space in urban areas of in and around new

development areas, which brings benefits for well-being, health, leisure and sense of place,

• Providing green infrastructure and services related to mitigation of heat island effects, mitigation of urban air pollution, flood protection, water storage and encouraging habitat and wildlife

• Supporting the renaissance of and innovations in urban gardening, community gardens and urban farming increases demand for urban brownfields

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taken into account. Groundwater as a resource for drinking water and (food and drink-)industry is a very important economic factor, therefore the current program needs to be extended.

The Dutch government, provinces, water boards, municipalities and involved private parties are now drawing up a new 5 year program with the aim of dealing with these 1500 locations and establishing new legislation for the period after this final countdown. When all urgent locations are dealt with, soil remediation can be integrated in the regular spatial planning processes. In the future soil remediation in the Netherlands will no longer be a stand-alone process but will only occur as a side effect of developments or in case the ecosystem functions of the groundwater are under pressure. Therefore the Soil protection Act will be withdrawn in 2018 and legislation on dealing with historic soil and groundwater contamination will be incorporated in the new Environment and Planning Act.

The full article will describe in detail the results, success and fail factors of the 2010-2015 program. What can be learned from the Dutch decentralized operation and the successful focus on priority locations? The full article will also describe the outline and organization of the 2016-2020 program and will answer the question why private parties will also be involved. Furthermore the full article will provide an outline of the new soil legislation which will be incorporated in the Environment and Planning Act.

URBAN DEVELOPMENT ON CONTAMINATED SITES - COLLABORATION BETWEEN THE MUNICIPALITIES AND THE CAPITAL REGION OF DENMARK

Hanne Joergensen1, Maria Hag, Annette Gundog Ferslev2, Heidi Uttenthal Bay2 1Capital Region fo Denmark, Hillerod, DK2Region Hovedstaden, Hillerød, DK

In order to ensure knowledge of contaminated soil, regional authorities in Denmark register contaminated properties. The Region screens all properties with known activities that can have lead to contamination and registers those which are suspected to be contaminated. The Region pays for the environmental study and remediation of old contaminated sites, where no one can be held accountable in the present. This is a huge and expensive task, necessitating prioritization among contaminated properties situated upon valuable groundwater areas and recognition of the fact that some properties will never be remediated.

The process of studying properties with former possibly contaminating activities is ongoing, and the Region notifies all owners by letter, when a property is added to the contamination-register. This official register ensures that the knowledge is available and disclosed, when you buy a property. Everybody can look up any property to see if it is registered as (possibly) contaminated.

Danish legislation – the law for soil contamination - ensures that you must have permission to carry out construction on contaminated properties. I.e. when a property is in the contamination-register, you must apply for permission to build houses, schools and parks and you must ensure that the building-project does not lead to (further) contamination of groundwater and surface water. Permission is given by the municipalities, and the Region is always consulted before the final permission is given, to ensure that the contractor does not leave contamination,

Overall the brownfield opportunity matrix can:• Support initial identification or benchmarking of soft re-use

options for brownfields at early stage• Support exploratory discussions with interested stakeholders• Provide a structure to describe an initial design concept, in

support for example of planning applications• Provide a structure for more detailed sustainability assessment

of different re-use combinations, and similarly for cost benefit comparisons.

The presentation will explore a benchmarking application using a worked example.

THE FINAL COUNTDOWN - “SUCCESSFUL REMEDIATION POLICIES LEADS TO THE END OF THE DUTCH SOIL PROTECTION ACT”

Michiel Gadella, Co Molenaar Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment, Utrecht, NL

The Dutch decentralized soil remediation operation is successful in remediating all top-priority locations and will result within 5 years in the withdrawal of the Soil Protection Act. After remediating the top-priority locations (the final countdown) legislation for dealing with remaining soil and groundwater contamination in a more integrated approach will be incorporated in the Environment and Planning Act.

The Dutch Policy on soil remediation has its origin in the early ‘80’s of the 20th century when the first scandals in soil contamination became apparent. In the small town of Lekkerkerk a residential area had been built upon a former industrial dump site and indoor air concentration of Benzenes caused health problems. This triggered public awareness, inventory programs and soil protective policies.

The Dutch soil Policy evaluated from a strict preventative policy and a foresight of total multifunctional clean-up of all contaminated sites in the ‘80s towards a more realistic policy which remained strictly preventative but amended the clean-up ambitions towards functional remediation of heavily contaminated sites. This resulted in the remediation of sites that had to be remediated for other reasons than the environment (i.e. the redevelopment for housing on former industrial sites) and therefore left urgent sites abandoned and not remediated.

In order to focus the remediation effort, the Dutch government in close collaboration with the competent authorities on soil remediation (the provinces and larger municipalities) established in 2009 a 5 year program. This program for 700 Million Euro had the aim of remediating all locations with urgent risks for humans and an inventory of all other locations with urgent risks for spreading of contaminants or the ecology.

This program is now finished and has proven to be very successful. Locations with urgent risks for humans are being remediated and the inventory of other urgent locations is finished. This resulted in a list of approximately 1500 locations with urgent risks for spreading of contaminants and urgent risks for the ecology. Human risks with top-priority are dealt with, groundwater contamination still is a top-priority. Groundwater contamination is more complex to deal with and needs instead of a site specific approach a more area based integrated approach where other interest such as heat and cold storage in the aquifer have to be

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contaminated soil and building precautions. They know this when they buy the property, and it is reflected in the price of the property.

• for the people, who buy an apartment - insurance of a healthy indoor- and outdoor climate and insurance that the topsoil is uncontaminated.

• for the Capital Region of Denmark - a contaminated site, where indoor and outdoor climate and topsoil have been secured. I.e. the only possible remaining effort is the groundwater, which the Region can prioritize according to regular procedure.

INTEGRATED URBAN LAND MANAGEMENT: AN APPROACH FOR ASSISTING IN SUSTAINABLE REDEVELOPMENT OF CONTAMINATED BROWNFIELD SITES IN FRANCE

Elsa Limasset1, Agnès Laboudigue2, Claire Alary3, Jean-Luc Collet4, Stéphane Fourny5, Hubert Léprond1, Pascale Michel1, Thomas Valeyre3 1BRGM, Orléans Cedex 2, FR2Mines ParisTech, Paris, FR3Mines Douai, Douai, FR4Collet Architecte, Valenciennes, FR5Artelia, Echirolles, FR

Sustainable redevelopment of large and complex brownfield sites has become a major challenge for urban regeneration policies. The REFRINDD project (Sustainable Brownfield regeneration Approach [2012-2015]) has developed an integrated approach for the sustainable remediation and urban redevelopment of complex contaminated brownfields sites. The project is partly funded by the French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME).

Brownfield redevelopment projects often involve stakeholders with multiple and conflicting objectives. One of the project objectives is to deliver an approach that will assist elected representatives, local authorities and urban agencies in planning and managing sustainable brownfield regeneration projects. The project aims at developing a practical guidance and a multi-criteria analysis (MCA) tool to help these stakeholders discuss, assess and choose the most-fit for purpose redevelopment scenarios, in a transparent decision process. The project specifically examines industrial brownfield sites with contamination issues, which often combine poor environmental status with low social appreciation, and therefore bringing these sites back into beneficial use is a complex challenge.

The development of practical guidance and accompanying MCA-tool involved the following tasks:• Consultation with a wide range of French stakeholders (e.g.

urban planners, landscape architects, contaminated land consultants, project managers);

• A systemic analysis of the relationships between the stakeholders and the data they exchange when delivering a regeneration project;

• An extensive literature review on methods, tools and criteria for assisting in integrated and sustainable approaches of brownfield regeneration;

• Specific interviews with relevant stakeholders involved in on-going brownfield regeneration projects.

Stakeholder consultations helped identify the main challenges they face and the need for an integrated approach for assisting

that the Region will have to remediate at a later stage in order to protect the groundwater and surface water.

The role of the Region:

The role of the Region is to ensure that no building is placed directly above a known contamination, which will make a future remediation of the groundwater and surface water more difficult and expensive. In the collaboration between the municipalities and Region, the Region is both a partner and an authority.

The Region is a partner, when we and a municipality discuss different solutions and techniques and what terms to set in a construction permission. The goal is to achieve solutions that are durable for the lifetime of the building. The Region must therefore at all times be up to date with the latest knowledge and techniques. The solutions must ensure that residents do not have physical contact with contaminated topsoil and that they have good indoor- and outdoor climate in their new home and surrounding garden.

The Region is the authority for groundwater protection and must ensure that building-projects do not lead to contamination of groundwater. E.g. if removal of concrete and asphalt from an old industrial property are proposed, contaminated soil may be revealed, causing groundwater contamination by percolation. In this case the Region emplaces certain terms to be upheld in a construction permission.

Case introduction: The administrative procedures are illustrated through a case of current construction of an apartment block on a contaminated site in Copenhagen.

The terms in the permission given to build the apartment block, required the owner of the contaminated site to perform investigations based on past activities deemed to potentially have contaminated the soil at the site. Results from these investigations showed high levels of soil and groundwater contamination on the site. According to the permission, the high levels of soil contamination had to be cleaned up, before the building activity could begin, as risk assessment showed that the contaminated soil would otherwise constitute a health hazard to the residents in the new apartments as well as an environmental hazard.

After cleaning up the high levels of contaminated soil there were still high levels of groundwater contamination at the site, and a renewed risk assessment showed that vapor intrusion from the contaminated groundwater could still be a health hazard to the residents. Consequently, according to the permission, the building will be established with ventilation beneath it. The contractor has submitted a proposal for the ventilation system and the Municipality of Copenhagen and the Capital Region of Denmark will collaborate on evaluating the proposal to secure the safety of the residents both short and long term with a solution that is robust enough to ensure that no further measures have to be taken at the site.

Conclusion:

The consequences of the soil contamination law and register are:

• for the contractor - the process of building new houses some time takes more time, because of the sampling, removal of

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SOIL FROM CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS AS A RESOURCE – RECYCLING AND SUSTAINABLE SOIL MANAGEMENT

Joan Krogh, Morten Størup, Søren Helt Jessen NIRAS A/S, Allerød, DK

As a result of urbanization, urban development projects as well as sewer and cable work, large amounts of soil are relocated each year. Typically, soil is considered a waste product and often moved out of urban areas and transported several kilometers away from the origin. Instead, uncontaminated gravel materials obtained from mining pits replaces the soil.

Sustainable soil management must include the economic benefits for the construction business, the reduced inconvenience of soil relocation (i.e. CO2 emissions from transport, noise and heavy traffic in urban areas) as well as taking the environmental benefits of recycling both clean and slightly contaminated soil into account.

This paper will be based upon specific solutions for and challenges by local management of soil. This includes, options for reuse of topsoil on agricultural land; temporary storage (i.e. as soil piles) at empty sites in urban areas; ex-change of soil between individual construction projects, this includes description of a ‘possibility catalogue’; and processing of soil and its geotechnical properties. Furthermore, the paper gives examples of innovative solutions for the recycling of soil for i.e. park mounds, ‘health landscapes’ and climate protection.

It is important that the solutions is based on practical risk-oriented solutions, as these most likely to have the same usability across borders. Focus of this paper will be on the technical possibilities, which will be described through soil processing techniques and survey methods; thus, not the legalistic of Danish law. Practical solutions are described; i.e. the clarification of the strategic possibilities for alternative handling of the soil. Finally, the process related challenges are addressed in terms of timetables and not the least the responsibility for the soil at different times.

Over the next 20 years, numerous large construction projects will be carried out in the Capital Region (Region Hovedstaden) of Denmark; this includes construction of hospitals in urban areas, new highways, railway development and a whole new city in a rural area. During all these projects, great volumes of soil are to be handled. The Capital Region has a desire to minimize the amount of soil that is transported around the country and increase the amount of soil that is recycled. Thereby changing the perception of soil from being a waste product to a resource. The project is resolved in collaboration between a collective construction industry – The Danish Association of Construction Clients (DACC; Bygherreforeningen), NIRAS A/S, Grontmij A/S, municipalities, contractors, developers and analytical laboratories in Denmark.

The objective of the project is to contribute to new ways to manage excess soil from construction projects, whether it is clean or contaminated, thereby improving sustainability.

The project is in its latter half and the final products are taking shape. Thus, in spring 2015 the lessons learned and experiences gained since 2012, when the project began, can be presented.

The project includes nine sub-projects:1. Approval of soil collectors; a project, which describes how

to implement a system for approval of collectors in order to create a more uniform description of the soil.

in sustainable brownfield redevelopment. The analysis of relationships between stakeholders and data exchange, helped listing and classifying data that is available, useful or missing in various typologies. Using the systemic information and communication theory, the stakeholder’s relationships were modeled. Data collection, historical memory and data transmission were noted as main areas where improvements are needed [1].

The review of stakeholder needs led to proposing a 6-step method for sustainable redevelopment of industrial and contaminated brownfield sites in France [2, 3, 4]. The iterative 6-Steps framework attempts to take into account a complex decisional making process, as follows: • Step 0, Sustainable ambitions - collect sustainable ambitions

on the site from elected local officials;• Step 1, Project vision - understand the needs for redevelop-

ment in the area and define initial redevelopment project; • Step 2, Integrated analysis of opportunities and restrictions -

define the project outline and feasibility assessment; • Step 3, Planning and design - develop the final redevelopment

program document; • Step 4, Implementation - complete the redevelopment works

and undertake final costing; • Step 5, Review and make adjustments where necessary.

For each step, a key objective; spatial and time scale; specific beneficiaries and users; and themes to assess/discuss are provided. The requirements of supporting tools were identified for each of the 6 steps, in particular whether MCAs were needed. A prototype MCAs tool was then developed using Excel® software. It follows the ‘6 Steps’ approach and its main benefits assist in:•Discussing and deciding the sustainable ambitions for developing a site and the constraints associated with the site; •Assessing and choosing the most ‘fit for purpose’ redevelopment scenarios, taking into account the sustainability objectives and economic constraints (providing specific graphs for visualisation and discussion purposes).

The criteria provided in the MCAs are grouped into 15 recurrent themes. Some of the criteria are common and some are very specific depending on the step being considered. The MCAs enabling a sustainability review of the planning programme require information on the final chosen remediation for each considered brownfield sector.

French stakeholders have confirmed their need for an integrated approach to manage large and complex brownfield regeneration projects. Their recommendations, integrated into a project research, helped identify the MCAs and relevant criteria required to assess the delivery of successful projects. The REFFRINDD approach and the various MCAs are currently being tested in three on-going French brownfield revitalisation projects. The approach and a pilot MCA tool are to be delivered at the end of 2015.

[1] Valeyre, T., Vimond-Laboudigue, A., Alary, C., Laudati, P., (2013). Improvement of data collection, treatment, interpretation and diffusion in brownfield revitalization, in Innowacyjne rozwiązania rewitalizacji terenów zdegradowanych, Fundacja Ekonomistów Środowiska i Zasobów Naturalnych, 261-270

[2] Limasset, E., G., Zornig, C., A., Alary, C., Fourny, S., Collet, J-L., Laboudigue, (2014), Intégration des critères de développement durable relatifs à la requalification d’une friche dans la méthodologie REFRINDD et développement d’outils d’aide à la décision, BRGM/RP-63782-FR

[3] Limasset & al, Conference proceedings, Cabernet (2014), Tailored & Sustainable Redevelopment towards Zero Brownfield, October 2014, p74

[4] Limasset & al, Conference proceeding, ADEME, (2014), 3e rencontres de la recherche sur les sites et sols pollués

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ThS 2.4 Redevelopment of brownfields part 2


TOWARDS 3D GEOCHEMISTRY OF URBAN SUBSOIL: HISTORICAL AND MATERIAL INPUTS

Cécile Le Guern, Vivien Baudouin, Pierre Conil BRGM, Nantes Cedex 3, FR

The geochemistry of urban soils and subsoils brings important knowledge for optimizing urban development. However, little work has been done on this subject so far. As part of a partnership with a developer, BRGM has checked the value of a historical approach of industrial activities and land-fillings, coupled with a 3D geological model to predict soil and subsoil pollution problems.

The developed methodology is based on a synthetic cartography of numerous historical data, which are scattered in various holdings and deal with a) the industry b) made (artificial) ground deposits. It also includes an interpretation of the drilling data (logs) to represent the geological structure in 3D, a classification of made grounds with respect to their contamination potential, the location of potential contamination sources on identified industrial sites and a search for potentially associated contaminants. The combination of all these elements allows assessing the pollutant potential of soils and subsoils linked to industrial activities and embankments. In parallel, the results of analyzes from the contamination diagnostics conducted by the consulting firms on behalf of public and private developers were collected and put into a database developed by us. The intersection of these analyzes with the predictions of contamination potential aims at verifying the accuracy of predictions.

