CONTRACT N°: IEE/13/886/SI2.674899 · PDF fileLulin Radulov Black See Energy Research...

RePublic_ZEB © 2014

CONTRACT N°: IEE/13/886/SI2.674899REFURBISHMENT OF THE PUBLIC BUILDING STOCK TOWARDS NZEB

ACRONYM OF THE PROJECT: REPUBLIC_ZEB

D3.3 REPORT ON BEST PRACTICES AND LISTS OF TECHNOLOGIESUSEFUL FOR THE REFURBISHMENT OF BUILDINGS WITH DETAILED

NATIONAL SECTIONS&

D3.4 REPORT ON PROPOSED PACKAGES OF MEASURES

June 2015

Report on the EPBD national implementation

RePublic_ZEB © 2014 Page 2 of 332 14/01/2016

RePublic_ZEB Project

Year of implementation: 01/03/2014 - 31/08/2016Website: www.republiczeb.org

Project consortium

BME WP3 Leader

BRE WP6 Leader

BSERC WP2 Leader

CRES Partner

CTIWP1-WP7 Leader

Coordination

EIHP Partner

URBAN-INCERC Partner

IREC Partner

LNEG WP5 Leader

MACEF Partner

POLITO WP 4 Leader

ZRMK Partner



Project overviewThe RePublic_ZEB project is focused on the energy and CO2 emissions associated with existingpublic buildings and their refurbishment towards nZEB.The core objective of the project is to: Define costs-benefit optimized “packages of measures” based on efficient and quality-

guaranteed technologies for the refurbishment of the public building stock towards nZEBthat are standardized and adopted by builders and building owners.

From this stems three basic objectives:(i) State-of-the-art assessment of the public building stock through a country-specific

evaluation of the energy consumption and CO2 emissions;

(ii) Define reference buildings; and;

(iii) Develop a common framework and a harmonized methodology for the definition of anZEB concept for public buildings.

AcknowledgementThe authors and the whole project consortium gratefully acknowledge the financial and intellectualsupport of this work provided by the Intelligent Energy for Europe – Programme.

With the support of the EUROPEAN COMMISSION – Executive Agency for Small and MediumEnterprises implementing the Intelligent Energy for Europe Programme

Legal Notice

The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does notnecessarily reflect the opinion of the European Union. Neither the EASME nor the EuropeanCommission is responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be translated, reproduced, stored in a retrievalsystem, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher. Many of the designationsused by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Thequotation of those designations in whatever way does not imply the conclusion that the use ofthose designations is legal without the consent of the owner of the trademark.



Authors of this report:

Zoltan Magyar Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME)Gabor Nemeth Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME)Jeno Kontra Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME)

With the contribution of the following partners in the national sections:

Lulin Radulov Black See Energy Research Centre (BSERC)Nikola Kaloyanov Black See Energy Research Centre (BSERC)Toni Borković Energetski institut Hrvoje Požar (EIHP)Elpida Polychroni Centre for Renewable Energy Sources and Saving (CRES)Katerina Sfakianaki Centre for Renewable Energy Sources and Saving (CRES)Giovanni Murano Comitato Termotecnico Italiano (CTI)Vincenzo Corrado Politecnico di Torino (POLITO)Simona Paduos Politecnico di Torino (POLITO)Sashe Panevski Macedonian Center for Energy Efficiency (MACEF)Jasminka Dimitrova Kapac Macedonian Center for Energy Efficiency (MACEF)Zarko Ilievski Macedonian Center for Energy Efficiency (MACEF)Laura Aelenei National Laboratory of Energy and Geology, I.P. (LNEG)Susana Camelo National Laboratory of Energy and Geology, I.P. (LNEG)Ana Rute Ferreira National Laboratory of Energy and Geology, I.P. (LNEG)Marjana Šijanec Zavrl Gradbeni inštitut ZRMK (ZRMK)Gasper Stegnar Gradbeni inštitut ZRMK (ZRMK)Joana Tarres Institut de Recerca en Energia de Catalunya (IREC)MªLeandra Gonzalez Institut de Recerca en Energia de Catalunya (IREC)Joana Ortiz Institut de Recerca en Energia de Catalunya (IREC)Richard Hartless BREAndrew Thorne BREHoria Petran National Institute for Research and Development in Construction,

Urban Planning and Sustainable Spatial Development (URBAN-INCERC)



CONTENTSD3.3: Chapter 1 – Chapter 4, Chapter 6, AppendicesD3.4: Chapter 1, Chapter 5, Chapter 6

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY........................................................................................................ 142. ASSESSMENT OF BEST PRACTICES FOR THE REFURBISHMENT OF PUBLICBUILDINGS .................................................................................................................................. 16

2.1 BULGARIA .................................................................................................................... 162.1.1 Hospital building ................................................................................................ 172.1.2 Office building.................................................................................................... 182.1.3 Educational building........................................................................................... 18

2.2 CROATIA ...................................................................................................................... 202.2.1 Administrative/office buildings............................................................................ 202.2.2 Educational buildings......................................................................................... 21

2.3 FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA ................................................... 232.3.1 Offices/public administration .............................................................................. 232.3.2 Educational buildings......................................................................................... 242.3.3 Health-care facilities .......................................................................................... 242.3.4 Residential buildings.......................................................................................... 24

2.4 GREECE ....................................................................................................................... 252.4.1 School building .................................................................................................. 252.4.2 Office building.................................................................................................... 26

2.5 HUNGARY .................................................................................................................... 282.5.1 School building .................................................................................................. 282.5.2 Residential (school hostel)................................................................................. 292.5.3 Office building.................................................................................................... 302.5.4 Common geothermal heating system of public buildings ................................... 31

2.6 ITALY ............................................................................................................................ 332.6.1 Social houses .................................................................................................... 332.6.2 School buildings ................................................................................................ 342.6.3 Office buildings .................................................................................................. 35

2.7 PORTUGAL................................................................................................................... 372.7.1 Residential social housing ................................................................................. 372.7.2 High school buildings......................................................................................... 39

2.8 ROMANIA...................................................................................................................... 422.8.1 Office building.................................................................................................... 42



2.8.2 School ............................................................................................................... 422.9 SLOVENIA .................................................................................................................... 44

2.9.1 Office building.................................................................................................... 442.9.2 Kindergarten...................................................................................................... 452.9.3 School ............................................................................................................... 462.9.4 Health care facility ............................................................................................. 482.9.5 Home for elderly people..................................................................................... 49

2.10 SPAIN (Catalonia Region) ............................................................................................. 512.10.1 Office building.................................................................................................... 512.10.2 School building .................................................................................................. 522.10.3 Hospital building ................................................................................................ 53

2.11 United Kingdom............................................................................................................. 562.11.1 Educational/library building................................................................................ 61

3. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF SUITABLE TECHNOLOGIES................................................ 633.1 Building components ..................................................................................................... 63

3.1.1 Thermal insulation of building structures............................................................ 633.1.2 Window thermal insulation (windows changing)................................................. 633.1.3 Window solar control ......................................................................................... 643.1.4 Passive solar systems ....................................................................................... 64

3.2 HVAC and DHW systems .............................................................................................. 643.2.1 Emission retrofit ................................................................................................. 643.2.2 Control retrofit.................................................................................................... 663.2.3 Distribution and storage sub-system retrofit ....................................................... 673.2.4 Heating / cooling generator retrofit..................................................................... 673.2.5 Thermal solar energy......................................................................................... 703.2.6 Energy efficient air handling............................................................................... 713.2.7 Free cooling....................................................................................................... 72

3.3 Building management system........................................................................................ 723.4 Lighting and power generation....................................................................................... 73

3.4.1 Photovoltaic system........................................................................................... 733.4.2 Illuminator changing........................................................................................... 743.4.3 Lighting control .................................................................................................. 74

4. ANALYSIS OF SUITABLE TECHNOLOGIES ........................................................................ 754.1 BULGARIA .................................................................................................................... 77

4.1.1 List of technologies suitable for the refurbishment of public buildings ................ 774.1.2 National characteristics of technologies............................................................. 774.1.3 Performance levels and specific investment costs of the proposed energyefficiency measures ...................................................................................................... 78



4.1.3.1 Office building ............................................................................................. 784.1.3.2 Educational building .................................................................................... 814.1.3.3 Student hostel ............................................................................................. 834.1.3.4 Hospital building .......................................................................................... 85

4.2 CROATIA ...................................................................................................................... 884.2.1 List of technologies suitable for the refurbishment of public buildings ................ 884.2.2 National characteristics of technologies............................................................. 884.2.3 Performance levels and specific investment costs of the proposed energyefficiency measures ...................................................................................................... 89

4.2.3.1 Office buildings, continental Croatia ............................................................ 894.2.3.2 Buildings for education ................................................................................ 93

4.3 FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA ................................................... 984.3.1 List of technologies suitable for the refurbishment of public buildings ................ 984.3.2 National characteristics of technologies............................................................. 984.3.3 Performance levels and specific investment costs of the proposed energyefficiency measures ...................................................................................................... 99

4.3.3.1 Educational buildings................................................................................... 994.3.3.2 Office buildings.......................................................................................... 102

4.4 GREECE ..................................................................................................................... 1064.4.1 List of technologies suitable for the refurbishment of public buildings .............. 1064.4.2 National characteristics of technologies........................................................... 1064.4.3 Performance levels and specific investment costs of the proposed energyefficiency measures .................................................................................................... 109

4.4.3.1 School building.......................................................................................... 1094.4.3.2 Office building ........................................................................................... 111

4.5 HUNGARY .................................................................................................................. 1154.5.1 List of technologies suitable for the refurbishment of public buildings .............. 1154.5.2 National characteristics of technologies........................................................... 1154.5.3 Performance levels and specific investment costs of the proposed energyefficiency measures .................................................................................................... 116

4.5.3.1 Office building ........................................................................................... 1164.5.3.2 Educational building .................................................................................. 1214.5.3.3 Student hostel ........................................................................................... 125

4.6 ITALY .......................................................................................................................... 1314.6.1 List of technologies suitable for the refurbishment of public buildings .............. 1314.6.2 National characteristics of technologies........................................................... 1314.6.3 Performance levels and specific investment costs of the proposed energyefficiency measures .................................................................................................... 132

4.7 PORTUGAL................................................................................................................. 142



4.7.1 List of technologies suitable for the refurbishment of public buildings .............. 1424.7.2 National characteristics of technologies........................................................... 1424.7.3 Performance levels and specific investment costs of the proposed energyefficiency measures .................................................................................................... 143

4.7.3.1 Residential (social house) ......................................................................... 1434.7.3.2 Office buildings.......................................................................................... 146

4.8 ROMANIA.................................................................................................................... 1504.8.1 List of technologies suitable for the refurbishment of public buildings .............. 1504.8.2 National characteristics of technologies........................................................... 1504.8.3 Performance levels and specific investment costs of the proposed energyefficiency measures .................................................................................................... 151

4.8.3.1 Office building ........................................................................................... 1514.8.3.2 Educational building .................................................................................. 156

4.9 SLOVENIA .................................................................................................................. 1604.9.1 List of technologies suitable for the refurbishment of public buildings .............. 1604.9.2 National characteristics of technologies........................................................... 1604.9.3 Performance levels and specific investment costs of the proposed energyefficiency measures .................................................................................................... 161

4.9.3.1 Office building ........................................................................................... 1614.9.3.2 Kindergarten.............................................................................................. 1684.9.3.3 School ....................................................................................................... 1744.9.3.4 Health care facility ..................................................................................... 1804.9.3.5 Home for elderly people ............................................................................ 186

4.10 SPAIN (Catalonia Region) ........................................................................................... 1934.10.1 List of technologies suitable for the refurbishment of public buildings .............. 1934.10.2 National characteristics of technologies........................................................... 1934.10.3 Performance levels and specific investment costs of the proposed energyefficiency measures .................................................................................................... 195

4.10.3.1 Office building.......................................................................................... 1954.10.3.2 Hospital building ...................................................................................... 203

4.11 United Kingdom........................................................................................................... 2114.11.1 List of technologies suitable for the refurbishment of public buildings .............. 2114.11.2 National characteristics of technologies........................................................... 2114.11.3 Performance levels and specific investment costs of the proposed energyefficiency measures .................................................................................................... 211

4.11.3.1 Victorian Office Block .............................................................................. 2114.11.3.2 1960s Office Block .................................................................................. 2144.11.3.3 Solid Walled Detached House ................................................................. 217

5. PACKAGES OF MEASURES .............................................................................................. 221



5.1 BULGARIA .................................................................................................................. 2215.1.1 Packages for Office building ............................................................................ 2215.1.2 Packages for School building........................................................................... 2215.1.3 Packages for Student hostel ............................................................................ 2225.1.4 Packages for Hospital building......................................................................... 222

5.2 CROATIA .................................................................................................................... 2235.2.1 Office building.................................................................................................. 2235.2.2 Buildings for education .................................................................................... 224

5.3 FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA ................................................. 2265.3.1 Educational buildings....................................................................................... 2265.3.2 Office buildings ................................................................................................ 228

5.4 GREECE ..................................................................................................................... 2315.4.1 Office building.................................................................................................. 2315.4.2 School building ................................................................................................ 232

5.5 HUNGARY .................................................................................................................. 2355.5.1 Office building.................................................................................................. 2355.5.2 Educational building......................................................................................... 2375.5.3 Student hostel.................................................................................................. 238

5.6 ITALY .......................................................................................................................... 2415.6.1 Residential building.......................................................................................... 2415.6.2 Office building.................................................................................................. 2465.6.3 School building n.1 .......................................................................................... 2515.6.4 School building n.2 .......................................................................................... 256

5.7 PORTUGAL................................................................................................................. 2615.7.1 Residential building (social house).................................................................. 2615.7.2 Office building.................................................................................................. 262

5.8 ROMANIA.................................................................................................................... 2645.8.1 Office building.................................................................................................. 2645.8.2 Educational building......................................................................................... 266

5.9 SLOVENIA .................................................................................................................. 2685.9.1 Office building.................................................................................................. 2685.9.2 Kindergarten.................................................................................................... 2695.9.3 School ............................................................................................................. 2715.9.4 Health care facility ........................................................................................... 2735.9.5 Home for elderly people................................................................................... 274

5.10 SPAIN (Catalonia Region) ........................................................................................... 2775.10.1 Office building.................................................................................................. 277



5.10.2 Hospital building .............................................................................................. 2785.11 United Kingdom........................................................................................................... 281

5.11.1 Packages of Measures .................................................................................... 2825.11.1.1 Victorian Office Block .............................................................................. 2835.11.1.2 1960s Office Block .................................................................................. 2835.11.1.3 Solid Walled Detached House ................................................................. 2835.11.1.4 General Dwellings ................................................................................... 284

6. CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................... 2867. REFERENCES .................................................................................................................... 2888. ACRONYMS ........................................................................................................................ 2919. APPENDIX........................................................................................................................... 292

9.1 APPENDIX-BG............................................................................................................ 2929.2 APPENDIX-CR............................................................................................................ 2979.3 APPENDIX-GR............................................................................................................ 3029.4 APPENDIX-HU............................................................................................................ 3059.5 APPENDIX-IT.............................................................................................................. 3099.6 APPENDIX-MC ........................................................................................................... 3139.7 APPENDIX-PT ............................................................................................................ 3169.8 APPENDIX-RO............................................................................................................ 3189.9 APPENDIX-SI.............................................................................................................. 3219.10 APPENDIX-ES ............................................................................................................ 3259.11 APPENDIX-UK ............................................................................................................ 329



