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EOY REVIEWContinued from Mid year Review
Barker 2015
ISLAM AND ARABIAN PENINSULA Geography
Red Sea Persian GulfArabian SeaMostly Desert travel by CamelNomads travel from Oasis to Oasis Isolation, lack of water source for farming
and transportation Irrigation for farmingUse of caravans (large amounts of people)
for trade routes and traveling
MUHAMMAD Connection between Makkah and
Judaism is (Abraham & Ishmael) Wealthy merchant Believed to have had a revelation from
Gabriel Prophet who taught about Allah Revelations form the basis of Islam Believed to be founder of Islam
ISLAM 5 Pillars of Islam- Statement of Faith,
Prayer, Almsgiving, Fasting & Hajj Holy Book- Qur’an Kabba- believed to be the stone that
God sent down to save Ismael Monotheistic Muhammad and his follows took over
Makkah removing the worship of idols from the Kabba and dedicated it to Allah
LAWS Shar’iah Law No separation of Church and state Women belonged to their husbands or
oldest male brother/son or father Split of the Sunni and shitties about who
should be caliph after Muhammad's death
RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE Umayyad Empire Abbasid Empire Religious intolerance of Byzantine and
Persian Empires caused people living under their rule to support Muslim invaders who were known to allow non-believers to continue their own practices and beliefs.
TRADE Religious tolerance helped increase
trade Traded along silk road Traded lead to larger expansion and
more wealth Helped spread islam
ACHIEVEMENTS Astronomy Cartography Math Medicine Philosophy Literature Architecture Calligraphy
AFRICA Nile, Niger, Congo, & Zambezi Rivers Sahara Desert- worlds largest making
trade difficult between the east and western states
· Great Rift Valley · Mt. Kilimajaro Lake Victoria · Rainforest · Desert · Savanna ·
Mediterranean/Chaparral
BANTU MIGRATION · Earliest groups lived in area around the
Niger River Importance of family primary social structure
(clan) Matrilineal heritage Women had larger roles/ advisors to men Polytheistic Cultural diffusion as Bantu encountered
groups farming techniques, iron making, language
Migrated South East to find better farmland
EAST AFRICA Adulus locate don Red Sea Access to Ocean made Adulus more desirable Merchants came to buy goods from African
interior Axum became a powerful kingdom because of
trade Minted their own coins Introduction of Christianity Bantu-speaking people mixed & intermarried
with the Arabs o Adoption of Islam o Swahili
GREAT ZIMBABWE
Availability of Gold and Copper Taxed goods passing through Decline due to soil exhaustion where it
could no longer support a large population
WEST AFRICA Located near large deposits of gold Mined the gold and traded with North
Africa for salt Taxed salt coming into and gold going
out of Ghana Taxes created great wealth Trade brought new ideas- Islam
introduced
MALI AND SONGHAIMali- Mansa Musa King Of Mali lead large caravan on pilgrimage to mecca Gave out gold, created libraries and
universities Caused price of gold to crash Brought scholars and architects to TimbuktuSonghai- Conquered Mali by Sunni Ali Sunni Ali wanted to control gold and salt
trade Taxed all Goods in and Out of Kingdom
CENTRAL AMERICAS Central America-isthmus Maya- Yucatan Peninsula, rainforest,
swamps, Aztec- “MesoAmerica” Lake Texcoco Inca- Andes Mountains Lake Titicaca
MAYA Availability of resources led to trade between
villages in the Yucatan Peninsula Trade led to wealth, sharing of resources and
exchange of ideas Group of city-states- each with its own king, who
believed to descended from the sun god Center of each city-state was a ceremonial
center consisting of temples, palaces for rulers/nobles, ball courts & markets
Small villages surrounded the ceremonial center and made up the city-state
Royal women married into royal families of other citystates to Increase trade & form alliances
MAYA SOCIAL STRUCTURE Social Structure-
Ruler & familyNobles & priests
Craftsmen, merchants, tradersFarmers, hunters
Slaves
RELIGION & ACHIEVEMENTSReligion Polytheistic Temple structure for human sacrifices
Games where losers were sacrificed,POWs also sacrificed
Achievements Architecture Astronomy Calendar Paper Mathematics
MAYAN DECLINENo one really knows- its theory Over-farming created a drop in food
production Attack from enemies fighting among
city-states Rebellion of peasants that overthrew
king and priests Drought
AZTEC Developed on island in Lake Texcoco legend of the eagle & cactus, floating gardens,
Tenochtitlan City- States paid tribute to emperor City states ruled by leader who answered to
Emperor Economics: Agricultural in origin Development of specialization of labor Trade grows as artisans & craftsmen sell their
