ix ■ Contents Preface xxxiii Acknowledgments xli PART ONE ■ GATHERING INFORMATION 1 I. The Border of Criminal Procedure: Daily Interactions Between Citizens and Police 3 A. Police as Community Caretakers 4 Oregon Revised Statutes §133.033 4 Indianapolis Police Department Job Description: Patrol Officer 5 State v. Michael Dube 6 State v. Michael Lovegren 7 Problem 1-1. The Right to Be Left Alone? 10 Notes 10 B. Police Enforcement of Civility 12 State v. Sharon Matson 12 Notes 15 C. Control of Gangs and Kids 16 City of Chicago v. Jesus Morales 17
Transcript
ix
■Contents
Preface xxxiiiAcknowledgments xli
PART ONE■GATHERING INFORMATION 1
I. The Border of Criminal Procedure: Daily Interactions Between Citizens and Police 3
A. Police as Community Caretakers 4Oregon Revised Statutes §133.033 4Indianapolis Police Department Job
Description: Patrol Officer 5State v. Michael Dube 6State v. Michael Lovegren 7Problem 1-1. The Right to Be Left Alone? 10Notes 10
B. Police Enforcement of Civility 12State v. Sharon Matson 12Notes 15
C. Control of Gangs and Kids 16City of Chicago v. Jesus Morales 17
x Contents
Tracey L. Meares, Norms, Legitimacy and Law Enforcement 23
Notes 27Problem 1-2. Juvenile Curfews 28Notes 29
D. Traditional and Community Policing 30Herbert L. Packer, Two Models of the
Criminal Process 31COPS Program (Community Oriented
Policing Services) 35Los Angeles Police Department Community
Policing Unit Opportunities 36Fairfield Police Department Community
Policing Programs 37Notes 38
II. Brief Searches and Stops 41
A. Brief Investigative Stops of Suspects 44Delaware Code Tit. 11, §1902 44Alaska Statutes §28.35.182(b) 44Notes 45
1. Consensual Encounters and “Stops” 46United States v. Sylvia Mendenhall 46Wesley Wilson v. State 49Notes 53Problem 2-1. Tickets, Please 55Notes 55
2. Grounds for Stops: Articulable, Individualized Reasonable Suspicion 56
State v. Theodore Nelson 58State v. David Dean 59Notes 61Illinois v. William a/k/a “Sam” Wardlow 64Notes 67
3. Pretextual Stops 68People v. Frank Robinson 69Problem 2-2. Asset Management 74Notes 74
4. Criminal Profiles and Race 77Uriel Harris v. State 77Notes 82Problem 2-3. Race and Witness
Descriptions 84Notes 85Peter Verniero, Attorney General Interim
Report of the State Police Review Team Regarding Allegations of Racial Profiling 86
U.S. Department of Justice, Racial Profiling Fact Sheet 92
Contents xi
Problem 2-4. Borderline State 94Notes 96
B. Brief Administrative Stops 97City of Indianapolis v. James Edmond 97Iowa Code §321K.1 102Notes 103Problem 2-5. Airport Checkpoints After
September 11 107Notes 107
C. Gathering Information Without Searching 108State v. Mihai Bobic 108Steven Dewayne Bond v. United States 110Notes 113Problem 2-6. Plain View from a Ladder 115Problem 2-7. The Friendly Skies 115Notes 116
D. Brief Searches of Individuals 1181. Frisks for Weapons 119
John Terry v. Ohio 119Notes 126
2. The Scope of a Terry Search 128Commonwealth v. Roosevelt Wilson 128Arkansas Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.4 131Montana Code §46-5-401(2) 131Notes 131Problem 2-8. Frisking Car and Driver 133Problem 2-9. Duty to Cooperate? 134Notes 135
III. Full Searches of People and Places: Basic Concepts 139
A. Origins of the Fourth Amendment and Its Analogs 1391. General Search Warrants 140
John Entick v. Nathan Carrington 140The Writs of Assistance 142Notes 143
2. American Limits on General Warrants and Other Searches 145
3. The Language of the Fourth Amendment and Its Analogs 146
B. Probable Cause 1471. Defining Probable Cause 147
Problem 3-1. Applying Different Probable Cause Standards 149
Virgil Brinegar v. United States 151Notes 154
2. Sources of Information to Support Probable Cause 155a. Confidential Informants 156