List of Figures

Figure CR-1: Requirements for new office/administrative nZEB (continental/coastal Croatia) ....... 21Figure CR-2: Requirements for new nZEB for education (continental/coastal Croatia).................. 21Figure UK-1: Display energy certificate of the best practice building ............................................. 62Figure SI- 1: Geological map of heat flow density ....................................................................... 160Figure UK-2: Marginal abatement cost curve (MACC) for UK dwellings (2010)........................... 281Figure UK-3: Marginal abatement cost curve (MACC) for UK non-domestic buildings (2010) ..... 282



List of TablesTable BG-1: Energy conservation measures as best available technologies in Bulgaria ............... 16Table BG-2: Refurbishment of Sofia Campus ............................................................................... 19Table GR-1: Summary of the refurbishment on a school building as best practice (GR) ............... 26Table GR-2: Summary of the refurbishment on an office building as best practice (GR) ............... 27Table HU-1: Summary of the refurbishment on a school building as best practice (HU)................ 28Table HU-2: Summary of the refurbishment on an office building as best practice ........................ 30Table HU-3: Summary of the refurbishment on an office building as best practice ........................ 31Table HU-4: Summary of the refurbishment of geothermal heating system serving public buildingsas best practice............................................................................................................................. 32Table PT-1: Summary of the refurbishment on a residential building as best practice (PT) ........... 39Table PT-2: Summary of the refurbishment on a residential building as best practice (PT) ........... 41Table RO-1: Summary of the refurbishment of office buildings as best practice............................ 42Table RO-2: Summary of the refurbishment of school building as best practice............................ 43Table SI-1: Summary of the energy consumption before refurbishment and expected savings..... 44Table SI-2: Realization of measures in refurbishment of the thermal envelope ............................. 44Table SI-3: Realization of measures of energy-efficient heating, cooling and ventilation systems.45Table SI-4: Realization of measures of energy-efficient production of energy ............................... 45Table SI-5: Summary of the energy consumption before refurbishment and expected savings..... 45Table SI-6: Realization of measures in refurbishment of the thermal envelope ............................. 46Table SI-7: Realization of measures of energy-efficient heating, cooling and ventilation systems.46Table SI-8: Realization of measures of energy-efficient production of energy ............................... 46Table SI-9: Summary of the energy consumption before refurbishment and expected savings..... 47Table SI-3: Realization of measures in refurbishment of the thermal envelope ............................. 47Table SI-11: Realization of measures of energy-efficient heating, cooling and ventilation systems47Table SI-12: Realization of measures of energy-efficient production of energy ............................. 48Table SI-13: Summary of the energy consumption before refurbishment and expected savings...48Table SI-14: Realization of measures in refurbishment of the thermal envelope ........................... 48Table SI-15: Realization of measures of energy-efficient heating, cooling and ventilation systems49Table SI-16: Realization of measures of energy-efficient production of energy ............................. 49Table SI-17: Summary of the energy consumption before refurbishment and expected savings...49Table SI-18: Realization of measures in refurbishment of the thermal envelope ........................... 50Table SI-19: Realization of measures of energy-efficient heating, cooling and ventilation systems50Table SI-20: Realization of measures of energy-efficient production of energy ............................. 50Table ES-1: Energy consumption and RES generation by PV and Solar collectors in a bestpractice building (ES).................................................................................................................... 51Table ES-2: Energy and economic savings in the Primary School of Linyola ................................ 53



Table UK-1: General energy efficiency requirements in Part L to the Building Regulations(England) ...................................................................................................................................... 57Table UK-2: Publications on energy efficiency (UK) ...................................................................... 59Table UK-3: Best practice building energy consumption (2012/13) ............................................... 61Table GR-3: Feed-in tariff under 10 kWp (GR)............................................................................ 107Table GR-4: PV’s general feed-in tariff (GR) ............................................................................... 108Table GR-5: Terms for the installation of grid connected PV systems with self-consumption ...... 108Table CR-1: Summary of packages of measures for office buildings in Croatia .......................... 223Table CR-2: Summary of packages of measures for buildings for education in Croatia .............. 224Table MK-1: Summary of packages of measures for educational buildings in the Former YugoslavRepublic of Macedonia ............................................................................................................... 226Table MK-2: Summary of packages of measures for office buildings in the Former YugoslavRepublic of Macedonia ............................................................................................................... 228Table GR-6: Summary of packages of measures for office buildings in Greece .......................... 231Table GR-7: Summary of packages of measures for school buildings in Greece ........................ 233Table HU-5: Summary of packages of measures for office buildings in Hungary ........................ 235Table HU-6: Summary of packages of measures for educational buildings in Hungary............... 237Table HU-7: Summary of packages of measures for student hostel buildings in Hungary ........... 238Table PT-3: Summary of packages of measures for residential (social house) buildings in Portugal

261Table PT-4: Summary of packages of measures for office buildings in Portugal ......................... 262Table RO-4: Summary of packages of measures for office buildings in Romania ....................... 264Table RO-5: Summary of packages of measures for educational buildings in Romania.............. 267Table SI-21: Summary of packages of measures for office buildings in Slovenia ........................ 268Table SI-22: Summary of packages of measures for kindergartens in Slovenia .......................... 270Table SI-23: Summary of packages of measures for kindergartens in Slovenia .......................... 271Table SI-24: Summary of packages of measures for kindergartens in Slovenia .......................... 273Table SI-25: Summary of packages of measures for kindergartens in Slovenia .......................... 275Table ES-3: Summary of packages of measures for office buildings in Spain ............................. 277Table ES-4: Summary of packages of measures for hospital buildings in Spain ......................... 278



1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report represents deliverable D3.3 and D3.4 of WP3 of RePublic_ZEB project, and presentsthe comprehensive work performed within Tasks 3.3 and 3.4. It was originally planned to presentD3.3 and D3.4 separately, but as there is very close relationship between the two deliverables itwas decided to merge D3.3 and D3.4 in a single document.

The target countries of the project are Bulgaria, Croatia, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,Greece, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Spain (Catalonia Region). Experts from BREhelp the project by transferring UK’s experience. In Chapter 2, best practice as regards therefurbishment of public buildings is presented for each of the target countries. The combination ofcurrently applied technologies are shown country by country for every reference public buildingcategory that has been defined in D2.1. The primary energy and CO2 emission savings of therefurbishments to best practice levels are summarized where this information was available.

After the analysis of best practice in the target countries, this report details the energy efficiencymeasures that can be applied through deep refurbishment of public buildings. The interventionsare related to the building envelope, HVAC and DHW systems, Building Management System,lighting and power generation systems, including several technologies based on the usage of RES.

It is evident that the energy efficiency measures have national characteristics, and the level ofperformance of the technologies could be different in the target countries, therefore detailednational sections were completed in order to build the list of technologies suitable for therefurbishment of public buildings for each country. The Partners of the target countries providedtechnical and economic information for each energy efficiency measure. At the end of the nationallists of suitable technologies for refurbishment of public buildings towards nZEB level the followinginformation for each technology is provided:

1. The national reference public building types they could be applied,2. The typical energy saving due to the application of the technology,3. The typical value for the return of investment (ROI).

After completing these national lists of technologies, the national performance levels and specificinvestment costs were presented for every reference public building category. As regards theperformance levels, different thicknesses of thermal insulation (giving different U-values) wereproposed for the refurbishment of solid external building components (wall, roof, attic floor, etc.). Inthe case of windows and doors different structures (double, triple glazed) were proposed withvariant U-values. Solar shading system is also proposed for those buildings where it is necessaryto reduce solar gains.The proposed refurbishment of the heating and the cooling systems to different levels includes themodernization of the thermal energy generation system (e.g. by condensing boiler, geothermalheat pump, air source heat pump, VRF system, etc.), the emission system (radiator, fan-coil,radiant heating/cooling, VRF, etc.) and the control system (room thermostat, weather dependentcontrol, etc.). The energy efficiency measures covered includes the DHW system, i.e. thermalinsulation of pipework and the balancing of the DHW circulation system.Based on the database of D2.2 on the reference buildings, there is natural ventilation in manyreference building types, therefore the heat loss by infiltration could be very significant. For severalpublic building types it was proposed to install a new mechanical ventilation system, includingductwork in the building and an air handling unit with high efficiency heat recovery (min. 70%). Theheat recovery will primarily decrease the heating energy consumption as well as the peak load ofthe heating system.



Refurbishment of the lighting system was also considered, which includes replacing theilluminators by T5 fluorescent lamps and/or LED, and installing control system, such as occupancyand daylight control.

Photovoltaic system and thermal solar energy utilisation were also proposed in many targetcountries. The suggested power of the photovoltaic system depends on the annual electricityconsumption of the building, the geometric parameters of the roof and the national regulations inforce. As regards the thermal solar energy, flat-plate or vacuum tube solar collectors wereproposed.

In an nZEB building the performance of HVAC installations should be monitored, therefore theinstallation of a Building Management System is proposed in many cases, which will increase theenergy saving, due to continuous monitoring of the energy consumption, the possibility to optimizeset-points, schedules, etc.

The investment cost (for building envelope, lighting, PV, thermal solar energy) presentedcorresponds to the average market conditions in the given country and contains all the materialand labour costs. The investment costs of the refurbishment of the HVAC system depends on thespecific reference building’s characteristic, therefore the sizing of the HVAC elements (boiler, heatpump, air handling unit, etc.) will be completed in WP4 as part of the building energy calculations.As a consequence, the investment costs of the measures as regards an HVAC systemrefurbishment will be provided in WP4 based on the sizing of the HVAC elements.Finally, in Chapter 5, several packages of energy efficiency measures are proposed taking intoaccount the technologies that had been gathered as regards the refurbishment towards nZEB levelof the reference building categories in each target country. Among the packages, the typicalcombinations of the energy efficiency measures can be found, which represent the currentlyapplied refurbishment practice in the given country, as well as those combinations of innovativemeasures that represent a high level of energy efficiency. All the combinations of the measures willbe analysed in WP4 from an energy efficiency and economic perspective. The optimization will beassessed based on the result of the building energy simulation.



2.ASSESSMENT OF BEST PRACTICES FOR THE

REFURBISHMENT OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS

This Chapter presents national best practices of refurbishments for each reference public buildingcategories that were presented in D2.1 for the target countries. The technologies are presentedthat were used through the refurbishment process. Furthermore the detailed primary energy andCO2 emission data are also summarized where this information was available.

2.1 BULGARIA

The measures for building refurbishing into nZEB are envisaged to be based on the well-established practice in Bulgaria in implementation of packages of the energy conservationmeasures (ECM), shown in Table BG-1.The single ECM corresponds to the best available technologies in the Bulgarian market. For eachone of the four proposed reference buildings: Residential (student hostel), Office building, Schoolbuilding and Hospital building, appropriate packages will be identified after performing buildingenergy modelling and analysis of the annual energy consumption.The investment costs for each appropriate package of ECM can be determined after obtaining theproper values of the measure parameters, by means of which the building energy performancecorresponds to the national definition of nZEB.The single investment costs for each of the ECM are obtained by means of extensive marketanalysis and average values for high/sophisticated level of technologies are presented in TableBG-1.

Table BG-1: Energy conservation measures as best available technologies in Bulgaria

Group No EEM

Normativerequirements Investments

Parameter Value MeasureWholesystem

excl.VAT

Aggregateonly excl.

VAT

Build

ing

enve

lope

1 Window replacement U,W/m2K 1,4 EUR/m2 128 128

2 Thermal insulation ofexternal walls U,W/m2K 0,28 EUR/m2 41 41

3 Thermal insulation ofroof U,W/m2K 0,2 EUR/m2 51 51

Hea

ting

4Installation ofbiomass burningboiler (pellets)

ŋ, % 95-103 EUR/kW 288 105

5 Installation of gasburning boiler ŋ, % 103 EUR/kW 289 74

6Installation of directevaporation heatpump

SPF, - 3,5 EUR/kW 1576 401



7 Installation of air-to-water heat pump SPF, - 3,5 EUR/kW 562 184

8Installation of groundcouple heat pump(water)

SPF, - 3,5 EUR/kW 920 199

Vent

ilatio

n

9 Installation of air-to-air heat pump SPF, - 3,5 EUR/kW 550 302

10 Installation of water-to-air heat pump SPF, - 3,5 EUR/kW 692 194

11Installation of groundcouple heat pump(air)

SPF, - 3,5 EUR/kW 1462 207

12 Heat recovery unit ŋ, % 70 EUR/kW 112 112

DH

W

13Installation ofbiomass burningboiler (pellets)

ŋ, % 85-103 EUR/kW 288 105

14 Installation of gasburning boiler ŋ, % 103 EUR/kW 289 184

15 Installation of air-to-water heat pump SPF, - 3,5 EUR/kW 920 199

16 Installation of solarwater heat pump ŋ, % 60 EUR/kW 1053 1053

Cooling 17Installation of directevaporation heatpump

SPF, - 3,5 EUR/kW 1576 401

Lighting 18 Installation of energyefficient lighting ŋ, % 70 EUR/kW 2556 2556

Several examples of the best practices in Bulgaria are presented below.

2.1.1 Hospital building

The most resent project for energy efficiency improvement in a hospital building has beendeveloped in April 2015. The hospital “St. George” in Plovdiv consists of several blocks between 2and 12-storey buildings. The total built-up area of the buildings, envisaged for refurbishment is74,895 m2 with conditioned area of 67,273 m2.After renovation of the building envelope during 2013 by means of thermal insulation of externalwalls (U=0.35 W/m2K) and replacement of the windows (U=1.7 W/m2K), it has been decided tocontinue with improving the energy efficiency, analysing the building energy systems.Heating energy is generated by natural gas fuelled heating boilers.The following options for energy saving have been identified:

1. Implementation of high efficient system for heating, ventilation and cooling by means ofcombined CHP, VRV and absorption cooling system. The VRV (COP 5.9; EER 4.9) systemis designed with two options – to utilize the heat of the co-generating system or to utilizegeothermal energy depending on the economic environment.

2. Replacement of the existing lighting with LED lighting.



The implementation of the system requires investments with payback period of 5.4 years and leadsto primary energy consumption of 213 kWh/a which corresponds to the 2014 nationalrequirements.

2.1.2 Office building

An example of best practice for energy efficiency improvement is the project for the Ministry ofregional development central building. The building is placed in Sofia and has built-up area of9,849 m2. The building has a central heating system, supplied with heat by the District heatingcompany of Sofia, and several zones cooling system, based on water cooling aggregates. Theventilation system operates during the whole year.The example is selected to present energy efficiency improvement by replacement of a glazedfaçade of 460 m2 (aluminium frame and double glazing with stop-sol pan and low emission panwith Ug = 1.1 W/m2K), 840 m2 windows (PVC frame and double glazing with Ug = 1.1 W/m2K),replacement of air-conditioning system at the press-centre based on high efficient air to air heatpump, balancing of the temperature control for the heating and cooling regime in the building(automatic control of the temperature during the working period and maintaining decreasedtemperature during non-occupation period), adjustment of the automatic control systems of thecooling units for improving the EER), improving the automatic control by combining the centralsystem with room thermostats.The expected result after implementation, which is to be completed by the end of this summer, isfinal primary energy consumption of 236 kWh/m2, which corresponds to class B of the energyscale.