The methodology was applied to the Isle of Nantes (France). The results include in particular a 3D model of urban geology, as well as a digital atlas of industrial sites and service activities at the scale of cadastral parcels (1/2000). The latter will integrate the GIS of the city and also allow updating the national BASIAS database. The correlation rate between subsoil analyzes and predictions on potential contaminants, associated with industrial activities and / or made ground materials, was tested on part of the study area. It appears for instance good for Pb, correct but less good for hydrocarbons.

Even if field investigations are required, this work shows the value of taking into account historical data. The tool developed can guide diagnosis, including the choice of contaminants to search and the sampling strategy. It also allows anticipating the management of excavated soil (volumes, treatment, recovery, reuse), and adjusting urban planning.

The knowledge of urban soils and subsoils quality brings decision aid elements to sustainably manage the urban territory. The input history on industrial activities and made ground, combined with an estimation of the potentially associated contaminants, participates in the characterization of soils and subsoils quality. It is a brick to the 3D representation of the geochemistry of urban underground. This approach raises also questions about urban geology, with particular consideration on made grounds and the possibility of detailed modeling.

2. Planning approaches; a project, which bring together experiences and tools to make it possible to consider alternative soil management possibilities as early in the process as possible.

3. Local soil management; a project that focus’ on the necessity of finding local soil piles, used for temporary storage to even out the temporal differences between projects that can utilize excess soil.

4. Portal for soil; a project, which creates an online platform for trading soil.

5. Processing techniques; a project, which has collected informa-tion regarding five difference techniques for processing of soil.

6. Excess soil on agricultural land; a project, which describes the possibilities for usage of excess soil in food production.

7. Health landscapes; a project, which uses soil mounds to advance health; i.e. by establishment of running routes and bike paths on the mounds.

8. Climate adjustment; a project, which uses excess soil from a construction site of a new district in Hillerød, Denmark, to manage water flow during extreme rain events.

9. Energy and excess soil; a project, which describes the possibility of reuse of excess soil to establish energy reservoirs.

Together, the sub-projects create an investigation and an idea development in relation to management of excess soil, which has echoed through all of the Danish construction industry.

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WHAT CAN YOU DO FOR ONE AND A HALF MILLION - URBAN REDEVELOPMENT THROUGH IMPLEMENTATION OF NEW TECHNOLOGY

Dennis Scheper1, Gerard Borggreve1, Albert Smits1, Adri Nipshagen2, Dick Specht2, Luuk Wallinga3 1NTP Enviro Netherlands, Enschede, NL2Bioclear, Groningen, NL3RUD Drenthe, Assen, NL

An old decaying industrial site, a bankrupt galvanizing company, old town, dilapidated buildings with asbestos, extremely high concentrations chlorinated ethenes in soil and groundwater, a cocktail of other substances, heterogeneous soil with lots of clay, intersecting liabilities, no dynamics and no money. That is in a nutshell the situation as it was found fifteen years ago. After many discussions, ideas, initiatives, studies and many years of continued last year launched the reorganization and with amazing results.

Twenty reputable contractors, often accompanied by consulting engineers saw a big challenge in this job. They could sign up through a rigorous pre-qualification. This resulted in the top five forwards. These five contractors were allowed to submit a plan to address how to tackle the problem. One of the main requirements was the budget of 1.5 million Euros.

What can you do for 1.5 million Euro Under this title NTP Enviro in combination with Bioclear have qualified as the team to come to a final draft for the contaminated site CPC Coevorden. Directly above the core of the contamination with the pure product a number of supermarkets were planned. Development and remediation had to go hand in hand, with different clients and stakeholders within one area.

Based on the remediation targets the conceptual model was updated through additional research. The pure product was present in a much larger area which led to a greater demand for a robust approach. Through lab experiments and feasibility testing, followed by a pilot in an extremely short period of four months, a final clean-up design was drafted based on chemical oxidation and stimulated anaerobic biodegradation. In the presentation we will take you in the process in which despite great pressure of time thoughtful and creative choices were made regarding technique, performance but also the formation of contracts in which one issue was maintained, namely the budget of 1.5 million Euro.

Technology in the service of development The construction of the underground remediation system was carried out simultaneously with the construction of the supermarket complex. Chemical oxidation using sodium permanganate and stimulated anaerobic biology through the TCE concept (bioaugmentation and anaerobic bioremediation by reductive dechlorination) integrated into one flexible remediation system including a monitoring network designed such that both new construction as well as the in situ remediation could continue. Large quantities of cables and pipes are herein arranged in the soil in a very short time. The available time was under high tension because of the agreements with the developer and the builder of the mall. In the field, it was a maze of contractors and projects simultaneously.

The pressure of time took a lot from all the actors, especially at times of changes, such as the discovery of new spots with pure product. In the presentation, we want to show how the construction phase has taken place and that it is possible also to perform the most robust techniques without compromising developments or infrastructure.

TETERBORO LANDING BROWNFIELDS REDEVELOPMENT - WORLDS LARGEST IN SITU THERMAL DESORPTION SITE

John Bierschenk, Gorm Heron, Ken Parker TerraTherm, Inc., Gardner, US

This paper presents the largest In Situ Thermal Desorption (ISTD) project completed to date. The redevelopment of a former aerospace manufacturing facility adjacent to a commercial airport was the main driver, requiring relatively rapid reduction of several chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOC) in a 3.2-acre source zone. The source zone was divided into four quadrants with differing treatment depths, heated simultaneously using a total of 907 thermal conduction heater wells. Five different depths were selected across the area, according to the depth of contaminant impact. Prior to implementation, a risk and optimization study led to placement of a vertical sheet-pile wall around the treatment zone to minimize groundwater flow, and a pilot test of a novel direct-drive method for installation of the heater casings. Due to a shallow water table, a layer of clean fill was placed over the treatment zone, and partial dewatering was necessary prior to heating. A network of vertical multi-phase extraction wells and horizontal vapor extraction wells was used to establish hydraulic and pneumatic control and to capture the contaminants. The site was split into four decision units, each with a rigorous soil program which included collecting a total of 270 confirmatory soil samples from locations with the highest pretreatment CVOC concentrations requiring reduction to below 1 mg/kg for each contaminant. Temperature monitoring and mass removal trends were used to trigger the sampling events. Eventually, a small area near the center of the site required the installation of four additional heaters before the soil goals were reached after 238 days of heating. The total energy usage for heating and treating the source area was 23 million kWh – slightly lower than the estimated 26.5 million kWh. Actual energy losses and the energy removal associated with the extracted steam were lower than anticipated. An estimated 13,400 kg (29,800 lbs) of CVOC mass was removed, and all soil goals were met. This paper presents the challenges associated with a project of this scale and describes the solutions to successfully complete the ISTD remedy.

BALANCE 4P - A HOLISTIC APPROACH FOR SUSTAINABLE BROWNFIELD REGENERATION

Jenny Norrman1, Linda Maring2, Fransje Hooimeijer3, Steven Broekx4, Yevheniya Volchko2 1TUD, Delft, NL2Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SE3Deltares, Utrecht, NL4VITO / Ghent University, Mol, BE Regeneration and redevelopment of urban brownfields is one of the key measures to prevent urban sprawl as land take being a result of urbanization, is one of the major soil threats in Europe. Urban brownfields are underused areas in the urban structure, which typically envisage difficult subsurface conditions for redevelopment. Soil and groundwater pollution is a common feature which may be a bottleneck for redevelopment of brownfields instead of green fields. The current trend of urbanization increases the importance of careful spatial planning in cities, especially with regard to subsurface conditions. In the remediation sector, there is a broad on-going work to develop methods and tools that supports sustainable remediation. A

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common idea is that the largest (sustainability) gains are achieved early in projects where they are still flexible, thus incorporating subsurface aspects in the early planning and design phase of a project. This is also valid for urban redevelopment projects. However, in urban projects the responsibilities, tools and knowledge of subsurface engineering and urban planning and design are not integrated. They depend heavily on each other, but work in sectors. The urban designer usually deals with opportunities for socio-economic benefits while the subsoil engineer deals with the technical challenges of the site, in many cases in a late stage. Better cooperation between urban developers and soil specialists can accelerate brownfield redevelopment and potentially identify better and more sustainable redevelopment strategies. The project BALANCE 4P, funded by the SNOWMAN network, provides methods for, and examples of, application of a holistic approach. This approach supports redevelopment of brownfields by integrating technical, economic and social aspects, and provides means for clearly communicating challenges and opportunities of site-specific subsurface qualities. A decision process framework is developed to practically support the knowledge exchange between the two sectors: the framework offers advice on tools and methods suitable for integrating subsurface aspects in early phases of brownfield redevelopment projects. The holistic approach and the decision process framework will be presented and exemplified by three case studies: the Merwevierhaven city-harbour of Rotterdam, the Fixfabriken site in Göteborg, Sweden, and the Alvat site in Buggenhout in Flanders, Belgium. The three sites differ with regard to sub-surface conditions, ownership relations, development visions and governance, and function as examples of integrating urban planning and the subsurface in different settings.

ThS 2.5 Reuse of contaminated soil and sediments – Part 1


URBAN GEOCHEMICAL BACKGROUNDS FOR EXCAVATED SOIL REUSE

Celine Blanc1, Jean-Francois Brunet1, Frédéric Guiet1, Philippe Herniot1, Aurelien Leynet1, Hélène Roussel2, Maxime Jarzabek 1BRGM, Orleans, FR2ADEME, Angers, FR

1/The French policy contextThe French policy on contaminated land focuses on two main concepts. The first one is based on the risk analysis and management rather than consideration of an intrinsic level of pollution and the second on is the management based on the use of the site.

After characterization of soils to be reused, the methodology provides two types of reuse on a receiver site for road construction and as part of a development project (for which a building permit or an EIS is issued). The first criterion that has to be respected is the maintain of the soil quality of the receiving site. As there is no threshold values because the policy is based on risk based site specific approach, the soil quality has to be compared to the local geochemical background.

2/ Urban geochemical backgroundsA soil is considered free from pollution since its characteristics are coherent with the local natural geochemical background. This is why, the approach results in comparing the state of the investigated soil with the state of the natural soils close to the zone of investigation. With this intention, the knowledge of the natural geochemical background, in particular of the local geochemical anomalies, is essential. Moreover, the characterization of pollution is important to distinguish if it implies the site or not. However, the industrial sites are more often gathered in industrial and urban areas where an anthropic geochemical background is superimposed at the natural geochemical background. It then becomes necessary to compare data collected on the investigated site with this anthropized pedological and geochemical background.

In order to support the various actors implied in the management of (potentially) contaminated land, it was thus proposed to carry out a database of analyses of soils from urban and industrialized environment on the whole of the French national territory.

3/ The projectBibliography about urban geochemical backgrounds in Europe shows that projects have been managed in either one specific urban area or one homogeneous region (geochemically speaking). In France, we are confronted to various natural geochemical backgrounds and also to specific industrial chronicles for each urban area. That is why we cannot deal with one urban geochemical background but with various urban geochemical backgrounds.

The project “Diagnoses of the soils in the places hosting children or teenagers” implemented by the French ministry for Sustainable development, was the occasion of launching an operation of sampling and analyses of urban soils at the level of the national territory. The collection of analyses during this operation constitutes the heart of the project “Urban Geochemical

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Background Database (Fond Géochimique Urbain – FGU) conducted by BRGM and funded by ADEME. Soils are analyzed for metallic trace elements, mercury, cyanides, phenol index, HC C10-C40, PAH, PCB an PCDD/PCDF. At the moment of the abstract submission, the database contains more than 44 000 analysis data collected in 200 urban areas which permits to evaluate and compare significant datas to be presented.

This presentation points out the sampling and analysis protocols of the project (selection of sampling areas, depths, sample preparations, technical analysis). The explanation focuses specifically on organic elements for which sampling, analysis and data interpretation treatment is different from metallic trace elements.

The presentation focuses then on the interpretation of the results and the comparisons between different scenarios (statistical analysis, outliers selection, restoring data) and the difficulties of the multi scale interpretations: at which scale can we have urban geochemical background values? Neighborhoods? Cities? Areas?

CONTAMINATED SLUDGE BENEFICIALLY USED IN FOUNDATIONS

Rob Wortelboer TenCate Geosynthetics, Nijverdal, NL

Objectives: To illustrate how contaminated sediments can transform and contribute into a viable engineering structure without transportation and in an economical way.

The re-use of dredged sediments, especially contaminated sediments, is an issue of growing importance. If successful it can facilitate dredging in ports that without desilting measures would become inaccessible. The example of the works in Port La Foret in Brittany in western France, amounting to M€ 2.9 that was executed on behalf of the SAEM SODEFI Port La Forêt and proposed by the engineering company iN VIVO, shows an interesting and innovative alternative in Europe of a practice that overseas on larger projects has already proved conclusively to be effective. In all these cases, TenCate Geotube® systems are used for both dewatering flows of harbor sediments, and providing a structure of geotechnical nature. At Port La Forêt highly contaminated sediments were dredged from the marina to be injected in a flow of about 500 m3/hr into the drainage systems 5 km from the port. The dewatered silt wrapped and strengthened in these Geotube® systems was used as fill to construct a sports field parking lot. A total of 34 000m³ of liquid mud was removed from the harbor by the company MARC early 2013, to find a function in nearly 900 linear meters of drainage tubes placed on a waterproof membrane and covered with a waterproofing membrane to completely confine the sediments. A layer of fill material was then brought on to create the parking lot and the adjacent sports field. Neither ground transportation nor storage of contaminated sediments had been necessary since the sludge had been pumped to the site hydraulically from the dredge. This solution using Geotube® systems has resulted in significant savings compared to conventional landfill as well as in reduced cost compared to conventional dewatering treatments. It also represented the most positive carbon footprint.

Apart from this example in France we will give examples of works similar in approach, but different in scale, carried out elsewhere in the world.

FLEMISH POLICY ON THE USE OF EXCAVATED SOIL

Dirk Dedecker, Filip De Naeyer, Eddy Van Dyck Public Waste Agency of Flanders, Mechelen, BE In numerous construction projects, soil is excavated, removed from the site and used elsewhere. In doing so, there is often a danger of contaminated soil being managed in a hazardous way. The Soil Decree is an important tool for the Flemish government, not only to counter the contamination of land, but also to prevent such contamination. Ultimately, prevention remains preferable to remediation. More recently the Soil Decree aims at visualizing the potential of excavated soil as substitute to primary minerals. Through sustainable materials management it seeks to reduce the use of natural resources throughout the life-cycle of materials.

The regulation for the re-use of the excavated soil is based on the stand-still principle. There cannot be any deterioration in the current environmental condition and any increase in health or environmental risks must be avoided. Excavated soil is not to be considered as waste if it is used in accordance with the regulations of the Soil Decree and the VLAREBO. Depending on the degree of contamination with possible pollutants, the use of the excavated soil is more and more restricted. The amount of pollutants that may be present depend on threshold levels (background level, soil remediation levels that differ depending on land use type) of the Soil Decree. Non-contaminated soil can freely be re-used as “soil”. Somewhat polluted soil can be re-used as “soil” if the receiving land is already more polluted or it can be re-used for building purposes in specific constructions. If the contamination surpasses certain levels, the soils must be treated in Soils Remediation Center. If the contaminated soil cannot be treated, the soil is dumped in a dump site form waste.

The protection of the environment but also the juridical protection of different actors (liability) involved is ensured by the traceability procedure. This procedure designates responsibilities and prescribes rules for excavation, transport and the use on the location of re-use. The procedure is supervised by a soil management organization that will attest the traceability of the soil by a soil management report. The soil management organization is accredited by the Public Waste Agency of Flanders (OVAM). OVAM represents the Flemish government and has the authority to check every part of the chain, and if necessary take corrective measures.

The Flemish government wants to discourage dumping of excavated polluted soils originating from remediation operations and excavation projects. It promotes recycling of polluted soils by means of environmental tax. Only soils that cannot be treated by biological, physico-chemical, or thermal means can be dumped at lower environmental tax levels. Dumping soil that can be treated is discouraged with high taxes. On yearly basis about 800,000 tonnes of soil is treated.