State v. Timothy Barton 156
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State v. Randall Utterback 162Notes 165
b. Anonymous Sources 167State v. Kelli Joy Raveydts 167Problem 3-2. Holding Something Back 170Notes 171
3. Can a Statute or Rule Clarify the Assessment of Probable Cause? 172
Arkansas Rule of Criminal Procedure 13.1 173Iowa Code §808.3 173Iowa Rule of Criminal Procedure 2.36,
Form 2 173Iowa Rule of Criminal Procedure 2.36,
Form 3 174Notes 175
C. Warrants 1751. The Warrant Requirement and Exigent Circumstances 176
State v. Rashad Walker 176Notes 181
2. Requirements for Obtaining Warrants 183a. Neutral and Detached Magistrate 184
State ex rel. Eustace Brown v. Jerry Dietrick 184Notes 187
b. Particularity in Warrants 187Bell v. Clapp 188Notes 189Problem 3-3. Errors in a Facially Valid
Warrant 192Notes 192
3. Execution of Warrants 193State v. Tanya Marie Anyan 193Notes 199
4. So You Like Warrants? 202a. Anticipatory Warrants 202
Michael Dodson v. State 202Problem 3-4. A New Look 205Notes 206
b. Administrative Warrants 207Roland Camara v. Municipal Court of
San Francisco 207Notes 211
D. Consensual Searches 2121. Components of a Voluntary Choice 213
Merle Schneckloth v. Robert Bustamonte 213Chicago Police Department Consent to Search
Form, CPD-11.483 217Philadelphia Police Department Directive 7,
Appendix A 218Problem 3-5. Consent After a Traffic Stop 218
Contents xiii
Notes 219Problem 3-6. Scope of Consent 221Notes 222
2. Third-Party Consent 222Problem 3-7. Co-tenant Consenting for
Co-tenant 223Problem 3-8. Parent Consenting for Child 223Problem 3-9. Child Consenting for Parent 223Arkansas Rule of Criminal Procedure 11.2 224Notes 224Commonwealth v. Porter P. 225Problem 3-10. Divide and Conquer 229Notes 230Problem 3-11. Consent Through Lease
Provisions 231Notes 231
IV. Searches in Recurring Contexts 233
A. “Persons” 2341. Searches Incident to Arrest 234
Arkansas Rule of Criminal Procedure 12.2 234Annotated Laws of Massachusetts
Ch. 276, §1 234State v. Terry Lynn McGrane 234Problem 4-1. Lunging in Handcuffs 239Notes 239Problem 4-2. Search Incident to (but After)
Arrest 242Notes 242
2. Intrusive Body Searches 243Arkansas Rule of Criminal Procedure 12.3 243Tennessee Code §40-7-121 244Revised Code of Washington §§10.79.080,
10.79.130, 10.79.140 244Notes 246People v. Eric More 247Problem 4-3. Blood Test Consent 249Notes 250
B. “Houses” and Other Places 2521. The Outer Boundaries of Houses 252
Constitution of Michigan Art. I, §11 252State v. Gregory Fisher 253Problem 4-4. No Hunting in Open Fields 258Notes 259
2. Workplaces 261People v. Carlos Christopher Galvadon 262Notes 266
3. Schools and Prisons 268In the Matter of Gregory M. 268
xiv Contents
Oklahoma Statutes Tit. 70, §24-102 272Problem 4-5. Gun Lockers 273Notes 274Hugh and Lee Hageman v. Goshen County
School District No. 1 275Notes 282Problem 4-6. Jail Cell Search 283Notes 284
C. “Papers” 285Edward Boyd v. United States 286Notes 289
D. “Effects” 2911. Inventory Searches 292
People v. Curtis Gipson 292Problem 4-7. Personal Inventories 296Notes 296
2. Cars and Containers 299Clarence Robinson v. State 299Problem 4-8. The Other Gun 304Notes 305California v. Charles Acevedo 307Notes 315Problem 4-9. Mobile . . . Homes 317
V. Arrests 319
A. Stop or Arrest? 319Nevada Revised Statutes §171.123 320Arkansas Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.1 320Robert Bailey v. State 320Notes 325
B. Arrest Warrants 327William Blackstone, Commentaries
on the Laws of England 327State v. Steven Thomas 327Problem 5-1. Indoor-Outdoor Arrest 331Notes 332
C. Police Discretion in the Arrest Decision 333William Blackstone, Commentaries