2.1.3 Educational building

This example has been selected as the first educational building renovated as a real nZEBbuilding. It is a block in the Technical university of Sofia campus for education and research. Theproject has been financed by the Operative program “Regional development” cofounded byNational Research Found.All information is presented in the following table on the next page:



Table BG-2: Refurbishment of Sofia Campus

Built-up area 1630 m2Building envelopeconstruction:

Walls – concrete + brick, thermal insulation -Roof – flat, unheated space, thermal insulation – 100 mm mineral wool,Windows – PVC double glassed

Building envelopeU-values:

Wall 717 m2 , U = 0,35 W/m²KWindow 432 m2, U=1,7 W/m²KRoof/ceiling to the attic 425 m2, U=0,26 W/m²KCellar ceiling/ground slab 425 m2, U=0,56 W/m²K

Building servicesystems:

Heating – ambient based VRF heat pump,Cooling – VRF based systemVentilation – ambient air based heat pump + heat recovery unitDHW – local electrical heatersLow energy lighting system

Includedrenewable energytechnologies:

Heating – ambient based VRF heat pump with seasonal COP =4Ventilation – ambient based heat pump with seasonal COP =4 (in cooling mode 4,5) +heat recovery unit with seasonal efficiency 75% (heating mode).

Final energy use: Heating 5,4 kWh/m²a+(RES16,2 kWh/m2a)=21,6 kWh/m2

Hot water 1,9 kWh/m²aVentilation 2,23 kWh/m2a

+(RES11,2 kWh/m2a)= 13,43 kWh/m²a –heating (28 oC supplytemperature) andcooling (22 oC supplytemperature)

Cooling 3,65 kWh/m²aLighting 2,8 kWh/m²aOthers 10 kWh/m²aTotal 15,98 kWh/m²a

+RES 27,4kWh/m2.a+appliances(others)10 kWh/m2.a

Primary energyuse:

Energy source -electricity

47,94 kWh/m²a+appliances(others)30 kWh/m2.a

Primary energy factor: 3

Total 77,94 kWh/m²aRenewable energycontribution ratio:

51,33 % of total final energy (including appliances)63,16 % of final energy - without appliances („others”)

Improvementcompared tonationalrequirements:

68 % consideringthe energy forappliances77,6 % - when theenergy forappliances isexcluded

Compared to: Final annual energy consumption (with districtheating), according to the nationalrequirements defined by the Ordinance forheat retention and energy efficiency inbuildings (updated 2009).

Links to furtherinformation:

Report to the Operative program “Regional development”, 2012Report to the National Research Found, 2013



2.2 CROATIA

2.2.1 Administrative/office buildings

Technologies available for building refurbishment in Croatia to nZEB level were analyzed andincluded in report on minimum requirements for refurbishment and new construction 1 whichshowed that, although nZEB can be achieved even with moderate use of fossil fuels and adequatecoverage of electric energy consumption with RES, heat pumps in combination with high level ofexternal envelope insulation show optimal combination of measures for new buildings. Externalenvelope insulation includes high efficiency of all building components - opaque and transparentparts of walls, roofs, floors and building components towards unheated areas.Office buildings refurbishment in current practice does not achieve nZEB requirements entirely asmajor difference in legal requirements and nZEB level is in use of fossil fuels or district heating inlegal requirements. Same level of external envelope combined with heat pumps brings thosebuildings close to nZEB.External envelope has lesser influence on total primary energy demand for new construction, as itis expected that each new building has optimized building geometry, and in particular, architecturalconcept which enables optimal distribution of heating and cooling load on annual basis. Oppositeto this, requirements on refurbished buildings haven’t been set to nZEB level due to impossibility tooptimize solar heat gains in heating season, as well as fully satisfy the requirement on solarshading in cooling season. Cost optimal solution for refurbishments was nearly identical torequirements for new non nZEB construction.In all cases, optimal technical solution for nZEB relied on following elements:

- thermal insulation of external walls (either contact or ventilated facade) in thickness of 16 –20 cm, with U value for the opaque parts 0,17 – 0,21 W/m²K

- thermal insulation of roofs with U values of the roof from 0,16 – 0,19 W/m²K- thermal insulation of ceilings above external air (contact or ventilated facade) in thickness

of 16 – 20 cm, with U value from 0,16 – 0,20 W/m²K- thermal insulation of floors above unheated basements with U value 0,16 – 0,19 W/m²K- windows and transparent parts of external envelope with triple low-e glazing and window U

values 0,90 – 1,10 W/m²K- central heating and cooling system with ground or air coupled heat pump (depending on the

location , air/air heat pump (VRV system)- mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (ηhr≥0,65)- off grid PV system covering base electric energy use, with storage capacity up to 24 hours

– primarily, PV system sizing is guided by lower demand on storage capacityTechnologies that haven’t been included in office and administrative buildings are thermal solarcollectors and free cooling – former due to the fact that reference office building doesn’t usedomestic hot water, and later because of uncertainties in natural ventilation calculation in freecooling applications, which might lead to unreliable results of analysis.

1 Report according to article 5(2) of Directive 2010/31/EU and article 6 of Regulation (EU) 244/2012: Minimalrequirements on energy performance for office buildings for continental and coastal Croatia, for period before1970, 1971 – 2005, after 2006 and nearly zero energy buildings, Zagreb, June 2014.



Figure CR-1: Requirements for new office/administrative nZEB (continental/coastal Croatia)

2.2.2 Educational buildings

Refurbishment practice today falls short of the nZEB requirements as the nZEB definition has beenadopted in national regulation very recently, and refurbishment is guided towards legalrequirements, or further according to minimal requirements of financial models providing forrefurbishment (Fund for environmental protection and energy efficiency) which are in general 30 –40% stricter than legal requirements.Technologies available for refurbishment of buildings for education in Croatia to nZEB level wereanalyzed and included in report on minimum requirements for refurbishment and newconstruction2.

Figure CR-2: Requirements for new nZEB for education (continental/coastal Croatia)Reduced use schedule of reference buildings for education (14 hrs, 5 days) and consistent specificarchitectural requirements (large south oriented glazing areas), leads to high level of solar gains incooling seasons in coastal Croatia. Therefore, in continental Croatia, higher level of externalenvelope insulation is required, while in coastal Croatia optimal solution includes lower levels ofthermal insulation of envelope thus leading to lower cooling energy consumption.Technologies not analyzed for nZEB for education are solar thermal collectors and free cooling.List of best available technologies in continental Croatia includes:

- thermal insulation of external walls (either contact or ventilated facade) 20 cm thick, with Uvalue for the opaque parts 0,17 W/m²K

- thermal insulation of roofs with U value of the roof 0,14 W/m²K- thermal insulation of the ground floors with U value of the floor 0,14 W/m²K

2 Report according to article 5(2) of Directive 2010/31/EU and article 6 of Regulation (EU) 244/2012: Minimalrequirements on energy performance for buildings for education for continental and coastal Croatia, for periodbefore 1970, 1971 – 2005, after 2006 and nearly zero energy buildings, Zagreb, June 2014.



- windows and transparent parts of external envelope with double or triple low-e glazing andwindow U values 0,90 – 1,30 W/m²K

- central heating and cooling system with ground or air coupled heat pump (depending on thelocation , air to air heat pump (VRV system)

- mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (ηhr≥0,65)- off grid PV system covering base electric energy use, with storage capacity up to 24 hours

– primarily, PV system sizing is guided by lower demand on storage capacity

In coastal region, external envelope requirements are lower than in continental:- thermal insulation of external walls (either contact or ventilated facade) 10 cm thick, with U

value for the opaque parts 0,32 W/m²K- thermal insulation of roofs with U value of the roof 0,27 W/m²K- thermal insulation of the ground floors with U value of the floor 0,34 W/m²K- windows and transparent parts of external envelope with double low-e glazing and window

U values 1,80 W/m²K- central heating and cooling system with ground or air coupled heat pump (depending on the

location , air to air heat pump (VRV system)- mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (ηhr≥0,65)- off grid PV system covering base electric energy use, with storage capacity up to 24 hours

– primarily, PV system sizing is guided by lower demand on storage capacity



2.3 FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

2.3.1 Offices/public administration

Most of the local self-government administrative buildings are old and had temporary nature. Forthat reason many of the municipalities built new administrative buildings instead of deciding onrefurbishment of the old building. For that reason, this part will have two examples – one newbuilding and one refurbished building.

Reconstruction of Administrative building of Municipality of ResenThe administrative building of the Municipality of Resen was refurbished with financial contributionof the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation and UNDP as part of the UNDP’s projectfor protection of the Prespa Lake.The refurbishment included thermal insulation, replacement of doors and windows, insulation andrepairmen of the roof. The financial saving will be used for investment on the protection for the oneof the most important lake ecosystems in the region.

New administrative building of the Association of the units of local self-governmentThe building of ZELS is representative because it has combined the energy efficiency measureswith measures for utilization of renewable energy sources. The building was built in 2008.The walls are consisted of mortar with thickness of 40 mm, bricks with thickness of 240 mm and 60mm of EPS. The U-value of the walls is 0.48 W/m2K.The windows are with PVC frames and double glazing with average U-value of 2.5 W/m2K.The roof has suspended ceiling with up to 160 mm of insulation. The U-value of the roof is 0.24W/m2K.The floor is consisted of reinforced concrete slab with 20-50 mm of insulation. The average U-value is 0.46 W/m2K.The heating of the building is with district heating system and radiators. The ventilation and coolingsystem is consisted of 3 AR45TFCMF Fujitsu x 2 with direct expansion and canal system in thesuspended ceiling.The building has PV panels installed for part of its electrical energy consumption. There are 3groups of panels installed on the roof with 4 kW of installed power of each group of panels withthree inverters Kaso type 3500XI. According to a study for this building, this system works cca 8hours/day for 100 days during one year with power of 3kW. The output according to this study is2500 kWh per inverter or 7500 kWh/year, which is 45% of the available energy on a yearly level.The building has specific consumption of 71.2 kWh/m2 yr. for heating and 137 kWh/m2 yr includingappliances and other consumption (and heating).

Private administration building – EKSPRO StrumicaThis building can be considered as nZEB. Its energy consumption is under 25 kWh/m2yr primaryenergy. The building has included passive and active measures for reducing the energy needs andalso uses renewable energy for significant part of its energy need.The south façade is built with 12 degrees inclination for optimal sun protection. The roof isventilated with 42 cm insulation and U-Value of 0.1 kWh/m2K. The outside walls has 38 cm ofinsulation and U-Value of 0.12 kWh/m2K. The floor has 25 cm of insulation and has U-Value of



0.12 kWh/m2K. For the heating, cooling and ventilation energy need, heat pumps air-ground andwater-water are used. The systems are regulated by automatic control unit. There are solarthermal collectors for hot water. Passive systems for utilizing the solar energy are employed also –Trombe Wall.


The most representative examples of best practices for refurbishment can be seen in the category– educational buildings. There are many examples of refurbishment of educational buildings thatcan be shown. The kindergarten “Snezana – Dzuzinja” is chosen for this purpose.The refurbishment of the kindergarten was finished in January 2013. The building envelope beforethe reconstruction was consisted of reinforced concrete wall and mortar and clay brick walls withU-values of 1.22 W/m2K and no insulation.The windows were coupled and had wooden frames. The U-value of the windows was 3.5 W/m2K.The roof was consisted of Concrete slab, empty space, and wooden panels with U-value of 1,6W/m2K and no insulation.The floor was consisted of Concrete slab and wooden parquet with parts of the wall with cementscreeds and ceramic tiles. The average U-value of the floor was 0,65 W/m2K.The building is connected to the district heating.During the refurbishment, the following measures were applied: Installation of 100 mm thick mineral wool, together with the appropriate systems (vapor

barrier, fixing bolts, etc.). Installation of thermal façade consisted of 100mm thick EPS or mineral wool, together with

the appropriate finishing layers. Installation of new windows with PVC frames and double glazing with k-glass. Installation of solar collector system of 10 solar collectors with area of 2m2 each, or total

20m2 of collecting surface, together with the appropriate installation. Installation of thermostatic valves with protective cap on every radiator in the school. This

measure, besides limiting the ambient temperature to the standard parameters, will causebalancing of the whole distribution system.

2.3.3 Health-care facilities

The specific energy demand of the health care facilities demands specific measures and security inthe demand. There are only several refurbishment examples for this kind of buildings. There isongoing mayor refurbishment of one clinical hospital in Skopje.The clinical hospital in Stip installed solar thermal collectors for different purposes. In the laundrydepartment, 11 solar thermal collectors were installed with absorbing (net) area of 25,63 m2. In theinfective department, additional 11 solar thermal collectors were installed. In the children ward, 7solar thermal collectors were installed.

2.3.4 Residential buildings

There are only few public buildings (student housing) for this category and there is no data forrefurbishment.



2.4 GREECE

2.4.1 School building

The refurbishment of a school building located in a Greek island can be presented as best practice,because as a result of this refurbishment the non-renewable energy consumption was optimizedand reduced. The energy renovation of this school is part of a national research-demonstrationproject, called ‘Green Island – Ai Stratis’, in which technologically mature renewable energytechnologies and energy saving technologies will be applied in order to cover most of the island’senergy needs (at least 80%). Ai Stratis is a small Greek island with approximately 260 inhabitantssituated on the North-East Aegean Sea.The building was built in early 1970s. It is one-storey rectangular building with an area of 210m2

and its main façade is southern. There is no thermal protection; the Thermal Insulation Regulationwas in force in 1979 and up to now no renovation works have been implemented. The heatingsystem is burning oil boiler with steel panel radiators in each room.

Building envelope:The bearing structure is concrete and the building envelope is double brickwork plastered on bothsides. The windows are with wooden frame and single glazing.In order to meet the requirements of the new Regulation of Energy Performance of Buildings, it isneeded to install external thermal insulation and replace the windows. So 5 cm of expandedpolystyrene will be installed with thermal conductivity of 0.033 W/(m.K). The windows will bereplaced with aluminum thermal break frame and double glazing.

Heating and cooling systemThe heating and cooling loads will be covered with the installation of geothermal heat pump withheating capacity 35 kW and solar thermal systems which will be used for the preheating of the fluidin the geothermal heat pump. The solar panels are selective flat plate with an area of 77 m2. Theexisting steel panel radiators will be replaced with fan coils.

Solar systemThe electricity loads will be covered up to 85% with the hybrid system (wind turbines, PVs, centralsystem of energy storage with batteries, etc) of power generation which will be installed in theisland. Specifically for the coverage of the building electricity loads, a photovoltaic system of 29 m2

will be installed and generate approximately 6,500 kWh electricity per year.

Lighting systemThe lighting system will be upgraded and specifically the luminaries and the lamps will be replacedwith new ones with fluorescent lamp (T5), 28W each, electronic ballasts and reflectors. In additionoccupancy sensors will be installed in each room.

SummaryOn the one hand the heating and cooling demand was reduced significantly, due to the thermalprotection of the building envelope. On the other hand, the improvement of the energy productionsystem, such as replacement of the boiler and the installation of the PV system and the upgrade of



the lighting system contributes significantly to the reduction of both primary energy and CO2emission.

Table GR-1: Summary of the refurbishment on a school building as best practice (GR)

Name of the structureValuetype

Unit Before

refurbishmentAfter

refurbishment

Facade wall Uw W/m2K 2.20-3.18 0.43-0.49

Windows and doors Uwi W/m2K 4.13-6.28 2.40

Boiler type - -Conventional

burning oil boilerGeothermalheat pump

Heating capacity - kW 100 35

PV system - kWp - 4,3

Thermal solar Asol m2 - 77

Primary energyconsumption

Ep kWh/m2a 270 103

CO2 emission - t/a 15.96 0.86

Classification of energyperformance

- - F A


The building was built in 1955, while an addition of two floors was built in 1975. It is three-storeyrectangular building with an area of 10,675m2 and its main façade is SE. There is no thermalprotection; the Thermal Insulation Regulation was in force in 1979 and up to now no renovationworks have been implemented. The heating system is burning oil boiler with steel panel radiatorsin each room.

