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CONTOHPROYEKPENELITIAN
AUTOMATICGREENHOUSESENSORDESIGN
Abstract
Theincreasinginplantationproductivitynowbecomesanurgentandimportantthinginhuman
life.Thepopulationgrowthisunbalancedwiththefoodproductionwillcausethefamineandlater,of
course, the sorrow ness in human life as Robert Malthus proposed: the population growth act as
exponentialsequence,whilethefoodproductionisactasarithmeticsequence.
Onesolutiontothisproblemistoimprovethecropproductivitywiththeuseofgreenhouseasa
planting site.Greenhouse has beenwide range use inmany countrieswith a conventional technique
thatcausingtheinefficiencyintime,sinceitrequiresmoreseriouscontrolandsupervision.
The aim of this project is to construct a greenhousemodel, which can automatically control
light, theaerationanddrainageprocess.Thismodel isbasedonthesensory,whichrelatedtoseveral
factorsinphotosynthesis,i.e.:lightandhumidity(also,temperatureisincluded).
Keywords:Photosynthesis,greenhouseandsensory
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I. PREFACE
The increasing inplantationproductivitynowbecomesanurgentand important thing inhuman
life.Thepopulationgrowthisunbalancedwiththefoodproductionwillcausethefamineandlater,of
course, the sorrow ness in human life as Robert Malthus proposed: the population growth act as
exponentialsequence,whilethefoodproductionisactasarithmeticsequence.
Onesolutiontothisproblemistoimprovethecropproductivitywiththeuseofgreenhouseasa
planting site.Greenhouse has beenwide range use inmany countrieswith a conventional technique
thatcausingtheinefficiencyintime,sinceitrequiresmoreseriouscontrolandsupervision.
Theaimofthisprojectistoconstructagreenhousemodel,whichcanautomaticallycontrollight
theaerationanddrainageprocess.Thismodelisbasedonthesensory,whichrelatedtoseveralfactors
inphotosynthesis,i.e.:lightandhumidity(also,temperatureisincluded).
Thebenefitfromthisconstructionisemphasizedonthecropproductivity,especiallytoshorten
theplantingcyclesothat itcangiveamaximumresultand increasetheplantingcycleefficiencywith
theleastnumberofworkers.
II. AIM
To construct a greenhouse model that can automatically control the aeration and drainage
process.Thisgreenhousecanbeusedforincreasingproductivityofplantsalso,especiallyleavespart.
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III. BASICTHEORY
A. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesis (photo=light,synthesis=putting together is theprocessof converting lightenergy
tochemicalenergyandstoringitinthebondsofsugar.Itisaffectedbyitssurroundingsandtherateof
photosynthesis is affected by the concentration of CO2, light intensity, and the temperature. This
processoccursinplantsandsomealgae.Plantsneedonlylightenergy,CO2,andH2Otomakesugar.The
process of photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts, specifically using chlorophyll, the green
pigmentinvolvedinphotosynthesis.
Photosynthesisoccursintwostages.
1. Light‐dependent reaction orphotosynthetic reaction (also called the LightReaction) capture the
energyoflightanduseittomakehigh‐energymolecules.
2H2O +ATP +24NADP+ 6O2+ATP+24NADPH
2. Light‐independent reaction (also called the Dark Reaction) uses the high‐energy molecules to
capturecarbondioxideandmaketheprecursorsofglucose.
6CO2+ATP+NADPH (CH2O)+6H2O
Iftworeactionsabovearebundled,willbeproducedphotosynthesisreaction.
6CO2+12H2O+energy C6H12O6+6H2O+6O2
Therearethree factorsphotosynthesisbeforegoingany further: light level,carbondioxide,and
temperature.
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1. Withoutenoughlight,aplantcannotphotosynthesizeveryfast,evenifthereisplentyofwater
andcarbondioxide.Increasingthelightintensitywillmakethephotosynthesisfaster.Lightintensity
or quality of light affects the rate of photosynthesis. When light intensity is low, the rate of
photosynthesis is proportional to light intensity. This is because the light supplies energy for
photosynthesis.
2. Sometimesphotosynthesis is limitedby the levelofcarbondioxide. Even if there isplentyof
light of plant cannot photosynthesize if it has run out of carbon dioxide. If carbon dioxide
concentrationisincreasedto0.4%,therateofphotosynthesiswillbeincreasedafewtimes.