on the Laws of England 333Oklahoma Statutes Tit. 22 333Connecticut General Statutes §46b-38b 334Iowa Code §236.12 334Lawrence Sherman & Richard Berk, The
Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment 336
Notes 340Problem 5-2. Arrests and Curfews 342Problem 5-3. Racial Patterns in Arrests 343
Contents xv
Notes 343D. Paper Arrests: Citations 344
New York Criminal Procedure Law §§150.10, 150.20, 150.60 345
Revised Statutes of Nebraska §§29-435, 29-427 346
Patrick Knowles v. Iowa 347State v. Rico Bayard 349Notes 351
E. Use of Force in Making Arrests 353William Blackstone, Commentaries
on the Laws of England 353Tennessee v. Edward Garner 354Problem 5-4. Ruby Ridge 361Notes 363David Frisby, Florida’s Police
Continuum of Force 364Problem 5-5. Bicycle Kicks 367Notes 368
VI. Remedies for Unreasonable Searches and Seizures 371
A. Origins of the Exclusionary Rule 371Fremont Weeks v. United States 372Notes 374People v. Charles Cahan 374Dollree Mapp v. Ohio 379Notes 384
B. Limitations on the Exclusionary Rule 3861. Evidence Obtained in “Good Faith” 387
Commonwealth v. Richard Johnson 387Notes 395Problem 6-1. Objective Good Faith 397Texas Code of Criminal Procedure Art. 38.23 398Colorado Revised Statutes §16-3-308 398Problem 6-2. Unwarranted Good Faith 399Notes 399
2. Causation Limits: Inevitable Discovery and Independent Source 400
Michael Wehrenburg v. State 401Problem 6-3. The Search Party 407Problem 6-4. Illegal Stop vs. Outstanding
Warrant 408Notes 408
3. Standing to Challenge Illegal Searches and Seizures 411Louisiana Constitution Art. I., §5 411State v. John Bruns 412Problem 6-5. Place of Business 416Notes 417
xvi Contents
C. Additions and Alternatives to the Exclusionary Rule 4181. Administrative Remedies 419
Erwin Chemerinsky, with Paul Hoffman, Laurie Levenson, R. Samuel Paz, Connie Rice, and Carol Sobel, An Independent Analysis of the Los Angeles Police Department’s Board of Inquiry Report on the Rampart Scandal 420
City of Albuquerque, Ordinances 422Problem 6-6. The Mayor’s Next Move 425Notes 426
2. Tort Actions and Criminal Prosecutions 427Mark Maimaron v. Commonwealth 428Office of the Attorney General, State of
Arkansas, Opinion No. 2004-188 433Consent Decree, United States v. City of
Los Angeles 435Problem 6-7. Checking with the Boss 437Notes 439Problem 6-8. Legislative Remedies 443
VII. Technology and Privacy 445
A. Enhancement of the Senses 445Charles Katz v. United States 446United States v. Antoine Jones 449Problem 7-1. Heat Seekers 454Problem 7-2. Eye in the Sky 455Notes 456Florida v. Joelis Jardines 458Notes 462
B. Wiretapping 4631. Judicial Limits on Wiretaps 463
3. The “Interrogation” Precondition for Miranda Warnings 551
Rhode Island v. Thomas Innis 552Problem 8-3. Blurting 557Problem 8-4. Public Safety Motivation 557Notes 558
4. Form of Warnings 559Problem 8-5. Your Lawyer Is Standing
Outside 560Notes 561
C. Invocation and Waiver of Miranda Rights 563Vermont Statutes Tit. 13, §§5234, 5237 563State v. Danny Ortega 564Problem 8-6. Sounds of Silence 573Notes 574Problem 8-7. Capacity to Waive 576Notes 577
D. Effect of Asserting Miranda Rights 578
xviii Contents
Charles Globe v. State 579Tevin Benjamin v. State 583Notes 590
E. Sixth Amendment Right to Counsel During Investigations 591State v. Benjamin Appleby 592Problem 8-8. Christian Burial Speech 599Notes 601
F. Miranda Cures, Impacts, and Alternatives 6031. Cures and Remedies for Miranda Violations 603
Missouri v. Patrice Seibert 603Problem 8-9. Hot Load 608Notes 610Problem 8-10. Inevitable Discovery 611Note 612
Interrogation in the 1990s: An Empirical Study of the Effects of Miranda 613
Notes 6163. Alternatives to Miranda 619
