Contents of published papers

CONTENTS OF PUBLISHED PAPERS

VOLUME 1

Preface THE LATERAL-LINE ORGAN OF SHARK AS A CHEMORECEPTOR

Y. Katsuki, T. Hashimoto, and K. Yanagisawa

1. Structure of the endorgan 2. Innervation of the endorgan 3. Receptive mechanism of the lateral-line organs

Experiments on Sharks 1. Materials 2. Methods

Results 1. Directional responses of the canal neuromast 2. Chemoreception of the lateral-line organ 3. Effects of cocain, tetrodotoxin, and tetraethylammonium chloride 4. Electrical stimulation of the endorgans 5. Correlation between the mechanical response of the pit organ and the

salt concentration in the animal environment

Discussions Summary Addendum

RIBONLJCLEASE TI : STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

K. Takahashi, T. Uchida, and F. Egami

Chemical Aspects 1. Chemical modifications of amino acid residues in RNase Tr 2. Enzymatic modifications of RNase Ti

Physical Aspects Enzymological Aspects

1. Specificity 2. Binding of RNase Tr with 2’-guanylates and related compounds

Immunological Aspects

207

208

Comparative Biochemistry Conclusion Summary Note Added in Proof

POLYMERIZATION OF FLAGELLIN AND POLYMORPHISM OF FLAGELLA S. Asakura

I. General Features 1. Morphology 2. Constituents 3. Movement 4. Substructure

II. Polymerization of Flagellin 1. Spontaneous polymerization 2. Requirement of seeds 3. Rate of polymerization 4. Conformational change 5. Copolymerization 6. Unidirectional growth

III. Polymorphism 1. Dimorphism: a previous observation 2. Copolymers (i+s) and (n+s) 3. Copolymers (i+c) and (c+s) 4. Discussion

IV. Models of Flagella 1. Quasi-equivalence 2. A plausible model

Addenda

SPIN CHANGES IN HEMOPROTEINS T. Iizuka and T. Yonetani

Spectrophotometry at Ambient and Cryogenic Temperatures Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy Magnetic Susceptibility Measurements Paramagnetic Susceptibility in the Ground State Paramagnetic Susceptibility in Thermally Excited States

1. Correlation between AH ° and nature of ligands 2. Possible interpretation of AS ° and its correlation to protein

structure

PUBLISHED PAPERS

3. Enthalpy-entropy compensation List of Forthcoming Articles

209

VOLUME 2

Preface PHASE TRANSITION IN MEMBRANE WITH REFERENCE TO NERVE EX- CITATION Y. Kobatake, I. Tasaki, and A. Watanabe

I.

II. III. IV. V.

VI. VII.

VIII. IX. X.

XI.

Experimental Manipulation of the Milieu Surrounding the Squid Axon Membrane Asymmetry of the Axon Membrane Electrochemical Properties of Axon Membrane at Rest Abrupt Depolarization Axon Membrane in the Excited State Stability of Resting and Active States of Axon Membrane Effects of Temperature Changes on Excitability Structure and Model for Axon Membrane Two Stable States of Axon Membranes Optical Properties of Axon Membranes Conclusion

ONE-ELECTRON AND TWO-ELECTRON TRANSFER MECHANISMS IN ENZYMIC OXIDATION-REDUCTIONS REACTIONS I. Yamazaki

A Tentative Definition of One-Electron and Two-Electron Transfer Mechanism at the Surface of Enzyme Molecules Metal Enzymes (Oxidases and Peroxidases)

1. Horseradish peroxidase 2. Laccase and ascorbate oxidase 3. Tyrosinase

Flavoproteins 1. Flavoproteins in electron transport systems 2. NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (DT diaphorase) 3. Xanthine oxidase and related flavoprotein oxidases 4. Flavoprotein oxidases

Dehydrogenases Classification of the Electron Transfer Mechanism in the Enzymic Oxidation-

Reduction Reactions on the Basis of the Formation of Free Radicals Derived from Donor and Acceptor

210

Discussion Summary

THE ELECTROGENIC SODIUM PUMP

1. The concept of the electrogenic sodium pump 2. Membrane potential and electrogenic sodium pump

Experimental Evidence for an Electrogenic Sodium Pump 1. Resting potential 2. Action potential 3. Postsynaptic potential

Summary

K. Koketsu

STRUCTURE OF TROPOMYOSIN AND ITS CRYSTAL

T. Ooi and S. Fujime-Higashi

Isolation and Purification Physicochemical Properties

1. Polymerization-depolymerization 2. Reversible equilibrium of tropomyosin polymers 3. Tropomyosin as a polyelectrolyte 4. Monomeric unit of tropomyosin

Biochemical Studies of Tropomyosin Crystals of Tropomyosin

1. Crystallization 2. Electron microscopic observations 3. Polymorphism of the crystal 4. Polymorphic transition between various crystal forms

Interaction with Other Muscle Proteins 1. Actin 2. Troponin 3. Other proteins

Possible Structure of Tropomyosin Molecule Location of Tropomyosin in Myofibril Summary

STOCHASTIC THEORY OF REACTION KINETICS E. Teramoto, N. Shigesada, H. Nakajima, and K, Sato

I. General Formula 1. Introduction

PUBLISHED PAPERS 211

°

3. 4.

II. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

10. 11. 12.

III. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Definitions and mathematical formula Reaction rate function and master equation The specification of state

Bimolecular Reactions in a Liquid Medium Diffusion controlled reaction kinetics Mathematical formula Reduced formulas Multi-dimensional diffusion equation with pair absorbing interaction Cluster expansion Binary collision expansion Binary kernels in momentum representation Approximate results

Computer Simulation Introduction The model Some typical results Discussion

Summary Contributor Sketches Published Papers Forthcoming Papers

VOLUME 3

Preface QUASI-ELASTIC OF S C A T T E R I N G LASER L I G H T - - A New Tool for the Dynamic Study of Biological Macromolecules S. Fujime

I °

1. 2.

II. III.

1. 2. 3.

IV. 1. 2. 3.

Review Theoretical Experimental

Experimental Method Simple Examples Translational diffusion of spherical particles Translational and rotational diffusion of rodlike particles Cross correlation

Studies on Intramolecular Motions A simple theory F-Actin as an example of a long chain polymer Interaction between F-actin and heavy meromyosin

212

4. 5.

V. VI.

Interaction between F-actin and tropomyosin Effect of Ca 2÷ on an F-actin-tropomyosin-troponin complex

Light Scattering under Optical Microscope Concluding Remarks

ACTIONS OF TRANSMITTER SUBSTANCES ON THE NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTIONS OF VERTEBRATES AND INVERTEBRATES

A. Takeuchi and N. Takeuchi

I. Sequence of Events in Chemical Transmission II. Relative of the Transmitter Substance

III. Actions of the Transmitter on the End-plate Membrane 1. End-plate potential 2. Voltage-clamp method 3. Equivalent circuit 4. Reversal potential 5. Displacement of the electric charge 6. Conductance of the end-plate membrane 7. Removal of the transmitter 8. Ions involved in the e.p.c.