Building envelopeThe bearing structure is concrete and the building envelope is double brickwork plastered on bothsides. The windows are with aluminium frame and single glazing.In order to meet the requirements of the new Regulation of Energy Performance of Buildings, it isneeded to install external thermal insulation and replace the windows. So 7 cm of expandedpolystyrene will be installed with thermal conductivity of 0.033 W/(m.K). The windows will bereplaced with aluminum thermal break frame and double glazing.

Heating and cooling systemThe heating and cooling loads will be covered with the installation of geothermal heat pump withCOP=4.5 and EER=4. The existing steel panel radiators will be replaced with fan coils.



Solar systemThe electricity loads of the building will be partially covered with a photovoltaic system of 150m2

which will be installed on the building’s roof and generate approximately 43,000 kWh electricity peryear.

Lighting systemThe lighting system will be upgraded and specifically the luminaries and the lamps will be replacedwith new ones with Led. In addition occupancy sensors will be installed in each room.

SummaryOn the one hand the heating and cooling demand was reduced significantly, due to the thermalprotection of the building envelope. On the other hand, the improvement of the energy productionsystem, such as replacement of the boiler and the installation of the PV system and the upgrade ofthe lighting system contributes significantly to the reduction of both primary energy and CO2emission.

Table GR-2: Summary of the refurbishment on an office building as best practice (GR)

Name of thestructure

Valuetype

Unit Before

refurbishmentAfter

refurbishment

Facade wall Uw W/m2K 2.20 0.37

Windows and doors Uwi W/m2K 6.0 3.0

Boiler type - -Conventional

burning oil boilerGeothermalheat pump

Heating systemefficiency

gn ,COP

- 0.92 4.5

PV system - kWp - 22.2


Ep kWh/m2a 302.2 69.3


Classification ofenergy performance

- - D A



2.5 HUNGARY


The refurbishment of a school building located in the city centre of Budapest can be presented asbest practice, because this refurbishment satisfies most of the criteria of the current nZEBregulation in Hungary. The building was built in the XIX. century. It is a scheduled monument,therefore the façade from the street could not be modified. It has two floors above the ground floor,and a basement. The heated floor area is 2 263 m2, the heated total volume is 10 440 m3. Thebuilding envelope was not improved energetically since it exists. The last development was in2001, when the permanent temperature gas boilers were set up with new gas-burners.

Building envelopeDue to the protection of the building, only the walls to the inner court and to the light wells could beinsulated. In order to reach an acceptable specific heat loss coefficient of the building, the higherlevel of insulation was needed. The walls were insulated with 14 cm graphite-EPS, and the slabunder the attic was insulated with 30 cm rock wool. The windows were replaced, all of the newstructures have three-layer glazing.

Heating systemThe old boilers were replaced by condensing boilers according to the reduced heating demand.The existing steel panel radiators were equipped with thermostatic valves. The heating system wasset up with new balancing valves and speed controlled circulating pumps. The heating watertemperature is weather-dependent controlled.

Solar systemDuring the planning of the solar system, the regulations of the protection level had to be taken intoaccount. Eventually a photovoltaic system of 29.4 kWp could be installed. Thy PV systemconnected to the grid and it can generate approximately 25 500 kWh electricity per year.

SummaryOn one hand the heating demand were reduced significantly, due to the high level of buildingenvelope insulation. On the other hand, the improvement of the energy production system, such asreplacement of the boilers and installing PV system contributes 55% primary energy and CO2emission saving, respectively.

Table HU-1: Summary of the refurbishment on a school building as best practice (HU)

Name of the structure Valuetype Unit Before

refurbishmentAfter

refurbishment

Facade wall Uw W/m2K 0.85-1.27 0.19-0.21

Slab under attic Us W/m2K 0.65-1.21 0.11-0.12




Specific heat losscoefficient of the building q W/m3K 0.406 0.169

Boiler type - - Conventionalgas boiler Condensing boiler


PV system - kWp - 29,4Primary energyconsumption Ep kWh/m2a 222.6 99.9

CO2 emission - t/a 97.7 44.7Classification of energyperformance - - G (nearly average) B (better than

requirement)

2.5.2 Residential (school hostel)

The building was built in 1980. It has five floors above the ground floor, and a basement. Theheated floor area is 8 311 m2, the heated total volume is 22 509 m3.The following energy developments were implemented during the last 10 years: boilerreplacement, conversion from steam heating system to hot water heating system, replacement ofwindows of the students’ rooms (Uw=1.2 W/m2K), installation of thermostatic radiator valves,balancing valves and speed controlled circulating pumps, development of the lighting system.The following is the summary of the latest refurbishment in 2015.

Building envelopeThe walls were insulated with 10 cm rockwool, and the old windows and doors with aluminiumframes were replaced. All of the new windows have two-layer glazing with LOW-E coating.

Heating systemThe heating demand of the building is served by two pieces of low temperature boilers, whichserve other buildings of the college too. The total heating capacity of the boilers is 2800 kW. Thelast refurbishment did not affect the energy production system. However additional thermostaticvalves were installed on the radiators. The supply heating water temperature has been weather-dependent controlled since the refurbishment.

Thermal solar system24 pieces of thermal solar collectors were installed on the flat roof. The thermal solar collectorsproduce thermal energy to preheat DHW, while the existing gas boilers provide thermal energy toreach the required temperature (45°C) of DHW.SummaryOn one hand the heating demand were reduced significantly, due to the high level of buildingenvelope insulation. On the other hand, the last upgrading of the heating control system andinstalling of thermal solar system contributes 18 % primary energy and CO2 emission saving,respectively.



Table HU-2: Summary of the refurbishment on an office building as best practice


Unit Before

refurbishmentAfter

refurbishment

Facade wall Uwall W/m2K 0.80-0.92 0.28-0.33

Windows and doors Uw W/m2K 3.10 1.3; 1.50

Specific heat losscoefficient of the building

q W/m3K 0.160 0.094


Thermal solar system - m2 - 44


Ep kWh/m2a 126.3 104.0

CO2 emission - t/a 211.12 173.61


- - D (nearly requirement) B (better thanrequirement)


The building was built in the XIX. century. It is a scheduled monument, therefore the facade couldnot be modified. It has three floors above the ground floor, and a basement. The heated floor areais 2 511 m2, the heated total volume is 10 730 m3.The building envelope was not improvedenergetically since it exists.

Building envelopeDue to the protection of the historical building, only the firewall could be insulated from the outerwalls. The firewalls were insulated with 10 cm EPS, while the slab under the attic was insulatedwith 14 cm rock wool. The old windows were also replaced, all of the new structures have two(Uw=1,3 W/m2K) or three-layer glazing (Uw=1,05 W/m2K).

Heating systemThe old, constant temperature conventional boilers were replaced by condensing boiler accordingto the reduced heating demand. The heating demand of the building is served by one piece ofcondensing boiler, which serve other buildings too. The total heating capacity of the boiler is 1200kW. The cast iron radiators were replaced by steel panel radiators. The new radiators wereequipped with thermostatic valves. The heating system was set up with new balancing valves andspeed controlled circulating pumps. The heating water temperature is weather-dependentcontrolled.Summary



On one hand the heating demand were reduced significantly, due to the high level of buildingenvelope insulation. On the other hand, the improvement of the energy production system, such asreplacement of the boilers PV system contributes 30% primary energy and CO2 emission saving,respectively.

Table HU-3: Summary of the refurbishment on an office building as best practice


Valuetype Unit Before

refurbishmentAfter

refurbishment

Firewall Uw W/m2K 1.15 0.34

Slab under attic Us W/m2K 1.21 0.22

Windows and doors Uwi W/m2K 2.50; 4.50 1.05; 1.30Specific heat losscoefficient of thebuilding

q W/m3K 0.491 0.310

Boiler type - - Conventionalgas boiler

Condensingboiler

Heating capacity - kW 329 261Primary energyconsumption Ep kWh/m2a 261.81 180.26

CO2 emission - t/a 124.64 83.11Classification ofenergy performance - - F ( average) E (better than

average)

2.5.4 Common geothermal heating system of public buildings

The deep refurbishment of the heating supply system of several public buildings in a town ofSouth-Hungary can be presented as best practice, because the local government recognized thepossibility of satisfying all the energy demands of these public buildings by utilizing renewableenergy source.The local government is responsible for several institutions in the town: kindergarten, schools,student hostel, health centre, etc. Most of the public buildings had old, conventional gas boilers forheating and DHW supply. These boilers needed deep refurbishment, or exchange.Instead of changing all the boilers, a new thermal water based district heating system was built.The production well is located in the town, while the injection well is 1.6 km from it.All the heating centres of the public buildings were refurbished. New heat exchangers wereinstalled in order to connect to the RES based district heating system, which is supplied by thethermal water well.Four years after the refurbishment the local government decided to extend the district heatingsupply system. The refurbishment of some public buildings’ insulation resulted that the heatingdemand was decreased, which enabled to join new institutions.



Table HU-4: Summary of the refurbishment of geothermal heating system serving publicbuildings as best practice

Source of energy UnitBefore

refurbishmentAfter

refurbishment

Electricity MWh/a 0 220

Gas 1000 m3/a 968 0

Thermal water 1000 m3/a 0 259



2.6 ITALY

2.6.1 Social houses

The refurbishment usually consists of big maintenance instead of major renovations; the energyefficiency measures considered are those not forcing the people to leave the houses during theworks. Thus, the retrofit measures generally consists of: the external wall thermal insulation; the thermal insulation of the last floor/roof; the thermal insulation of the first floor, in case of stilt building; in case of centralized boiler, the replacement of the old generator with a condensing boiler

or an heat exchanger for the district heating connection (if any); in case of single unitboilers, the retrofit measure admits the replacement of the single unit boilers with acentralized one;

the installation of thermostatic valves in order to increase the control efficiency.

Actually, the main realized refurbishment took advantage of local public funding. Within the tenderto notice the required building energy performances are listed in terms of energy efficiencymeasures to be adopted and referred performances levels (i.e. U values) or final energyconsumption limit values. As an example, the 2011 Piemonte Regional call for the granting ofcontributions for the realization of nearly zero energy buildings3 established that the nZEB forwhich the contribution is required must respect the following minimum requirements : specific energy need for heating ≤ 15 kWh/m2 a; specific energy need for cooling ≤ 10 kWh/m2 a; renewable energy ratio (RER) ≥ 50%, by considering the primary energy need for heating,

cooling, DHW and lighting.

A real example of social house refurbishment consists of a ‘70th public housing estate located inBiella, a city in Piemonte Region4; the following energy efficiency measures were applied: cavity wall thermal insulation: U value from 0,95 W/m2K to 0,32 W/m2K; floor thermal insulation: U value from 1,24 W/m2K to 0,26 W/m2K; roof thermal insulation: U value from 1,18 W/m2K to 0,22 W/m2K; windows replacement: U value from 4,38 W/m2K to 2,2 W/m2K; boiler replacement: from a gasoil (85% average efficiency ) to a natural gas condensing

boiler (95% average efficiency).

The retrofit measures led the primary energy need for heating and DHW from 300 kWh/m2a to 56kWh/m2a.Another example takes place in Bolzano5 (North-East of Italy) by IPES, the local Public HousingSociety. Again, the action had to be compatible with the presence of the families inside the buildingduring the works. At the end of the operation the building obtained the Energy Label CasaClima B,

3 Legge Regionale 7 ottobre 2002 n. 23 e s.m.i. Deliberazione della Giunta Regionale n. 41-2373 del 22/07/2011 -Contributi a fondo perduto per la realizzazione di edifici a energia quasi zero.4 Di Pietra B. Margiotta F. Report RSE/2009/30 - Complesso residenziale popolare ATC Biella Intervento diriqualificazione energetica (Studio di fattibilità ENEA). 2009.5 BUILD SEE Project. Addressing the divide between the EU indicators and their practical implementation in thegreen construction and eco-social re-qualification of residential areas in South East Europe regions. COUNTRYREPORT – Italy. http://build-see.eu/build-see/sites/default/files/BUILD-SEE_COUNTRY-REPORT_ITALY.pdf



for an amount of about 500 €/m2. The annual energy demand for heating changed from 170kWh/m2 to 40 kWh/m2 . The following features were applied: external wall coating thermal insulation (0,10 m cork panels); windows and doors replacement (wood-steel and insulated glazing); external curtains; roof and basement thermal insulation (stone wool rolls and calcium silicate boards); Single boiler for heating and DHW replacement: central systems.

2.6.2 School buildings

The Italian building schools are characterized by high levels of energy consumption that are notjustified by a good indoor air quality, as the mechanical ventilation system is usually notconsidered. Thus, the energy consumption is basically referred to space heating6.In Italy the energy refurbishment of this building sector is not common; the main retrofit measureconsists of the boiler replacement and the major renovations are sporadic. Nevertheless, somestudies are focused on this topic, as Dall’O’ et al. [2] on the refurbishment of the Italian schoolbuilding stock till nZEB target; in this case, the following retrofit measures were considered thatcould be easily defined as best practice: the thermal wall insulation using ETICS (External Thermal Insulation Composite System)

technology, of a thickness necessary to reach U-value = 0,28 W/m2K; the roof insulation with the thickness necessary to reach U-value = 0,15 W/m2K; the replacement of all the windows with high performance windows (triple glazing, low-

emission and argon) U-value = 1,1 W/m2K; the replacement of all the boilers with GSHP (Ground Source Heat Pump) with an average

COP of 4; the installation of local control systems (i.e. thermostatic valves); the installation of mechanical air ventilation systems with a heat recovery system, having a

recovery efficiency of 70%; the installation of a polycrystalline PV system.

The installation of controlled mechanical ventilation systems is envisaged with the aim ofguaranteeing an internal air quality compliant with current Italian technical standards for schoolbuildings. This particular retrofit action does also involve an increase in energy consumption whichin this scenario is compensated for by the presence of the solar photovoltaic panels.These energy retrofit measures were applied by Dall’O’ et al. in a study to all of the school buildingcomplexes considered with the objective of obtaining the maximum energy performance7. Thisscenario allows to achieve a very high energy performance for existing buildings which is, onaverage, absolutely comparable with the performance of nZEB. The economic effort to support thisscenario is approximately 900–1200 €/m2, although the pay-back period (more than 40 years) isnot compatible with third party financing solutions proposed by the ESCOs, that generally consider6-10 years.Another significant case study is a 1000 m2 rebuilt school in Emilia Romagna Region, in CentreItaly; the refurbishment was connected to the building reconstruction after an earthquake. Thefollowing retrofit measures were applied:

6 De Santoli L. Fraticelli F. Fornari F. Calice C. Energy performance assessment and a retrofit strategies in publicschool buildings in Rome. Energy and Buildings 68 (2014) 196–202.7 Dall’O’ G. Sarto L. Potential and limits to improve energy efficiency in space heating in existing school buildingsin northern Italy. Energy and Buildings 67 (2013) 298–308.



ready-made external wall with cavity thermal insulation (0,08 m polyurethane foam): Uvalue = 0,28 W/m2K;

floor thermal insulation (0,08 m polyurethane foam): U value = 0,22 W/m2K; ready-made insulated roof (0,10 m polystyrene): U value = 0,26 W/m2K; windows: U value = 1,75-2,05 W/m2K; radiant units condensing boiler: 65 kW heat pumps for heating: 69 kW PV system: 21 kWp.

The above retrofit measures allowed to reach the Class A Energy Label, with an energyconsumption of 7,68 kWh/m3. Furthermore, the ready-made building components allowed todeeply reduce the site time up to only 60 days for the whole work8.