The data for assessing the potential of excavated soil as substitute to primary minerals is obtained in the “monitoring system for a sustainable surface mineral resources policy” in cooperation with the Land and Soil Protection, Subsoil, and Natural Resources Division (ALBON) and the Flemish Institute for Technologic Research (VITO). The monitoring system provides an overall picture of market developments on an annual basis. Although there can be substantial fluctuations about 10,000,000 m³ soil is re-used in construction projects, either as soil or for building purposes. About 1,000,000 m³ cannot not be re-used due to the poor mechanical quality. These latter soil are generally used for the rehabilitation of abandoned Quarries.

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Région Lorraine” and FEDER for financial support. GEOCHEMICAL FRACTIONATION AND PHYTOAVAILABILITY OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN AN ESTUARINE SOIL IMPACTED BY HISTORIC MINE WASTE CONTAMINATION

Eleanor van Veen, John Coggan University of Exeter, Penryn, GB The metalliferous deposits of the Cornubian Orefield in Cornwall, UK have been mined since the bronze age. The most intense period of activity was during the late 18th and early 19th century when this area was renowned for the production of tin ores, copper and a range of other metals and metalloids including arsenic, lead and zinc. During a period of hard rock mining tailings were habitually discharged into river courses adjacent to the mines and processing areas. The suspended solids, dissolved and particulate materials followed the course of these rivers into their estuaries where they precipitated out and formed a layer of contamination that remains to this day (Camm and Scott, 2003). Potentially toxic trace elements such as arsenic, copper, zinc and lead are therefore present at extremely elevated concentrations in some Cornish estuarine sediments. Whilst much of the contamination has been shown by previous authors to form a layer of contamination at depth within the sediment profile (Pirrie et al. 2002), re-working of the sediments by tides and biota means that concentrations at the surface remain high. Many of these estuarine soils provide a habitat in which the halophyte plant, Salicornia europaea, thrives. This species has been suggested in the literature as a potential candidate for phytoremediation.

Results presented in this paper reveal the geochemical fractionation of contaminants in samples of the estuarine soils where S. europaea is growing. The BCR sequential extraction technique, described by Rauret et al. (1999) and Sahuquillo et al (1998), was applied to determine to what extent certain potentially toxic trace elements are present in the easily available, reducible, oxidisable or residual pools of metals and metalloids within the sediment substrate. Concentrations of these elements were also determined in samples of S. Europaea and conclusions on the plant bioaccessible fractions of these potentially toxic trace elements are drawn. The implications for the management of these sediments and the impact of any proposed remedial measures to ameliorate contamination are considered in the light of these results.

References:

Camm, S. and Scott, P. (2003) Camborne School of Mines online virtual museum.

Pirrie, D., Power, M., Rollinson, G., Hughes, S., Camm, S. and Watkins, D. (2002). Mapping and visualisation of historical mining contamination in the Fal Estuary, Cornwall, online resource, Camborne School of Mines.

Rauret, G., Lopez-Sanchez, J. F., Sahuquillo, A., Rubio, R., Davidson, C., Ure, A., & Quevauviller, P., (1999). Improvement of the BCR three step sequential extraction procedure prior to the certification of new sediment and soil reference materials. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 1(1): 57-61.

Sahuquillo, A., Lopez-Sanchez, J. F., Rubio, R., Rauret, G., Thomas, R. P., Davidson, C. M., & Ure, A. M., (1999). Use of a certified reference material for extractable trace metals to assess sources of uncertainty in the BCR three-stage sequential extraction procedure. Analytica Chimica Acta, 382(3): 317-327.

In Flanders, site rehabilitation and restoration of abandoned quarries is ensured in the Flemish Parliament Act on Surface Minerals through the granting of extraction permits and financial guarantees to ensure correct rehabilitation. These sites are not considered dump sites and only non polluted soil may be used. This is ensured by the environmental permit. In this permit a study based on a geohydrological conceptual model defines the environmental quality of the soil that can be used.

The Flemish legislation takes in account the policy on contaminated land (site specific approach) and the Waste policy based on a generic approach with guidelines values. The Flemish management policy on excavated soils already fulfills its aim at the optimal re-use of excavated soils. Nevertheless sustainable materials management could result in an even further optimization of the use of the excavated soil.

LORVER : A PRODUCTION CHAIN OF BIOMASS FOR INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES FROM FORMER SITES AND ABANDONED MATERIALS

Marie-Odile Simonnot1, Sophie Guimont2, Lucas Gossiaux2, Jean-Louis Morel3

1Université de Lorraine - CNRS, Nancy Cedex, FR2Valterra Dépollution Réhabilitation, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, FR3University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, FR

LORVER project aims at creating a production chain to obtain industrial products (biochar, fibers, metal salts etc.) and/or energy from biomass grown on soils constructed on abandoned industrial sites (www.lorver.com). This 5 year project (2012-2017), conducted by Valterra company, gathers 8 labs and 4 companies located in the Lorraine district (France). It is organized in 5 working packages: 1) listing and characterization of available derelict lands and by-products, 2) pedologic engineering (soil construction on experimental plots), 3) biomass production (poplars, hemp, nettle, hyperaccumulator plants), 4) production of compounds for industrial use and/or energy (pyrolysis) and 5) evaluation of the overall chain (economic evaluation, life cycle assessment, emergetic analysis and comparison with existing chains).

Huge surfaces (8 000 ha) of derelict land and large stocks of by-products (flying ash, water treatment plant sludge etc.) have been listed and Lorraine and are available for soil construction. However, there is a lack of regulation in France and authorization must be requested for this operation. Four experimental plots have been built: soils were constructed by mixing an industrial soil (treated by bioremediation) and metal containing sludge. Poplars, hemp, nettles and Noccea caerulescens have been grown on these plots in different conditions (with/without mycorhization and/or biochar addition). In parallel, several aspects have been investigated at the lab scale, e.g. soil and material characterization, selection of hyperaccumulator plant to reach high biomass yield and metal concentration, influence of mycorhization on plant growth, pyrolysis modeling, and influence of biochar on metal fate in soil (Rees et al., 2014). The influence of biochar on plant growth has also been investigated. The overall chain is currently assessed by life cycle assessment, and a global agroecological model of the chain is proposed. Many results have been obtained and selected examples will be presented.

References:

Rees F., Simonnot M.O., Morel J.L. Short term effects of biochar on soil heavy metal mobility are controlled by intraparticle diffusion and soil pH increase. European Journal of Soil Science 65 (2014) 149-161.

The authors acknowledge the “Agence de Mobilisation Economique de la

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is scarce, and statutory approval for new quarries is practically impossible to achieve. This situation is expected to lead to higher construction costs – a stressful economic issue in the Israeli reality.Although previous policy documents have been written on the matter, and there is clear recognition regarding the existence of a problem, too little is done when it comes to large scale infrastructure projects.

The free markets do not willingly absorb the residual excavated soils and although better priced, and sometimes even given away for free at the excavation site. At present only negligible amounts of excavated materials are consumed indicating the clear preference for primary raw materials. The problem becomes more acute when polluted soils and Brownfields are the origin of the excavated soils. A major ball game changer is the excavation project of the first underground light-rail in the Tel-Aviv metropolitan area. This project will generate during the next 4 years, unique circumstances which necessitated the establishment of a Transit Hub Site (THS) solution. It is not only that 3 million cubic meters of soil will be excavated in the project but an environmental survey that was conducted along the excavation route indicated the potential contamination of up to 30% of the total volume of soils in addition to ground water contamination.

Therefore, sampling and characterization of excavated soils prior to their transportation to the final destination was mandated all together with confirming analysis at the hub site. The suggested receiving hub site is a metropolitan park under construction that was used in the past for open landfilling of Tel-Aviv municipal garbage. The surplus excavated soils will be beneficially used for the stabilization of the closed landfill slopes and for the creation of landscape hills. This solution will also create an economic benefit since no further transportation will be required. Contaminated soils will be mostly depolluted on the Hub site.

The complex challenge for the team was to obtain regulatory acceptance for the move, since no regulative reference was available in the current Israeli environmental policy. No other THS was ever operative in Israel in a similar manner that implements the full process of handling and treatment of large amount of clean soils of various textures mixed and the recycling of contaminated soils.

The concept of THS in which soil is sampled, treated or recycled and may be re-used for beneficial purposes, is innovative to Israel. The only permit for beneficial use up till now is as a cover layer in landfills for soils that were sampled for the threshold-value of less than 5000 ppm of TPH.

The presentation will describe the developed process for the absorption of surplus excavated soils from the excavation in the dense urban area till its final destination as a fill material in the park.

ThS 2.6 Reuse of contaminated soil and sediments – Part 2


USING INNOVATIVE GEOTEXTILE CONSTRUCTIONS AS AN IN-SITU BIOREMEDIATION TECHNIQUE TO REMEDIATE CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS AND TO IMPROVE WATER QUALITY OF SHALLOW LAKES

Chiel Lauwerijssen Tauw Group, Capelle aan den IJssel, NL

Many shallow lakes suffer from accumulation of fine sediment. This sediment build-up is caused by different factors like shoreline erosion, peat degradation, internal organic production and external inflow or run-off. Fine sediment is kept in suspension, thereby inhibiting growth of higher order aquatic plants and natural water quality improvement. In a protected wetland area innovative and sustainable measures have been undertaken to reduce hydrodynamics, sediment resuspension and turbidity in order to remediate contaminated sediment, enhance biodiversity and improve water quality.

Two types of light weight geotextile constructions were built to steer fines and to store sediment: the Sediment Settler and Sediment Storer. Due to the Sediment Settler fines transport decreased by 20-40 %. One year after installing the Sediment Settler a few decimeters thick sediment layer had already been formed at its lee side. Also about 15.000 cubic meters of slightly contaminated sediment was dredged and transported to Sediment Stores in order to alter hydrodynamics and induce nature development. By doing so, maintenance costs were minimized and sediment had been beneficially re-used. By the end of the first growing season the sediment top layer was covered by a pioneer vegetation of reedmace. Even species that have disappeared 30 years ago returned.

This pilot study has shown that it is possible to control sediment settling and transport and improving recreational and ecological quality of this wetland area. Nautical bottlenecks were reduced and in lee areas vegetation develops. So, synergies were realized between remediation, nature restoration and (at some locations) shore line protection. Dredged material can easily be kept and stored in submerged basins.

IMPLEMENTATION OF A TRANSIT HUB SITE (THS) FOR EXCAVATED SOILS – THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE

Tomer Ash1, Meir Tapiero2, Raphi Mandelbaum1 1Ldd Advanced Technoliogies Ltd, Petah Tikva, IL2BioSoil - Israel, Tel-Aviv, IL

In recent years, Israel is undergoing vast national infrastructure development. Such projects generate significant volumes of excavated soils. Unfortunately, huge piles of excavated soil in the vicinity of infrastructure works have become a common sight. Such development imposes significant stress on resources conservation and calls for an intelligent management of such primary raw materials. Governmental reports indicate that in the near future, Israel is expected to face a crisis in supplies of mined and quarried materials. The expected extraction mining capacity

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SOIL IMPROVEMENT WITH BIOCHAR - MICROCOSMS FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF THE EFFECTS OF BIOCHAR ON ACIDIC SANDY SOIL

Mónika Molnár, Viktoria Feigl, Éva Ujaczki, Orsolya Klebercz, Mária Tolner, Emese Vaszita, Katalin Gruiz Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, HU

Biochar produced from a wide range of organic materials by pyrolysis has been widely reported as a means to improve soil physico-chemical properties, fertility and crop productivity moreover to mitigate climate change. However, the effects of biochar on soil ecosystem and microbial activity have received much less attention than its effects on soil physico-chemical properties.The key objective of this research was to determine the effect of biochar amendment on physico-chemical properties of sandy acidic soil as well as on activity of soil biota. Laboratory microcosm experiments were conducted to improve soil quality combining variations in biochar amounts and fertilizer application rates (N and P).

The biochars applied were produced in a PYREG® type pyrolyser at temperatures between 450 and 700 °C during 15-20 min residence time from different feedstocks such as grain husks, paper fiber sludge, wood screenings, vine, black cherry, natural biomass, straw, olive stones and meadow.

The main purpose of soil technological microcosms was to assess efficiency and applicability of different biochars as soil amendments prior to field trials and to choose the best biochars that are able to improve the fertility, biological activity and physical propoerties of degraded soils particularly acidic sandy soil furthermore to determine the optimum technological parameters in microcosms.

To assess and evaluate the potential benefits and feasibility moreover risks of biochars on soil an integrated approach was applied including physical, chemical, biological and ecotoxicological methods: water holding capacity, pH, EC, elemental concentrations, nutrient supply, nitrification, soil respiration, CO2 production and specific cell concentrations as well as toxicity for bacteria (Aliivibrio fischeri), plants (Sinapis alba and Triticum aestivum) and animals (Tetrahymena pyriformis, Folsomia candida) were determined in soil microcosms.

Acknowledgement:

The work was carried out in the frame of the „Terra Preta” project, registration number HU09-0029-A1-2013 supported by the EEA Grants and the Norway Grants within the „Green Industry Innovation Program” of the Norwegian Financial Mechanism 2009-2014.

SUSTAINABLE USE OF EXCAVATED SOIL IN THE CAPITAL REGION OF COPENHAGEN - NEW INITIATIVES

Jens Lind Gregersen1, Arne Rokkjær2 1Region Hovedstaden /Capital Region of Denmark, Hillerød, DK2The Capital Region of Denmark, Hillerød, DK

In major urban areas, construction activities often generate large quantities of soil which are disposed of in ways that are not always beneficial to the environment. In the Copenhagen area, construction projects generate some 10 million tons of excavated soil each year. This soil is often transported to distant locations where disposal is cheap, causing excess transport emissions and potentially endangering land use or water-resources. Unfortunately, Danish regulation and market conditions do not encourage sustainable reuse of soil. In order to address this problem, the Capital Region of Denmark launched an initiative in 2013 to in-crease sustainable reuse of excavated soil.

The aim of the initiative is to increase resource efficiency by transforming excavated soil from waste-status into a sustainable resource, preferably used locally for a wide range of purposes. Important goals for the Capital Region are increased reuse of soil in construction projects, reducing the demand for sand and gravel and also reducing emissions from road-transport.

The initiative has a three year time-frame and a budget of €1.2 million. A total of 9 individual projects are currently in progress. Each project is based on a partnership between public and private stakeholders, including contractors, developers, producers of bricks, lime and gravel, local counties, and consulting companies. The projects focus on f. inst. tools for planning and development, stabilization of clayey glacial till, sustainable use of topsoil (from large railroad projects) on arable land, a website for soil exchange, mitigation of climate change (flood control etc.) and in construction of energy plants (hydro-power and thermal storage). A selection of preliminary results will be presented at the conference.

The initiative of the Capital Region of Denmark demonstrates that innovative ideas and solutions can be found, when private and public stakeholders team-up. The formation of public-private sector partnerships has proved to be time consuming. The partnership-model however has also proved very inspiring and valuable for seeking new (and profitable) uses for excavated soil.At present, new ideas are being developed and evaluated and the mind-set of the stakeholders is gradually changing as they realize that sustainable reuse makes sense and can in fact be profitable.

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ThS 2.7 Reusing materials from mining activities and landfills


PREDICTING PLANT METAL BIOACCESSIBILITY IN SOILS CONTAMINATED BY HISTORIC MINING

Eleanor van Veen, Bernd Lottermoser University of Exeter, GB

In order to establish sustainable post-mining vegetation during the re-development of mining areas, an understanding of the fraction of potentially toxic trace metals in the soil substrate that are available to plants is crucial. Mine soils in climates with high rainfall will be depleted in the easily available/soluble fraction by washout. Meanwhile, the metal fraction associated with the reducible fraction is unlikely to be released in the oxidising conditions of the surface environment. However, the oxidisable fraction of metals present in mine soils provides a potential reservoir that may be released into the environment when sulphide minerals with which the metals are associated weather in the oxidising surficial environment. This paper presents a relatively simple test that can be used to rapidly assess the oxidisable plant bioaccessible fraction of metals in a soil, along with results obtained from the test on soils sampled from a case study site contaminated with historic mine waste.