IV. Action of Transmitters on the Inhibitory Postsynaptic Membrane 1. Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (i.p.s.p.) 2. Conductance increase 3. Ions involved in the production of i.p.s.p. 4. Permeability properties of the inhibitory membrane

V. Presynaptic Inhibition at the Crustacean Neuromuscular Junction 1. Presynaptic inhibition 2. Ionic mechanism in presynaptic inhibition

VI. Action of Amino Acids 1. Criteria for the identification of transmitter 2. Presence of amino acids 3. Site of action of amino acids 4. Release of amino acids 5. Amount of transmitter 6. Specificity of amino acids 7. Reversal potential

VII. Discussion 1. Amino acids as transmitter substances 2. Nature of the permeability changes in the synaptic membranes 3. Receptor mechanisms at the synaptic membrane

Summary

SOME

I. I. 2.


THEORETICAL STUDIES ON HEMORHEOLOGY S. Oka

Steady Flow of Blood through a Tube Steady flow of non-Newtonian fluids through a uniform tube Steady flow of fluids obeying Casson's equation through a uniform tube

3. Effect of plasmatic zone on pressure-flow relationship 4. Steady flow of Newtonian fluids through a tapered tube 5. Steady flow of non-Newtonian fluids through a tapered tube

II. Flow of Blood in a Capillary with a Permeable Wall 1. Introduction 2. Assumptions 3. Equations of motion and boundary conditions 4. Distribution of velocity and pressure in the first approximation 5. Distributions of velocity and pressure in the second approximation 6. Velocity and pressure distributions 7. Volume of flow per unit time 8. Net outflow 9. Discussion

III. Tension in Thick-walled Blood Vessels 1. Introduction 2. Circumferential tension in a tube wall in equilibrium under constant

pressure 3. Two limiting cases 4. Relation of our formula to Laplace's law 5. Circumferential tension in terms of stress component 6. Stress distribution in a tube with homogeneous Hookean walls 7. Tube walls with layer structure 8. Thick-walled tube with neo-Hookean elasticity 9. Inapplicability of Laplace's law to thick-walled cylindrical tubes

10. Circumferential tension in relation to Young's modulus 11. Influence of oscillation of the blood vessel wall 12. Critical closure

Summary

PRIMARY PROCESSES OF INSECT CHEMORECEPTION

I. Functional Organization of the Chemosensory Hair 1. Morphology 2. Records of sensory impulses 3. Receptor potential

H. Morita

214

.

II. 1. 2. 3.

III. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Locus of impulse initiation Magnitude of Response Amplitude of depolarization of receptor membrane Receptor potential and impulse frequency Stimulus strength and response magnitude

Sugar Receptor Reversal potential Dose-response curve Effects of salts, pH and temperature on the response to sucrose Substrate specificity Possible models of the receptor site (sugar binding site) Receptor molecule

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EXCITABLE C H A R A MEMBRANE U. Kishimoto

Material and Method Definition Results

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Discussion Summary

Potential control with a slowly rising voltage Phase shift of the membrane current during excitation Apparent negative membrane conductance Potential control with rapidly increasing command of depolarization Capacitance change during excitation

EVOLUTION OF CYTOCHROME C MOLECULE T. Yamanaka

Definition of Cytochrome c Reaction of Cytochrome c with Cytochrome Oxidase

1. Cytochrome oxidases 2. Biological specificity 3. Reactivity of highly purified cytochrome c derived from various

organisms Evolution of the Cytochrome c Molecule as Reflected in Reactivity Primary Structure of Cytochrome c and Its Evolution Immunological Properties of Cytochrome c and Its Evolution Evolution of the Respiratory System Some Thoughts on the Evolution of Organisms Concluding Remarks

PUBLISHED PAPERS

Summary Contributor Sketches Published Papers Forthcoming Papers

215

VOLUME 4

Preface ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF NUCLEIC ACID BASES: THEIR SPEC- TROSCOPIC PROPERTIES, CHEMICAL REACTIVITIES, AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES C. Nagata, A. Imamura, and H. Fujita

I. Methods of Calculation 1. P-P-P method 2. CNDO method

II. Electronic Structures of Bases: Molecular Structural Properties 1. Orbital energy and ionization potential 2. Electronic charge and dipole moment

III. Electronic Structures of Bases: Their Spectroscopic Properties 1. Calculated transition energy and oscillator strength compared to ab-

sorption and emission spectra 2. Direction of transition moment

IV. Electronic Structures of Bases: Chemical Reactivities 1. Chemical reactivity in the ground state 2. Chemical reactivity in the excited state

V. Electronic Structures of Bases: Biological Activities 1. Tautmerism of bases and codon-anticodon recognition 2. Mutagenesis 3. Carcinogenesis 4. Stacking energy and stability of polymers

Summary

Ca SPIKE

Ca Ions as Charge Carriers during the Ca Spike Early and Late Membrane Currents during Voltage Clamp Separation of Ca and K Currents Ca Current and External Ca Concentration Effects of Pharmacological Agents on the Ca Spike Tests for the Ca Spike

S. Hagiwara

216

Ca Spikes in Muscle Tissues Biological Significance of the Ca Spike in Muscle Tissues Presynaptic Terminal Nerve Cells Others

M. Sato GUSTATORY RECEPTOR MECHANISM IN MAMMALS

Response Characteristics of Signal Chorda Tympani Fibers of Rats 1. Diversity of responses in chorda tympani fibers 2. Distribution of sensitivities in rat chorda tympani fibers 3. Neural information for quality of taste

Innervation and Structure of Taste Bud Electrical Properties of Gustatory Cells Electrical Responses in Gustatory Cells

1. Receptor potentials in gustatory cells 2. Conductance change in gustatory cell membrane during chemical

stimulation 3. Adaptation of gustatory cells 4. Interaction NaC1 with sucrose, HCI, and quinine on the receptor po-

tential Distribution of Chemical Sensitivities in Gustatory Cells

1. Response profiles of rat gustatory cells 2. Random distribution of sensitivities to the four basic tastes in gusta-

tory cells Factors Affecting the Taste Cell Response

1. Metabolic inhibitors 2. pH 3. Temperature

Receptor Protein Summary

TENSION AT THE SURFACE OF SEA URCHIN EGGS ON THE BASIS OF 'LIQUID-DROP' CONCEPT M. Yoneda

I. Cell-elastimeter of Mitchison and Swann II. Cole's Compression Method

III. Recalculation of the Tension IV. Is the Surface Elastic? V. Temperature Dependence

VI. Apparent Wrinkling


VII. Highly Expanded Surface VIII. Surface Viscosity

IX. Centrifuge Method X. Sessile Drop Method

XI. Fertilized Eggs Summary Appendix

1. Theoretical contour of compressed eggs 2. Identity of the tensions T1 and T~ at the surface of axially symmetric

shells whose curvature is uniform

GENETIC STUDY ON TRANSFER RNA

Suppressor Genes and Suppressor tRNA I. Suppressors for nonsense mutations 2. Suppressors for missense mutations

Duplicate Genes for tRNA Mutations of Suppressor tRNA

1. Defective mutants 2. Temperature-sensitive mutants 3. Mutants of altered amino acid specificity

Mutations Related to tRNA synthesis 1. Mutants of increased tRNA synthesis 2. Maturation mutants

Perspectives Contributor Sketches Suggestions to Authors Published Papers Forthcoming Papers

Y. Shimura and H. Ozeki

VOLUME 5

Preface REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN THE SEX CYCLE--Theoretical and Ex- perimental Studies in the Rat S. Inou6

I. Dynamic Events Occurring in Sex Cycles 1. Patterns of mammalian ovulatory cycles 2. Estrous cycles in the rat

218

.