3. Temperaturecanbealimitingfactortoo.Ifitgetstoocold,therateofphotosynthesiswillslow
rightdown.Equally,plantscease tobeable tophotosynthesize if itgets toohot.At theoptimum
temperature, which may between 25oC to 40oC, the rate of photosynthesis is maximum. When
temperature is increased further, there is a rapid decrease in the rate of photosynthesis. This is
becauseenzymesaredenaturedbyhightemperature.
Understandingthefactors,thatlimitingphotosynthesisenablesgreenhousefarmerstomaximize
theconditionsforplantgrowth.Theyoftenuselampsinsidethegreenhousebecauseburningparaffin
producescarbondioxideaswellasheat,andsomakesphotosynthesisproceed faster.Theymayalso
useartificiallighttoenablephotosynthesistocontinuebeyonddaylighthours.
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B. GREENHOUSE
1. GreenhouseStructure
Agreenhouse (alsocalledglasshouseorhothouse) isa structurewithaglassorplastic roofand
frequently glass or plastic walls. It heats up because incoming solar radiation from the sun warms
plants,soil,andotherthings insidethebuilding.Airwarmedbytheheatfromhot interiorsurfaces is
retained inthebuildingbytheroofandwall.Thesestructurerange ionsizefromsmallshedstovery
largebuildings.
Theglassusedforagreenhouseworksasaselectivetransmissionmediumfordifferentspectral
frequencies,anditseffecttotrapenergywithinthegreenhouse,whichheatsboththeplantsandthe
groundinsideit.Thiswarmstheairneartheground,andthisairispreventedfromrisingandflowing
away,inadditiontothefactthatinfraredradiationcannotpassthroughthegreenhouseglass.Thiscan
bedemonstratedbyopeninga smallwindownear the roofof a greenhouse, the temperaturedrops
considerably.
Themostbasicaspectsofgreenhousedesignare:
First, to thermodynamically isolate the system to stop convection and conduction from
equalizingthetemperaturewiththeambienttemperature;
Andsecond,toprovideacoveringwithacontrolleddifferencebetweenthetransparencyinthe
solarradiationbandandtheterrestrialthermalradiationband.
2. TheUseofGreenhouse
Greenhouseeffectsareoftenused forgrowing flowers, vegetables,and fruits.Manyvegetables
andflowersaregrowningreenhousesinlatewinterandearlysprings,andthentransplantedoutsideas
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the weather warms. Started plants are usually available for gardeners in farmers’ markets at
transplantingtime.
The closed environment of a greenhouse has its own unique requirements, compared with
outdoorproduction.Pestsanddiseases,andextremesofheatandhumidity,havetobecontrolled,and
irrigationisnecessarytoprovidewater.Significantinputsofheatandlightmayberequired,particularly
withwinterproductionofwarm‐weathervegetables.Specialgreenhousevarietiesofcertaincrops,like
tomatoes,aregenerallyusedforcommercialproduction.
Greenhousesareincreasinglyimportantinthefoodsupplyofhighlatitudecountries.Thelargest
greenhouse complex in the world is at Lamington, Ontario (close to Canada’s most southern point)
whereabout200acres(0,8km2)oftomatoesareentirelygrownunderglass.
Greenhouses protect crops from toomuch heat or cold, shield plants from dust storms and
blizzards,andhelp tokeepoutpests. Lightand temperaturecontrolallowsgreenhouses to turnnon‐
arable land intoarable land.Greenhousecan feedstarvingnationswherecropscannot survive in the
harshdesertandarcticwastes.
3. HumidityinGreenhouse
If we want to have a greenhouse, we do need to check into the best type of greenhouse
humidificationtouse.Humidityinagreenhousehelpskeeptheplantsthrivingandpreventsdiseaseand
decay.Withsuchasystem,wecanmonitorandcontrolallthefactorsoftheenvironmentthatcanaffect
thegrowthofplants.Weneedtohavetheoptimumlevelsofhumidityaswellasthecorrect levelsof
light,andtemperature.
Oneof thesystemsyoucanusetocontrolall these factors.Fromthegreenhouseowner, there
areseveralbenefitscanbegainedbyusingthissystem:
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a.Improvingtheuniformityoftheplants.
b.Eliminatesexcessesofhumidityandtemperature.
c.Plantsgerminatemuchfaster.
d.Productivityincreaseswithusingseedlings.