RECYCLING NICKEL FROM HYPERACCUMULATOR PLANTS AT THE PILOT SCALE

Marie-Odile Simonnot1, Vivian Houzelot2, Xin Zhang2, Florent Ferrari1, Baptiste Laubie1, Marie-Noëlle Pons1, Edouard Plasari2, Aida Bani3, Jean-Louis Morel1, Guillaume Echevarria1 1Université de Lorraine - CNRS, Nancy Cedex, FR2LRGP (CNRS - Université de Lorraine), Nancy Cedex, FR3Agricultural University of Tirana, Tirana, AL

Phytomining technology (recently called agromining) is based on the ability of hyperaccumulator plants to extract and accumulate metals from soils. Especially, nickel hyperaccumulators are able to store ca 10 g Ni per kg of dry biomass. These plants are grown on ultramafic soils, which have a high Ni content and a low fertility. With suitable agronomic conditions, it is possible to obtain yields of 110 kg Ni per ha. Biomass is harvested, dried and incinerated to provide ashes, which is a high-grade bio-ore since they contain 15 -20 wt % Ni.

A process to generate high value Ni salts from the ashes has been developed (Barbaroux et al., 2012; Zhang, 2014). In particular, a salt called ANSH (ammonium nickel sulfate hexahydrate) is prepared from the ashes of the hyperaccumulator Alyssum murale grown in Albania. This salt can be used in metal surface treatment. As the major elements in the biomass are nickel, potassium, calcium, magnesium and iron, the subsequent operations are performed: ash washing to remove potassium, acid leaching, magnesium and iron separation, ANSH crystallization, dissolution and recrystallization. The final product has a purity higher than 99%.

This process has been up-scaled to the pilot scale. The designed pilot includes several jacketed glass reactors (from 2 to 12 L), a

THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY – MAXIMISING THE REUSE OF SOILS – MAKING IT HAPPEN

Claire Dickinson, Hilary Allen AECOM, GB

Soil was one of the seven thematic strategies that were to be addressed in the 6th EU Environment Action Plan (EAP) as an essentially non-renewable source due the time period over which soil is formed. The value of soil as a resource is many faceted, performing a number of vital functions including but limited to production, filtration and carbon storage. Moreover it provides a platform for human activity and yet it is such activity which has led to loss of this valuable resource from the impact and pressures of human activity.

Soil in construction historically has not been valued with loss due to sealing and landfilling of surplus soils whether contaminated or not. Whilst sealing may be in circumstances unavoidable landfilling often is not. Over the years, we’ve all witnessed material going to landfill that could be reused on another site, so what are the barriers to such intuitively cost effective and sustainable solutions. In line with the EU 7th EAP whose second action area concerns the conditions that will help transform the EU into a resource-efficient, low-carbon economy AECOM has been seeking to promote greater resource efficiency and has firsthand experience of the challenges to soil reuse even in an economy where landfill tax has increased the drive for more sustainable solutions.

The frustration of our clients at the costs involved with importing and exporting soils and a TV advertisement for online dating provided the inspiration for our new soils management service called Waste Harmony®. Changes in legislation and guidance mean that the concept of a soils dating agency is now a genuine reality. The name was how we initially, somewhat jokingly, referred to the idea, but it has really captured people’s imaginations and so we’ve decided to build on the analogy. Where someone has surplus soil arisings, this needn’t be a waste, but rather can be a valuable asset for someone who is looking for that material. Using our client networks, it was clear that we could set up an exchange that provided a truly cost-effective and sustainable alternative management solution.

With huge potential across the industry, this innovative idea has been developed with support from AECOM’s Creative and Technical Excellence Council. This presentation will look at the challenges posed by what in essence is a simple concept but is more often than not implemented for a range of reasons and the in-house tools that we have developed to overcome some of these challenges including the financial model for understanding the economic viability of matches and, in keeping with the dating agency theme, an online portal. It will include a couple of case studies showing the scheme in action.

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heavy industries (ferrous metallurgy, coal thermal power station, chemical industry, etc.). In this site, we have carried out a detailed environmental forensics study to obtain a conceptual model for risk assessment and for the selection of clean-up strategies. The main tools used and a summary of the foremost results obtained, are the following:

• Five different types of pure waste (three inorganic: pyrite ashes and two types of slags, and two organic: spilled fuel and coal waste) were identified as the main pollution sources. Thus, a comprehensive chemical and mineralogical characterization of these products was carried out. As a result, and given their wide distribution and chemical contents, pyrite ashes, comprising mainly oxides and hydroxides of iron and other metal(loid)s, were considered the most problematic one. This waste was produced as a by-product of toasting sulphur ores, that were used in the former industrial activities to produce sulphuric acid subsequently used to manufacture ammonium sulphate fertilizer.

• As a consequence of pyrite ashes dumping, soil pollution is mainly composed of As and Pb, while Zn and Cu are considered secondary contaminants, all of them showing with levels higher than 1.000 ppm in many samples, and above 5.000 ppm in hot spots. Although inadequate waste disposal was also detected concerning other materials (slag, coal waste, etc.), only pyrite ashes had significant As and heavy metal contents capable to affect dramatically soil quality. In this context, the origin of the contamination has been verified by determination of Pb isotopic signature, and by the geochemical association of As with Sb and other trace elements determined by means of multivariate statistics methods.

• Distinctive forensics tools such as fingerprinting of weathered hydrocarbons spilled, and PAHs diagnostic ratios have revealed the co-occurrence of organic contaminants in some areas within the site.

• The soil affection is high in about 25% of the total surface of the site; this means that many areas could be considered initially free of pollution. Conversely, the subsoil of several buildings (classified as industrial heritage) was filled in the past with pyrite ashes.

• Groundwater is also affected especially wherever a thick layer of pyrite ashes (sometimes more than 2 m) is found. The amount of water in the alluvial aquifer, together with the low permeability of the buried waste, promotes only punctual affections as it was revealed by means of a high-resolution groundwater study. All things together, the potential mobility of the contaminants was determined to be quite low (chemical speciation and sequential extraction analyses were also made).

On the whole, the forensic study demonstrated the presence in high concentrations of a variety of contaminants affecting soil and groundwater quality. However, the low mobility of the main contaminants, the limited extension of polluted groundwater, and the high background levels in the surroundings suggest that sustainable clean-up technologies such as phytoremediation and bioremediation could be applied, at least partially; therefore supporting remediation costs optimisation strategies for the megasite.

heating / cooling bath, filtration devices and pumps. This set-up enables us to produce ca 1 kg of ANSH from 1 kg of raw ash. The experimental details as well as the mass balances on the major elements will be presented, as well as the water and energy balance on the process. The fluxes of by-products will be given as well as propositions to re-use them.

A life cycle assessment is currently done, from the scenario of the overall chain (from the plant to the final product). The process will be compared to the production process of the ANSH salt by Ni-ore mining and hydrometallurgical process. The environmental impacts of both processes will be compared.

Acknowledgements: This work was funded by Institut Carnot Environnement Energie Lorraine (ICEEL), by China Scholarship Council (CSC) and Bpi France.

References:

Barbaroux, R.; Plasari, E.; Mercier, G.; Simonnot, M. O.; Morel, J. L.; Blais, J. F. A new process for nickel ammonium disulfate production from ash of the hyperaccumulating plant Alyssum murale. Sci. Total Environ. 2012, 423, 111–119.

Zhang X, Houzelot V, Bani A, Morel JL, Echevarria G, Simonnot M-O. Selection and combustion of Ni-hyperaccumulators for the phytomining process. Int J Phytoremediat 2014; 16: 1058-1072.

INSIGHT INTO A 20 HA MULTI-CONTAMINATED BROWNFIELD MEGASITE: AN ENVIRONMENTAL FORENSICS APPROACH

José Luis Rodríguez Gallego, Eduardo Rodríguez-Valdés, Noemi Esquinas, Alicia Fernández-Braña, Nora Matanzas, Carlos Boente, Elías Afif University of Oviedo, Mieres (Asturias), ES

Brownfields threaten soil and (ground)water resources, and cause environmental & health risks as well as economic and social charges. In this context, “megasites”, large and complex contaminated brownfield sites, are a challenge for the development of effective strategies of investigation, clean-up and decision making. Regarding characterization studies, analytical chemistry generally focus on compounds with regulatory limits in order to measure how much contaminant is present, and not to provide information regarding the source of the contamination. On the contrary, environmental forensics investigations are devoted not only to describe pollution importance and distribution, but to identify former industrial practices and ulterior weathering processes linked to the current pollution in the site. In this sense, a possible strategy is the search for compounds, elements, isotopic signatures and/or molecular-markers that are diagnostic to be useful as tracers.

The LIFE+ I+DARTS project (Innovative and Demonstrative Arsenic Remediation Technologies for Soils, 2012-2016, www.lifeidarts.eu) is aimed at the recovery of soils contaminated with arsenic and heavy metals in former mining and industrial sites included in the Spanish inventory of polluted soils. One of the brownfields studied is known as Nitrastur (located in Langreo, Asturias, northern Spain). It was one of the main fertilizers plant in Spain for more than fifty years until its abandonment in 1997. The total surface of the affected site is 20 ha, and at least another 20 ha should be considered outside the main parcel, given that the surroundings have been affected by the historical activity of other

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After 0.5 years of operation the content of methane in the gas to the remediation plant shows to vary from 20% to 25% vol. The dual-fuel engine generator system may be fed by an average of 35.9 Nm3/h of this gas mixture. The average power produced with the dual-fuel system in this first period of running is just about 26 kW/h. Of these totals, 81% of the energy comes from the methane gas and 19% comes from the support fuel of diesel.

Calculations of the efficiency for the dual-fuel motor-generator system shows that methane content as low as 9-12% in the gas would be the break even point for using the diesel more efficiently as an energy source for standard power production rather than as a support fuel in the remediation plant.

The experience from Stengaarden Landfill shows that use of only a minor part of the methane gas from this location can produce electricity equivalent to the power supply for a small village of about 30 houses.

UNDERSTANDING SOLID-GASEOUS PHASE TRANSITION OF ELEMENTAL CONTAMINANTS DURING THE GASIFICATION OF BIOMASS HARVESTED FROM CONTAMINATED LAND

Ying Jiang, Phil Longhurst Cranfield University, Cranfield, GB

Phytoremediation is a low-cost land remediation technology suitable for the clean-up of metal(loid) contaminants. The disposal of large volumes of biomass derived from phytoremediation is recognised as a technical and financial barrier that limits the wider application of this technology. Previous studies suggest using thermo-chemical biomass to energy technologies, e.g. gasification to address the waste disposal problem in addition to energy production.

Research is need to understand the solid-to-gaseous phase transformation of elemental contaminants during the thermo-chemical process, in order to recover elements from the process ash and prevent toxic emissions.

In this study, proximate and ultimate analyses were performed on six plant species collected from a contaminated site. Concentrations of 17 elements (Al, As, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn) were determined in plant biomass using ICP-MS. Using thermodynamic and phase equilibrium software (MTDATA), the analytical data allows modelling of the solid/gas transformation of metal(loid)s during gasification. The modelling results indicate the fate of metal(loid) elements during typical gasification conditions and how these are influenced by metal(loid) composition in the biomass and operational conditions.

As, Cd, Zn and Pb tend to transform to their gaseous forms at relatively low temperatures (<1000 oC). Ni, Cu and Co converts to gaseous forms within the typical gasification temperature range at >1000-1200 oC. Whereas Cr, Al, Ca, Fe and Mg remain in solid phase at higher temperatures (>1200 oC). Simulation of pressurised gasification conditions shows that higher pressure increases the solid-to-gaseous phase transformation temperature.

UTILIZATION OF METHANE GAS FOR ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION ON MINOR PARTS OF CLOSED LANDFILLS

Tommy Bøg Nielsen, Stella Agger, Henrik Jannerup Region Zealand, Sorø, DK

Region Zealand works with remediation of contaminated sites in the Zealand area, Denmark. This includes construction of facilities that protect nearby residential areas against leaking gas from abandoned and closed landfills. Collection and utilization of methane gas from landfills for electricity production changes a pollution problem and a potent greenhouse gas to a sustainable energy source. In Region Zealand there are a large number of closed landfills with varying kinds of waste. The majority of these sites contain organic waste in the form of household waste, garden waste o.a. with organic content. The production of methane gas normally will be at the highest shortly after the landfill is closed and the supply of waste is stopped - but the production of gas will continue for decades.

Methane gas is a potent greenhouse gas. The effect on the atmosphere is app. 20 times the effect of an equivalent amount of CO2. Collection and destruction of even small amounts of methane gas from landfills therefore may be of importance to the overall CO2 accounts. If the content of methane is high enough the gas could be used as an energy source to generate electric power directly to the grid.

Remediation of methane gas from closed landfills allows the following advantages:

• protection of all buildings located on or near the closed landfill

• reduction of growth retardation for plants and crops• capture of methane gas that otherwise escapes to the

atmosphere• reduction of the greenhouse effect by changing methane to

CO2• combustion of methane as an energy source to generate

electricity• displacement of “black electricity” in the grid by “green

electricity” from the remediation plant

In 2014 Region Zealand set a plant in operation to protect a nearby residential area against leaking methane gas from Stengaardens Landfill app. 50 km west of Copenhagen. In addition the plant was constructed to show to which extent it is possible to utilize methane gas for electricity production from landfills with limited methane production.

Stengaarden Landfill is placed in a former gravel pit and was active in the period 1972 to 1984. Extensive investegations of the site have shown large amounts of organic waste from households to a depth of 10 to 18 m. The methane gas was measured in concentrations up to 40 - 60% at the site. Studies have also shown that the methane gas has spread to a neighboring residential area.

To secure the residential area there has been established a total of 15 remediation wells in this part of the site from where the gas is collected in a manifold and fed through a vacuum line to the remediation facility. A dual-fuel diesel engine is burning the methane gas and uses the energy in production of electricity.

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3. Managing multiple functions of the subsurface

SpS 3.2S Get inspired – help shape the Euro-pean strategic research agenda on soil, land use and land management

Thursday | 11 June | 16:00 –17:30 | Meeting Room 18

Organizers: Margot de Cleen, Sandra Boekhold, INSPIRATION project team members


SpS 3.3S Unforeseen events in management of the subsurface: learning practice


Organizers: Jasper Lackin (Witteveen+Bos, NL), Justine Oomes (Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment, NL), Roelof Stuurman (Deltares, NL),. Jaap Tuinstra (Dutch Soil Protection Technical Com-mittee TCB, NL), Timo Heimovaara (TU Delft, NL; to be confirmed)


ThS 3.4 Subsurface planning and management


IMPROVED RECIRCULATION SYSTEM TO TREAT A CHLORI-NATED SOLVENT CONTAMINATION AND TO ALLOW FOR HEAT RECUPERATION

Karen Van Geert, Isabelle Olivier, Wouter Gevaerts, Jeroen Verhack, Thomas van Humbeeck ARCADIS Belgium, BE

Enhanced Reductive Dechlorination was selected to treat a site in Belgium contaminated with chlorinated solvents (PCE and degradation products). The contamination has migrated to a depth of 80 m with the highest concentrations in the upper 50 m. The geology consists of a permeable sandy aquifer until 35 m underlain by a more silty, less permeable layer until 50 m. The plume in the upper aquifer is 200 m wide and 400 m long. There is limited space to install and maintain the wells because of the buildings and infrastructure present.

In order to deliver the reagents to promote the reductive dechlo-rination cost effectively a recirculation system with injection and extraction wells was proposed. A pilot test to demonstrate complete dechlorination and to determine hydraulic parameters like radius of influence and injection capacity was performed. Eight injection wells and 4 extraction wells were installed on the site and groundwater was recirculated without aboveground treatment. Additionally, the following innovative adaptions were evaluated during pilot testing:

SpS 3.1S Challenges for application of Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage in Europe


Organizers: Martin Bloemendal, Frans van de Ven, Nanne Hoekstra


BARRIER IDENTIFICATION AND ATES RESEARCH

Nanne Hoekstra Deltares, NL

Aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) has proven to be profit-able and the benefits for climate change mitigation are obvious, however large scale adoption of the technology is limited by several barriers. The following main barriers were identified in research performed within the Climate-KIC E-Use (aq) [= Europe-wide Use of Sustainable Energy from aquifers] Pathfinder project:

For all countries:

1. disappointing quality levels and hampering robustness of the installations;

2. knowledge and skills divided between consulting and contracting companies and maintenance staff;

3. unpredictability’s because of unfamiliarity with the under ground and its characteristics.

For countries with an immature market:

1. lack of knowledge and experience;2. lack of adequate regulations; 3. presumed relatively large initial investments with unclear

savings during operation.

For countries with a more mature and grown market:1. interference between ATES systems;2. interference with polluted groundwater;3. shifting opinions considering presumed negative impact on

groundwater quality.