3. 4.

III. 1. 2.

3. Circadian cycles in relation to reproductive functions 4. Sexual differentiation of the brain 5. Total system regulating the sex cycle

II. Theoretical Approaches to the Regulatory Mechanism 1. Characteristics of components in the brain-hypophyseal-gonadal sys-

tem Mathematical model of the brain-hypophyseal-gonadal system Mechanism of regulation Computer simulations of the rat 4-day estrous cycle

Experimental Modifications of the Gonadotropin Secretion Acyclic secretion after gonadectomy Maintenance of estrous cycles against interference caused by hormonal efflux and influx by parabiosis

3. Acute or chronic effects of exogenous sex hormones IV. Dynamic Responses of Reproductive Organs to Steadily Infused Sex

Hormones 1. A technique to control chronically the blood level of hormones in un-

restrained rats 2. Effects of constant estrogenic input on the uterus 3. Computer simulation of the dynamic characteristics of the uterus 4. Effects of constant androgenic inputs in orchidectomized rats

V. Possibility of Sex Cycles in the Male 1. A brief review 2. Cyclic gonadotropin secretion in male rats

Summary

CENTRAL MECHANISM OF FEEDING

I. Evidence for Existence of Centers in the Hypothalamus I. Destruction of VMH, LH, and related brain areas 2. Stimulation of VMH and LH

II. Anatomical Considerations I. Intrahypothalamic connections 2. Connections between hypotha]amus and brain stem

Ill. Electrical Activity of VMH and LH I. LH-VMH reciprocal activity 2. Discharge patterns of LH and VMH neurons

IV. Effects of the Amygdala on LH and VMH I. Effect on VMH activity 2. Effect on LH activity 3. Possible inhibitory transmitter

Y. Oomura

P U B L I S H E D PAPERS 2 1 9

°

2. 3. 4. 5.

VII.

V. Cortical Influence on VMH and LH VI. Chemosensitive Neuron and Factors Contributing to Sensations of

Appetite and Satiety Blood composition Special histological considerations Glucose-sensitive neurons Effect of amygdaloid stimulation Insulin effect on glucose-sensitive neurons

Interrelationship between Glucose-sensitive Neurons and Feeding Mechanisms

1. Glucose and insulin effects 2. Interrelations among glucose, insulin, and free fatty acid

Summary

CONTRACTILE PROTEINS FROM THE MYXOMYCETE PLASMODIUM S. Hatano

I. Myosin B 1. Physicochemical properties of plasmodium myosin B 2. Superprecipitation 3. Electron micrographs

II. Myosin A 1. Some characteristics of plasmodium myosin A 2. Aggregation of plasmodium myosin A at low salt concentrations

III. Actin 1. Physicochemical properties of plasmodium G-actin 2. Polymerization of plasmodium actin 3. Polymorph of plasmodium actin polymer 4. Structure of Mg-polymer 5. Conformational change of actin polymer

IV. Native Tropomyosin-like Proteins Discussion Summary

ASSEMBLY OF MYOSIN MOLECULES INTO THE STRUCTURE OF THICK FILAMENTS OF MUSCLE I. Katsura and H. Noda

I. Structure 1. Structure of reconstituted myosin filaments 2. Geometry of interaction between myosin molecules and between light

meromyosin molecules

220

3. Mechanism of determination of length II. Kinetics and Thermodynamics

1. Length of reconstituted myosin filaments 2. Rate of aggregation of myosin 3. Monomer concentration in equilibrium with filaments

III. Models for the Assembly of Myosin in Vitro 1. A model for the assembly of myosin by means of fast dilution 2. A model of the assembly of myosin in slow dilution and dialysis

Summary Contributor Sketches Suggestions to Authors Published Papers Forthcoming Papers

VOLUME 6

Preface ISOTOPE EXCHANGE AND CONFORMATIONA L F L U C T U A T I O N IN POLYPEPTIDES

A. Ikegami, M. I. Kanehisa, M. Nakanishi, and M. Tsuboi

I. Isotope Exchange in Polypeptides 1. Materials and experimental 2. Isotope exchange in the random-coil conformation 3. Isotope exchange in the helix-coil transition region 4. Isotope exchange in the helical conformation

II. Exchange Kinetics and Approximation of Fast Helix-coil Transition Rates

1. Exchange kinetics 2. Ising model and the probability of a random coil for each peptide

group within the chain 3. Comparison with experimental results

III. Stochastic Theory of Helix-coil Transition and Isotope Exchange 1. Model 2. Characteristics expected from different experimental methods

IV. Monte Carlo Simulation 1. Simulation using the Ising model 2. Effect of "helix range"

Summary and Discussion


RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OF A MATHEMATICAL NEURON M O D E L

J. Nagumo

I. Mathematical Neuron Model and Average Firing Rate II. Set of Periodic Sequences S Having Certain Special Forms

1. Elements of Set St 2. Elements of Set 82 3. Elements of Set Sa

III. Total Length of the Intervals of a Which Correspond to the Elements of S

IV. Function F(a) V. Harmon's Experimental Result on His Electronic Neuron Model

VI. An Analog Circuit of the Mathematical Neuron Model Summary Appendix

A M A T H E M A T I C A L THEORY OF NERVE NETS

I °

1. 2. 3. 4.

II. 1. 2. 3.

III. 1. 2.

IV. 1. 2. 3.

V.

°

2. 3. 4.

S. Amari

Preliminaries on Mathematical Nerve Nets Nerve elements Nerve nets State-transition operator Stability of state transition

Statistical Neurodynamics of Simple Random Nets Ensembles of randomly connected nerve nets Derivation of macrostate equation Dynamical properties of simple random nets

Properties of Microstate Transition in Simple Random Nets Stability of microstate transition Dynamics of distance of microstate transition

Dynamical Behavior of Complex Random Nets Macrostate equation Complex net consisting of two subnets Association, abstraction, and concept formation

Association, Concept Formation, and Abstraction by Self-organizing Nerve Nets Self-organization of nerve nets Associative recall of patterns Concept formation Abstraction

Summary

222

PIEZOELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES E. Fukada

I. Classification of Piezoelectric Polymers I. Class D®(oo22) 2. Class C~(2 ram) 3. Class C2.(2mm) 4. Class C®v(oo mm)

II. Experimental Methods for Measuring Complex Piezoelectric Coeffi- cients

1. Definition of the piezoelectric coefficients 2. Measurements of direct piezoelectric effect 3. Measurements of inverse piezoelectric effect

III. Theory of Piezoelectric Relaxation IV. Piezoelectric Behavior of Biopolymers

1. Synthetic polypeptides 2. Collagen 3. Keratin 4. Fibrin 5. Muscle proteins 6. Deoxyribonucleic acid

V. Biological Significance of Piezoelectricity Summary

THE ROLE OF DIVALENT CATIONS IN CELL ADHESION T. S. Okada, M. Takeichi, K. Yasuda, and M. J. Ueda