goods Wealth from trade and tributes paid by
conquered peoples supported the empire
SOCIAL STRUCTUREEmperor- incarnation of sun godNobles-Nobility (appointed), warriors and priestsCommoners- Craftsmen, merchants, traders, farmersUnskilled Workers- Farmers
SlavesUpward mobility possible based on superior service in war
RELIGION AND ACHIEVEMENTSTemples Human sacrifices believed necessary to prevent gods from destroying the world;
victims captured in war were sacrificedAchievements
Chinampas- floating garden bedsArchitectureJewelrywritingCalendarArrows & use ofpoison
DECLINE OF AZTECS Tribute states joined forces with Spanish
explorers, led by Cortes’, to overthrow the Aztec emperor
Role of smallpox in weakening the empire Technology in warfare gives Spanish
upper hand
INCAS Began in Cuzco, high in the Andes
Mountain Land was divided into 4 provinces Strong central government need to
maintain large empire. Tributes were paid in the form of labor tax Lands were conquered & redistributedDecline: Spanish explorers came to conquer landsIncan swords were no match for Spanish guns
INCAN ECONOMY All people grew & created what they needed all excess was collected by the government
& stored in case of disaster/need Storehouses were located along the highways Everyone worked for the government as well
as for their own family’s needs Labor tax- everyone worked for the
government No trade because the government collected
and redistributed Command economy no money, no credit only small amounts of local bartering
SOCIAL STRUCTURE Emperor (incarnation of sun god) Head Priest & Head of army Regional army leaders Temple priests, local army leaders &
skilled workers Farmers, herders, soldiers Slaves- not as widely practiced
RELIGION AND ACHIEVEMENTSReligion Polytheistic Mummification Sacrifices- llamas, cloth, food, occasionally peopleAchievements Roads Temples Suspension bridges Quipu Jewelry Calendar Terrace farming Medicine Domestication/use of llamas
INDIA Physical features- is a peninsula Isolation- Hindu Kush, · Himalayas, ·
Western & Eastern Ghats · Indian Ocean · Indus River Ganges River · Brahmaputra River
monsoon winds bring yearly rain for crops
Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa Plumbing system- Sewage system &
Indoor bathrooms Trash collection system
ARYANSTheories on decline of Indus civilizations Conquest Migration due to drought Natural disasters- floods, earthquakes &
change in course of Indus River Aryans no longer nomadic settled Small kingdoms that fought with each
other Developed written language- Sanskrit
RELIGIONHinduism- no founder Main beliefs -· Vedas · Brahman · Karma
Dharma · Reincarnation · moksha Caste System- · Varnas · Brahmans · Kshatriya
Vaishya · Shudra · UntouchablesBuddhism- ·Founded by- Prince Siddhartha Gautama Buddha Practices- · 4 Noble Truths · Eightfold Path ·
Nirvana · Reincarnation · Meditation Asoka: · United kingdoms of Indian subcontinent
under his rule- Used Buddhist principles to rule; · Sponsored missionaries · Trade along the Silk Road
GUPTA EMPIRE Success of trade created a strong economy-
large amounts of wealth Trade brought new ideas Golden Age-
Architecture- temples &palaces ·Math- algebra, infinity, zero, numerals for 1-9,
decimal system Astronomy- Earth was round & rotated on axis,
Heliocentric Metalworking- iron Medicine- Dental, set broken bones, sew
wounds, surgeries Universities
CHINA Protected from invaders (isolated) by
natural barriers- mountains, deserts, plateaus
Yellow and haung he river Yu the great was first emperor,
controlled flooding of yellow river Dynastic cycle Mandate of Heaven 3 Chinese Philosophies – Legalism,
Daoism, Confucianism Invaded by the Mongols
TRADE/RESOURCE Silk major export Jade and porcelain Great Wall to protect farmland and travelers Buddhism comes to China by Silk Road Achievements
Grand CanalGunpowderPorcelainMoveable printingMagnetic compassSteelCoalShips & rudders
JAPAN Archipelago Catastrophic natural occurrences Shortage of arable land Shintoism- kami- focuses on this life,
family responsibilities Feudalism-
Emperor- figureheadShogunDaimyoSamurai warriors/noblesPeasants merchants
EUROPE Mediterranean Sea, peninsulas, rivers,
mountain ranges, plains British Isles Location of arable farmland & resources No protection from invaders lead to social
structure(feudalism)-system of loyalty in exchange for landKings & QueensNoblesKnightsPeasantsSerfs
MAGNA CARTA Barrons forced King John to sign in 1215 Gave people rights
Trial by juryEqual taxesConstitutional monarchy
Made to help the aristocracy(a form of government in which power is held by the nobility)
Barrons bartered their loyalty to protect the king in exchange for their rights