With humidification system, there is very little condensation. This enables you to control the
humidity insidethegreenhousewhenthetemperaturesoutsidearebelowfreezing.Atthesametime,
thissystemwillpreventtheplantsfromdehydrationwhentheheatisturnedon.
Insummer,withrisingtemperaturesoutside,it isoftenhardtokeephumiditylevelswherethey
shouldbe.Witha system installed,youdonothave thisworryand theplantswill continue to thrive.
Althoughtheexpenseofinstallationmaybeabitcostly,itiswillsaveyoumoneyoverthelongtermby
preservingyourplants.
C. SENSOR
1. SensoryFunction
Sensorisadevicethatisusedtoconvertenergyfromphysicsstimulustoelectriccurrentinorder
tomeasure,controlandgivinginformation.
2. LightSensor
This sensor is sensitive to lightwhich able to respond changeof light andmeasure of resistant
value.Theresistancevariablethatcausedbylightchangeuseasdarkandshiningcondition.Thissensor
canbeuseasautomaticswitch.
If the light isgivento thesensor, so theresistancevalueofLDRwilldecrease,andthecontrary
also.Thus,LDRcandetectlightanddarkcondition.Thereaction’sresultofthissensorisusedtoswitch
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on/offthelamp.Thelampwillbeturnedoffwhentheconditionoftheenvironmentisshining,andthe
contraryalso.
3. HumidityandTemperatureSensor
This sensor is used to detect the relative humidity (RH) and the change of temperature. The
informationthatisreceivedbythesensorwillbefunctionedtomeasurelevelofhumidityandcondition
of area’s temperature. Output results of humidity and temperature sensor will be proceeding by a
specifiedprogram.
IV. AUTOMATICGREENHOUSESENSORDESIGN
Astheaimofthisproject,threesensorswilluseinordertomakeahospitalizationforlightsource,
watersources,andhumidity.Thesethreefactorswillcontrolautomaticallybyeachsensor.
A. GREENHOUSECONSTRUCTION
1.MaterialConstruction:Fiberglass(Mica)
2.DimensionofVolume
L(Length)=55cm
W(Width)=40cm
H(Height)=55cm
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SideView
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Figurewallconstruction
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Frontwallsection
Backwallsection
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Uppersection
Leftandrightroofsection
Bottomsection
Groundsection
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B. DESCRIPTIONOFAUTOMATICSENSOR
There are three conditions for arranging automatically by sensor. First, to control light for
photosynthesis. Second, humidity and temperature, for controlling area condition fromhumidity and
temperatureextreme.Sensorwilldetecttheenvironment’shumidityandtemperature.
Humidity sensorwilldetectenvironment’shumidity condition. Ifhumidity lowand temperature
high,waterpumpandblower turnon topourwaterand toblowthewind. If thehumidityhigh,only
blower turn on.Moreover, if humidity low and temperature low, onlywater pump turn on. To help
photosynthesisprocessinnight,LDRsensorturnsontoactivelamp,andifthereissunshine,LDRturn
offandthelampofftoo.
1. MaterialSensor
a. Humiditysensor(typeseries:Parallax28018)
b. Temperaturesensor
c. LDR(LightDependentResistor)
2. ControlledOutput
a. Aquariumwaterpump(AC,220V)
Forgivingmorewatertoplantsifthewaterintensityislow.
b. Fan/blower(DC,12V)
Fordecreasingthetemperaturebymakeaflowingairoutofthegreenhouse.
c. Lamp(<7W)
Forkeepingthephotosynthesisprocessgoingon.
d. Timer
Therearetwooptionstocontrolthelamp:
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‐Lampsarecontrolledbyusingtimerthatthetimehasalreadyset.
‐LampsarecontrolledbyLDRsensor.
e. Powersupply
Thecircuitblockgivescurrentelectricitysupplytowholesystemofgreenhouse.Itconsistsof:
‐5V,tosupplytheminimumsystem
‐+18V,tosupplyICop‐amp(operationalamplifier)
‐12V,todirectDCblower
‐AlternateCurrent(AC)220V,tosupplyelectricityforlampandwaterpump.
f. Hosepipe
Forwateringtheplantswhenthehumidityinsidethegreenhouseislow.