2.6.3 Office buildings

In Italy real examples of the office buildings energy refurbishment are not so common;nevertheless, a good example is placed in the Autonomous Province of Bolzano in South Tyrol(North-East of Italy), where an old post office (now the seat of the Provincial Planning, Environmentand Energy Office) was turned in a passive house9 10: the annual heating energy consumption wasreduced from 200 kWh/m2 to 7 kWh/m2. The following retrofit measures were applied: external wall thermal insulation (0,35 m polystyrene foam): U value = 0,08 W/m2K; first floor and roof thermal insulation; green roof; thermal bridges corrections; windows replacement; installation of a mechanical ventilation system with heat recovery: 90% efficiency; condensing boiler: 60 kW; active cooling system: 85 kW battery of gas-driven absorption chillers; monitoring system.

Another example presents a new office that will be built as part of the Technology Park of Bolzano(north-east of Italy), an earlier industrial area of the city, where three existing industrial buildingswill be refurbished11. Both the local authority (the owner) and the designers decided to achieve forthe new building the target of nZEB with a total primary energy consumption lower than 60kWh/m2.To achieve this objective, the following measures will be considered: the thermal wall insulation of a thickness necessary to reach U-value = 0,20 W/m2K; the roof insulation with the thickness necessary to reach U-value = 0,20 W/m2K;

8 http://www.mcarchitects.it/project/scuola-mirabello9 CasaClima Energy Agency. http://www.klimahaus.it/en/climatehouse-agency/about-us/competition-best-climatehouse/354-0.html10 AIDA IEE Project. D2.1 Best Practice Guide: Operational Success Stories.http://www.aidaproject.eu/downloads/3/AIDA_D21_Success_Stories_EN_small.pdf11 Paoletti G. Castagna M. Belleri A. Obe-Regger U.F. Lollini R. Integrated design process to support a nearly ZeroEnergy Building design. An Italian case study. Istituto per le energie rinnovabili, EURAC di Bolzano.



the use of high performance windows U glass-value = 0,81 W/m2K and U frame-value =3,03 W/m2K;

the use of external solar shadings; the use of a GSHP (Ground Source Heat Pump) with an average COP of 4 and EER of 4,5; the installation of a polycrystalline PV system; the artificial lighting with LED; the use of BACS to monitor and control the services.

Although defined for a new building, these measures could be used as an example in order toachieve the nZEB target.



2.7 PORTUGAL

The following data are the result of studies to real cases even without actual application known todate, it is also noted that in Portugal there is still no nZEB definition, the information is only relatedto the reform process in general. The information is based on the following publications:

i) School (years:80s) – Escola Básica EB1 – “Reabilitação Sustentável para Lisboa”,Lisboa e-nova (municipal energy agency);

ii) Social housing (years: 70s) – Edifício de Habitação Municipal, Quinta do Ourives –“Reabilitação Sustentável para Lisboa”, Lisboa e-nova (municipal energy agency);

2.7.1 Residential social housing

The building referred has a best practice in this text was constructed in 1973, belonging to a groupof buildings constructed in the first phase of construction of a set kwon has Quinta do Ourives,which have 53 buildings with 586 dwellings constructed trough the 70’s in Marvila, suburbs ofLisbon. With about 72 residents in 22 apartments, this building was built at a time when there werenot yet any regulations concerning the thermal performance of buildings. The building was alreadysuffer interventions for requalification in 1998 and 2001.The building is characterized by the following geometry: the implementation area is 262 m2, theconstruction area is 1569 m2, with 6 floors and each floor with 2,4m in height. The relevantequipment for the house use, from lighting, to entertainment and kitchen equipment, from theenergy point of view, are:

• lighting;• appliances (fridge, freezer, washing machine, dishwasher and stove);• Electronic equipment (computers, printers, televisions, etc.);• Domestic hot water system;• Electric heaters.

The energy efficiency measures were:

Building envelopeTwo major interventions were studied at the of the opaque envelope, application of thermalinsulation through the exterior, ETICS technique (external thermal insulation composite system)with expanded polystyrene (EPS), in the external walls and application of thermal insulation (EPS)above the horizontal slab of the sloping roof, for external walls and roofs the insulation thicknessstudied were: 20mm and 60mm.

With regard to the windows the interventions studied were: replacement of all single glazingwindows for double layer glazing with thermal break frames with good characteristic for reductionof infiltration rate.

HVAC systemIn this study case there is no intervention in the HVAC systems, but according to ADENE’sdatabase, which presents a survey of nearly the entire park built in Portugal, the most commonintervention in this systems is the replacement of the old system for a more efficiency system, the



most common systems applied are: traditional boiler, condensing boiler, biomass boiler and heatpump.

Solar thermal systemPortuguese regulation obliges the implementation of a minimum of 1m2 per resident, two solutionswere considered: the implementation of 72m2 of PV/T that would provide 66% of the hot domesticwater of the necessary (according to the legislation) and 35m2 that would provide 43% (half of thevalue obliged buy the legislation, this option is due to the cost of the intervention).

Solar systemPortuguese regulation obliges the implementation of a minimum of 2m2, for this case it wasconsidered 120m2 of PV panels, 6m2 per house.

EquipmentIt was consider the replacement of the electric equipment used in each apartment for more efficientones, in this case fridges, washing machine and dish washer. The washing machine is the moreimportant equipment to be replacement, it replacement would represent a reduction of 25% of theelectric consumption of such equipment and 25% to 55% of its CO2 emissions. The replacement ofthe fridge represents a reduction of 64% to 76% of its electric consumption and the dish washerwould have a reduction of 33%.

Lighting systemOne interventions was studied at this level, substitution of all traditional lamps for more efficientfluorescent lamps.

SummaryWith this work the intervention opportunities identified are:

• the level of the building envelope (insulation and optimization of glazing);• the level of installation of renewable energy utilization technologies (solar thermal and

photovoltaic panels);• the level of installed systems and energy equipment (lighting, equipments and air

conditioning).

The implementation of the building envelope interventions will lead to a reduction of 73% of theheating needs.Implementing the PV/T system for DHW production leads to a reduction of 43% to 66% of theconsumption of natural gas.The full implementation of the described intervention would lead to a reduction of more than 50% inprimary energy consumption and the associated level of CO2 emissions (16toe/year, 29TonCO2/year).



Table PT-1: Summary of the refurbishment on a residential building as best practice (PT)

Name of the structureValuetype Unit

Before

refurbishmentAfter refurbishment

Exterior wall Uw W/m2K 1,40 0,4 – 0,7

Roof Uw W/m2K 1,95 – 2,80 0,5 – 0,9

Windows Uwi W/m2K 5,8 3 – 3,8

Equipments

Fridge

Installedpower

kWh/a

551 – 835 200

Washingmachine

240 180

Dishwasher

396 264

LightingInstalledpower

W 25 – 100 5 – 20

DHW production - -Conventional

gas boiler

Condensing or Biomassboiler

PV/T

HVAC - - -Traditional heat pump

Traditional, Condensingor Biomass boiler

PV system - m2 - 120

PV/T system - m2 - 35 – 72


- -D (nearlyaverage)

B- (better thanrequirement)

2.7.2 High school buildings

The current educational building stock, specifically high schools, are constructions from the end ofthe century XIX. 23% of these12, were built by the end of the decade 60, the remaining (77%)correspond to the period of expansion of the school network and extension of compulsoryeducation, for six and nine years, and 46% of schools were built in the decade 80. According withthe most representative national project with respect to school rehabilitation, Parque Escolar, thefollowing rehabilitation measures were considered:

i) Structural: improving ventilation in the zone of the structural elements, structuralmeasures to facilitate the installation of the solar thermal collectors and PV panels,elevated height of the spaces with large occupation to increase the space volume;improving cross ventilation by adopting openings in the opposite building envelopes.

12 Architectural report of the project “Parque escolar”



ii) Envelope: external insulation (ETICS) or four double wall, inside the air gap, the roofinsulation 30% highest than walls insulation, substitution of windows from single glazingto double glazing, improving sun-protection, especially for south orientated windows,externally disposed.

iii) Improving natural ventilation and lighting.iv) Artificial lighting: lights substitution and installation of an sensorial lighting control

especially in the circulation zonesv) HVAC systems: redesigning of the heating, cooling and ventilation systemsvi) Complementary measures: integrating the solar chimneys for natural ventilation and

heat evacuation, where is possible trombe wall integration, solar thermal collectorsinstallation for heating space and DHW and PV panels with 150kWp, about 1000m2.

Best practice on refurbishment high school building - exampleThe Basic School no.52 was constructed in 1981. It has 2 levels, medium space height of 2.7 m2

and the heated area of each level about 1413 m2. Regarding the energy consumption, the mostrelevant are associated with lighting, class rooms equipments, DHW and heating equipments. Thefollowing rehabilitation measures conducted to primary energy savings above 30% and to areduction of 60% of the annual energy bill.

Building envelopeExternal walls, roofs, floors and windows were subject of the rehabilitation study, in which it wasconclude that for the opaque elements the best rehabilitation practices was the implementation ofETICS (external thermal insulation composite system) with expanded polystyrene (EPS), forexternal walls the insulation thickness studied were: 20mm, 40mm and 60mm; and for roofs andfloors were: 40mm, 60mm and 100mm.For windows it was studied that the best practice were the replacement of all single glazingwindows for double layer glazing with thermal break frames with good characteristic for reductionof infiltration rate.

HVAC systemIn concerning to the heating system it was consider the replacement of the old system with threedifferent systems: a traditional heat pump with better efficiency then the existent system, acondensing boiler with better efficient, a biomass boiler with better efficiency and environmentaladded value and a geothermal heat pump. Due to the investment costs the most likely choice isthe traditional heat pump, the condensing boiler or the biomass boiler.

Solar thermal systemIt was considered the implementation of 24m2 of PV/T that would provide 62,5% of the hotdomestic water of the necessary.

Solar systemPortuguese regulation obliges the implementation of a minimum of 2m2, for this case it wasconsidered 25m2 of PV panels with an installation of 3,68kW.



Lighting systemDaylight control systems were studied, as well as the replacement of the current system for asystem with electronic ballasts in all luminaires and lamps operating at high frequency.

SummaryWith this work the intervention opportunities identified are:

• the level of the building envelope (insulation and optimization of glazing);• the level of installation of renewable energy utilization technologies (solar thermal and

photovoltaic panels);• the level of installed systems and energy equipment (lighting and air conditioning).

The full implementation of the described intervention would lead to a reduction of more than 30% inprimary energy consumption and the associated level of CO2 emissions, and 60% of the annualenergy bill Building (6,7 toe/year, 12,1 TonCO2/year and 3.083 €/year, respectively).This intervention would occur mainly in terms of equipment. Despite the gains in the reduction ofenergy consumption and significant increase in comfort levels inside the building, the energyrehabilitation measures the surrounding represent a major investment for the actual return periodsassociated. This is mainly due to the levels and occupation profiles of this type of buildings, inwhich the loads generated internally

Table PT-2: Summary of the refurbishment on a residential building as best practice (PT)


Valuetype

Unit Before


Exterior wall Uw W/m2K 1,40 0,4 – 0,7

Roof Uw W/m2K 1,10 – 1,65 0,28 – 0,66

Floor Uw W/m2K 1,80 – 3,15 0,40 – 0,95

Windows Uwi W/m2K 5,7 3 – 3,8

LightingInstalledpower

W/m2 10 – 12 6,5 – 9,5

DHW production - -Conventional

gas boiler


PV/T

HVACTraditional heat pump


PV system - m2, kWp - 25; 29,4

PV/T system - m2 - 24

Classification ofenergyperformance

- -G (nearlyaverage) B (better than requirement)



2.8 ROMANIA


The refurbishment of office building usually consists in ensuring the building envelope insulationlevel at minimum energy performance requirements levels for new buildings andreplacement/modernisation of building systems, without installing solar or other RES systems (asusual practice). The use of heat pump systems or biomass boilers/plants is considered in somecases but is not yet a best practice in Romania. The analysis based on the reference building13,located in Bucharest (representative for climatic area II) can be considered as best practice,because of the complete refurbishment of the thermal envelope, modernization of all existingsystems, while supporting the use of district network (cogeneration) for heating and DWH.The building is representative for office buildings built before 1990; it has several floors above theground floor and a basement. The heated floor area is 1872 m2, the heated total volume is5275 m3.

Table RO-1: Summary of the refurbishment of office buildings as best practice


Valuetype

Unit Before

refurbishmentAfter

refurbishment

Facade wall Uw W/m2K 1.55-1.60 0.62

Terrace/roof wall Uw W/m2K 1.13 0.25


Boiler type - - District heating District heating

PV system - kWp - -

Thermal solar Asol m2 - -


Ep kWh/m2a 296.5 112.6


Classification ofenergy performance

- - C A

2.8.2 SchoolThe refurbishment of educational buildings usually consists in ensuring the building envelopeinsulation level at minimum energy performance requirements levels for new buildings andreplacement/modernisation of building systems, without installing solar or other RES systems (as

13 Report on the calculation of cost-optimal levels of minimum energy performance requirements for buildingsand building elements (revised and updated July 2014, http://www.mdrap.ro/constructii/metodologia-de-calcul-al-performantei-energetice-a-cladirilor)



usual practice). The use of heat pump systems or biomass boilers/plants is considered in somecases but is not yet a best practice. The analysis based on the reference building14, located inBucharest (representative for climatic area II) can be considered as best practice, because of thecomplete refurbishment of the thermal envelope, modernization of all existing systems, whilesupporting the use of district network (cogeneration) for heating and DWH. Compared with usualpractice in school buildings refurbishment, the best practice scenario includes the use ofmechanical ventilation and heat recovery system (min. 70% efficiency) and installation of mobileshutters/blinders to insulating windows (during the night).The building is a typical school built before 1990 (usually based on standard design); it has onefloor above the ground floor and a basement. The heated floor area is 1858 m2, the heated totalvolume is 6470 m3.

Table RO-2: Summary of the refurbishment of school building as best practice


Unit Before

refurbishmentAfter

refurbishment

Facade wall Uw W/m2K 1.77-1.93 0.59


Boiler type - - 2.56 1.41

PV system - kWp District heating District heating

Thermal solar Asol m2 - -


Ep kWh/m2a 279.6 106.3



- - C A

14 Report on the calculation of cost-optimal levels of minimum energy performance requirements for buildingsand building elements (revised and updated July 2014, http://www.mdrap.ro/constructii/metodologia-de-calcul-al-performantei-energetice-a-cladirilor)



2.9 SLOVENIA


The refurbishment of office building (Občinska stavba Škocjan) located in the city municipalityŠkocjan can be considered as best practice, because it’s complete refurbishment of the thermalenvelope, modernization of all existing systems, transition from fossil fuels to RES with the use ofbiomass boiler for heating and heat pump for DWH.The building was built in 1978 and has been entitled to little refurbishment on the thermalenvelope, heating system was replaced in 2002. It has several floors above the ground floor and abasement. The heated floor area is 425 m2, the heated total volume is 1.920 m3.

