Submitted by:Patrick A. Macazo

Submitted to:Engr. Padilla

Different Method of Representing of Terrain

Spot Heights – the elevation of important features and critical points such as road, junctions, peaks, summits, sags, and highway crossing are indicated on the map are known as spot height as spots heights or spot elevations.

Hachures – a series of short lines drawn in the direction of the slope. For a steep slope the line are heavey and closed spaced. For a gentle slope they are fine and widely speed. Hachures only give a general impression of the ground surface. By their spacing and width, these lines produce an effect drainage patterns.

Form Line – are drawn when not enough vertical control is available or when the surface are too irregular or intricate to contour.

Contour lines – the most widely used method of quantitatively representing hills, mountains, depression, and ground surface undulations on a two dimensional sheet of paper is by contour line or isohypses. These lines give maximum amount of information without obscuring other essential details portrayed on the map.

Layering tinting – part of maps lying between two particular contours may be colored in order that the distribution of high and low land can be seen at a glance. A color tint system is in common use for aerial navigation chart and on small scale maps of the world. A scale graded color tints or a system of a different color is used to show different zones of elevation. Each hypsometric zone is bounded by contours which are usually shown on the map. A color scale is shown in the margins of the map matching each color with its elevation interval.

Shading – is an old method used to shadows cast by the elevated portion of the land. This method is accomplished by the placement of map of different shades of gray tint. The map can be regarded as a picture of a relief model illuminated by a light source directly overhead or from the northwest. In the vertical illumination, less light will fall upon the slope than on level land. In the case of oblique illumination, the illusion of solid, three dimensional topography is especially striking this is particularly so in mountains terrain.

Relief or Terrain Models – the most striking and realistic expression of topography. The model is a representation of the terrain done in three dimensions to suitable horizontal and vertical scales.

Ridge and Stream Lining – used to emphasize the location of the low high ground. This model is especially useful on aerial photographs.

Subaqueous Contours – topographic maps often include area of navigable waters such as the seashore and large inland lake. The portrayal of relief of the ground underwater is done by using depth curves or subaqueous contour. They are not depression contour because they are membered as the water depths grow deeper and they are based on the low water datum rather than the mean sea level datum of contour.

Contour Line Representation of Terrain

Characteristics of Contour lines