I. Two Types of Cell Adhesion to Inorganic Substrates II. Importance of Mg 2÷ in Cell Adhesion to Inorganic Substrates

III. Cellular Spreading and Divalent Cations IV. Distribution Pattern of Cultured Cells in Different Cations V. Divalent Cations in Cell-to-Cell Adhesion

1. Experimental system 1 2. Experimental system 2

VI. Large Molecular Factors Affecting Cellular Spreading Substrate Summary Contributor Sketches Subject Index (Vols. 1 to 5) Suggestions to Authors Published Papers Forthcoming Papers


VOLUME 7

Preface MECHANISM OF ASSEMBLY OF TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS I N VITRO

Y. Okada

I. Tobacco Mosaic Virus and Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus II. Polarity of Assembly Reaction

III. 20S Protein Aggregate, an Essential Component Only for Initiation of Reconstimtion Reaction

IV. A Possible Model for the Process of Assembly of TMV from Its RNA and Protein

1. Formation of the 20S disk form of protein aggregate 2. Interaction of the 20S disk of protein aggregates with a particular

region at the 5'-end of TMV-RNA to form an initial complex 3. Elongation of the helical rod from the initial complex

V. Confirmation of the Assembly Model Proposed by Okada and Ohno 1. Experiments with NBS-modified TMV-protein: rod elongation pro-

ceeds by the protein which is not able to form 20S aggregate 2. Direct observation of rod elongation process by protein subunits by

electron micrography 3. Experiments with CGMMV-protein: rod elongation did not proceed

by disk protein aggregate VI. Specificity of Reconstitution

VII. Circular Dichroism Studies on the Reconstitution Reaction Discussion Summary Supplement

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY OF EXCITABLE MEMBRANES Y. Kobatake, I. Inoue, and T. Ueda

I. Excitability, Stability, and Phase Transition of Squid Axon Membrane under Internal Perfusion

II. Excitability of a Model Membrane Accompanying a Conformational Change

III. Excitability of Surface Membrane Formed on Protoplasmic Droplets Isolated from Nitella

IV. Discontinuous Change in Membrane Properties of Surface Membrane of Nitella Droplet Due to Excitation

V. Spatial Non-uniformity and Local Eddy Current of Excitable Mem- branes

224

Concluding Remarks

DNA REPAIR AND EVOLUTIONARY CONSIDERATIONS--A Search for a General Principle in Nuclear Biology with Use of Radiation as a Probe

S. Kondo

Selective Action of UV on DNA DNA Repair: I. Photoreactivation

1. Indirect photoreactivation 2. Enzymatic photoreactivation (photoenzymatic repair) 3. RNA°PR enzyme

DNA Repair: II. Excision Repair 1. Patch and cut type repair 2. Coordination and multiple pathways

DNA Repair: III. Tolerance Repair 1. Classification in terms of excision-repair and tolerance-repair genes 2. Mechanisms of tolerance repair

DNA Repair in Human Cells 1. Xeroderma pigmentation and excision repair 2. Suppressibility of excision repair and photoenzymatic repair in mam-

mals 3. Different complementation groups of xeroderma pigmentation genes

Mutagenesis 1. Pyrimidine dimers as the major cause of UV mutagenesis 2. Mutations by misrepair of pyrimidine dimers 3. Genetic control of error-prone tolerance repair 4. Spontaneous mutagenesis

Evolution of DNA Repair 1. DNA photoreactivation: its origin and evolution 2. Dark repair

Summary

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF BONITO FERROCYTOCHROME c AT 2.3 ~. RESOI.,UTION M. Kakudo

I. Experimental Remarks 1. Species of bonito and extraction of cytochrome c 2. Heavy atom derivatives 3. X-ray diffraction 4. Oxidation of ferrocytochrome c in the crystalline state

II. Structure Analysis

PUBLISHED PAPERS

III. Results 1. Specificities of the structure 2. Anion binding

Discussion Summary

225

PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF PROTOPLASMIC DROPS OF NITELLA T. Takenaka, T. Yoshioka, and H. Horie

I. Protoplasmic Drop Formation and Experimental Procedure II. Chemical Composition of Protoplasm in NiteUa

1. Phospholipids 2. Amino acid

III. Electron Microscopic Study of the Protoplasmic Drop Surface Mem- brane

IV. Formation Process of Protoplasmic Drop Surface Membranes 1. Membrane resistance 2. Intensity change of scattered light 3. Effect of calcium ions on the formation of the surface membrane 4. Effects of monovalent ions 5. Electrical responce of surface membranes of protoplasmic drops

Contributor Sketches Suggestions to Authors Published Papers Forthcoming Papers

VOLUME 8

Preface MYOSIN-SUBFRAGMENT-1

I. S-1 (T) Obtained by the Tryptic Digestion of HMM (T) 1. Effect of pH on the ATPase activity 2. Chemical modification of SH-groups 3. Initial burst 4. Difference spectrum 5. The m~Timum number of substrate binding 6. Binding to F-actin 7. Acceleration of actin polymerization

II. Subfragment-1 Prepared by Chymotryptic Digestion

K. Yagi

226

III. Composition of Purified S-1 (CT) IV. S-1 (CT) Prepared from Myosin Aggregate V. Subfragment-1 Prepared by Nagarse Digestion

VI. Comparison of S-1 (T), S-1 (N), and S-1 (CT) VII. Heterogeneity of S-1 Preparations

Summary

A SPIN-LABEL STUDY OF BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON CALCIUM-INDUCED LATERAL PHASE SEPARATION

S. Ohnishi

I. The Spin-label Method I. ESR spectrum of nitroxide radicals 2. Anisotropic motion 3. Spin-spin exchange interaction 4. Useful spin labels and method of spin-labeling 5. Reduction and regeneration of spin labels

II. Organization of Phospholipids in Biological Membranes III. Thermal Characteristics of Lipids and Biological Functions IV. Calcium-induced Lateral Phase Separations in Phospholipid Mixture

Membranes 1. Solidification of PS and PA membranes by calcium 2. ESR evidence for the phase separations in PS-PC and PA-PC mem-

branes 3. Rate of aggregation of PS in PS-PC membranes 4. Dependence on the concentration of calcium 5. Ionic selectivity for the phase separations 6. Antagonistic effect of tetracaine 7. Concluding remarks

V. Transfer of Phospholipid Molecules between Phospholipid Vesicles and Effect of Calcium

1. Transfer between PC vesicles 2. Transfer between PS-PC vesicles and effect of calcium

VI. Fusion of Red Blood Cells Induced by Hemagglutinating Virus of Japan

Discussion and Summary

FIBROIN MESSENGER RNA AND ITS GENES

Description of the Experimental System 1. Development of the silk gland

Y. Suzuki

PUBLISHED PAPERS

2. The B. mori genome 3. Polyploidization in the silk gland 4. Physical and chemical characteristics of fibroin 5. The fibroin mRNA 6. The genes for fibroin

Concluding Remarks

227

EXCITATION-CONTRACTION COUPLING MECHANISM IN VISCERAL SMOOTH MUSCLE H. Kuriyama, T. Osa, Y. Ito, and H. Suzuki