Texas Code of Criminal Procedure Art. 38.22 619Policy Concerning Electronic Recording of
Statements 621Notes 623United Kingdom, Criminal Justice and
Public Order Act of 1994, §34 625Notes 625
IX. Identifications 627
A. Risks of Mistaken Identification 627Ralph Norman Haber & Lyn Haber,
Experiencing, Remembering and Reporting Events 628
Notes 632B. Exclusion of Identification Evidence 634
1. Exclusion on Right to Counsel Grounds 635United States v. Billy Joe Wade 635People v. Jonathan Hickman 639U.S. Department of Justice, Technical
Working Group for Eyewitness Evidence 643Notes 646
2. Exclusion on Due Process Grounds 649State v. Larry Henderson 649Problem 9-1. The Pizza Hut Robbery 658U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice
Programs 660Notes 661
Contents xix
John J. Farmer, Attorney General Guidelines for Preparing and Conducting Photo and Live Lineup Identification Procedures 663
Problem 9-2. Photo Lineups 665Problem 9-3. Videorecorded Lineups 666Notes 667
C. Other Remedies for Improper Identification Procedures 668State v. Bryan Allen 668Notes 675
X. Complex Investigations 679
A. Selection and Pursuit of Targets 6791. Selective Investigations 679
Memorandum for All United States Attorneys 680Ah Sin v. George Wittman 682Dennis Baluyut v. Superior Court 683Problem 10-1. Choosing Among the Players 685Notes 686
2. Entrapment Defenses 688People v. Jessie Johnson 688Model Penal Code §2.13 695Missouri Revised Statutes §562.066 696Notes 696Problem 10-2. Outrageous Government
Conduct 698Cincinnati Police Division, Procedure
Manual §12.131 Confidential Informant Management and Control 699
Problem 10-3. The Mayor 700Notes 702
B. The Investigative Grand Jury 7041. Grand Jury Secrecy 705
Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 6 705Colorado Revised Statutes §16-5-204(4)(d) 706Problem 10-4. The View from Trenton 706Notes 707
2. Immunity for Witnesses 709Commonwealth v. Patricia Swinehart 710Notes 714
3. Document Subpoenas 718George Tiller v. Michael Corrigan 718Ohio Revised Code §2939.12 725Arkansas Statutes §16-43-212 725Notes 726Problem 10-5. Subpoena Versus Search
Warrant 727Notes 728
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PART TWO■EVALUATING CHARGES 731
XI. Defense Counsel 733
A. When Will Counsel Be Provided? 7341. Types of Charges 734
Clarence Earl Gideon v. Louie Wainwright 736Alabama v. LeReed Shelton 739Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.111 743Vermont Statutes Tit. 13, §§5231, 5201 744Problem 11-1. Advice on Counsel 745Notes 745Problem 11-2. Lawyers and Experts 748Problem 11-3. Universal Appointment 748Notes 749
2. Type of Proceedings 750Alabama Rule of Criminal Procedure 6.1(a) 750Missouri Supreme Court Rules 31.01, 31.02 751Odilio Gonzalez v. Commissioner of Correction 751Problem 11-4. Lawyers in Psychiatric
Examinations 756Notes 757
B. Selection and Rejection of Counsel 759State v. Joseph Spencer 760Problem 11-5. Competence to Stand Trial,
Competence to Waive Counsel 765Notes 766
C. Adequacy of Counsel 770Charles Strickland v. David Washington 770Blaine Lafler v. Anthony Cooper 777Problem 11-6. Cronic Errors 783Notes 784American Bar Association, Defense Function
Standards (3d ed. 1993) 787Rule 33, Court of Common Pleas, Cuyahoga
County, Ohio 788Problem 11-7. More Objective Competence
Standards 789Notes 789
D. Systems for Providing Counsel 791Donald J. Farole & Lynn Langton,
County-Based and Local Public Defender Offices, 2007 791
State v. Leonard Peart 794Kimberly Hurrell-Harring v. State 798Notes 803
Contents xxi
State v. Delbert Lynch 806American Bar Association, Model Rule of
Professional Conduct 1.5(d) 812Problem 11-8. Flat Fees for Service 812Problem 11-9. The Neighborhood
Defender 813Notes 814