An elaborative evaluation of those barriers showed that it concerns mostly presumed difficulties, risks and draw-backs that either do not exist in practice or can be overcome by innova-tive smart design adaptations and additions, sound monitoring and sensible management. This makes ATES an attractive space heating and cooling technology for property developers, building owners, housing corporations etc. all over Europe. Not only for clients seeking affordable sustainable energy sources, but also for operators that just want to reduce their (fossil) energy costs. And for investors, who – confronted with volatile financial markets – need sound and safe investment possibili-ties in the growing green economy. The Climate-KIC E-Use (aq) Innovation project, that just started, will prove the attractiveness of ATES by means of pilot demonstrations in the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Italy and Germany. Additional pilots in Northern en Eastern Europe are welcomed.

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AQUIFER THERMAL ENERGY SYSTEMS IN AREAS OF DRINK-ING WATER AND GROUNDWATER POLLUTIONS

Lars Jacobsen, Jesper Furdal, John Ulrik Bastrup Geo, Lyngby, DK

While the number of installed Aquifer Thermal Energy Systems (ATES) has been growing rapidly in some European countries, the implementation of such systems is still a niche market in Denmark. One of the reasons for the slow development in Denmark is the widespread and well-developed district heating (DH) systems found in almost every city and town throughout the country. Building owners are obligated to connect to the DH system even if they would prefer an individual heating and cooling system based on groundwater. Another reason for the slow development is that all drinking water supply in Denmark is based on groundwater, and protection of our drinking water resource has the highest priority – for good reasons. This means that ATES must be thoroughly designed and documented before installation and commissioning. The purpose of this presentation is to show that the ATES technology can implemented without risk in areas of groundwater interests and even in areas with known groundwater pollutions.

In 2011 Geo was asked to perform feasibility studies and authority applications work for two separate ATES systems. The two systems are located in areas of drinking water interest, and close to known groundwater pollutions already threatening the quality of the groundwater resource. In both cases abstraction of drinking water takes place from the same aquifer as the ATES systems would utilize for seasonal storage of heating and cooling.An international data warehouse with a huge demand of cooling energy is interested in making savings on their consumption of electricity used for operating conventional chillers. The data warehouse is placed within 1500 m from the nearest drinking water wells and less than 500 m from a site heavily polluted with chlorinated solvents. The risk of causing an accelerated mobiliza-tion of the pollution made the local authorities very concerned and cautious towards granting permission for an ATES system in the area. For this reason detailed ground investigations and modelling was needed in the design phase in order to point out the optimum location of the ATES wells and thus minimizing any risk of worsening the groundwater pollution. On a voluntary basis the data warehouse agreed to let the ATES system function as a remediation system if a critical breakthrough of pollution is observed in the future. For this reason the system is being prepared for not only cooling purposes, but also groundwater remediation should it be needed.

A large Danish university is constantly on the lookout for reducing the carbon footprint of the campus by taking advantages of renewable energy whenever possible. A large ATES system is one of many solution for reducing the overall energy consump-tion at campus and could function as an add-on to the new large cooling central being installed. The ATES system can also serve as a large energy storage supplying heat pumps with energy during the winter season. The university is placed within 2000 m from three large drinking water well fields and less than 300 m from one of the largest known groundwater pollutions in Denmark. The pollution is already spread to the groundwater aquifer and therefore it is extremely important that the ATES system does not affect the plume of chlorinated solvents in a negative way. On the contrary, the ATES system should be designed in such a way that it will have the opposite effect and actually prevent or limit the natural groundwater flow in spreading the plume towards the downstream water wells. In fact the university has made a

• Measures were taken to limit biofouling of the system as fouling can significantly influence remediation performance and increase remediation costs. A first measure was to decrease TOC concentrations to very low levels (25-50 mg/L). Additionally, a weak acid carbon donor was selected as a carbon source. The dosing of low amounts of acid can limit fouling in the system and the immediate surroundings of the injection wells. Testing is required to evaluate whether these adaptions would lead to sufficient degradation.

• The possibility to gain heat and cold from the recirculated water was evaluated. The gained energy can be used to heat or cool buildings (aquifer thermal energy storage or ATES). The current study is the first study in Belgium for combination of ATES and remediation. The cold and heat demands from different buildings on the site were evaluated and potential scenarios for combination with remediation were calculated.

The pilot test ran for 5 months during which 30.000 m³ of water was recirculated . Complete dechlorination to ethene was demonstrated and no significant well fouling was observed. This has important implications as maintenance costs for the system are significantly reduced and the system can be operated more continuously.

With respect to the energy study, several scenarios indicated that a significant reduction of the site energy costs could be achieved by using the energy of the pumped water of the remediation project.

In the presentation the results of the pilot test with respect to degradation and clogging will be presented together with the results from the energy study.

UNDERSTANDING THE ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS ASSOCIAT-ED WITH SHALE GAS DEVELOPMENT IN THE UK

George Prpich, Frederic Coulon, Gill Drew, Simon Pollard, Ben Anthony Cranfield University, Cranfield, GB

Shale gas development, in particular hydraulic fracturing, is a contentious issue. Those opposed to shale gas argue that the risks to the environment are not fully understood, are poten-tially too great and that the entire activity further challenges our ability to meet climate change targets. Those on the other side of the argument suggest that greater gas capacity is needed to meet demand and ensure a secure and affordable energy supply, and that the risks associated with shale gas development are generally well understood due to a mature oil and gas sector. The risks and arguments are complex and it is easy for stake-holders and decision makers to become lost in the uncertainty, thus leading to potential misunderstanding or ignorance about the issues. By way of case study, this presentation will discuss the application of environmental risk assessment (ERA) as a tool for communicating risk and uncertainty between different sectors (e.g. industry, government, the public). We show that completion of a fit-for-purpose ERA supports decision processes by making explicit the risks and thus enabling operator and regulator to align regulation and risk management strategies in a transparent manner. This presentation will discuss the benefits of this process with reference to a range of environmental issues (e.g. fugitive emissions, wastewater) in the context of sustainability and perception.

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in urban and rural contexts in order to quantify both the back-ground temperatures and the potentially urban-affected thermal trend. Downhole thermal logs were performed beneath water table level with increasing distances between two measure-ments. Before data processing a preliminary evaluation of the eligibility of observation points was performed in order to exclude non-significant measurements. Mean temperatures for each observation well were calculated averaging the downhole measurements.

Temperatures show a variability of values that reaches differences up to 3-5 °C from the beneath water table level to aquifer bottom, where values are close to the mean annual air temperature. In those wells where the length of thermal log is adequate, a depth below which temperature variation is stable can be identified and it ranges between 10 and 40 m b.g.l.. The areal distribution of groundwater temperatures reveals an inhomogeneous pattern. The highest concentration of warmer temperatures is located within Turin urban area, where the range is approximately 14-20 °C. Warmest anomalies occur in correspondence of the eastern side of Turin and the maximum is represented by 19.69 °C. In rural areas temperatures decrease by 1-2°C, reaching the minimum of ~9°C near Lanzo Valley (20 km NW from Turin). Other positive anomalies outside the main urban area seem to be isolated and do not form well defined clusters. It is likely that a great part of variability is due to local anthropic and geological factors.

The presented data give preliminary qualitative information about the subsurface thermal trend in Turin province, where the highest concentration of warmer temperatures were detected in Turin urban area. Further analysis is ongoing in order to better indentify single inputs, such as local hydrogeological and anthropic factors, that are expected to affect the variability of groundwater temperatures. The lack of integrated and updated thermal surveys, as well as the deficiency of a urban-focused monitoring network, represents intrinsic obstacles for large-scale surveys. For future sustainable geothermal exploitation of shallow groundwater bodies in Turin province, stakeholders should then take into account the improvement of subsurface management and monitoring networks.

ReferencesARPA (2009) Indagine geotermometrica sui piezometri della rete di monito-raggio quantitativa regionale Resoconto delle attività svolte. http://www.arpa.piemonte.it/approfondimenti/temi-ambientali/acqua/acque-sotterra-nee/Relazionegeotermometria2009.pdfMenberg K, Bayer P, Zosseder K, Rumohr S, Blum P Subsurface urban heat is-lands in German cities. Sci Total Environ 2013;442;123-133. Taniguchi M, Uemura T, Jago-on K. Combined effects of urbanization and global warming on subsurface temperature in four Asian cities. Vadose Zone J 2007;6:591–6.Zhu K, Blum P, Ferguson G, Balke K-D, Bayer P. The geothermal potential of urban heat islands. Environ Res Lett 2010;5:044002.

declaration of intent with the authorities to find out how both parties can install two neighboring groundwater systems (ATES and remediation) with the aim of creating a win-win situation.

Both cases show how and why it is possible to install and run even large ATES systems in restricted areas without affecting the groundwater resource and the local water supply in the area. At the same time both two cases also shows that ATES systems, if properly designed, can be used as a technology to limit or prevent groundwater pollutions in spreading further, and as such actually serve a purpose beyond providing renewable heating and cooling.

SHALLOW GROUNDWATER IN NW ITALY AND PERSPEC-TIVES FOR GEOTHERMAL PURPOSES

Arianna Bucci, Domenico Antonio De Luca, Manuela Lasagna University of Turin, IT

Low enthalpy geothermal energy is currently one of the cutting-edge topics in scientific community and public debate. Nowadays the number of installations is increasingly growing in NW Italy and doubtless advantages are more and more recognized by the public. At the same time, new concerns are arising for uncon-trolled management of new installations that could negatively affect existing geothermal systems, chemical and microbiolog-ical equilibria and water wells production. Particular awareness for regional management of subsurface is thus needed by means of developing correct planning and monitoring strategies. Specific attention for geothermal application should be focused on densely urbanised areas due to the intense thermal footprint induced by human activities, as well as the presence of extensive and concurrent subsurface exploitation. Previous studies revealed that extensive thermal anomalies can be found in shallow and sometimes deep aquifers of groundwater bodies beneath urban areas; moreover, medium-sized centres can have similarities with megacities in subsurface thermal behaviour (Taniguchi et al. 2007; Zhu e al. 2010; Menberg et al. 2013). Piedmont Region represents an interesting case study because geological and hydrogeological surveys mark favourable conditions for low enthalpy geothermal exploitation. A shallow and permeable aquifer with relevant thickness is present and observed ground-water temperatures range from 13 to 15°C (ARPA 2009). In such conditions GWHP and BHE systems are prone to be installed both in cooling and heating mode. The present study aims to give a qualitative assessment of thermal trend in Piedmont shallow subsurface with a specific focus on urban and sub-urban area of Turin, describing preliminary outcomes from new surveys and assessing preliminary considerations about the sustainable use of the investigated aquifer.

Turin and its neighbourhoods are settled in a glacial-alluvial plain enclosed by Ivrea Morenic Amphitheatre (north), Western Alps (west) and Turin Hill (east) with 2124 km2 of areal extent and ~1.5 million units population. The mean annual air tempera-ture ranges between 11 and 13,6°C from the mountains towards Turin urban area. The shallow aquifer, largely exploited for non-drinkable purposes, is constituted by coarse sands and gravels. Two surveys involved this water body in spring and autumn (the second still ongoing) on 45 observation points. The observation point consisted in monitoring wells owned by public authorities and private with depths ranging from 13 to 50 m and average screened thickness of approximately 14 m. Points were chosen

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Netherlands, but spread over many authorities and institu-tions. Therefore it is hard to produce a comprehensive overview. Besides this, it is still not common practice to take into account the combined effect of various activities. It is essential to join forces and share knowledge to enforce this. Therefore, the national and regional authorities are cooperating in establishing a 3D spatial planning for the subsurface. Also at different regional scales many joint efforts arise to establish sustainable use of the subsurface.

In our article we advocate a sound combination of knowledge and abilities to bridge the insti-tutional gaps considering ground-water management rather than reorganizing the legislative structure. This requires a willingness on the government level of organizations to co-operate, some valiance on the management level to deal with uncertainty (goals may not lie within the formal tasks of their organizations and control is more loose than usual). And finally it all comes down to the ability of the workforce to combine knowledge and resources in an effec-tive way. Experi-ence will show whether ground water governance would benefit from a reorganization. If so, spatial planning might even effect the legislative landscape of The Netherlands.

LET’S MAKE GROUNDWATER STRONGER – A WATERSYSTEM-BASED APPROACH TOWARDS 3D SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT.

Reinier Romijn1, Almer Bolman2 1Dutch Water Authorities, The Hague, NL2Dutch Water Authorities / WS Vallei & Veluwe, Apeldoorn, NL

The Dutch subsurface is increasingly used for an expanding array of functions. These functions are often conflicting. Different subsurface activities are competing for the right to use the valuable subsurface. Wild West urges for order!

Groundwater is an essential part of the subsurface. Groundwater management is considered to be complex, partly as a result of its invisibility and because of the fact that effects of actions will often arise at a different time or place. In The Netherlands, groundwater management is complexly organized. Groundwater manage-ment has long been an aspect of various legislation, and carried out by various authorities. Only recently acknowledgement has arisen that groundwater management requires an integral view. The lack of coordination in groundwater management or in use of the subsurface can lead to detrimental effects. The Dutch past has brought forward many examples, such as desiccation of natural habitats and affection of the wooden piles underneath building foundations by rot as a result of low groundwater levels.

These examples stress the consideration of interrelationships whenever subsurface developments are planned. Firstly, to preserve the existing use of groundwater and the subsurface. Secondly, to prevent unwanted mixing of groundwater bodies. If carried out carefully, groundwater can be used in a sustainable way. Also, by constituting a thorough overview of interconnec-tions, spatial development at the topsoil and in the subsurface can be applied to address autonomous issues or to combine chal-lenges to mutual solutions. A relatively new initiative is the so called area oriented groundwater management. At first devised to help solve complex groundwater contamination issues, it also is very useful for considering the bigger picture of groundwater related issues.

Many initiatives help to further establish consistency in the complex matter of groundwater and subsurface management. Consistency between scales is an important issue. The European Groundwater Directive has helped to promote the awareness of interdependency of groundwater quality on a regional scale. The link to general water management has been made more evident. Recent shifts in legislative responsibilities concerning groundwater management, along with the arising awareness of climate change and the discussion on the exploration of shale gas deposits, have raised the general attention to groundwater management. The design of the National Structural Vision on the Subsurface (in Dutch abbreviated to “STRONG”) has further-more accommodated the awareness of the connecting power of groundwater in the subsurface.

In Dutch spatial planning, groundwater management tradition-ally was a minor issue. Now all authorities are joined in the design of STRONG, which focuses on a sustainable and efficient usage of the subsurface, based on common challenges addressing subsurface and groundwater issues. Subsurface activities are facilitated, as long as detrimental effects are prevented. Ground-water is acknowledged as a very important factor, leading to the watersystem based approach as a foundation for STRONG.

This approach, based on the functioning of the watersystem, requires specific knowledge. This knowledge is available in The

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political agreement that the water should be clean at the source. Additional water treatment has been avoided by regulations on land use, remediation and moving the abstraction wells.

The individual consumer use water as it is delivered also for drinking water purposes. In industry, there may be special production processes which require special quality. For these purposes dedicated facilities which can be targeted individual needs is setup.

The exploitation and protection of groundwater involves a wide range of stakeholders. The survey of the main challenges and possibilities are analysed by interviewing relevant persons repre-senting organisations in different part of the value chain. Danish association of waterworks, Agriculture, water dependent businesses (Arla and Danish Crown) NGOs, Engineering consul-tants, Confederation of Danish industry, Municipalities, Regions, Danish Ministry of Environment, DG environment, Universities and research institutions.

Phase 1: Phase 2: Phase 3:

Data collection/interviews

Analyse of interviews

Qualification/group interviewing

The survey will point out main areas to support for future growth of the groundwater sector in Denmark. It will give direction focus points for future development and enable the politicians to support this in future programmes and policies.

The data collection phase has been initiated and is expected to be finalised by the end of January 2015. The focus group inter-viewing will be carried out in February and the reporting made available in the middle of March.

The preliminary results from the interviews all ready carried out are related to water quality: 1. Emergent contaminents like PFC’s and pesticides; 2. Conflicts between groundwater protection, agriculture and city development and 3. Climate adaptation and risk of contamination of groundwater resource.