I. General Features of the Smooth Muscle Membrane 1. Resting membrane potential 2. Characteristic constants and propagation of action potentials in the

smooth muscle 3. Spontaneous and evoked membrane activity

II. Previous Investigations on the Possible Sources of Ca Ion to Induce Contraction

1. Ca ion content and Ca-fluxes 2. Influx of Ca ion during the active state of the membrane 3. Translocation of Ca ion distributed in and/or near the surface mem-

brane; caveolae of microvesicles 4. Sarcoplasmic reticulum and other organelles

III. Factors Modifying the Intracellular Free Ca Ion Concentration 1. Effects of caffeine and thymol on the electrical and mechanical prop-

erties of smooth muscles of the alimentary canal 2. Effects of low temperature on the electrical and mechanical activity

of visceral smooth muscles 3. Topical differences of the contraction-relaxation mechanism in stom-

ach smooth muscle Conclusion

MAGNETIC CIRCULAR DICHROISM OF THE IRON(III) PORPHYRINS H. Kobayashi

I. The Ground State of the Iron (III) Ion Embedded in the Porphyrin Ligands

II. The Lowest Excited States of the High-spin Iron (III) Porphyrins III. The MCD Spectra of Iron (III) Porphyrins

Summary Contributor Sketches Suggestions to Authors

228

Published Papers Forthcoming Papers

VOLUME 9

Preface THE a-HELIX AS AN ELECTRIC MACRO-DIPOLE A. Wada

I. Polar Residues and Their Orientation in the a-Helix 1. Electric dipole moment of polypeptide chain expressed in terms of

dihedral angles of peptide residue 2. Empirical evaluation of total moment and its molecular weight de-

pendence 3. Details of the total moment

II. Dielectric Dispersion and Rigidity of the a-Helix III. Helix-coil Transition and Other Dipole Fluctuation Helix-coil transi-

tion IV. Association of the a-Helix and Liquid Crystal Formation

1. Concentration dependence of specific polarization 2. Dielectric properties of associated a-helices 3. Liquid crystal

V. Other Topics 1. Hinged a-helix 2. Effect of field strength 3. Millisecond measurements of dielectric spectra in a wide frequency

range Appendix

High field effects (contribution by G. Parry-Jones) Summary

STATISTICAL MECHANICS OF PROTEIN FOLDING, UNFOLDING AND FLUCTUATION

I. II.

1. 2.

III. 1.

N. G5

Comparison with the Helix-coil Transition in Polypeptides Computer Experiments on Lattice Model of Proteins Description of the model Results

Phenomenological Theory Theoretical framework for discussions of protein folding and unfolding


2. The S-H curve and the character of thermal unfolding of proteins 3. Ideal process of protein folding and unfolding 4. Residual structures in the denatured state 5. Conformational fluctuations in the native state 6. Denaturation with significant intermediate states 7. Denaturation induced by denaturant 8. Comparison with the computer experiments

Summary Note Added in Proof

ELECTROCHEMICAL NEURON MODEL

I. Electrode Reaction of Iron in Nitric Acid 1. Chemical kinetics of electrode reaction 2. Measurement of the polarization curve 3. Responses of passivated iron to constant current stimuli 4. Propagation of active state along the iron wire

II. Mathematical Model 1. Assumable electrochemical mechanism 2. Fundamental equations 3. Analysis of the equations in case of "space clamp" 4. Propagation of activation 5. Specific waveform

III. Electrochemical Neuron Network Model 1. Matsumoto's model 2. Iron-silver junction 3. Electrochemical active surface

Summary

R. Suzuki

ACTININS, REGULATORY PROTEINS OF MUSCLE

I. a-Actinin 1. Preparation 2. Physicochemical properties 3. Effect on superprecipitation of actomyosin 4. Action on F-actin 5. Localization in myofibrils 6. Comparative biochemistry

II. /~-Actinin 1. Perparation 2. Physicochemical properties

K. Maruyama

230

.

4. .

6. 7.

III. 1. 2. 3.

IV. V.

Inhibition of interaction of F-actin Acceleration of polymerization Retardation of depolymerization of F-actin Mechanism of action of r-actinin Comparative biochemistry

r-Actinin Preparation Properties Function of (-actinin

10S-Actinin Remarks

STRUCTURE, ASSEMBLY AND FUNCTION OF MAMMALIAN a-KETO ACID DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEXES M. Koike and K. Koike

I. Introduction to the Multienzyme Complexes II. Brief Historical Sketch of a-Keto Acid Dehydrogenase Multienzyme

Complexes III. Isolation of a-Keto Acid Dehydrogenase Complexes IV. Methods of Estimation of Enzymatic Activities

1. a-Keto acid dehydrogenase (decarboxylase) activities 2. Overall reaction activity 3. Individual component enzyme activities

V. Properties of a-Keto Acid Dehydrogenase Complexes 1. Physicochemical characteristics 2. Chemical composition and coenzyme contents 3. Subunit composition 4. Enzymatic properties

VI. Resolution and Reconstitution of a-Keto Acid Dehydrogenase Com- plexes

1. Resolution and reconstitution of PDC 2. Resolution and reconstitution of OGDC 3. Properties and subunit compositions of the component enzymes

VII. Structure and Function Relationship of Multienzyme Complexes 1. Macromolecular structure 2. Function 3. Structure-function relationship 4. Kinetic mechanism

VIII. Regulation of a-Keto Acid Dehydrogenase Complexes Summary Contributor Sketches

PUBLISHED PAPERS

Suggestions to Authors Published Papers Forthcoming Papers

231

VOLUME 10

Preface THE MODE OF ACTION OF THE NICOTINIC CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR PROTEIN IN THE POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE H. Sugiyama

I. Membrane Fragment Preparations II. Permeability Response of Membrane Fragments to Cholinergic

Ligands 1. Excitation 2. Desensitization

III. Binding of Cholinergic Ligands to Receptor Sites IV. Discussion

Summary

TRANSDUCTION MECHANISM IN CHEMORECEPTION K. Kurihara, N. Kamo, and Y. Kobatake

I. Theoretical Basis of Potential Difference Across a Charged Membrane I. Theory of membrane potential 2. Interracial potential and phase boundary potential 3. l-Anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate (ANS) fluorescence as indicator of

surface potential change II. Chemoreception in True Slime Sold

1. Chemotactic motive force and membrane potential 2. Comparison of E-potential and membrane potential 3. Selectivity of salts of monovalent cations

III. Taste Reception 1. Initial event of taste reception 2. Model analysis of taste receptor potential 3. Phasic and long-lasting responses in the frog glossopharyngeal nerve 4. Salt reception 5. Mechanism of generation of water response 6. Sugar reception 7. Receptor mechanism of bitter stimulation 8. Role of membrane-bound Ca ~+ in taste reception

232

IV. 1. 2. 3. 4.

V.

Model Systems for Olfactory Receptor Frog gustatory receptors Protoplasmic droplet and internodal cell of Nitella True slime mold Lipid monolayers

Summary and Supplemental Discussion

X-RAY

I. II.

1. 2. 3.

III. 1.

°

3. IV.

V.