Table SI-1: Summary of the energy consumption before refurbishment and expectedsavings


refurbishmentEstimated savings

and produced energyAfter

refurbishment

Heat (oil) MWh/a 67 56 11

Electricity MWh/a 29,52 10,11 19,41

RES production MWh/a - 11 -

Table SI-2: Realization of measures in refurbishment of the thermal envelope

Name of the structure Valuetype Unit

Before

refurbishmentAfter

refurbishment

Facade wall Uw W/m2K 0,67 0,16

Windows Uwin W/m2K 1,92 0,90

Doors Ud W/m2K 2,22 1,00

Ceiling against unheatedspace

Uc W/m2K 0,41 0,11

Floors Ufloor W/m2K 0,34 0,25



Table SI-3: Realization of measures of energy-efficient heating, cooling and ventilationsystems

Measure Nominal power of thesystem [kW]

Estimated savings[MWh/a]

Hydraulic balancing- 2,8

Installation of thermostatic valves

Installation of mechanicalventilation with heat recovery

0,48 22,16

Table SI-4: Realization of measures of energy-efficient production of energy



Biomass boiler for heating 60 11

Heat pump air/water for DHW 1,5 1

2.9.2 Kindergarten

The refurbishment of kindergarten, located in the city municipality Lesce can be considered as bestpractice, because it’s complete refurbishment of the thermal envelope, modernization of all existingsystems, transition from fossil fuels to RES with the use of biomass boiler for heating and use of acogeneration.The building was built in 1979 and thermal envelope was not refurbished since, heating systemwas replaced in 1994. It has several floors above the ground floor and a basement. The heatedfloor area is 950 m2, the heated total volume is 3.233 m3.



refurbishment

Estimated savingsand produced

energy

After

refurbishment

Heat (oil) MWh/a 286,67 160,16 126,51

Electricity MWh/a 72,56 5 67,56

RES production MWh/a - 10,5 -

Produced electricenergy

MWh/a - 272 -

Produced heat MWh/a - 120 -





Valuetype Unit

Before





Ceiling againstunheated space

Uc W/m2K 0,39 0,13

Floors Ufloor W/m2K 0,42 0,23


MeasureNominal power ofthe system [kW]

Estimated savings

[MWh/a]

Energy monitoring - 15


MeasureNominal powerof the system

[kW]

Surface

[m2]

Estimatedsavings[MWh/a]

Producedelectric energy

[MWh/a]

Producedheat

[MWh/a]

Solar system forDHW

- 18 10,5 - -

Cogeneration 30 - - 272 120

2.9.3 School

The refurbishment of school, located in the city municipality Kočevje can be considered as bestpractice, because it’s complete refurbishment of the thermal envelope, modernization of all existingsystems, transition from fossil fuels to RES with the use of biomass boiler for heating.The building was built in 1855 and has been entitled to little refurbishment on the thermalenvelope, heating system was replaced in 1973. It has several floors above the ground floor and abasement. The heated floor area is 1.591 m2, the heated total volume is 4.156 m3.






After

refurbishment

Heat (oil) MWh/a 233,98 165,08 68,97

Electricity MWh/a 35,84 -17 52,8

RES production MWh/a - 68,97 -



Before

refurbishmentAfter

refurbishment




Ceiling against unheatedspace

Uc W/m2K 1,26 0,17

Floors Ufloor W/m2K 1,86 -


MeasureNominal power of

the system

[kW]

Estimated savings

[MWh/a]

Building Energy Management System(BEMS)

- 16,60Frequency regulation of the circulationpumps, compressors, fans and otherelectrical drives

Hydraulic balancing


Installation of mechanical ventilation withheat recovery

21 57,76

Energy monitoring - 4






Biomass boiler for heating 50-180 68,97

2.9.4 Health care facility

The refurbishment of health-care facility, located in the city municipality Novo mesto can beconsidered as best practice, because it’s complete refurbishment of the thermal envelope,modernization of all existing systems, transition from fossil fuels to RES with the use of heat pumpsfor heating and use of a cogeneration.The building was built in 1980, thermal envelope as well as heating system was not refurbished orreplaced since. It has several floors above the ground floor and a basement. The heated floor areais 8.417 m2, the heated total volume is 25.024 m3.Table SI-13: Summary of the energy consumption before refurbishment and expectedsavings



and produced energyAfter

refurbishment

Heat (district heating) MWh/a 1.332,47 759,52 572,95

Electricity MWh/a 535,77 0 535,77

RES production MWh/a - 116 -


MWh/a - 200 -

Produced heat MWh/a - 316 -



Before

refurbishmentAfter

refurbishment



Doors Ud W/m2K 3,50


Uc W/m2K 0,47 0,11

Floors Ufloor W/m2K 0,38




MeasureNominal power of the

system

[kW]

Estimated savings

[MWh/a]

Installation of mechanicalventilation with heat recovery

144 412,6

Energy monitoring - 18,62


Measure

Nominalpower of the

system

[kW]

Estimatedsavings[MWh/a]


[MWh/a]

Produced heat

[MWh/a]

Heat pumpair/water forheating

2 x 99,6 2 x 90 - -

Cogeneration 50 200 316

2.9.5 Home for elderly people

The refurbishment of home for elderly people, located in the city centre of Ljubljana can beconsidered as best practice, because it’s complete refurbishment of the thermal envelope, upgradeof the heating and DHW system and modernization of all existing systems.The building was built in 1966 and has been entitled to little refurbishment on the thermalenvelope, but has been connected to the local district heating network during the building’s lifespan. It has several floors above the ground floor and a basement. The heated floor area is 12.003m2, the heated total volume is 30.008 m3. From the architectural point of view, the building has avery low shape factor, which is 0,25 m-1.




District heating MWh/a 2.427,46 1.238,67

Electricity MWh/a 1.181,26 10,59

RES production MWh/a - 120,3




Name of thestructure Value type Unit

Before

refurbishmentAfter

refurbishment



Doors Ud W/m2K 2,9


Uc W/m2K 0,47 0,13

Floors Ufloor W/m2K 3,23



Estimated savings [MWh/a]

Building Energy ManagementSystem (BEMS)

- 130Hydraulic balancing


Installation of mechanical ventilationwith heat recovery

80,3 114,75

Energy monitoring - 26,47

Refurbishment and optimization oflighting

12,7 in BEMS



Estimated savings [MWh/a]

Heat pump air/water for heating 20,7 16,85

Heat pump air/water for domestichot water

48 54,75



2.10 SPAIN (Catalonia Region)


The rehabilitation of the historic building La fabrica del Sol (The sun factory) is presented as a bestpractice in Catalonia region because is a good example integrating both passive and activesystems in retrofitting measures (RES).The retrofitting of the historic building La Fabrica del gas (The gas factory), built by JosepDomènech i Estapà (1907), was made following sustainable criteria. The retrofitting started in 2008and convert the building into different uses as exhibition of Sustainability and EnvironmentalEducation and no governmental offices (NGO). For this, afterwards named La Fabrica del Sol (TheSun Factory), as reference to renewable energies (as Solar thermal, solar PV, biomass, etc).The building is now open to the public, including ground floor and roof (permanent and temporaryexhibitions) dedicates to sustainability and RES applied to common life and buildings. On the firstfloor, there are different NGO organizations, and others related to the environment and socialaction programs. There is also a small local donated to the Neighbour Association of the area. Thiscentre depends on the Servei d’Educació Ambiental, of the Àrea de Medi Ambient de l’Ajuntamentde Barcelona.

Building envelopeThe facades could not be modified due the historic building restrictions, therefore the retrofittingmeasures were:- Internal insulation (as it cannot be isolated on the exterior) roofs and ceilings with a 6-7cm ofblack cork and water roofing system.- Double glazing (12 mm of air cavity).- Restoration of external walls and interior floors.

Heating /cooling systems and DWH- Optimization of natural and selective ventilation (using the patio as chimney effect).- Thermal solar collectors: 120 m2 of high efficiency vacuum tubes collectors were installed on theroof as a pergola (for DHW and heating)

Energy generation- Stand alone installation of 32 PV panels (35 Wp) with power of 1,12 kW (part central).- Grid connected 52 PV panels (100 Wp) exporting 5 kW to grid (façade)

Table ES-1: Energy consumption and RES generation by PV and Solar collectors in a bestpractice building (ES)

ENERGY EFFICIENCYIMPROVEMENT (EE)

Electric energy consumption: 62.7 Kwh/year m²Production: 4.7 Kwh/year m²Balance: - 58 Kwh/year m²

Thermal energy consumption: 41 Kwh/year m²Production: 68 Kwh/year m²Balance: + 27 Kwh/year m²



SummaryIn this retrofitting project the basic criteria for sustainable construction and renewable energy(RES) have been integrated harmoniously and functionally.

The sources of information- Marie training program for improvement in energy efficiency (EE) of existing buildings. F1 | bestpractices collection la fabrica del sol building. Centre for sustainability awareness and offices(sp_te_co_03) Available at:http://www.marie-medstrategic.eu/fileadmin/utilisateurs/Common_Assets/Pour_la_qualif/Dossiers/WP2/Training/Training_experiences/SP_TE_CO_03_Centre_for_Sustainability_Awareness_and_Offices.pdf-La fàbrica del sol. Projecte del nou centre de recursos Barcelona sostenible. 2008 (available athttp://www.arqisol.com/prensa/dossier_fabrica_sol.pdf)http://w110.bcn.cat/portal/site/LaFabricaDelSol/menuitem.5cda80b7e58a9d8900210021a2ef8a0c/?vgnextoid=bfb3d8d5f47ba310VgnVCM10000072fea8c0RCRD&vgnextchannel=bfb3d8d5f47ba310VgnVCM10000072fea8c0RCRD&lang=es_ES


The rehabilitation of a school building is presented as a best practice in Catalonia region becausethis project is included in the Best Practices as retrofitting measures in HVAC systems in thedocument of Energy savings and energy efficiency in Public Buildings (by the ICAEN- CatalanInstitute for Energy).

The primary school of Linyola -El Sitjar was refurbished and expanded in 2006. The projectincluded the enlargement of existing surface (1.142 m2), increasing the total area in 75% (to 1998m2). The most significant measure was replacing the existing conventional oil boiler by newbiomass boiler.

Heating /cooling systemThe existing conventional oil boiler for HVAC was replaced for a new biomass boiler (pellets). Dueto retrofitting measures the School has significantly reduced the energy consumption per unit area(m2) despite the heating surface was increased, taking into account the calorific power of fuels(gasoil 10,89 kWh/l, pellets: 5,21 kWh/kg). Also, the prices of non renewable energy (gasoil) wereincreased facing the fact that the pellets cost was decreased due to recent start of local productionin Catalonia. These facts encouraging the investment in this type of technology and drasticallyshorten the return period. For the current surface, the cost different is 7,000 € /year, between theoil and biomass boilers.



Table ES-2: Energy and economic savings in the Primary School of Linyola

Type of fuel Unit Gasoil(previous

retrofitting)

Pellets(after retrofitting)

Surface m2 1.142 1.998

Total annual consumption l/year 9.000 30.780

Annual specificconsumption

l/ m2.year 7,88 15,41

Price of fuel* €/l 0,86 0,20

Annual specific cost €/ m2 6,77 3,08*March 2008

SummaryAs for environmental impact, the use of biomass to replace oil accounts a significant improvementin CO2 emissions (biomass is considered neutral), energy and economic savings.

The sources of informationEstalvi i eficiència energètica en edificis públics. (Col·lecció Quadern Pràctic 2). Generalitat deCatalunya. Institut Catala d’ Energia ( www.gencat.cat/icaen). 1a. edicio: Barcelona, Octubre de2009. ISBN: B-23.264-2009(http://icaen.gencat.cat/web/.content/06_relacions_institucionals_i_comunicacio/04_publicacions/quadern_practic/arxius/02_edificis_publics.pdf)http://blocs.xtec.cat/elsitjar/?page_id=10


The restoration and rehabilitation of the Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau is presented as a bestpractice in Catalonia region of Spain because is an exemplary process in terms of quality,sustainability and energy efficiency (passive and active systems). Also, the geothermal systeminstalled is the major installation in Spain and one of largest in Europe.The Santa Creu i Sant Pau Hospital are organised as a series of separate pavilions (19 buildings,44.280 m2 constructed area, equivalent to 9 blocks), surrounded by gardens and interconnected bya network of underground passages designed by the Catalan modernist architect Lluís Domènech iMontaner. The buildings were built in the beginning of XIX century (1902-1930) and are the majorworld Art Nouveau complex. It was formally opened in January 1930. It was declared HistoricArtistic Monument in 1978 and was recognised as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1997.After being used as a public hospital for a century, the former hospital complex is now a knowledgecampus and the headquarters of international organisations (as the European Forest Institute, theCasa Àsia, the Global University Network for Innovation, WHO, and the United Nations UniversityInstitute on Globalization, Culture and Mobility, etc.).The Restoration/rehabilitation plan has two phases:1st phase (2009-2013): include 13 pavilions (built area of 29.517 m2, 31.052 m2 of outdoor spaces)and one kilometre of underground passages.



2nd phase (2013-2016): include 6 pavilions.

Building envelopeThe facades could not be modified due the historic building restrictions, therefore the retrofittingmeasures were:- Restoration of external walls and roofs, applied arts, and featuring sculptures: stone, bricks,existing windows (wood existing frames and new glazing) and stained glass and mosaics ceramictiles- Restoration of internal and external floors, gardens and landscaping.

Heating /cooling systemThe existing fan coils and individual units of HVAC systems were replaced by geothermal systemand radiant floors. Geothermal source heat pump uses the ground for cooling and heating (lowtemperature) with technical underground rooms connected with a central ring and passages.Technical data:Total heating-cooling demand (12 pavilions): 3.400 MWh/yearThermal response test: 5TRTs (design phase) and 8 TRTs (construction works)Direct thermal exchange: low enthalpy heat exchanger, vertical ground loop and ground sourceheat pump (GSHP) with high efficiency (COP and EER).Independent circuits for each building, technical underground rooms, and global management ofthe installation.356 probes/pipes of 120 m of proof (with 42,7 km of exchange),Single probes (polyethylene PE 100, Ø 40mm, PN 16 atm).Ground source heat pump – GSHP (with high COP and EER): 3,248 kWt (water to water), or heatand cool to terminal units (though 4 tubs system).Inertia tanks and pumps with electronic control. Monitoring (counters, temperature) and centralizedmanagementThe pumps, engines and fans will have variable frequency drive and will be of high efficiency

SummaryThe principles of the intervention process are divided in three stages:- Recovery of original forms and decorative elements.- Consolidation of structural elements- Design new facilities (geothermal system, radiant floors, lighting control, etc)The principal strategy for the new facilities was to reduce the energy demand, increasing thethermal insulation (optimization, windows, avoiding thermal bridges, existing solar protections),introducing passive systems (natural ventilation, heat recovery, solar protection), and activesystems (central management, dynamic solar shading devices, lighting control, occupancysensors).The IDAE- Energy Diversification and Saving Institute (playing as ESCO role) and the Sant PauFoundation formalized a contract for the works, supply and commission of the new facilitiessystems.



The sources of information-EL PAVELLÓ DE NOSTRA SENYORA DE LA MERCÈ / SANT PAU RECINTE MODERNISTA(available at http://santpaubarcelona.org/pdfs/dossier_merce_cat_web.pdf)-EL PAVELLÓ DE SANT LEOPOLD / SANT PAU RECINTE MODERNISTA(http://santpaubarcelona.org/pdfs/dossier_santleopold_cat_web.pdf)- Caso Práctico: Instalación de geotermia en una rehabilitación energetic. Recinto modernista deSant Pau. Francisco Monedero. (http://geotermiaonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Hospital-Sant-Pau_IDAE.pdf)-La rehabilitación del recinto histórico de Sant Pau en el marco de un nuevo proyecto. Junio de2009. Fundació privada Hospital de la Santa Creu i St Pau(http://webs01.santpau.cat/polymitaImages/public/Patrimoni/SGarciaGo/sala_premsa/rehabilitacion.pdf)

-C. López Ocón y F. Monedero Gómez. Sistemas geotérmicos para Climatización en la Rehabilitación delRecinto Modernista del Hospital de la Santa Creu i San Pau (Barcelona). IV Congreso de EnergíaGeotérmica en la Edificación y la Industria.(http://www.caloryfrio.com/phocadownload/ponencias/congreso-geoener/Ponencias-congreso-geoener2014-rehabilitacion-hospital-santa-creu.pdf)http://www.barcelonaturisme.com/English/_3Ngb8YjSpL3IOAs7oO2GTYt1nCojK1e-e8SVYz2umxpZmfjZn8c2udmqOZUIxlfdi-ygc25KO0ybzzbK_87VqaU7_DFnHJYQd9TT5aFK6-UDz-HDtdchgvU8QbKOakq-b_CxpRDcwuIhttp://www.rehau.com/es-es/construccion/referencias/rehabilitaci%C3%B3n-del-hospital-de-sant-pau-de-barcelona/1270440



2.11 United Kingdom

The measures to enable buildings to be refurbished to become nZEB are envisaged to be basedon well-established good practice in the UK. Minimum standards are in place to ensure that energyefficiencies measures are adopted when buildings are renovated or refurbished, and there areother UK policies that require building owners to monitor their energy performance and whichencourage energy efficiency improvements.