E. The Ethics of Defending Criminals 816Speeches of Lord Erskine 816John Dos Passos, The American Lawyer:
As He Was—As He Is—As He Can Be 816American Bar Association and Association
of American Law Schools, Professional Responsibility: Report of the Joint Conference (1958) 817
John Kaplan, Defending Guilty People 818Aaron Cutler, Is a Lawyer Bound to Support
an Unjust Cause? A Problem of Ethics 820Letter from William Townsend 822Notes 822
XII. Pretrial Release and Detention 825
A. Pretrial Release 8261. Change in Bail Practices 826
Vera Institute of Justice, Fair Treatment for the Indigent: The Manhattan Bail Project 826
Alabama Rules of Criminal Procedure 7.2, 7.3 832Thomas H. Cohen & Brian A. Reaves, Pretrial
Release of Felony Defendants in State Courts 833
Notes 8352. Who Sets Bail? 839
American Bar Association: Pretrial Release Standards 839
Problem 12-1. Automatic Delay 840Notes 842
B. Pretrial Detention 844U.S. Constitution Amendment VIII 844Tennessee Constitution Art. I, §§15, 16 844United States v. Anthony Salerno 845New Mexico Constitution Art. II, §13 852Virginia Code §19.2-120 853Problem 12-2. The Next Danger 854Notes 855
C. Detention of Excludable Aliens and Enemy Combatants 858Problem 12-3. Traditions in Trying Times 859Notes 860
xxii Contents
XIII. Charging 863
A. Police Screening 864Philadelphia Police Department Directive 50,
Subject: Investigation and Charging Procedure 864
Houston Police Department General Order 500-7 865
Correspondence in Cochise County, Arizona 866
Notes 869B. Prosecutorial Screening 871
1. Encouraging or Mandating Criminal Charges 871Florida Statutes §741.2901 872Wisconsin Statutes §968.075 872Italian Constitution Art. 112 873German Code of Criminal Procedure 152(2) 873West Virginia Code §7-4-1 873The Question on the Application of Peter
Dennis v. DPP 873Notes 878
2. Declination and Diversion 880a. Declination Policies 881
Policy Regarding the Prosecution of Low-Level Possession of Marihuana Cases 881
Federal Prosecution of Business Organizations 884Revised Code of Washington §9.94A-411(1) 887Problem 13-1. Ad Hoc or Declared Reasons 888Notes 889
b. Diversion of Defendants 893Montana Code §46-16-130 893State v. Wallace Baynes 894Kitsap County Prosecuting Attorney Mission
Statement and Standards and Guidelines 898Notes 900Problem 13-2. Youth Court 901Utah Code Ann. §78A-6-1203 902Utah Code Ann. §78A-6-1205 902
3. Private Prosecution 903Wisconsin Statutes §968.02 903State v. Donald Culbreath 904Problem 13-3. Private Money, Public
Prosecutions 908Notes 909
4. Selection of Charges and System 911a. Selection Among Charges 911
U.S. Department of Justice, Principles of Federal Prosecution 911
Minnesota Statutes §388.051 911
Contents xxiii
People v. Jaleh Wilkinson 912Florida Prosecuting Attorneys’ Association,
Statement Concerning Implementing of Habitual Offender Laws 917
Problem 13-4. Available Charges 919Notes 919
b. Selection of System 921Howard N. Snyder, Melissa Sickmund &
Eileen Poe-Yamagata, Juvenile Transfers to Criminal Court in the 1990s: Lessons Learned from Four Studies 921
State v. Jonas Dixon 925Notes 931Problem 13-5. Federal Day 933Notes 933
5. Selective Prosecution 934United States v. Christopher Armstrong 935Notes 940
C. Grand Jury and Judicial Screening 942New York Constitution Art. I, §6 943Illinois Annotated Statutes Ch. 725,
Para. 5/111-2 944Commonwealth v. Khari Wilcox 944Notes 947
XIV. Jeopardy and Joinder 951
A. Double Jeopardy 9511. Multiple Sovereigns 952
Alfonse Bartkus v. Illinois 953U.S. Attorneys’ Manual §9-2.031, Dual
Prosecution and Successive Prosecution Policy (Petite Policy) 958
New Jersey Statutes §2C:1-11 960Ohio Revised Code §2925.50 961Problem 14-1. Rodney King’s Attackers 961Notes 962