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES OF THE GROUNDWATER AND THE SUBSURFACE; FILLING THE KNOWLEDGE GAP

Johannes P.A. Lijzen1, Sophie Vermooten2, Hans Peter Broers3, Su-zanne van der Meulen2, Michiel Rutgers 1National Institute of Public health and the Environment, Bilthoven, NL2Deltares, Utrecht, NL3TNO, Utrecht, NL

In densely populated areas, the use of groundwater and the subsurface for functions such as groundwater extraction, aquifer thermal energy storage and infrastructure is increasing. This results in a need for subsurface spatial planning and careful consideration of the use of groundwater for several (economic) activities. When planning activities influencing the groundwater system, the relation between activities and Ecosystem Services (ESS) is useful to assess the sustainable use and impact and for weighing activities. Therefore, a) information of relevant ESS and related anthropogenic activities was generated, and b) a technical decision support framework was developed for the sustainable use of the groundwater system. The purpose of the information is to support the National and local authorities with knowledge

ThS 3.5 Ecosystems services and combined approaches

Wednesday | 10 June | 16:00 –17:30 | Meeting Room 18

CHALLENGES AND POSSIBILITES IN THE DANISH GROUND-WATER SECTOR

Rolf Johnsen Central Denmark Region, Horsens, DK

Groundwater in Denmark is an important resource, as more than 98% of the drinking water in Denmark is abstracted from ground-water. In addition Groundwater is used for irrigation, industry and livestock. Further groundwater plays an important role for groundwater-dependent nature areas, such as lakes, streams and wetlands in general.

The Regional Council of Central Denmark Region has launched the process of a Growth and Development Strategy for the period 2015-2030. The policy-based approach to ensure the development of society and business while ensuring consis-tency between, among others growth partnerships, government growth plans and municipal strategies. Four main areas has been selected, Competitiveness, Welfare, Demographics and Climate and Resources.

In connection with the climate and resource area in regional Growth and Development Strategy there is a need to examine the challenges and issues that are most important in connec-tion to the exploitation of groundwater resources. The purpose of this analysis is to clarify the challenges, but also to describe the process to be implemented to achieve an appropriate long term management of groundwater resources. An important factor for being successful is to involve the key stakeholders and resource persons in the sector. Central Denmark Region believes that clean groundwater is a fundamental prerequisite for growth in the region.

In Denmark there is a long tradition of understanding the ground-water recharge processes, aquifer flow, and resource deployment. This is a prerequisite for protecting groundwater, where it makes the most benefit and ensure that the resource is clean future. The work has traditionally involved a variety of actors, including research institutions, authorities, consulting engineers and water companies. During the last decade the mapping of the Danish groundwater resource has led to development of highly sophisti-cated methods for the identification, investigation and modeling of groundwater and water cycles in Denmark.

In order to explore the players’ short-term and long-term chal-lenges in the groundwater sector the survey seeks to make a survey partly to uncover main challenges and also the main and most promising opportunities for the development of the groundwater area for the benefit of the resource and its use.The study is based on a series of themed half-open person inter-views with selected people in and around the groundwater sector. Additionally conducted focus group interviews based on the statements in the interview round will be carried out. Abstraction of groundwater for drinking purposes takes place in large and small waterworks. These are either embedded in a local environment or a portion of a larger unit which supplies a substantial area of water. The treatment of the water is based on simple techniques like sand filtering for iron and manganese removal. The Danish groundwater abstraction is built upon a

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and data in order to make informed decisions on the use of the subsurface and groundwater. For the definition of the ESS, the structure of CICES (2013) and MAES (2014) was used.

The consistent technical framework explains:1. How anthropogenic activities depend on the ecosystem

services; 2. The impact of these activities on ecosystem services; 3. Which activities could be combined or have an adverse

impact on each other.

A set of factsheets summarizes all available knowledge about these relations and preliminary guidance for local and regional authorities for decision making. Nine activities (out of a list of 26) were selected and described: Drinking water abstraction from groundwater; Irrigation with groundwater; Aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES); Abstraction of salt groundwater combined with injection of brine; Subsurface storage of radioactive waste; Application of manure and pesticides; Nature conservation measures; Groundwater level management in polders; Remedia-tion of historical groundwater contamination.

The knowledge gap of ESS for the subsurface and groundwater was filled, as until now little has been published on that matter in comparison to the ‘above-ground’ ESS. Eleven ecosystem services are defined for the groundwater compartment:Provisioning services1. Availability of sufficient water with specific quality2. Energetic content Regulating services 3. Attenuation capacity of the subsurface 4. Soil bearing capacity 5. Storage capacity 6. Bio-geochemical cycles (material and water cycles) 7. Temperature regulation 8. Providing surface water base flow and surface water quality 9. Upward seepage to groundwater dependent nature reservesCultural services10. Cultural–historical and experience values11. Biodiversity and habitat

These 11 ESS were described extensively. The processes that determine the performance of the service were described for each ESS, together with possible measures to optimize the ESS and the availability of data and indicators describing the perfor-mance of the ESS in the Dutch situation.

Currently a Structure vision on the subsurface is made by the National Government in close cooperation with local and regional authorities (MinIenM, 2014). Some of the generated data was already used in this process. On the basis of sustainable resource-driven management, priority can be given for example to scarce services. Similar priorities can also be drawn up using an assessment framework in which various forms of potential use are ranked according to what currently the government deems to be in the public interest.

Another important policy development is the National Ecosystem Assessment that has to be carried out within the context of the EU Biodiversity Strategy. Geographical data and maps on all ESS including the ESS related to the groundwater and subsurface are developed. The data in this project also contribute to that purpose.

References:

Broers and Lijzen. Afwegingskader grondwater Deltares-no. 1207762-016, RIVM-no 607710003/2014Lijzen en Vermooten, 2014 in preparation

CICES (2013) Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES): Consultation on Version 4, August-December 2012 (Haines-Young R, Potschin M, eds.), EEA Framework Contract No EEA/IEA/09/003 (Download at www.cices.eu or www.nottingham.ac.uk/cem) Maes J, et al. (2013) Mapping and assessment of ecosystems and their services. An analytical framework for ecosystem assessments under action 5 of the EU biodiversity strategy to 2020. Publications of the European Union, Luxembourg.Min IenM, 2014. ‘Opgaven voor de ondergrond; Probleemstelling van het Pro-gramma STRONG, juni 2014 (Min IenM, 2014).EU Biodiversity Strategy (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/biodiver-sity/comm2006/2020.htm

SOIL AND GROUNDWATER RELATED ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN THE ATLAS NATURAL CAPITAL

Suzanne van der Meulen1, Kees Hendriks2, Michiel Rutgers3 1Deltares, Utrecht, NL2Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, NL3RIVM, Bilthoven, NL

The upcoming Atlas Natural Capital will provide a first large dataset about ecosystem services and natural capital in the Netherlands. Construction of the maps comes with many interesting challenges since translating soil and groundwater data into ecosystem services is not straightforward and has not been done before at such a large scale. While soil and groundwater is in many cases neglected in ecosystem services assessment, the atlas includes many maps that demonstrate services from the subsurface such as drinking water from groundwater, water regulation, groundwater purification, carrying capacity and temperature buffering.

Ecosystem services for soil and groundwater managementIn the Netherlands, the ecosystem services concept has been taken up by policy makers as basis for sustainable use of subsur-face resources. The ambition for groundwater is to exploit multiple ecosystem services without unacceptable impact on other ecosystem services and to sustain groundwater quality and quantity to ensure the provision of ecosystem services in the long term. Besides, a new policy will be developed for spatial planning of the subsurface, that addresses (current and potential) conflicts in the subsurface, e.g. related to aquifer thermal energy storage, shale gas extraction, storage of substances, groundwater extrac-tion for different purposes, etc.

The mapping of ecosystem services in the context of the National Ecosystem Assessments and the European Biodiversity Strategy can support these new policy developments and decision making by providing comprehensive (spatial and temporal) information about ecosystem services related to subsurface ecosystems.

The role of the subsurface in ecosystem services mapsThe subsurface system is an important part of our natural capital that provides many ecosystem services to society. The first edition of the Netherlands Atlas of Natural Capital therefore will include about 40 maps with spatial explicit information on:

• the potential of ecosystems to deliver soil and groundwater related services;

• trends, opportunities and threats to these ecosystem services • the use of these services.

We will demonstrate maps of soil and groundwater related ecosystem services, share lessons learned from the development of these maps, and we will discuss the importance of the subsur-face environment for ecosystem services and possible future directions to include environmental data in National Ecosystem Assessments at different spatial and temporal scales.

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APPLICATION OF LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT INTO DEVELOP-MENT OF URBAN PROJECTS

Geertrui Louwagie1, Jordi Boronat2, Carmen Hidalgo3, Paul Natha-nail4, Karen Van Geert5, Nila Nielsen2 1European Environment Agency - EEA, Copenhagen, DK2MediTerra, Blanes, ES3leitat, Terrassa, ES4Land Quality Management Ltd, Nottingham, GB5ARCADIS Belgium, Brussels, BE

The main purpose of the study is to evaluate wider environ-mental impacts, i.e. impacts other than those directly related to land use (both on- and off-site), of brownfield (BF) development by applying and then evaluating and applying the Life Cycle Thinking (LCT) approach to three real-world case studies. LCT seeks to identify possible improvements to goods and services in the form of lower environmental impacts including reduced use of resources across all life cycle stages. In the case of Brownfield development this includes the remediation, construction, future use and decommissioning stages.

In many cities there are abandoned or under-used industrial areas, which were developed previously and can have residual in-situ contamination from earlier activities. These areas can be remodelled in order to satisfy the increasing demand for new urbanized areas with different purposes, including residential use, infrastructure or green areas.

Urban planning activities have associated environmental impacts over a long time period, as the result of planning conditions the behaviour of cities over several years. From a sustainability point of view, considering all life cycle stages, including early project stages, is desirable. Holistic approaches supported by compre-hensive tools are needed to guarantee this view.

Existing literature suggests that the environmental impacts of brownfields development projects are not considered in a holistic manner. Usually only specific aspects, such as selected impacts from remediation activities or construction activities, are assessed. Therefore, applying the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach to brownfield developments is seen as a good opportunity to assess the overall environmental ‘profile’ of such developments and identify possible improvements in their management.Recently EEA has led a study to explore the feasibility of applying the LCA approach to reusing brownfields as part of urban planning. Three case studies were analysed including two different brownfields and a greenfield (non-urbanised area). The study includes all life cycle stages and the associated impacts: i) primary impacts, associated with the site status, including soil and groundwater contamination; ii) secondary impacts, related to the development stage (soil investigation, soil remediation, demolition of existing buildings, levelling works, infrastrucutres construction and construction of new buildings); and iii) tertiary impacts, associated with the use of the site after development.

Outcomes from the study show potential to succesfully apply life cycle thinking approaches to brownfields and urban (re)devel-opment projects. The selection of a representative funcional unit (depending on the planned use of the remodelled area, the surface, the built surface, or the number of residents/users) proved to be a key parameter affecting the results. The findings showthat, for the three cases, the most relevant life stages in terms of environmental impacts are the use stage (with a selected duration up to 20 years), as well as the development stage with important contributions from the construction of new buildings and construction works.

MANAGEMENT OF THE SUBSURFACE: AN EIA FOR A NA-TIONAL SPATIAL PLAN FOR THE SUBSURFACE

Justine Oomes1, Matthijs Nijboer2, Ivo van der Sommen1, Anita Bij-voet1 1Ministry of Infrastructure and Envorinment, The Hague, NL2Tauw bv, Deventer, NL

Management of the subsurface by spatial planningIt is a worldwide development that in intensively used areas, a growing number of solutions for the densely used surface is found in the subsurface. In the Netherlands it is growing accus-tomed to build parking lots in city centres in the subsurface, build railway’s and highways underneath nature reserves and make use of the possibility for ATES or geothermal energy. In addition to these rather new developments, we also have mining activities and drinking water supplies in the subsurface. With the increasing use of the subsurface, conflicts can occur that cannot be solved by local governments alone.

The Dutch Cabinet assigned an integrating role to the subsurface in policymaking. Their ambition is a broad policy document for a sustainable and efficient use of the subsurface, including a spatial plan for the subsurface. The spatial plan should cover all the central government aims to secure energy supply and drinking water supply.

The Netherlands is in the process of making an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) as a preparation for a spatial plan for subsurface use of national importance. In fact two EIA’s are made. One especially for shale gas and another one for several activi-ties in the deep subsurface like large groundwater extraction for drinking water supply or industrial use, gas extraction, salt extrac-tion, geothermal energy, and storing gas or other products in the subsurface.

In the process of making the EIA, a broad policy document is written in which a system is developed for weighing different interest in the subsurface. Central government wants to come up with a democratic accounted decision making system that will give clarity in how decisions are made.

Important questions that will be answered in the presentation are:

What scenario’s are accounted for in the EIA, which alternatives are described and how specific will this national plan for the subsurface become. In addition I will explain the balancing of different interests and how are local governments involved in this decision making process?

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4. The role of the subsurface in climate change adaptation

combined with the location of the registered contaminated sites.Many considerations have already been made, but suitable tools combined with strategies effectively addressing the impacts of the climate changes on soil and ground water contamination are still to be developed.

Yet we have come so far that we are now aware of the complex of problems and the necessity to act. In Region Zealand we will thus continue our work aiming at taking the impacts of the climate changes into consideration as an important factor in our assess-ments and way to handle contaminated soil and ground water in the years to come. At the same time we consider it important that solutions addressing the impacts from climate changes on contaminated soil and ground water are sought in co-operation with other stake holders such as other public authorities, research centres, consultants etc., and therefore we reach out for common projects involving common solutions to common challenges.

THE QUALITY OF STORMWATER RUNOFF LEAVING FILTER SOIL

Karin Cederkvist, Peter E. Holm, Marina B. Jensen University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, DK

In recent years new ways of dealing with stormwater runoff have been tested in Denmark, both in response to climate change and to control combined sewer overflow. More or less the entire range of elements included under the term Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) have been adopted by both private and public actors. In particular the nationwide strategic partnership Water in Cities (www.vandibyer.dk) and the innovation consor-tium Cities in Water Balance (www.byerivandbalance.dk) have contributed to this development. When enlarging the drainage capacity of a city by means of disconnection and on-site manage-ment of the stormwater runoff as an alternative to conventional sewer enlargement the risk of contamination of recipients, both surface water like streams and rivers, and especially groundwater which in Denmark serves as the primary source of drinking water, increases. Despite the fact that direct discharge is a widespread practice in urban areas with separate sewer systems, and despite many examples of soakaways for runoff from parking lots do exist, the potential increase in such practices if SUDS indeed becomes the preferred climate adaptation strategy the environmental concern is today quite high. The stormwater runoff capture pollutants that have accumulated during dry weather on the urban surfaces, originating from atmospheric deposits, wear and tear of the surface materials, use of chemicals etc. Therefore the implementation of landscape-based management of stormwater runoff both requires and stresses the importance of controlling the quality of the runoff water.

One landscape-based stormwater element of particular interest in Denmark is the curb extensions. Curb extensions are areas next to the pavement of a street that capture stormwater runoff in a depressed planting bed consisting of filter soil and an underlying trench for storage and infiltration. During rain events stormwater runoff flows into the curb extension from where it will either evaporate or infiltrate through the filter soil into the trench and may eventually reach groundwater. The main treatment unit in these facilities is the filter soil where pollutants are removed from infiltrating water via processes such as sedimentation, filtration, adsorption and/or degradation. The filter soil should be able to remove the diffuse pollution from stormwater runoff, thus targeting multiple types of pollutants.

ThS 4.1 Adaptive water quantity and quality management in urban areas


IMPACTS FROM CLIMATE CHANGES ON CONTAMINATED SOIL AND GROUND WATER – ARE WE SUFFICIENTLY AWARE OF THEM?

Stella Agger, Tommy Bøg Nielsen, Hanne Møller Jensen Region Zealand, Sorø, DK

Climate changes are already occurring and will continue taking place in the future. Furthermore, they will present themselves in numerous forms. Among others, the sea level will rise, and also the level of the Danish ground water is expected to change. During certain periods of the year precipitation will be more intense, and floods will more often than previously occur. Because of that, climate change adaptation in order to improve climate change resilience in the cities, the coastal areas etc. is in focus in Denmark and many initiatives are in rapid progress in order to prevent damages on e.g. infrastructure and valuable buildings.

At the same time, in Denmark, where drinking water almost 100% derives from ground water, the tasks dealing with detecting, mapping, investigating and remediating contaminated soil and ground water proceed – almost as usual.