DIFFRACTION STUDIES OF MEMBRANES T. Mitsui

Modern Instrumentation for X-Ray Studies Structural Studies of Lipid Membranes and Lipid-protein Complexes Structures and phase transitions of DPL membrane Phase diagram of DPL-DOL membranes Binding of cytochrome b 5 to DPL membrane

Structural Studies on Biomembranes Relation between growth temperature of Escherichia coli and phase transition temperature of its cell membrane Structural transitions in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membranes Order of protein arrangement in biomembranes

A Direct Method for Analysis of Membrane Structures and Its Ap- plication to the Purple Membrane Inter-membrane Interactions

Note Added in Proof

WATER AND PROTEINS. I. THE SIGNIFICANCE AND STRUCTURE OF WATER ;ITS INTERACTION WITH ELECTROLYTES AND NON- ELECTROLYTES J.T. Edsall and H. A. McKenzie

I °

II. III. IV. V.

VI. VII.

1. 2. 3.

VIII. IX. X.

Aims of This Review The Water Molecule Water Dimers and Small Polymers Ice Liquid Water: General Properties X-Ray Scattering of Liquid Water Classes of Models for Liquid Water

Mixture models Interstitial models Continuum models

Kauzmann's Critique of Mixture Theories Some Recent Discussions by Frank and by Ndmethy The Cluster Model of Scheraga and His Colleagues


XI. XII.

XIII.

XIV. XV.

1. 2. 3. 4.

°

XVI. XVII.

XVIII. XIX.

Cell and Lattice Models of Liquid Water Amorphous Solid Water and Its Relation to Liquid Water Simulations of Water Structure by the Monte Carlo and Moelcular Dynamics Methods A Tentative Picture of Liquid Water A Note on Thermodynamic Functions and Units

Standard thermodynamic functions Hydration of ions Dissociation of uncharged molecules Unitary functions and transfer reactions for solutes containing apolar groups Some experimental approaches and assumptions

Solutions of Electrolytes in Water The Formation of Ions from Uncharged Molecules in Aqueous Solution Aqueous Solutions of Non-electrolytes Recent Studies of Thermodynamic Properties and Structural Rela- tionships for Solutes Having Hydrophobic Groups

1. Solubility and gibbs free energy of transfer 2. Enthalpy of solution in water 3. Enthalpies of solution and solvation 4. Partial molal heat capacities

XX. Hydrophobic Environment and the Hydration of Ions

PROTON TRANSLOCATING ATPase: ITS PUMP, GATE, AND CHANNEL Y. Kagawa

I. Structure of F, and F0.F, 1. Crystalline ATPase 2. Stable and reconstitutable ATPase 3. ATPase sensitive to energy transfer inhibitors (F0. F1)

II. Pump of Proton Translocation 1. //-Subunit as a site of ATP hydrolysis 2. Essential subunits for proton translocation and ATP synthesis

III. Gate of Proton Translocation IV. Channel of Proton Translocation (F0) V. Highly Stable Membrane Lipids

VI. Electrochemical Potential of Protons in the Reconstituted F0.F, Vesicle

VII. Net Synthesis of ATP by the Stable Reconstituted Vesicles VIII. Epilogue

234


VOLUME 11

Preface Preface to Volume 11

I N T R O D U C T O R Y NOTE--With Hemoglobin Research

My Personal Recollection of Early M. Kotani

ELECTRONIC ASPECTS OF THE HEME

I. II .

I I I . IV. V.

Y. Seno and J. Otsuka Four Orbital Model Ligand Field Theory and Magnetic Properties The Interaction between the Fe Ion and the Porphyrin Ring Bonding of an Oxygen Molecule to the Heme Electronic Structure and Allosteric Model

Summary

C O N F O R M A T I O N A L C H A N G E AND COOPERATIVE LIGAND BINDING IN HEMOGLOBIN J. Otsuka and T. Kunisawa

I. Molecular Structures of Deoxy- and Oxy-Hemoglobin II. Analysis of the Oxygen Equilibrium Constants of Hemoglobin

III. Kinetic Properties of the Quaternary Structural Change IV. Conclusion and Discussion

Summary

M A G N E T I C CIRCULAR DICHROISM APPROACH TO H E M O P R O T E I N ANALYSES M . Hatano and T. Nozawa

I. Theory and Instrument 1. Theory 2. Instrument

PUBLISHED PAPERS

II. MCD of Hemoproteins; Theory 1. Low-spin ferric 2. High-spin ferric 3. High-spin ferrous 4. Low-spin ferrous

III. MCD of Hemoproteins; Applications 1. Myoglobin

A) Met-myoglobin a) Soret region b) Visible region

B) Reduced myoglobin a) Deoxymyoglobin b) Oxymyoglobin c) Carbonmonoxymyoglobin

2. Hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 (P-450) A) Oxidized P-450 B) Reduced P-450 C) CO complex of reduced P-450

3. Other applications Summary Appendix I Appendix II

235

RESONANCE RAMAN STUDIES ON THE LIGAND-IRON INTERACTIONS IN HEMOPROTEINS AND METALLOPORPHYRINS

T. Kitagawa, Y. Ozaki, and Y. Kyogoku I. Resonance Raman Spectra of Hemoprotein and Iron-Porphyrin

II. Vibrational Assignment of Resonance Raman Lines III. Interactions between Metal and Porphyrin Ring IV. RRS of C-Type Cytochromes

1. Classification of c-type cytochromes 2. RRS and the axial ligand-heme iron interactions

V. Resonance Raman Spectra of B-Type Hemoproteins 1. RRS and spin states of the heme iron 2. Spin equilibrium in alkaline myoglobin 3. Photodissociation of the sixth ligand

VI. Resonance Raman Spectra of A-Type Heme

236

VII.

.

5.

Summary

Interaction between the Heme Iron and Axial Ligand 1. Classification of the Raman spectra of hemoproteins 2. Nature of the Fe-L bond 3. Interpretation of photodissociation

RRS of cytochrome P-450 and the Fe-L interaction in its ferrous high-spin state RRS in the low frequency region and Fe-L stretching modes

MOSSBAUER E F F E C T : STUDIES OF THE HEME

I. Deoxygenated State II. Oxygenated State

Summary

OF THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURES

Y. Maeda

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE STUDIES OF HIGH-SPIN FERRIC

HEMOPROTEINS I. Morishima, S. Ogawa, T. Inubushi, and T. Iizuka

I. Materials and Methods II. Results and Discussion

1. Some aspects of proton NMR spectra of high-spin ferric Mb derivatives

2. An NMR study of formate binding to MetMb in relation to the heme-environmental structures of Hb M Milwaukee

3. Acid-alkaline transition of MetMb 4. Acid-alkaline transition, ligand binding characteristics, and

structure of the heme environments in HRP A) Native ferric high-spin HRP B) Labile azide binding and the heme-linked ionizable group C) Alkaline ionization of HRP

5. Interaction of HRP with indolepropionic acid (IPA)

Summary

ANALYSIS OF ACID-BASE PROPERTIES OF PEROXIDASE AND MYO- GLOBIN

I. Yamazaki, T. Araiso, Y. Hayashi, H. Yamada, and R. Makino

I. The Effect of pH on Properties of Hemoproteins


1. The effect of pH on the dissociation constant of ferriherno- protein-ligand complexes

2. Effect of pH on the rates of reactions of hemoproteins 3. The pKa values measured at low temperatures 4. Ionization of ferroperoxidases

II. The Modification of Acid-Base Strength on the Heine Iron 1. Linear relation between pK 8 and equilibrium constant 2. Anomaly in the pK vs. pK3 relation 3. pK3 and oxidation-reduction of hemoproteins

III. Discussion 1. Myoglobin and hemoglobin 2. Peroxidase

A) Is a water molecule coordinated at the 6th position in the oxidized state ?