2. “Same Offence” 965Robert Taylor v. Commonwealth 966People v. Melissa Nutt 969New York Criminal Procedure Law §40.20 974Notes 975Problem 14.2. Multiplicity 978Notes 979
3. Collateral Estoppel 980Ex parte Philip Taylor 980Notes 985
B. Joinder 9861. Discretionary Joinder and Severance of Offenses 987
xxiv Contents
Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 8(a) 987Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 13 987Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 14 987Vermont Rule of Criminal Procedure 8(a) 988Vermont Rule of Criminal Procedure 14 988Damian Long v. United States 989Problem 14-3. Compulsory Joinder 995Problem 14-4. Protective Order 996Notes 997
2. Joint Trials of Defendants 1000Problem 14-5. Antagonistic Brothers 1000Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 8(b) 1002Vermont Rule of Criminal Procedure 8(b) 1002Vermont Rule of Criminal Procedure 14(b)(2) 1002Notes 1004
PART THREE■RESOLVING GUILT AND INNOCENCE 1007
XV. Discovery and Speedy Trial 1009
A. Discovery 10091. Prosecution Disclosure of Inculpatory Information 1010
Problem 15.1. Exchanging Words 1010South Carolina Rule of Criminal
Procedure 5(A) 1012North Carolina General Statutes §15A-903 1013Notes 1014
2. Prosecution Disclosure of Exculpatory Information 1017People v. Alan Beaman 1018Hawaii Penal Procedure Rule 16 1025Utah Criminal Procedure Rule 16 1026Problem 15-2. Preserving Evidence 1026Notes 1027American Bar Association, Model Rule of
Professional Conduct 3.8 1031U.S. Department of Justice, Memorandum
for Department Prosecutors 1032Notes 1037
3. Defense Disclosures 1038Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal
Procedure 573(C) 1038Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal
Procedure 567(A) 1039Commonwealth v. Patrick Durham 1039Notes 1046
Contents xxv
4. Discovery Ethics 1048Problem 15-3. Defense Attorney as Repository 1048Standing Committee on Professional
Responsibility and Conduct, State Bar of California, California Formal Ethics Opinion 1984-76 1049
North Carolina State Bar, Receipt of Evidence of Crime by Lawyer for Defendant, Ethics Opinion 221 1051
Notes 1053B. Speedy Trial Preparation 1054
1. Pre-Accusation Delay 1055New York Criminal Procedure Law §30.10 1055Commonwealth v. Stephen Scher 1056Problem 15-4. Child Victims 1063Notes 1064
2. Constitutional Protections for Speedy Trial After Accusation 1066
Vermont v. Michael Brillon 1067Notes 1072
3. Statutory Protections for Speedy Trial After Accusation 1074Problem 15-5. The Fierce Urgency of Now 1075California Penal Code §1382 1077California Penal Code §1387 1078U.S.C. §3161 1078U.S.C. §3162 1079Notes 1080
XVI. Pleas and Bargains 1083
A. Bargain About What? 1084Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11(a), (c) 1084United States, By and Through the United States
Attorneys for the Eastern and Western Districts of Kentucky v. Kentucky Bar Association 1085
Problem 16-1. Waiving the Right to Appeal a Sentence 1092
Notes 1092B. Categorical Restrictions on Bargaining 1095
1. Legislative Limits 1096California Penal Code §1192.7 1096New York Criminal Procedure Law §220.10 1097Revised Code of Washington §§9.94A.450,
9.94A.460 1098Notes 1099
2. Judicial Rules 1100Raymond Espinoza v. Hon. Gregory Martin 1101Notes 1104
xxvi Contents
3. Prosecutorial Guidelines 1106U.S. Department of Justice, Principles
of Federal Prosecution 1107Notes 1108U.S. Sentencing Guidelines §§6B1.2, 6B1.4
(Policy Statements) 1111Prosecutors’ Handbook on Sentencing
Guidelines (“The Redbook”) 1111Charging and Plea Decisions (“Reno
Bluesheet”) 1113Notes 1114Department Policy on Charging and
Sentencing 1115Notes 1116State v. Christopher Brimage 1117Problem 16-2. Statewide Bargaining