But are we working with these important issues in two parallel tracks? Are the experts on soil and ground water contamination sufficiently aware of the impacts of climate changes on their field? And the other way round – do the experts on climate changes pay enough attention to the fact that climate change adaptation will probably need also to address contaminated soil and ground water?

In Denmark, we have for several decades given the handling of contaminated soil and ground water a high priority, whereas the aspect of the impacts from the climate changes on contaminated soil and ground water is a fairly new recognition. Some public authorities in Denmark have started focusing on the climate change aspect on soil and ground water contamination 3-4 years ago; in Region Zealand, we have just started focusing on that aspect about 2 years ago.

The focus of Region Zealand has first of all been creating a first general view of the possible effects of climate changes on contaminated soil and ground water – with special attention to the fields, where more knowledge is needed in order to be able to optimize our resources and efforts concerning our continuous handling of contamination in a future changed climate.

As an example, it will be valuable to know more about possibly changed dispersal patterns of contamination, if the level of the ground water rises and reaches a soil contamination, which previ-ously was not in contact with ground water. Similarly, a rising sea level could due to salt water intrusion cause changes in the areas, from which drinking water is extracted – and consequently mean that a number of locations with contaminated soil should probably – due to Danish legislation - not longer be dealt with in regard to protecting the ground water. One first step for Region Zealand addressing these challenges is expected to be elabo-ration of GIS-maps showing respectively the expected level of the ground water and the future sea level in chosen scenarios

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THE RISK OF MOBILIZING CONTAMINANTS FROM SOIL WHEN INFILTRATING RAIN WATER

Britt Boye Thrane Rambøll Danmark A/S, Odense C, DK

Description of the risk assessment of sites with soil- and ground-water contaminations in the vicinity when establishing infiltration basins in urban areas.

REACTIVE TRANSPORT IMPACTS ON RECOVERED WATER QUALITY FOR A FIELD MPPW-ASR SYSTEM IN A GEOCHEMI-CALLY HETEROGENEOUS COASTAL AQUIFER

Koen Zuurbier, Niels Hartog, Pieter Stuyfzand KWR Watercyle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, NL

The recovery of freshwater during conventional aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) in coastal (i.e. brackish or saline) aquifers is impeded by buoyancy effects, causing salinization before the injected volume is recovered. Recently, the use of multiple partially penetrating wells (MPPW) in such aquifers was shown to significantly improve the recovery of freshwater (i.e., water with low Cl). However, this study shows that the salinity contrast and the deviating flow paths in the MPPW-ASR system does not result in progressively improving water quality with subsequent cycles observed at conventional ASR systems. Moreover, other param-eters than chloride may limit the recovery efficiency, depending on the intended use of the recovered water.

Due to cation exchange processes, the first freshwater injected at the base is enriched with sodium (Na) concentrations and subse-quently recovered at the top of the aquifer, whereas the arrival of Na is retarded during recovery in the lower and central parts of the aquifer. Depending on the maximum limits applied for Na and the cation exchange capacity and native groundwater composition of the aquifer, this can either increase or decrease the recovery efficiency (RE) of ASR operation compared to the RE based on conservative Cl.

Similar to conventional ASR in anoxic aquifers, oxygen-containing, fresh injection water cause oxidation and/or dissolution of reactive minerals like pyrite, organic matter, and (Fe,Mn)CO3, which can lead to undesired mobilization of Fe, Mn, and As. The Nootdorp MPPW-ASR pilot demonstrated that the depth position of reactive layers is relevant for the mobilization of these undesired elements, rather than the average geochemical composition of the target aquifer. Additionally, the net extraction at the shallow wells of a MPPW-ASR system permit mobilized elements to travel relatively unhampered vertically through the aquifer towards the shallow recovery wells. Recovery of Fe and Mn may be prevented or postponed, however, by frequent injection of small volumes of oxygen-rich water at the shallowest well during recovery, trig-gering subsurface Fe and Mn removal.

The findings indicate that the reactive transport impacts clearly deviate at the MPPW-ASR set-up compared with conventional, bi-directional ASR, where the effect of cation-exchange reduces cycle-after-cycle and a smaller portion of the injected water flushes reactive intervals. This may require a more detailed geochemical characterization of target aquifers for MPPW-ASR, as well as an optimized operation of its injection and recovery wells.

In relation to the abovementioned partnership and consor-tium field pilot studies using filter soil in Denmark have been conducted. Here road runoff from similar residential areas with limited traffic as well as water leaving curb extensions with filter soil was analysed to map the diversified contaminant profile runoff may have (metals, pesticides, PAH’s, detergents etc.) .

First results show that the quality of the water leaving the filter soil can comply with the demands from the European Water-frame Directive, pointing to filter soil as a promising option. However, this can also be a result of the less polluted inlet waters. To know more about the treatment capacity of the filter soil controlled field experiments with addition of a realistic highly polluted stormwater runoff cocktail was also conducted, showing promising results. The results from the field tests of filter soil, both under natural and controlled conditions will be presented at the conference.

INFILTRATION OF RAINWATER IN URBAN AREAS AS A CLI-MATE CHANGE ADAPTATION STRATEGY

Charlotte Schow, N.H.M. Goring Rambøll, DK Due to climate change, Denmark will experience increased annual precipitation and more extreme rainfall events in the future. The sewer systems have limited capacity. Therefore, it is necessary to disconnect rainwater from the sewer systems or retain the water for delayed transportation to the sewer systems in order to prevent flooding in urban areas during extreme rainfall events. Disconnection of rainwater from the sewer system is a common climate change adaptation method in Denmark.

Different infiltration solutions on different scales will be presented including solutions combined with other rainwater solutions. Generally, infiltration solutions are designed to store the water and infiltrate it into the ground over a period of time. Water can be stored just beneath the surface or on the surface. These solutions could be an integrated part of the design of urban spaces and the creation of green areas, open water spaces and nature in urban spaces. Solutions on different scales will be presented; these include household level solutions, infiltration basins, vegetated swales, pervious pavements and different architectural solutions. Infiltration solutions should be located and designed based on local conditions.

In Denmark ground water is the primary drinking water resource. Often infiltration from roadwater is not allowed, due to the risk of groundwater pollution. Some of the solutions presented don’t infiltrate into groundwater but instead into soakaway crates.

Multiple climate change challenges should be included in the design of the infiltration solutions. Also due to climate change, local changes in the ground water level are expected in the future. In some areas in the western part of Denmark the ground water level is expected to rise up to 2 meters. As a consequence infiltration solutions may not be possible in these areas in the future. Moreover, the sea level is expected to rise. In coastal areas the rising sea levels will influence the level of the ground water in the future.

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rate of groundwater flow, as well as groundwater level; and, (2) developing measures that can tolerate gradual changes in geochemical conditions (e.g., salinity, dissolved solids, nitrate, dissolved oxygen, and, temperature conditions, etc.) that may accompany the hydraulic changes. Above ground and active treatment also may be stressed as hydraulic pumping regimes have to be robust enough to accompany higher or lower rates and volumes of groundwater flow within short operational time frames. For low lying coastal areas that have historically been used for industrial and agricultural sites, the challenges on how to assure contaminant clean up and environmental protec-tion coincident with rising sea levels and increased storm surge activity will require innovative design and flexible but robust engineering to assure long-term protection from contaminant impact to sensitive resources. The use of economic models that are parameterized by climate change scenarios will become more commonplace with respect to drive decision making on appro-priate clean up measures.

This presentation will work to align the dire predictions concerning the influence of changes in the total climatic sphere (i.e., both above and below ground) on our current state of envi-ronmental and water resource conditions with the reality and challenge of how we are changing our approach to protecting sensitive water resources in agricultural and urban landscapes by using science and principles of adaptive environmental engi-neering. Examples and discussions will utilize case studies and information from both implemented and developing concepts.

For further session details please have a look at page 24.

The results of this study were obtained at a small-scale ASR field pilot in Nootdorp, The Netherlands. Here, rainwater collected via a greenhous roof was stored in a shallow brackish aquifer for later use as irrigation water. This way, the greenhouse owner became self-sufficient in its freshwater supply and acts as a showcase for future freshwater management in The Netherlands.

SpS 4.2S Artificial recharge of coastal aquifers


Organizers: Koen Zuurbier (KWR Watercycle Research Institute, NL), Gualbert H.P. Oude Essink (Deltares / Utrecht University, NL), Niels Hartog (KWR Watercycle Research Institute / Utrecht University, NL)Moderator: Niels Hartog (KWR Watercycle Research Institute / Utrecht University, NL)


SpS 4.3S Climate robust water availabilitymanagement for industry and agriculture


Organizers: Hans van Duijne (Deltares/Wageningen University, NL) Moderator: Jan Vreeburg (Wageningen University, NL), together with PhD’s

CONSIDERING THE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATIC UNCERTAINTY IN DESIGNING MEASURES TO PROTECT AND RESTORE CRIT-ICAL WATER RESOURCES

Scott Warner, Devon Rowe, Gretchen Greene ENVIRON International Corporation, US

The manifestation of climatic conditions, both short term and long term, are observed to have an influence on the design of reliable and protective groundwater and surface water contamination mitigation measures. Predictions from leading national science affiliations, such as the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) are for a continuing trend of big heat events and big rain events as well as less total rainfall, more rain than snow, and longer dry periods in currently arid to semi-arid areas such as California and much of Australia. For northern latitudes including along the North Sea organizations such as the European Environment Agency (EEA) are studying observed and potential impacts from climatic change and note that along with increases in temperature and changes in precipitation patterns, increased vulnerability to dramatic hydrologic events (coastal and inland) should be antici-pated. The conditions associated with these predictions will severely test our ability to develop effective and robust contami-nant clean up and water resource protection measures.

Challenges may be focused on (1) developing passive measures that can withstand moderate to high swings in the direction and

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Index of Authors

Chiang, Daniel 114Chiang, Dora 81Christensen, Anders G. 81, 84, 98, 116, 147, 157, 158Christensen, Jørgen Mølgaard 75Christiansen, Jacob H. 164Christophersen, Mette 68, 155Claeys, Karolien 127, 145Clausen, Lauge 113, 124Clemens, Rina 77Coggan, John 187Collet, Jean-Luc 181Colombano, Stéfan 73, 80, 121Conil, Pierre 183Cornelis, Christa 88, 93Cornelissen, Gerard 67, 88Coulon, Frederic 79, 194Cox, Evan 129, 154Creamer, Todd 69Critto, Andrea 102, 107Cruickshank, Julian 98

DDam, Eppe Seidelin 68Damgaard, Ida 163Darlington, Ramona 176Darmendrail, Dominique 110DeBlanc, Phillip C. 147, 157De Bouw, Tim 141De Cleen, Margot 179, 193Decuyper, Hilde 157Dedecker, Dirk 186De Franco, Roberto 146De Keulenaere, Bram 145De Luca, Domenico Antonio 195De Miguel, Eduardo 92De Moor, Gerlinde 117, 127, 145De Naeyer, Filip 186Dennis, Phil 72, 119, 123Desnoyers, Yvon 98Deus, Nico 76De Vlaming, Len 153Devlin, John Frederick 73De Vos, Jan 82Di Carlo, Caterina 146Dickinson, Claire 190Dijcker, Rob 110Dijk, John 131Distante, Antonio 131Döberl, Gernot 104Dollar, Peter 119, 123Døssing, Niels 132Drew, Gill 194Dries, Anton 177Dugan, Pamela 139Durant, Neal 154, 176Dworatzek, Sandra 119, 123Dyment, Stephen A. 85, 170

EEchevarria, Guillaume 190Edelmann, Eva 79Eek, Espen 67Ejlskov, Palle 82, 156, 178Elbracht, Jörg 76

Birn Nielsen, Karin 95, 96Birnstingl, Jeremy 114, 127, 134, 138Bitsch, Kristian 97, 178Bitsch, Randi 169Bjerg, Poul L. 73, 83, 85, 104Blanc, Celine 185Blauw, Maaike 179Bleyl, Steffen 169, 170Bloemendal, Martin 193Blusseau, Aurelie 99Boekhold, Sandra 179, 193Boente, Carlos 191Bolman, Almer 196Bombach, Petra 70, 78Bondgaard, Morten 104Bone, Brian 103Boonen, Baue 123Borggreve, Gerard 93, 122, 144, 184Borgmans, Guy 126Boronat, Jordi 199Bote, Tage Vikjær 87, 171Boulangé, Marine 80Boye Thrane, Britt 97, 201Boyle, Richard 103Branzén, Helena 71Braun, Juergen 160, 167, 169Breedveld, Gijs 67Broekx, Steven 184Broers, Hans Peter 197Broholm, Mette Martina 72, 77Bronders, Jan 94Brookman, Ian 111Bruneel, Nick 107Brunet, Jean-Francois 185Bucci, Arianna 195Bundgaard Mortensen, Klaus 155Buscone, Giovanni 131Bymose, Martin 129

CCaers, Tim 107Caielli, Grazia 146Cajthaml, Tomáš 138, 149Calderer, Montserrat 128Callens, Bart 145Caminal, Glòria 122Cappelen, Paul 67Carere, Mario 101Carpenter, Cavis 164Casson, Rachael 81Castelo-Grande, Teresa 150Catteloin, Délphine 80Cave, Mark 86Cazals, Florian 115Cazaux, David 121Cebron, Aurélie 80Ceccon, Sara 146Cederkvist, Karin 200Ceenaeme, Johan 93, 107, 130Černík, Miroslav 138, 160Chandler, Tom 83Charbonnier, Patrick 106Charron, Mickael 69Chautru, Jean-Marc 98Cheng, Jie 114Chen, Xiaosong 165

AAabling, Jens 85Achene, Laura 101Adam, Iris K. U. 124Adamson, Dave T. 98Adrian, Lorenz 122Aeschbacher, Michael 91Afif, Elías 191Aggelopoulos, Christos 159Agger, Stella 192, 200Agnello, Ana Carolina 160Alary, Claire 181Albano, Claudio 110Alesi, Eduard 136Alexandrescu, Filip 107Algreen, Mette 113Allard, Ann-Sofie 88Allen, Hilary 190Alphenaar, Arne 173Andersen, Christian 171Andersen, Kresten 131Anderson, Bjorn 82Andriatsihoarana, Sitraka 80Anthony, Ben 194Arp, Hans Peter 67, 88Ash, Tomer 188Atteia, Olivier 115Auger, Marlaina 153Augusto, Paulo A. 150

BBaciocchi, Renato 86, 142Backes, Diana 125Badin, Alice 72Baguelin, Celine 71Bahr, Arne 70Baker, Katy 99Baker, Ralph 162, 167Bakker, Laurent 110Balbarini, Nicola 83Bal, Nele 93, 130Bandyopadhyay, Debanjan 99Bani, Aida 190Baran, Nicole 69Barbosa, Domingos 150Bardos, Paul 102, 103, 105, 160, 179Bartke, Stephan 113, 160Bartsch, Ernst 136Bastiaens, Leen 82, 126, 157Bastrup, John Ulrik 114, 158, 161, 194Baudouin, Vivien 183Baxter, Douglas 178Beaulieu, Michel 113Beccaloni, Eleonora 101Bennedsen, Lars 68, 97Berggren Kleja, Dan 88Bergman, Jonny 134Berho, Catherine 67Bernat, Xavier 174Betelu, Stéphanie 121Beumer, Victor 179Bewley, Richard 105, 120Biache, Coralie 73Bierschenk, John 184Bijvoet, Anita 199Binning, Philip J. 77, 83, 104

204

Index of Authors

Jensen, Jens Dengsø 81Jensen, Marina B. 200Jensen, Max 163Jessen, Søren Helt 182Jiang, Ying 192Jiao, Joe 99Joergensen, Hanne 180Johansen, Anders 131Johansen, Peder 84, 98, 154Johnsen, Rolf 197Joubert, Antoine 121Joulian, Catherine 69Jubany, Irene 128Just, Niels 94

KKadlec, Gertrud 125Kahn, Adrien 100Kalisz, Mariusz 113Karlby, Lone Tolstrup 84, 171Karlfeldt Fedje, Karin 150Kästner, Matthias 124Kechavarzi, Cedric 79Kennedy, Bruce 108Kerrn-Jespersen, Henriette 77Kiecak, Aleksandra 146Kiilerich, Ole 171Kirchholtes, Hermann Josef 172Kjærgaard Nielsen, Tue 131Kjærsgaard, Pernille 163Klaas, Norbert 144, 168Klebercz, Orsolya 189Kleeberg, Isabell 165Knight, Doug 154Knytl, Vladislav 134, 138Koot, Corinne 171Kopinke, Frank-Dieter 148, 169, 170Kopp, Dietmar 79Korsgaard, Trine 85Korving, Hans 77Koschitzky, Hans-Peter 160, 165Kosinova, Eliska 134Kosson, David 153Kostarelos, Konstantinos 147, 157Kowalski, Krzysztof 152Kozubek, Petr 134Kraatz, Matthias 169Kramer, Dirk 110Kret, Ewa 146Krogh, Joan 182Kruitwagen, G. 110Krupanek, Janusz 113Kukacka, Jan 82Kvapil, Petr 151, 169