3. SensorySystem
a. DiagramBlock
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b. Flowchart
1)Timingofemittinglight
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2)Temperaturecontrol
3)Humiditycontrol
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c. SchematicElectronic
Fig.1DriverElectronicCircuitofFan,PumpandLamp
Fig.2Driver
ComponentLayoutof
Fan,PumpandLamp
Fig.3Driver
LayoutPCB
ofFan,
Pumpand
Lamp
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Fig.4ElectronicCircuitofLDRSensor
Fig.5PCBLayoutofLDRsensor
Fig.6PCBLayOutandComponentLayOutofMinimumSystem
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4. SensorySystemProcedure
Attheentryofdata,therearesomeoptionsinthemenutochoosetheinputtimerdataforlamp,
adjust the value of temperature and adjust the value of humidity that it wants. Here are the
explanations:
a. Emittinglightsadjustment
Attheentryofdataforadjustmenthowlongthetimeofemitting,thesearetheoptions:
a) Lampwillbeturnedonfor8hoursandwillbeturnedfor16hours
b) Lampwillbeturnedonfor12hoursandwillbeturnedfor12hours
c) Lampwillbeturnedonfor16hoursandwillbeturnedfor8hours
d) Howlongthelampwillbeuseddependsontheuser(useroption)
Fortheoptions1‐3theadjustmentfortimeofemittinghasalreadybeensetupinthememoryof
theprogram.Useronlyhastheoptionaltopushtheparticularbuttons.For4thchoice,theadjustmentto
emit the lightwillbehandedover to theuser.Emitting time is the inputofdata times1minute.The
meaningisiftheuserpushesthenumber10atmenuforadjustmentlamp,sothelampwillbeturned
onfor10minutesandwillbeturnedfor23hoursand50minutes.
Theconditionofthe lampforonandoffwillbedependson its timerprogram.LDRSensoronly
playstheroleforanticipatingthedisturbance.IfthetimerprogramdecidedtosetthelampinONand
theconditionofsurroundedenvironmentincloudy/dark/nighttime,thelampwillbeturnedon.But,if
theprogramtimershowsthesettinglampONandenvironmentconditionshowsdaylightorbright,and
thenthelampwillbeturnedoff.
Thisconditionshowstheefficiency.Itmeansthatifthesunlightthatcanhelpedphotosynthesize
process, so the lamp in green house (for the timer shows the condition of the lamp is ON). So the
functionofthelampthathasalreadybeensetupistoanticipatethesituationthathavecontrolledby
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timer program and LDR sensor. So, the time that have been taken for photosynthesize cycle will be
optimal.
Datasettingoftimerprogram
1=lampissetON
0=lampissetOFF
DataconditionofLDRSensor
1=cloudy/dark/nighttime
0=bright/daylight
Lamp
condition
1 0 OFF
1 1 ON
0 0 OFF
0 1 ON
Moreover, sensor can be used at normal condition. The sunshine will decreased frequently so
sensorwill not turned on lamps directly. The sensorwill activate the lampswhen the environment’s
conditionhasbeendark.Duringthetimebetweensunshinestartstodecreaseuntillampsturnedoncan
beusedbyplantsfortakingrestandrechargetheenergyforupcomingphotosynthesis.
b. Temperatureadjustment
Theadjustmentfortemperatureconditionthatitwantswillbetheuser’sdecision.Itmeansuser
cansetthevalueoftemperaturethattheywanted.Thewayisusercancontrolthebuttonthatalready
facilitatedandthen,theusercanseetheindicatorofthetemperaturecontrolatthedisplay.Afterthe
temperaturehasbeendetermined,thetemperaturesensorwillbestartingtowork.
Thesettingofthetemperaturewillbedetectedfluentlybythesensor.Whenthetemperatureat
thegreenhouseexceededthan itsdetermination,andthesensorwilldetect itandsendthesignal to
the control system. The control systemwill be activated the fan. The fanwill stopworkingwhen the
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temperatureinthegreenhouseenvironmenthasalreadybelowthetemperaturesetting.Thiscyclewill
becontinuouslyhappenandbeingcontrolledautomatically
c. Humidityadjustment
The adjustment controls samewith the temperature adjustment control. The valueof humidity
thathappen in thegreenwilldependbyuser’swill.After thehumidityvaluehasbeenset forcertain
points.Andthenthesensorwillbeactivatedandmonitoritfrequently.
Ifthehumidityinsidethegreenhouselessthanthevalueofthesettingpoint,sothesensorwillbe
detected and started to send the signal to the control system. The control system soonwill start to
activatethefantoincreasethehumidity.Ifthehumiditylimithavealreadyfixed,thewaterpumpwill
bestopped.Thiscyclealsoworkingfrequentlyandcontinuously.