Tit. 17-A, §§1172, 1173 1125State v. Patrick William Casey 1125Notes 1130
C. Validity of Individual Plea Bargains 11311. Lack of Knowledge 1132
Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11(b) 1132Missouri v. Galin Frye 1133Problem 16-4. Direct and Collateral Effects 1140Notes 1141
2. Involuntary Pleas 1144a. Alford Pleas 1144
Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11(b) 1144North Carolina v. Henry Alford 1145Notes 1147Problem 16-5. An Offer You Can’t Refuse 1149Notes 1149
b. Judicial Overinvolvement 1151State v. Landour Bouie 1151Notes 1156
D. The Future of Bargaining 11581. Legitimacy of Bargaining 1158
Albert Alschuler, Implementing the Criminal Defendant’s Right to Trial: Alternatives to the Plea Bargaining System 1158
Frank Easterbrook, Plea Bargaining As Compromise 1160
Notes 11622. Efforts to Ban Bargaining 1163
Contents xxvii
Commonwealth v. John Battis 1163George Edwards v. People 1164Ronald Wright & Marc Miller, The Screening/
Bargaining Tradeoff 1166Notes 1172
XVII. Decisionmakers at Trial 1175
A. Judge or Jury? 11761. Availability of Jury Trial 1176
State v. Kent Bowers 1177Maryland Courts and Judicial Proceedings
Code §12-401 1180Notes 1181
2. Waiver of Jury Trial 1183State v. Tyeric Lamar Lessley 1183Notes 1189
B. Selection of Jurors 11911. Voir Dire 1192
Keith Filmore v. State 1193Problem 17-1. “Racially Sensitive Cases”
and Voir Dire 1196Problem 17-2. Defendant Bias and Voir Dire 1197Notes 1198
2. Dismissal for Cause 1200Texas Code of Criminal Procedure
Art. 35.16 1200State v. Reche Smith 1201Notes 1204
3. Peremptory Challenges 1206James Batson v. Kentucky 1207Rodney Lingo v. State 1214Notes 1220Problem 17-3. Extending Batson 1223Notes 1223
C. Jury Deliberations and Verdicts 12251. Deadlocked Juries 1225
New York Criminal Procedure Law §310.30 1225Commonwealth v. Benjamin Greer 1226Notes 1232
2. Changes to Jury Structure 1234Georgia Constitution Art. I, §I, Para. XI 1234Montana Code §46-16-110 1234State v. Sherrie Tucker 1235Problem 17-4. Non-Unanimous Verdicts 1239Notes 1240Problem 17-5. Jury Nullification and
Social Justice 1242Notes 1243
xxviii Contents
D. The Public as Decisionmaker 12451. Public Access to Trials 1245
State v. Manuel Turrietta 1245Notes 1250
2. Community Courts 1252John Feinblatt & Greg Berman,
Responding to the Community: Principles for Planning and Creating a Community Court 1254
Notes 1256
XVIII. Witnesses and Proof 1259
A. Burden of Proof 12601. Reasonable Doubt 1260
State v. Denise Frei 1260John P. Cronan, Is Any of This Making
Sense? Reflecting on Guilty Pleas to Aid Criminal Juror Comprehension 1265
Problem 18-1. A Doubt with a Reason 1268Notes 1269Problem 18-2. Words and Numbers 1271Problem 18-3. Presumed Innocent or Not
Guilty? 1271Notes 1272
2. Presumptions 1273State v. Johnny Rufus Belcher 1274Problem 18-4. Presumption in the Fire 1278Notes 1279
B. Confrontation of Witnesses 12811. The Value of Confrontation 1281
Problem 18-5. Child Testimony 1282Israel Romero v. State 1283Désiré Doorson v. Netherlands 1288Notes 1292
2. Out-of-Court Statements by Unavailable Witnesses 1295Michael Crawford v. Washington 1295Notes 1302
3. Statements by Co-Defendants 1304Commonwealth v. John Bacigalupo 1304Notes 1308
4. Unavailable Topics 1309Johnny Carroll v. State 1309Problem 18-6. Evidence Off Limits 1314Notes 1315
C. Self-Incrimination Privilege at Trial 1317Eddie Dean Griffin v. California 1318Kevin Sean Murray v. United Kingdom 1321Problem 18-7. Telling the Jury 1327Problem 18-8. Pre-Arrest Silence 1328
Contents xxix
Notes 1329D. Ethics and Lies at Trial 1332
People v. Derek Andrades 1333State ex rel. Oklahoma Bar Association v.