A series of publications have been produced, with Government support, to enable end-users toachieve these savings.

Cost effective measures to reduce energy consumption15

Electrical energy efficiency: The most cost effective retrofit energy efficiency measure is lighting.This includes installing presence detection control and replacing lamps and fittings.

The use of smart meters will enable occupiers to better understand their energy consumption andencourage both energy efficient building operation, such as switching off PCs when not beingused, and also the purchase of energy efficient equipment such as printers and fridges. Switchingmonitors off as part of an energy management programme is one of the top energy savingmeasures in non-domestic buildings.

The efficiency of motors in fans, pumps and lift mechanisms can be improved by installingvariable speed drives, automatic controls to switch them off when not required, and effectivemanagement, repair and maintenance.

Heating energy can be reduced by implementing relatively simple and cost effective measuressuch as programmable thermostats, reducing room temperatures, installing more energy efficientboilers, optimising system start times, and installing TRVs. Cost effective insulation measures caninclude installing roof and wall (cavity and internal) insulation, and low emissivity glazing.

Low carbon energy supply: Ground source and air source heat pumps can be used for heatingand cooling. Viability for retrofitting ground source heat pumps will be dependent on landavailability around the building for installing the underground pipes.

The cost effectiveness of combined heat and power (CHP) systems is highly site specific. Acommon cost effective retrofit application is the replacement of a boiler with a CHP unit in a centralenergy centre for a hospital or university campus.

Significant potential has been identified from behavioural changes, particularly associated withthe roll out of smart meters. There is a much greater range of control options for energy consumingsystems which can be retrofitted in non-domestic buildings compared with domestic properties.This includes simple devices such as TRVs as well as full Building Energy Management Systems(BEMS) retrofitted with minimum disruption through the use of wireless meters and sensors.Product innovation is producing much more intuitive user interfaces and visual displays for thesesystems leading to greater engagement and understanding of energy consumption patterns byoccupants.Within the public sector some of the measures with the greatest energy saving potential includeestate rationalisation, optimising existing building systems, and carbon and energy management.For energy intensive NHS (National Health Service) buildings, renewable energy technologies canalso be cost effective and offer significant savings potential, while for local authority buildings, withlarger base heat demands, combined heat and power may be cost effective.

15 National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP), DECC, 2014



UK Policies and Voluntary energy efficiency schemesIn the UK, minimum energy efficiency standards for new build and refurbishment projects are setout in Building Regulations. These are devolved across the four UK administrations but energystandards are broadly comparable in content, scope and in the levels of improvement deliveredover past decades across in the UK, see Deliverable D3.1.Much has been done through previous Building Regulation amendments to strengthen energyefficiency standards when building owners decide to carry out building work to existing properties.Although current analysis suggests that this is approaching the point of diminishing return, thereremains some potential to further raise performance standards for extensions and domesticreplacement windows and potential improvements in controlled services like non-domesticlighting16.Guidance for complying with these requirements in England are set out in Approved DocumentL1B (ADL1B) for dwellings and Approved Document L2B (ADL2B) for other buildings17 . Thegeneral standards are summarised in Table UK-1 below.

Table UK-1: General energy efficiency requirements in Part L to the Building Regulations(England)

Subject Detail Dwellings Other buildings

Fabric Windows WER Band CorU-value ≤ 1.8 W/m2K

U-value ≤ 1.8 W/m2K

Doors U-value ≤ 1.8 W/m2Kdoors (high useentrance)

N/A U-value ≤ 3.5 W/m2K

New wall U-value ≤ 0.28 W/m2KNew roof (pitched,insulated at ceilinglevel)


New roof (pitched,insulated at rafterlevel)


new roof (flat) U-value ≤ 0.18 W/m2KNew floor U-value ≤ 0.22 W/m2KExisting wall(cavity insulation)


Existing wall(external or internalinsulation)


Existing roof(pitched, insulatedat ceiling level)


Existing roof(pitched, insulated


16 2012 consultation on changes to the Building Regulations in England, Section two, Part L (Conservation of fueland power), Department for Communities and Local Government, January 201217 See http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/buildingregulations/approveddocuments/partl/approved



at rafter level)

Existing roof (flat) U-value ≤ 0.18 W/m2KExisting floor U-value ≤ 0.25 W/m2K

Services Space heating

As Domestic BuildingServices ComplianceGuide18

As Non-domestic BuildingServices ComplianceGuide19

Hot water systemsComfort coolingFixed internallightingFixed externallightingRenewable energysystems

Operation Commissioning To be commissioned,tested and adjusted touse no more fuel andpower than is reasonablein the circumstances.

A commissioning plan hasbeen produced andfollowed so that everysystem has beenexamined in anappropriate sequence andmeets the intendeddesign performance.

Information Information to be provided so that the owner canoperate and maintain the property to use no more fueland power than is reasonable in the circumstances.

Energy metering N/A To allow at least 90% ofenergy to be accountedfor by end use.

UK energy efficiency schemes requiring energy measurement and/or energy auditing20

CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme (CRC) – This is a mandatory scheme aimed at improving energyefficiency and cutting emissions in large, but non-energy intensive, public and private sectorenergy users. It includes around 2000 participants in the public and private sector (which weassess to include between 4,400 and 6,400 subsidiary organisations that would fall within scope ofESOS, Energy Savings Opportunity Scheme21). Its aim is to encourage organisations to prioritiseinvestment in energy efficiency and cut carbon emissions through a tailored combination of drivers,including a carbon price, mandatory standardised monitoring and reporting of energy consumption(which raises awareness of energy use at the Board level of participating enterprises), and thepublication of enterprises’ aggregated emissions data.

Mandatory greenhouse gas (GHG) reporting – From October 2013, all quoted companies will berequired to report on their greenhouse gas emissions or explain why such a report is notnecessary. This includes energy use emissions. The UK is the first country to make it compulsoryfor quoted companies to comment on emissions for their entire organisation in their annual reports.

18 Domestic Building Services Compliance Guide, Department for Communities and Local Government, 2013edition19 Non-domestic Building Services Compliance Guide, Department for Communities and Local Government, 2013edition20 National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP), DECC, 201421 https://www.gov.uk/energy-savings-opportunity-scheme-esos



The introduction of these reports is intended to help investors see which companies are effectivelymanaging the potential hidden long-term costs of greenhouse gas emissions.

Climate Change Agreements (CCAs) – CCAs provide energy-intensive industries with taxdiscounts (worth £170 million a year) in return for meeting energy efficiency targets. As such,measurement of energy use is one of the requirements of the scheme. Targets are set usingevidence submitted by industry on abatement potential. CCAs cover around 9,000 facilities (oftenwithin the companies targeted by CRC and EU ETS, with the CRC targeting the non-CCA and non-EU ETS energy use).

The Green Deal provides easily accessible, targeted information about potential energy efficiencyto households through a two-stage independent assessment. The first stage is based on theexisting Energy Performance Certificate (EPC), which is mandatory on sale of a property. Thesecond stage involves production of a more tailored report, based on actual occupancy informationto identify the most cost effective measures. The Green Deal can support households to installenergy efficiency measures, including: insulation (loft, cavity or solid wall); draught-proofing;improved heating controls; double glazing; and renewable energy technologies (e.g. solar panels).

Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) – EPCs were introduced as part of the EU EnergyPerformance of Buildings Directive and present energy efficiency ratings of domestic and non-domestic buildings on a scale from A/A+ to G, based on an assessment of the age, size and fabricof the building. The EPC also contains recommendations on a range of measures to improvebuilding energy efficiency. EPCs must be made available whenever a property is constructed,rented out or sold.

Display Energy Certificates (DECs) – From 1 October 2008, buildings occupied by a publicauthority have been required to have a DEC where the building has over 1000 m2 of usable floorspace and is frequently visited by the public. Since January 2013, the threshold has been 500 m2;this will reduce to 250 m2 on 9 July 2015. DECs provide information on actual energy use, not justthe theoretical energy rating of a building. Using an A-G rating, DECs take into account the locationand size of a building and the way the building is used. The DEC is accompanied by arecommendation report that contains a range of possible improvements, including cost effectivemeasures to improve the energy performance of the building.

Energy Savings Opportunity Scheme (ESOS) is a new requirement for large enterprises toconduct energy audits. The legislative framework is recently introduced and it is mandatory that alllarge UK undertakings (of which we estimate there to be around 7,300 in the UK) complete energyaudits by December 2015.Further information/specific guidanceA series of guidance publications containing advice on all aspects of energy efficiency in public andprivate sector buildings, including refurbishment, was produced as part of the UK’s EnergyEfficiency Best Practice programme (EEBPp). A number of potentially relevant publications(typically finalised between 2002 and 2004) have been identified as listed in Table UK-2. Thesefiles can be made available to members of the RepublicZEB team on request.

Table UK-2: Publications on energy efficiency (UK)

PublicationReference Publication Title Sector

CE11 Benefits of Best Practice - Heating and Insulation Residential

CE28 Renewable Energy in Housing Residential



CE56 Benefits of Best Practice - Lighting Residential

CE57Summary of Specifications for whole houserefurbishment in the UK - cavity walled dwellings. Residential

CE58Summary of Specifications for whole houserefurbishment in the UK - solid walled dwellings. Residential

CE59Summary of Specifications for whole houserefurbishment in the UK - timber framed dwellings. Residential

CE66 Summary of Specifications For Windows Residential

CE69Renewable Energy Sources for Homes in UrbanEnvironments Residential

CE70Renewable Energy Sources for Homes in RuralEnvironments Residential

CE71 Insulation materials chart Residential

GPG080Refurbishment of High Rise Dwellings - A StrategicGuide for Local Authority Managers Residential

GPG155 Energy Efficient Refurbishment of Existing Housing Residential

GPG224 Improving Airtightness in Existing Homes Residential

GPG287

The Design Team's Guide to Environmentally SmartBuildings - Energy Efficient Options for New andRefurbished Offices Residential

GPG293 External Insulation Systems for Walls of Dwellings Residential

GPG294Refurbishment Site Guidance for Solid-Walled Houses -Ground Floors Residential

GPG295Refurbishment Site Guidance for Solid-Walled Houses -Windows & Doors Residential

GPG296Refurbishment Site Guidance for Solid-Walled Houses -Roofs Residential

GPG297Refurbishment Site Guidance for Solid-Walled Houses -Walls Residential

GPCS308 Naturally Comfortable Offices - A Refurbishment Project Office

FSSB42 Lighting in Schools Education

ECG013 Energy Efficiency in Public Houses Hotel/Restaurant

GPG150Energy Efficient Refurbishment of Public Houses -Building Fabric Hotel/Restaurant

GPG151Energy Efficient Refurbishment of Public Houses -Ventilation and Air Quality Hotel/Restaurant

GPG152Energy Efficient Refurbishment of Public Houses -Lighting Hotel/Restaurant

GPG153Energy Efficient Refurbishment of Public Houses-CellarServices Hotel/Restaurant

GPG154Energy Efficient Refurbishment of Public Houses-Heating and Hot Water Hotel/Restaurant



GPG222 Reducing Catering Costs Through Energy Efficiency Hotel/Restaurant

GPG201 Energy Efficient Refurbishment of Retail Buildings Wholesale/Retail

A typical example of a best practice public sector refurbishment project in the United Kingdom ispresented below.

2.11.1 Educational/library building

A library building in Bradford has been refurbished to high standards of energy efficiency and, in itsfirst year of operation showed a decrease in gas consumption of 73% and an 18% reduction inelectrical consumption. The Display Energy Certificate (DEC) rating for the library has been raisedfrom B and E to B at a fraction of the cost of a new build library.The refurbishment adopted a fabric first approach: large amounts of insulation were retrofitted tomaximise thermal performance and airtightness; a large atrium was created for natural ventilationand natural lighting.Other measures included:

Insulation – fabric insulation is approximately three times thicker than the standardsrequired by building regulations, and the library has been made air-tight.

Ventilation – the mechanical ventilation delivers fresh air delivered to match occupancy.The ventilation system is mixed mode and the Building Management System has thecapacity to open and close windows automatically to improve comfort.

Passive cooling – ‘solar chimneys’ have been created within the atria for cooling and alarge concrete core provides thermal mass helps to moderate fluctuations in internaltemperature

Improved daylight - the layout of each floor has been designed so that occupied areas arein the lightest parts of the building around the light wells and windows. Book shelves havebeen designed so that light can pass into those areas where it is most needed.

Renewable heat – a biomass boiler has been installed to supplement conventional heatingsources.

The actual energy performance can be seen in Table 1 which shows how the building’s energyperformance compares with benchmarks for similar building types

Table UK-3: Best practice building energy consumption (2012/13)Net energy

needDelivered

energyTypical

delivered

Gas - space and ventilationheating, DHW(kWh/m2a)

21 26 347

Electricity - lighting, power,cooling, HVAC plant(kWh/m2a)

77 77 118

Total (kWh/m2a) 98 103 465



The following image is an extract from the display energy certificate for the building and shows howenergy use at the building has changed following the refurbishment.

Figure UK-1: Display energy certificate of the best practice building



3.GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF SUITABLE

TECHNOLOGIES

In this chapter the main technologies are described that can be applied through deeprefurbishment of public buildings. The interventions related to the building envelope, HVAC andDHW systems, Building Management System, Lighting and Power Generation systems weredetailed.

3.1 Building components

3.1.1 Thermal insulation of building structures

The thermal transmittance of the building structures (external walls, roof, attic floor, ground orcellar floor slab, etc.) has a great influence on the heating and cooling demand of the building. Thethermal insulation of the building structures is one of the most expensive measurements, butprobably it has the biggest impact on heating energy saving.Insulation is best placed on the exterior of the wall, as it enables the building to benefit from thethermal mass of the walls and eliminates the thermal bridges.The most common types of insulation are expanded polystyrene (EPS), extruded polystyrene(XPS), fiberglass and mineral wool for external insulation. There are several things to considerbefore making an insulation decision like thermal performance of the building structures, lifetimeperformance, fire safety, moisture and condensation, air infiltration and environmental benefits.Cavity wall insulation is used to reduce heat loss through a cavity wall by filling the air space withmaterial that inhibits heat transfer. For existing buildings that were not built with insulated cavities,a fibrous material such as cellulose insulation or glass wool is blown into the cavity through suitablydrilled holes until it fills the entire wall space. Foam can also be used for this purpose.

3.1.2 Window thermal insulation (windows changing)

Windows have very high impact on the heating and the cooling demand of the buildings, thereforethe energy saving potential of windows changing or modernizing is significant. The prices vary fromone country to another, but it is sure that the financial investment size of the windows changing ishigh, so it has to be part of a long-term energy efficiency measurement. However, the potentialenergy saving is high, when the building has old windows with high heat transfer coefficient values(>2.5 W/m2K).The effect of windows changing:

- Reduce heating loads;- Reduce cooling loads, if they have a special coating with a high solar heat gain coefficient;- Increase acoustic comfort;- Increase thermal comfort.