Ifthetemperatureisnormalandhumidityislow
Programswillarrangethewaterpump.
Theaimistogivemorewatertoplantsifthewaterintensityislowandmakehumidity
ofgreenhousenormal.
Ifthetemperatureishighandhumidityislow
Programswillarrangethewaterpumpandfanorblower.
Ifthetemperatureishighandhumidityishigh
Programswillarrangethefanorblower.
Theaimisfordecreasingthetemperaturebymakeaflowingairoutofthegreenhouse.
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IV.EXPERIMENT
Inthisexperiment,thereisthreefactorsthatcouldbetakenasareference,thatisthecondition
of greenhouse includes light intensity, temperature, and humidity. Here report from 20 seeds of red
beans(Arachishypogaea)whichisusedassamples.Thoseseedshavebeendividedintotwogroups,10
seeds of them are used as control and the rest is used as treatment. Control plants are placed in a
conventional greenhouse and treatment plants is placed in a greenhouse with sensor. This report is
arrangedafterobservationofgrowingtheplantsduringoneweek.
Heightofsample(cm)
No. Control Treatment
1 33 36
2 24 34
3 32 44
4 33 39
5 20 35
6 25 36
7 29 40
8 28 35
9 29 32
10 25 38
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Numberofbranches
No. Control Treatment
1 3 3
2 4 5
3 3 5
4 4 5
5 4 4
6 4 5
7 3 5
8 3 4
9 3 5
10 4 4
24
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V. DISCUSSION
Itisalreadyshownbythedatathattheplants,whichhavetreatedwithagreenhousewithsensor,
will have an enormous growth. The number of branches also more than plants that treated with a
conventionalgreenhouse.Itisalsoshownthattheoptimalizationofenvironment’sconditioncanaffect
thegrowthofplantsandmakeitgrowsupoptimally.
VI. CONCLUSION
Afterthroughtheoreticaldiscussionandequipmenttrial,couldbeconcludedthattheaimofthis
projecthasreachedwell.Fromtheexperimentcouldbeseeniftheautomaticgreenhousesensordesign
whichismadecouldincreasingtheproductivityofplants,especiallyforleavespart.
Ashasbeenmentionedonthepreface,thebenefitfromthisconstructiontoemphasizeonthe
crop productivity, especially to shorten the planting cycle so that it can give a maximum result and
increase the planting product have been reached. Thus it is hoped that with this construction,
productivity of cropping can be continuously increased so it can handle famine problem around the
world.
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VII. REFERENCES
• Campbell,2005,Biology,Erlangga,Jakarta• FooYuenKooi,2003,Biology,PelangiSDN.BHD,Malaysia• Cunningham,AnneS.(2000)Crystalpalaces:gardenconservatoriesoftheUnitedStatesPrinceton
ArchitecturalPress,NewYork,ISBN1‐56898‐242‐9;• Giacomelli,GeneA.andWilliamJ.Roberts1,GreenhouseCoveringSystems,RutgersUniversity,
downloadedfrom:http://ag.arizona.edu/ceac/research/archive/HortGlazing.pdfon3‐30‐2005.• Greenhouse"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse"• Lemmon,Kenneth(1963)ThecoveredgardenDufour,Philadelphia;• Muijzenberg, Erwin W B van den (1980) A history of greenhouses Institute for Agricultural
Engineering,Wageningen,Netherlands;• Vleeschouwer, Olivier de (2001)Greenhouses and conservatories Flammarion, Paris, ISBN 2‐08‐
010585‐X;• Woods,May (1988)Glass houses: history of greenhouses, orangeries and conservatories Aurum
Press,London,ISBN0‐906053‐85‐4;• www.fairchildsemi.comKA78XX/KA78XXA,3Terminal1APositiveRegulator.• DataSheetBC107:BC109:BC109.PhilipSemiConductor.• www.national.com.2001,LM79XX.• www.parallax.com.Parallax,sensivionSHTIIsensormodule.PrecisionTemperatureandHumidity
Measurement• www.farichildsemi.com.LM2902,LM324/LM34A,LM224,Quadoperationalamplifier.• www.fairchildsemi.com.MC78XX/LM78XX/MC78XXA3Terminal1APositiveVoltageRegulator.• www.atmel.com/dyn/resources/prod.documents/doc.2487.pdf.AT89S51Series.• www.ee.ud.ac.uk/facilities/teachlab/info/data/ldr. LightDependentResistor,1997.