B) Is the 6th ligand hydrogen-bonded to the distal base? C) What is the pKr group ?

3. Comparison of myoglobin and peroxidase A) Redox potential B) Dependence of ligand binding upon pH C) Rate of the acid-alkaline transition

4. Comparison of properties between two peroxidase isoenzymes

Summary

P H O T O C H E M I C A L REACTIONS OF C Y T O C H R O M E OXIDASE A T LOW TEMPERATURES V. Orii

I. A Historical Survey II. Low Temperature Flash Photolysis

1. Advantages and disadvantages of low temperature experiments

2. Dynamics of CO binding to hemoproteins III. Characteristics of CO-Cytochrome Oxidase

1. Possible involvement of copper in the complex formation 2. A barrier model

IV. Photodissoeiability of CO-Heme Complexes 1. Spectral changes upon irradiation at room and cryogenic tem-

peratures 2. Photodissociation mechanism

238

V. New Photo- and Thermochromism of Cytochrome Oxidase VI. Concluding Remarks

Summary Contributor Sketches Suggestions to Authors Contents of Published Papers Forthcoming Papers

VOLUME 12

Preface X-RAY DIFFRACTION STUDIES OF HELICAL BIOPOLYMERS AND BIO-

LOGICAL STRUCTURES K. Mitsui and Y. Takeda

I. Integral and Non-Integral Screw Symmetry II. Theoretical Background

1. The geometry of X-ray diffraction 2. The C.C.V. theory

III. Determination of the Pitch and Axial Rise per Unit of the Helix 1. The method of layer line distribution analysis 2. Some of the results obtained by the method

IV. Determination of the Average Radius of the Helix V. The Structure of Some Synthetic Polypeptides

1. Poly-~--benzyl glutamate (PBG) 2. Poly-/%(p-chlorobenzyl)-L-aspartate (PCBA) 3. General remarks

VI. The Structure of Some Hydrophilic Synthetic Polypeptides VII. The Structure of Some Helical Biological Structures

1. Bacterial pili 2. Pyocin R 3. General remarks

Summary

PROTEIN POLYMORPHISM AND F L U C T U A T I O N OF ENVIRONMENTS H. Matsuda and T. Gojobori

I. Data Analyses of Protein Polymorphism 1. Electrophoretic studies of protein polymorphism

PUBLISHED PAPERS

2. Quantities representing protein polymorphism 3. Data analyses and empirical formulas of protein

phism II. Theoretical Studies on Protein Polymorphism

1. Various sources of the gene frequency change 2. Equation for the gene frequency distribution 3. Equilibrium distribution 4. Theoretical derivation of empirical formulas

Conclusion Summary

239

polymor-

OVERALL AND LOCALIZED F L U C T U A T I O N IN THE S T R U C T U R E OF A

PROTEIN MOLECULE M. Tsuboi and M. Nakanishi

I. Theory of Hydrogen Exchange Kinetics 1. Kinetics for a single hydrogen atom 2. Kinetics for a number of hydrogen atoms belonging to the

same kinetic class 3. Temperature effects 4. Effects of inhibitors

II. Hydrogen Exchange Kinetics in the Peptide Groups of Lyso- zyme

1. General features of exchange kinetics 2. Effect of LiCI--Evidence for "EX8 mechanism" 3. Effect of pH--Another support for "EX a mechanism" 4. Effect of temperature--A distinction between the local and

the overall fluctuations 5. Effects of inhibitors--Another distinction

III. Hydrogen Exchange Kinetics in the Tryptophan Residues of Lysozyme

1. Exchange kinetics and assignments of the rate constants 2. Effect of inhibitor binding--Evidence of local fluctuation

Concluding Remarks

INTERACTION AF PROTEINS WITH AMPHIPHILIC SUBSTANCES

S. Makino I. Binding Isotherm

II. Interaction between SDS and Water-Soluble Proteins

240

III. IV.

IV-I. IV-II.

V° V-I.

V-II.

3, 4.

Summary

1. Cooperative binding of SDS and protein conformational change in the process

2. Evidence for micelle-like structure of SDS molecules ab- sorbed on protein

3. Gross conformation of SDS-protein complex at saturation level of binding

4. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis 5. Other denaturing detergents

Interaction of Water-Soluble Proteins with Mild Detergents Serum Lipoproteins Binding of Detergents and Hydrocarbons to Apolipoproteins Apolipoprotein-Lipid Interaction

1. Effect of experimental conditions on lipid-binding capacity of apolipoprotein

2. Interaction of apo A-I and apo A-II with lipids 3. Specificity of lipid-apolipoprotein interaction

Biological Membrane Proteins and Lipids Membrane Protein-Detergent Interaction

1. Binding studies 2. Further evidence for domain binding 3. Difference in action between DOC and TX-100 4. Use of detergent as probe for hydrophobic region on mem-

brane proteins and hydrophobic proteins 5. Anomalous migration of membrane proteins in SDS gel elec-

trophoresis Membrane Protein-Lipid Interaction

1. Tightly bound phospholipid 2. Studies by alteration of lipid composition in intact membrane

Reconstitution studies Reconstitution without added detergent or sonication

Contributor Sketches Subject Index Suggestions to Authors (Vols. 6 to 11) Contents of Published Papers Forthcoming Papers


VOLUME 13

Preface F U N C T I O N A L I M P L I C A T I O N S OF T H E T W O - H E A D E D S T R U C T U R E OF

MYOSIN A. Inoue, H. Takenaka, T. Arata, and Y. Tonomura

I. Structure and Function of Muscle Cells II. Substructure of Myosin Molecule

1. Size and shape of a myosin molecule 2. Subfragments of myosin 3. Subunits of myosin

III. Myosin ATPase in the Steady State 1. Kinetic properties of myosin ATPase in the steady state 2. Chemical modification of myosin

IV. Elementary Steps in Myosin ATPase 1. Initial burst of Pl liberation 2. Formation of myosin-P-ADP complex 3. Decomposition of the myosin-P-ADP complex 4. Some controversies about the reaction mechanism of ATP

hydrolysis via M p ADP

V. Thermodynamics of Elementary Steps in Myosin ATPase 1. Structures of the two kinds of myosin-ATP complex and the

myosin-P-ADP complex 2. Thermodynamic properties of the myosin ATPase reaction

VI. Two-Route Mechanism of Myosin ATPase 1. Kinetic studies on the ATPase reaction in the steady state 2. Binding of ADP and ATP to myosin during the ATPase

reaction VII. Relationship between Two Routes of ATPase Reaction and

Two Heads of Myosin 1. Separation into heads B and A 2. The nonidentical two-head structure of the myosin molecule 3. Functions of myosin heads B and A

VIII. Isozymes of Myosin with Respect to g-Chain Composition 1. Homodimer structure of myosin with respect to g-chain com-

position 2. Functions of gl- and ga-chains 3. Relation between the two heads and two isozymes with respect

to g-chains

242

IX.