Robert Miller 1336Notes 1341
PART FOUR■MEASURING PUNISHMENT AND REASSESSING GUILT 1345
XIX. Sentencing 1347
A. Who Sentences? 13471. Indeterminate Sentencing 1348
Samuel Williams v. New York 1348The Queen v. Robert Arnautovic 1351Notes 1357
2. Legislative Sentencing 1359Code of Hammurabi 1360U.S. Sentencing Commission, Mandatory
Minimum Penalties in the Federal Criminal Justice System 1360
Problem 19-1. The Shopaholic 1363Notes 1364
3. Sentencing Commissions 1367ABA Standards for Criminal Justice
Sentencing Standard 18-1.3(a) 1367Dale Parent, Structuring Criminal Sentencing 1368Richard S. Frase, State Sentencing
Guidelines: Diversity, Consensus, and Unresolved Policy Issues 1372
Notes 1375B. Revisiting Investigations and Charges 1377
1. Revisiting Investigations 1378People v. Deon Lamont Claypool 1378Problem 19-2. Learning a Lesson 1383Problem 19-3. Reversing the Exclusion 1384Notes 1384
3.701(d)(11) 1387State v. Douglas McAlpin 1387Notes 1389
C. Revisiting Pleas and Trials 13921. Revisiting Proof at Trial 1392
xxx Contents
Ralph Blakely v. Washington 1393Notes 1402
2. Revisiting Jury Verdicts and Guilty Pleas 1404U.S. Sentencing Guidelines §3E1.1 1404Problem 19-4. Trial Penalty or Reward
for Plea? 1404Problem 19-5. Sentencing Hearings, Guilty
Plea Hearings 1404Notes 1405
D. New Information About the Offender and the Victim 14071. Offender Information 1407
a. Criminal History 1408Commonwealth v. Albert Shiffler 1408Washington State Sentencing Guidelines 1413Problem 19-6. Personal History and
Prospects 1414Notes 1415
b. Cooperation in Other Investigations 1417Taggart Parrish v. State 1417U.S. Sentencing Guidelines §5K1.1 1422Notes 1422
2. New Information About the Victim and the Community 1423
Problem 19-7. The Community as Victim 1424Michigan Constitution Article I, §24 1426Problem 19-8. Vulnerable Victim 1426Notes 1426
E. Race and Sentencing 14291. Race and the Victims of Crime 1430
Warren McCleskey v. Ralph Kemp 1432Notes 1438
2. Race and Discretionary Decisions Affecting Punishment 1438
Freddie Stephens v. State 1439Notes 1444Problem 19-9. The Crack-Powder
Differential 1445Notes 1446
XX. Appeals 1449
A. Who Appeals? 14491. Right to Appeal 1449
Arkansas Statutes §16-91-101 1450Arkansas Rule of Criminal Procedure 24.3(b) 1450California Penal Code §1237.5 1450California Rule of Court 8.304(b)(4) 1450Notes 1450
2. Appeals by Indigent Defendants 1451
Contents xxxi
Bryan Mosley v. State 1452Notes 1456
3. Interlocutory Appeals 1457Delaware Code Tit. 10, §§9902, 9903 1457State v. Matthew Medrano 1458Notes 1462
B. Appellate Review of Factual Findings 1464Kelvin Brooks v. State 1466Problem 20-1. Wrong Place, Wrong Time? 1474Notes 1475
C. Harmless Error 1476Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 52 1478Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure 36(b) 1478People v. Walter Budzyn 1479Problem 20-2. Preserving Error 1487Notes 1489
D. Retroactivity 1491State v. Curtis Knight 1491Notes 1496