LLaboudigue, Agnès 181LaChance, John 165Lambié, Beatrijs 128Ländell, Märta 71, 97Larsen, Lars Christian 131, 132Larsen, Thomas 87, 152Larsson, Lennart 71Larsson, Nicklas 158Lasagna, Manuela 195

HHag, Maria 180Hajdu, Kata 159Hale, Sarah 67Hama, Yoshihito 104Hamburger, Nancy 68, 84Hansen, Helena 68Hansen, Mette G. 90Hansen, Mona 67Hansen, Thomas H. 90Hanser, Ogier 80Hantzi, Katerina 163Harrekilde, Dorte 87, 94, 97Harries, Nicola 103, 160Hartog, Niels 201, 202Hasinger-Sumetzberger, Marion 125Hatijah Mortan, Siti 122Hauff, Karin 144Held, Thomas 115, 118Hendriks, Kees 198Hernández García, Marta 174Herniot, Philippe 185Heron, Gorm 162, 163, 165, 167, 184Herrmann, Christine 144, 168Heynderickx, Lien 99Hick, Paula 120Hidalgo, Carmen 199Hiester, Uwe 166Hoekstra, Nanne 193Hoffmark, Bjarke 87Højbjerg Jørgensen, Torben 154, 171Holmes, M. 155Holm, Jes Kjærulf 163Holm, Jesper 163Holm, Peter E. 90, 200Honetschlägerová, Lenka 136Hooimeijer, Fransje 184Hopkins, N. 155Houzelot, Vivian 190Howard, Trevor 103Huerta, Virginia 140Huguenot, David 160Humel, Stefan 79Hunkeler, Daniel 72Hunt, John W. 111Huot, Hermine 106Hvidberg, Børge 95, 96, 104

IIezzi, Patricia 99Ignatiadis, Ioannis 121Ioppolo, Francesco 99Izquierdo, Miguel 92

JJackson, Peter 98Jacobsen, Lars 194Jannerup, Henrik 192Janochová, Jana 149Janouškovcová, Petra 136Jansen, Mart 144Jansen, Ragna 99Jarzabek, Maxime 185Jefferies, Nick 98Jensen, Hanne Møller 200

Elliott, Dan 160Enden, Bjent 110Enell, Anja 71, 88Enkels, Koen 127, 145Erland Jensen, Pernille 152Esposito, Giovanni 160Esquinas, Noemi 191Evans, Frank 103

FFahl, Jens 74Falkenberg, Jacqueline Anne 81, 116Fatin-Rouge, Nicolas 113Faucheux, Claire 98Faure, Pierre 73, 80Feigl, Viktoria 189Fernández-Braña, Alicia 191Ferrari, Florent 190Ferslev, Annette Gundog 180Fischer, Anko 70, 78Fischer, Axel 74Font-Capo, Jordi 128Forsberg, Kristin 134Fourny, Stéphane 181Frogner-Kockum, Paul 97Front, Malene Toernqvist 84Furdal, Jesper 194Furukawa, Yasuhide 104

GGadella, Michiel 180Gaju, Nuria 122Galligan, Jim 165Gammeltoft Hindrichsen, Anne 158García, Fernando 125Garnier, Frédéric 121Gaza, Sarah 119Geckeler, Grant 164Geerts, Lieve 88Gefell, Michael 165Gemoets, Johan 123, 126, 128, 157Gent, David 129, 154Georgi, Anett 148, 170Gevaerts, Wouter 117, 127, 145, 193Gibert, Oriol 174Gillies, Glenn 148Giubilato, Elisa 102Goldsztejn, Pawel 99Gomez, Amaia 92Gonçalves, Jorge 169Göransson, Gunnel 97Goring, N.H.M. 201Gosewinkel, Ulrich 124, 131Gossiaux, Lucas 187Goyens, W. 130Grant, Gavin 153Grathwohl, Peter 84Grau, Roser 128Gregersen, Jens Lind 189Griepke Nielsen, Steffen 162, 163, 167Grotenhuis, Tim 118Gruiz, Katalin 101, 189Guiet, Frédéric 185Guimont, Sophie 187Guivernau, Miriam 125

205

Index of Authors

Laubie, Baptiste 190Lauwerijssen, Chiel 188Ledda, Laura 131Lederer, Tomas 151Le Guern, Cécile 183Leigh, Daniel 137, 139Lemming Søndergaard, Gitte 104Lenschow, Søren Rygaard 147, 157Leombruni, Alberto 138Leonard, Gareth 134, 138Léprond, Hubert 181Leroi, Steve 100Leynet, Aurelien 185Lhotský, Ondřej 138, 149Licha, Tobias 174Lichtenberg, Peter Tidemand 68Lidola, Bernd 165Lijzen, Johannes P.A. 197Lilbaek, Gro 116Limasset, Elsa 160, 181Lindof, Anne Mette Bräuner 81Lobs, Art 141Loibner, Andreas 79, 125Loll, Per 87Longhurst, Phil 192Lookman, Richard 128, 141, 157Lorgeoux, Catherine 73, 80Lottermoser, Bernd 190Louwagie, Geertrui 199Lucentini, Luca 101Luis, Steve 83Lundstedt, Staffan 88Luyten, Ellen 107

MMaalouf, George Y. 137Mackenzie, Katrin 148, 167, 169, 170Madliger, Michael 91Madsen, Henrik Tækker 152Magid, Jakob 90Majone, Mauro 136Major, David 153Malandain, Cédric 71Malina, Grzegorz 146Mampaey, Maja 93Mandelbaum, Raphi 188Marchal, Geoffrey 124Marcomini, Antonio 102Marcotte, Jocelyn 133Marco-Urrea, Ernest 122Maring, Linda 179, 184Marinho Reis, Paula 86Mars, Jan Frank 173Martac, Eugen 74Martínez-Alonso, Maira 122Martín-González, Lucia 122Martín, Juan Pedro 113Masselot, Guillaume 121Matanzas, Nora 191Matz, Pierre 146Mauffret, Aourell 69Mayer, Philipp 79, 124McCusker, Jessie 165McKnight, Ursula 73Meerkerk, Martin 96Meiners, H. Georg 76

Oppermann, Axel 74Osella, Domenico 146Otaegi, Nerea 169Otte, Piet 96, 173Ottosen, Lisbeth 152Ouali, Salma 80Oude Essink, Gualbert H.P. 202Outzen, Stefan 161Overgaard, Helle 85, 116Overheu, Niels D. 98

PPachon, Carlos S. 85, 170Pade, Dorte 129Pajukallio, Anna-Maija 109Pancras, Tessa 142Pardo, Fernando 140, 143Parker, Ken 184Parkman, Rick 105Parladé, Eloi 122Patek, Regine 108Paulus, D. 130Pecoraro, Roberto 86Pedersen, Bianca 97Pedersen, Christian 68Peeters, Bavo 107Peluffo, Marina 143Pennickx, N. 130Pensaert, Stany 149Petrangeli Papini, Marco 136Petzold, Michael 129Phillips, Harriet 99Pierro, Lucia 136Pintó, Esteve 128Pisterna, Roberto 146Pizzol, Lisa 102, 107Plasari, Edouard 190Ploug, Niels 162, 163, 167Pluim, Michiel 122Pokorný, Petr 138Pollard, Simon 194Pons, Marie-Noëlle 190Prenafeta-Boldú, Francesc X. 125Procházka, Martin 151Provoost, Jeroen 86, 94, 95Prpich, George 194Pyy, Outi 109

RRamakers, Peter 93, 173Ravnsbæk, Ninna Dahl 171Rawcliffe, Anthea 120Rayner, James 69Razmdjoo, Farshad 83Reimann, Per 75Rein, Arno 124Reinikainen, Jussi 100Reynolds, David 154Richnow, Hans Hermann 78Riis, Charlotte 84, 98, 129Rijnaarts, Huub 118Risom Thygesen, Kim 155Rizzo, Erika 102, 107Roberts, Jeff 119, 123Robson, Andrew 153Rode, Michael 84

Meire, Patrick 68Melvej, Anja 104Menadier, Maurice 168Menger, Pierre 179Michel, Pascale 181Milter, Hasse 131, 132Miltner, Anja 124Mingot, Juan 92Miyajima, Kumiko 167Moerkebjerg Fischer, Line 98Molenaar, Co 180Mølgaard Christensen, Jørgen 129Molinero, Jorge 128Molin, Josephine 139Møller, Mads Georg 87, 132Molnár, Mónika 189Monier, Jean-Michel 71Montero, Esperanza 113, 140Morel, Jean-Louis 106, 187, 190Mori, Isabel 125Morin, Nicolas 67Mork, Ben 127, 138Mosthaf, Klaus 77Mueller, Michael 137, 139, 144Muff, Jens 152Müller, Beate 129Müller-Grabherr, Dietmar 104Müller, Martina 166Murayama, Kouki 104Musso, Davide 146Mygind, Mette Marie 81, 147, 157

NNadebaum, Peter 111Nägele, Norbert 78Nahold, Manfred 125Naidu, Ravi 108Najmanová, Petra 138, 149Nathanail, C. Paul 109, 199Nebel, Lars 82Nemecek, Jan 134, 138Newell, Charles J. 98Nicolajsen, Ellen 83Niederer, Christian 91, 99Nielsen, Lotte 172Nielsen, Nila 199Nielsen, Tommy Bøg 192, 200Niels, Just 72Nijboer, Matthijs 199Nipshagen, Adri 122, 184Ni, Zhuobiao 118Noble, Bruce 133Nödler, Karsten 174Nørgaard Christensen, Morten 155Norrman, Jenny 184

OOen, Amy 67Ohlsson, Yvonne 86, 97Okholm, Helle 171Okkenhaug, Gudny 67Olesen, Ida Holm 85Olivier, Isabelle 193Olsen, Jette Kjøge 81Oomes, Justine 199

206

Index of Authors

Sørensen, Mie Barrett 77Soulier, Coralie 67Stavělová, Monika 149Steffensen, Henrik Engdal 98, 158Steinová, Jana 138Steinweg, Carolien 177Stephenson, Ian 179Sterckx, Hans 126Størup, Morten 182Strömvall, Ann-Margret 150Struyf, Eric 68Studds, Phil 135Stuyfzand, Pieter 201Stylianou, Marinos 157Sucato, S. 136Suhr Jacobsen, Carsten 72Sutton, Nora B. 178Swartjes, Frank 86, 96, 173Swift, Robin 165Switzer, Christine 153Szklarczyk, Tadeusz 146

TTapiero, Meir 188Taylor, James 178Taylor-King, Christopher 155Teasdale, Ian 98Terkelsen, Mads 68, 98, 129, 152,

154, 161Terzi, Katerina 159Thomas, J. 155Thompson, Bruce 165Thomsen, Janni 132Tiano, Laura 129Tiehm, Andreas 119Tikkanen, Sarianne 109Tjassens, Rene 122Toft, Anna 87Togola, Anne 67Tolner, Mária 189Trapp, Stefan 86, 90, 113, 124Trezzi, Aldo 146Trötschler, Oliver 165Trudel, David 91Tsakiroglou, Christos 159Tsitonaki, Katerina 131Tsukada, Yasuhisa 104Tüchsen, Peter Lysholm 87Turner, Seema 83Tuxen, Nina 85, 131, 132, 171Tzedakis, Theodore 121

UUjaczki, Éva 189Uttenthal Bay, Heidi 180

VValeyre, Thomas 181van Campenhout, Karen 93van den Brink, Cors 177Vandercappellen, Anja 117van der Meulen, Suzanne 197, 198van der Sommen, Ivo 199van der Wal, Jurgen 142van de Ven, Edward 141van de Ven, Frans 193

Rodrigues, Romain 121Rodríguez Gallego, José Luis 191Rodríguez, Sergio 140Rodríguez-Valdés, Eduardo 191Rokkjær, Arne 87, 189Romero, Arturo 140, 143Romijn, Reinier 196Rønde, Vinni K. 73, 83Roost, Sandra 85, 131Rosell, Mònica 78, 122Ross, Chapman 154Ross, Ian 76, 145Roussel, Hélène 185Rowe, Devon 83Ruegg, Kaspar 104Rügge, Kirsten 154Rügner, Hermann 84Rutgers, Michiel 197, 198

SSaada, Alain 73, 80Sacchetti, Lorenzo 131, 139Sagliaschi, M. 136Sakrabani, Ruben 79Santos, Aurora 140, 143Schaetzen, Amandine de 125Schans, Martin 96Schanze, Denny 90, 159Scheper, Dennis 122, 144, 184Scherr, Kerstin E. 79, 125Schlekat, Tamar 99Schmid, Doris 168Schmidt, Kathrin Rachel 119Scholes, Grant 153Schow, Charlotte 201Schrauwen, Greet 99Schulze, Stefan 165Schwendeman, Todd 133Schwientek, Marc 84Scott, Kerry 108Seech, Alan 137Serlin, Carol 83Seuntjens, Piet 68Seyedabbasi, Ahmad 147, 157Sibourg, Olivier 71Siemon, Bernhard 76Sikinioti-Lock, Alexandra 159Simone, Laura 118Simonnot, Marie-Odile 106, 187, 190Simonsen, Annie Wejhe 172Simons, Queenie 123, 126Skov Jepsen, Trine 132Skov Nielsen, Sanne 152Slack, Bill 154Slager, Reinder 171, 173Slenders, Hans 106, 110Slooijer, Martin 131Slunský, Jan 158Smith, Brant 139Smith, Jonathan 103, 105, 110Smith, Katrine 131Smith, Kilian 124Smit, Martijn 118Smits, Albert 122, 144, 184Søgaard, Erik 152Sonne, Anne T. 73

van de Wiele, Katrien 130van Duijne, Hans 179van Dyck, Eddy 186van Gaans, Pauline 118van Geert, Karen 117, 127, 145,

193, 199van Gestel, Griet 88, 93, 107van Houten, Martijn 171van Hullebusch, Eric 160van Humbeeck, Thomas 193van Keer, Ilse 68, 94, 157van Schijndel, Joost 93van Veen, Eleanor 187, 190van Zutphen, Marcus 105Vasin, Sandra 172Vaszita, Emese 189Velimirovic, Milica 168Verbeeck, Mattias 128Verburg, Rachelle 106Verginelli, Iason 86, 142Verhack, Jeroen 127, 193Verhagen, Joop 90, 142Vermeiren, Nele 157Vermooten, Sophie 197Verreydt, Goedele 68Vicent, Teresa 122Victor, Karen 95Vila, Joaquim 125Vilanova, Ester 128Villarroya, Fermín 113Villumsen, Thomas Imbert 172Viñas, Marc 125Vogt, Carsten 70Volchko, Yevheniya 184

WWaduge, Anil 117Wagelmans, Marlea 89, 175Wagner, Stephan 168Walet, Charon 77Wang, James 129, 154Wan, Xiaoming 161Warming, Marlies 90Washington Skovsgaard, Jakob 155Webb, Mark 76Weeth, Eline Begtrup 154Weingran, Christian 176Weisbrod, Noam 169Whelan, Amii 79Wiegman, Annemiek 171Wilson, James 156Winell, Carol 164, 165Winnberg, Ulf 158Wittebol, Janneke 175Woodward, Dave 81Wortelboer, Rob 186Wragg, Joanna 86Wu, Guozhong 79

YYasutaka, Tetsuo 104

ZZhang, Xin 190Zingaretti, Daniela 142Zuurbier, Koen 201, 202

ImprintAquaConSoil 201513th International UFZ-Deltares Conference on Sustainable Use and Management of Soil, Sediment and Water Resources 9–12 June 2015 • Bella Center • Copenhagen, Denmark Material preparing on behalf of the organizers | layout: F&U confirm, LeipzigPrint: DDF Digitaldruckfabrik LeipzigPictures: Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Deltares, ATV Foundation of Soil and Groundwater, Reinart Feldmann, Ogarit Uhlmannwww.aquaconsoil.org

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