XII.

XIII.

XIV.

Formation of Actomyosin Complex 1. Properties of binding of myosin to F-actin 2. Conformational changes of F-actin and myosin on their bind-

ing X. Dissociation of Actomyosin by ATP

1. Dissociation of actomyosinby PPI 2. Dissociation of actomyosin by ATP

XI. Reaction Mechanism of Actomyosin ATPase 1. Acceleration of decomposition of (B)Mp Apt by F-actin 2. Two-route mechanism of actomyosin ATPase reaction 3. Refractory state of actomyosin-ATP system

Regulation of Actomyosin ATPase by ATP and Ca 2+ 1. Ca 2+ control of the actomyosin ATPase reaction 2. Regulation of actomyosin ATPase by Mg2+-ATP and Ca 2+

ions Interactions between ATP Analogs and Actomyosin

1. Structure of the ATP molecule 2. Interactions of "utilitarian" ATP analogs with myosin and

actomyosin 3. Interactions of the stereospecific ATP analogs with mysoin

and actomyosin Contraction of Muscle Fiber

1. Energetics of muscle contraction 2. Relationship between shortening, tension development, and

ATP hydrolysis of various muscle models 3. Movement of myosin head in contraction cycle

XV. Molecular Mechanism of Muscle Contraction 1. Molecular model of contraction based on the sliding theory 2. Molecular mechanism of contraction

Summary

DYNAMIC COOPERATIVITY OF M O L E C U L A R PROCESSES IN ACTIVE STREAMING, M USCLE CONTRACTION AND SUBCELLULAR DYNAMICS

- -The Molecular Mechanism of Self-organization at the Subcellular Level H. Shimizu

I. Direct and Thermodynamic Conversions II. Order and Disorder in Molecular Dynamics

III. Thermodynamic Detailed Balance


IV. The Characterization of the Active Motion of Cross-Bridges V. Molecular Instability and Premotion States

VI. Three-State Models of the Elementary Cycle VII. Artificial Streaming Systems

1. Stream cells 2. Acto-HMM ATPase activity in the streaming system 3. Metachronal rotations of myosin heads 4. Comparison of the streaming system with lasers 5. The streaming system as a nonlinear system far from thermo-

dynamic equilibrium VIII. Shortening of Myosin-Extracted Skinned Fibers and Dynamic

Cooperativity IX. The Dynamic Cooperativity of Chemo-Mechanical Processes in

Muscle Contraction X. General Discussion

1. Static and dynamic cooperativity 2. Temporal order 3. Dynamic cooperativity in motile systems other than actomyo-

sin 4. Dynamic cooperativities in biomembranes 5. Dynamic cooperativity in the 'order-from-order' mechanism 6. Universal evolution criterion of Glansdorff-Prigogine and

"least dissipation" in chemo-mechanical conversions XI. Concluding Remarks


VOLUME 14

Preface SUBUNIT ASSEMBLY OF ESCHERICHIA COL1 RNA POLYMERASE

A. Ishihama I. Role of Holoenzyme Subunits

244

II. III. IV. V.

VI. VII.

VIII. IX. X.

Reversible Dissociation of RNA Polymerase Pathway of Subunit Assembly in Vitro Enzyme Maturation Nature of Premature Core Enzyme Assembly Intermediates in Vivo Assembly-Defective Mutants Interaction between Subunit Assembly and Subunit Synthesis Interplay of RNA Polymerase with Transcription Factors Active and Inactive RNA Polymerase

Summary

DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF HIGHER ORDER BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

K. Sato I. Excitability and Activity of Biological Systems

II. Higher Order Activity in Bio-Systems 1. Biological sway in bio-phenomena 2. Higher order activity of bio-systems 3. Bio-informing activity of bio-systems 4. Power spectral density of higher order bio-phenomena 5. Higher order activities in electroencephalograms (EEGs) 6. Higher order activities in human postural sways

III. Pattern Discrimination of Bio-Phenomena 1. Pattern discrimination of an arbitrary bio-phenomenon 2. Pattern discrimination between two groups of biophenomena

IV. Decomposition of Higher Order Activity of Bio-Systems 1. Component activity of bio-systems 2. The first-order activity of a bio-system 3. The second-order activity of a bio-system

V. Component Activities in EEGs 1. Classification of EEG component waves 2. Frequency of EEG component waves 3. Pattern discrimination of EEG component waves

VI. Multivariate Higher Order Activities of Bio-Systems 1. Multivariate AR-process in bio-phenomena 2. Impulse and frequency responses of a multivariate higher

order bio-system 3. Human corticocortical impulse responses

PUBLISHED

4.

5. 6.

7. 8.

Summary

PAPERS 245

Geniculocortical, corticogeniculate, and corticocortical impulse responses in cats Feedback control activity of bio-systems Impulse and frequency responses of human posture holding system Impulse responses of human pulmonary circulation system Impulse responses of glucoregulatory system in dogs

T W O - D I M E N S I O N A L N M R SPECTROSCOPY: AN APPLICATION T O T H E S T U D Y OF FLEXIBILITY OF PR O T E I N M O L E C U L E S K . Nagayama

I. General Aspects of NMR 1. Measurements of NMR 2. Classical and quantum mechanical view for the NMR experi-

ment 3. Toward 2D spectroscopy

II. Realization of 2D Spectroscopy 1. Possible 2D NMR experiments 2. Homonuclear 2D correlated NMR spectroscopy 3. Homonuclear 2D J-resolved NMR spectroscopy

III. Data Handling of 2D Spectra 1. Phase problem and causality principle 2. Projection cross-section theorem 3. Conformal mapping and similarity theorem

IV. Methods of Analysis in 2D Correlated NMR and 2D J-Resolved NMR Applied to Proteins

1. Spin identification 2. Determination of coupling constants 3. Individual assignments of 2D resonance peaks of coupled

aliphatic protons V. Applications to the Study of Conformation of Basic Trypsin

Inhibitor of Bovine Pancreas 1. Rotation freedom about C~-C~ bonds 2. Structural implications of NMR parameters

VI. General Discussions and Concluding Remarks Summary

246

THE CAP STRUCTURE IN EUKARYOTIC MESSENGER RNA AS A MARK OF A S T R A N D CARRYING P R O T E I N I N F O R M A T I O N K. M i u r a

I. Genome Structure of CPV II. Chain Selection in Transcription of Double-Stranded RNA

Genes III. Discovery of a Strange Modified Structure in Informational

RNA Strands IV. Distribution of Cap Structure in RNA Species V. Conformation of Cap Structure in mRNA

VI. Implications of Cap Structure in mRNA Function 1. Inhibition experiments 2. Deletion of cap from mRNA 3. Stabilization of mRNA by capped structure

Summary

THE IONIC MECHANISM OF EXCITATION IN INTESTINAL SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS T. Suzuki and H. Inomata

I. Ionic Currents in the Excitation Processes 1. Excitation process in normal solution 2. Effects of strontium and barium ions

II. Inactivation Processes in Smooth Muscle Cell 1. Depolarizing inactivation and hyperpolarizing inactivation 2. Ionic kinetics of hyperpolarizing inactivation


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