The effect of windows changing mainly depends on the glazing. The climatic conditions of thebuilding’s location, and the orientation of the facades affect the choice of the glazing from energypoint of view.



The lower heat transfer coefficient ensures the significant reducing of the heating energyconsumption. Concerning the state of the art solutions, the heat transfer coefficient of a three-layerglaze can be even Ug = 0.4 W/m2K, with g=62% (Internorm).

3.1.3 Window solar control

Installation of external sun-shading devices is highly recommended in buildings that are exposed tothe summer sun. Well-designed sun shading devices will help keep the building cool andcomfortable and limit the air-conditioning needs of the building.A sun shading device acts as a barrier to solar radiation. This most efficient solution, when the sunshading device is placed outside the window, because in this case much of the solar radiation isreflected back to the outside before reaching the window. When the protection is placed inside,only a small part of the incoming solar radiation is reflected back to the outside.Outside sun shading devices are recommended because they are more efficient than inside sunshading devices in terms of heat protection. The solar heat gain of the windows can be reducedeven 80-90% with outdoor sun shading devices.Sun shading devices can be fixed or movable. For rooms exposed to the East or the West, it isbetter to install movable sun shading devices, because they can be removed in winter to let thesun come in and heat the air. For rooms exposed to the South, either movable or fixed shadingdevices can be installed, because even with fixed shading devices sufficient winter sun will beallowed into the room.

3.1.4 Passive solar systems

The passive solar system is typically a double facade which forms a “second skin” around thebuilding. It serves several purposes. It can create a buffer between outdoor and indoor conditionsby protecting the building from solar gains and wind loads. It can provide passive solar heatingduring cold seasons and adiabatic air cooling during hot weather conditions. By opening andclosing the facade natural ventilation can be improved.

3.2 HVAC and DHW systems

3.2.1 Emission retrofit

Radiant heating systemsThe radiant-heating systems (floor, ceiling, wall heating) are suitable for the operation by lowtemperature heating medium. The typical heating supply temperature is 30-40 °C. The lowtemperature heating ensures the higher efficiency of the applicable heating energy producers, ascondensing gas boilers or heat pumps.Benefits (Advantages):

- Leaves the floor space virtually free from heating/cooling services;- Relatively even temperature distribution through-out the space;- Improved Heat Source Performance;- Free cooling possible;- No radiation asymmetry.



Limitations (Disadvantages):- Slow response to change in temperature setting.

Radiant cooling systemsThe radiant-cooling systems are suitable for the operation by high temperature cooling medium.The typical cooling supply temperature is 14-18 °C. The high temperature cooling ensures thehigher efficiency of the applicable cooling energy producers, as chillers or heat pumps.The chilled ceiling is suitable for high temperature operation. Chilled ceilings are devices mountedat high level within a space, which provide a combination of radiant and convective cooling to thespace below. Each unit typically comprises a small chilled water pipe (water temperature 14–18°Cfor cooling or 30–40°C for heating) arranged in a serpentine pattern and attached to the uppersurface of a thin metallic ceiling panel. Alternatively, the pipe may be embedded within the panel,or integrated as a suspended ceiling solution. To improve the acoustic performance of space,models with integrated sound absorption material are recommended. Typical cooling output isaround 50–70 W/m². With chilled beams relatively high chilled water temperatures can be used,which increases the chiller efficiency and give a potential for free cooling.Benefits (Advantages):

- The need for cooling/heating is distributed over a longer period, which leads to lower peakloads, thus allowing the use of smaller conditioning plants;

- By avoiding suspended ceilings floor height can be reduced;- Relatively high chilled water and low heating water temperatures are used (potential for free

cooling and heating);- Low installation and maintenance costs.- Favorable temperature levels improves heat source performance (heat pump COP).

Limitations (Disadvantages):- Water temperature must be controlled relative to room conditions, to avoid condensation;- Heating and cooling output is limited and may not be suited to spaces with high heat

losses/loads;- As sound absorption material cannot be installed into a ceiling it may lead to poor

acoustical performance;- Condensation risks in a hot and humid climate require special attention;- Difficult to change pipes after installation;- Slow reaction to space internal and external load changes;- Separate ventilation system is required.

Passive chilled beamPassive chilled beams comprise a heat exchanger for cooling, and when desired for heating. Theoperation is based on natural convection. The primary air is supplied to the space using separatediffusers either in the ceiling or through the raised floor.In order to cool or heat the room either cold (14 – 18°C) or warm (30 – 40°C) water is cycledthrough the heat exchanger. Room temperature is controlled by the water flow rate through theheat exchanger. Typical cooling output is 40 W/m2 – 120 W/m2.Benefits (Advantages):

- Relatively high chilled water and low heating water temperatures are used(potential for freecooling and heating);



- Minimal maintenance requirements;- Provide a prefabricated option to integrate lighting or other building services within the

units.

Limitations (Disadvantages):- A separate ventilation system is required;- Condensation risks in a hot and humid climate require special attention;- Water temperature must be controlled relative to indoor conditions to avoid condensation.

Active chilled beamThe active chilled beam system is primarily used for cooling and ventilating spaces, and can alsobe used for heating in some applications. Active chilled beams are connected to both theventilation supply air ductwork, and the chilled water system. The main air handling unit suppliesprimary air into the various rooms through the chilled beam. Primary air supply induces room air tobe recirculated through the heat exchanger of the chilled beam. In order to cool or heat the roomeither cold (14–20°C) or warm (30–40°C) water is cycled through the heat exchanger. Therecirculated room air and the primary air are mixed prior to diffusion in the space. Roomtemperature is controlled by the water flow rate through the heat exchanger. Typical cooling outputis 50 W/m²–120 W/m².Benefits (Advantages):

- Can provide a quiet, draught-free operation;- Relatively small ceiling void depth, around 300 mm;- Relatively high chilled water and low heating water temperatures are used (potential for free

cooling and heating);- Minimal maintenance requirements;- Provides a prefabricated option to integrate lighting or other building services within the

units.

Limitations (Disadvantages):- The ventilation fan should run in heating mode (also during night time when ventilation is

not needed);- Condensation risks in a hot and humid climate require special attention;- Water temperature must be controlled relative to indoor conditions to avoid condensation.

3.2.2 Control retrofit

The regulation of heating and cooling systems in the rooms can be ensured by thermostaticradiator valves or room thermostats. The weather dependent control of the supply heating watertemperature contributes energy efficient operation. In the control systems the time-program cangive the possibility to reduce the indoor temperature through reduced heating mode (night,weekend).With time setting, it is possible, that the individual heating circuits are operation in reduced heatingmode, depending on the room operating protocol.



3.2.3 Distribution and storage sub-system retrofit

The insulation of pipework, pumps, fittings, buffer tanks, hot water storage tanks and waterdistribution systems is a very efficient way to reduce heat loss of the heating, DHW or coolingsystem. In addition, insulation of water distribution systems results in a shorter time to get hotwater, which helps conserve water. The insulation of ductwork in ventilation systems is a veryefficient way to reducing heat loss too.In the heating, cooling and air conditioning systems, most of the time, the flow rate is adjustedconventionally by modifying the volume flow, using valves or air shutters. The problem with thistype of regulation is that motors keep running at full load, while HVAC systems rarely requiremaximum flow rate, thus resulting in a waste of electricity. The electricity consumption isproportional to the motor’s speed cubed, hence adjustment of the speed of motors of pumps andfans, with an electronic device may save up to 70% on electricity compared to on-off systems.When the heating, cooling and air conditioning system flow rates are regulated, the motor shouldbe operated on variable frequency.

3.2.4 Heating / cooling generator retrofit

Condensing boilerCondensing boilers are high efficiency boilers, recapturing water vapour heat that would otherwisebe lost. These boilers extract more heat from the hot flue gases because they have a larger heatexchanger, hence the condensing boilers are more efficient than non-condensing boilers.Condensing boiler manufacturers claim that up to 98% thermal efficiency can be achieved,compared to 70%-80% with conventional designs. Typical models offer efficiencies around 90%,which brings most brands of condensing gas boiler in to the highest available categories for energyefficiency. The efficiency can be the highest, when the heating system operates at lowtemperature, for instance, with floor, ceiling or wall heating system.

Biomass boilerBiomass boilers are supplied with firewood, wood chips or pellets. It has relatively high investmentcost, but the biomass heating has lower operating cost than a gas-heating system. Biomasssystems typically can be used in those places, where the fuel (wood) is close to the building, so thecost of transportation is low.For the installation of a bio-mass boiler system, the following factors shall be considered: Heating demand; Modernity and energy efficiency of the existing system; How can the biomass boiler be integrated into the existing heating system; The location of the boiler house in the facility; Suitable location for installing of fuel store and boiler house (architectural viewpoint, place); Opportunities and costs of fuel transportation; Acoustic effect of fuel storing; Emission of pollutant material; Staff claim, personal costs; Economic and energy efficiency point of view.



Benefits (Advantages):- Renewable energy source- Lower operating cost than a gas-heating system- Good application far from utilities

Limitations (Disadvantages):- Place of fuel storing and puffer tank;- Relative high heating water temperature;- Opportunities and costs of fuel transportation;- Acoustic effect of fuel storing;- Emission of pollutant material;- Staff claim, personal costs.

District heating / coolingDistrict heating/cooling means the distribution of thermal energy from a central source through anetwork to multiple buildings or sites. Where water is used as the heat transfer medium, heatexchangers and water flow meters are the only required equipment to provide heating and coolingin the building. In many systems there are requirements for temperature difference between watersupply and return which may have an effect on the overall system design. Greenhouse gasesemissions in district heating and cooling are mainly influenced by the fuel used to assure systemheating and cooling energy demands. In combined heat and power (CHP) plants, the greenhousegas emission of district heating is dependent on how emissions are divided between electricity andheating energy.Benefits (Advantages):

- Ease to use;- Low capital costs;- Reduced labour, repair and maintenance expenses;- Highly reliable energy services.

Limitations (Disadvantages):- Fixed connection fee can mean higher energy price (depending on localpolicy);- Heat losses occur in the distribution network.

Air source heat pumpThe air to water heat pump is an air source heat pump that draws stored heat from ambient air andtransfers it by means of a heat transfer medium to a water heating circulation loop. Electricalenergy is used to operate this cycle. Heat is extracted from the ambient air via an externallylocated unit which houses the evaporator. This heat is carried by the medium and is thentransferred to the water (for heating and domestic hot water purposes) in the internally locatedcondenser. This cycle can work in reverse to provide cooling. Air to water heat pumps are oftenused in buildings for domestic hot water preparation.Benefits (Advantages):

- Air as a renewable heat source is accessible and practically unlimited;- Lower installation cost than geothermal heat pumps;- Emission free operation on-site;- Low operation and maintenance costs.



Limitations (Disadvantages):- Low efficiency (COP) for below 7°C outside temperature;- Noise caused by external unit fan.

Another type of aerothermal heat pump is the air to air heat pump. The air to air heat pump drawsstored heat from the ambient air and transfers this energy to supply air or directly to the indoor air.This cycle uses electrical energy. It can operate in both cooling and heating modes.Benefits (Advantages):

- Air as a renewable heat source is accessible and practically unlimited;- Lower installation cost than geothermal heat pumps;- Easy to install;- Emission free operation on-site;- Low operation and maintenance costs.

Limitations (Disadvantages):- High initial cost;- Low efficiency (COP) for below 7°C outside temperature;- Noise caused by external unit fan.

Variable Refrigerant Flow systemVariable refrigerant flow (VRF) is an air-condition system configuration where there is one outdoorcondensing unit and multiple indoor units. The term variable refrigerant flow refers to the ability ofthe system to control the amount of refrigerant flowing to the multiple evaporators (indoor units),enabling the use of many evaporators of differing capacities and configurations connected to asingle condensing unit. The arrangement can provide an individualized comfort control, andsimultaneous heating and cooling in different zones.

Groundwater heat pump (water to water)The ground water has almost constant temperature through the year, and has a good thermalconductivity; therefore it can be thermal source for a heat pump. Making source and reinjectionwells need relatively high investment cost. Due to the system is opened, the environmental impactalways has to be analyzed. Further special using is when the thermal-source is a lake or a river, inthis case, the coil is placed in the lake or river.Benefits (Advantages):

- Renewable heat source;- Emission free operation on-site;- Low noise.

Limitations (Disadvantages):- Environmental impact;- Appropriate ground-water is needed.

Geothermal heat pump (water to water)The ground source heat pump transfers thermal energy stored within the Earth (i.e. in water tables,underground rivers and soil) to air or water. The thermal energy is collected with closed loop coils



in either horizontal or vertical format. Horizontal ground collectors (coils or spirals) are buried belowfreezing depth over a certain surface area, depending on the heating/cooling demand. Verticalground collectors (pipes or loops) are placed in bored wells that can reach 100 meters or more indepth.Benefits (Advantages):

- Geothermal energy is renewable and accessible;- Emission free operation on-site;- Good life span, estimated at around 20 years for inside components and up to 50 years for

the collectors;- Low noise.

Limitations (Disadvantages):- High initial cost (equipment + digging);- In case of horizontal loops the ground surface above them must be left free;- Not suitable for rocky soil.

Absorption chillerAbsorption chillers differ from mechanical vapour compression chillers in the fact that they utilize athermal or/and chemical process to produce the refrigeration effect necessary to provide chilledwater. There is no mechanical compression of the refrigerant taking place within the machine. Inan absorption chiller a heat source (e.g. solar heat) drives the cooling process, thus thecompressor is replaced by a chemical absorber, generator and a pump.Benefits (Advantages):

- Solar heat can be used to produce cold water;- Saves electricity;- The refrigerants used do not damage the atmosphere and have no global warming

potential;- They have few moving parts and have correspondingly lower maintenance requirements

compared to conventional chiller;- Absorption machines are quiet and vibration-free.

Limitations (Disadvantages):- Less efficient than compressor-driven chillers (typically COP= 1, meaning that as much

heat need to be used as cooling is produced), primarily because water is a less efficientrefrigerant than fluorocarbon-based refrigerants;

- Larger and heavier components than compressor-driven chiller systems of equal capacity;- Higher investment and maintenance cost than compressor-driven chillers.

3.2.5 Thermal solar energy

With active utilising of solar energy, the production of domestic hot water can be made by solarthermal panel. In some climate regions thermal solar panels can be used for heating as well. Insummer, there is a possibility for cooling with solar powered absorption machine.Typically the roof is the installation place of the flat-plate collectors or evacuated tube collectors.For the installation of solar thermal systems, the following factors shall be considered:

Annual DHW demand and its distribution;



Existing technology for DHW production; Orientation and size of the roof surface; The location of the existing DHW storage tanks in the facility; The installation of DHW storage from architectural viewpoint (available place); Economic point of view.

Benefits (Advantages):- Unlimited renewable energy source;- Locally available resource;- Different types of collectors are available which makes integration flexible for different

building types;- Simple and robust design of collectors.

Limitations (Disadvantages):- In sunny periods too much heat is generated which can cause water to boil in pipes;- In case hot water consumption is limited it is important to decide how to use the generated

heat.

3.2.6 Energy efficient air handling

Energy recovery is a mean of taking energy (heat/cold) from exhaust air and transferring it either tothe supply air or domestic hot water. The most common types are:

Plate heat-exchangers (recuperative heat exchanger); Thermal wheel (regenerative heat exchanger); Run-around coil system.

Plate heat-exchangers are relatively simple devices with no moving parts. They consist of aframework supporting a number of thin plates with air passages in between. The plates arenormally of metal but can be made from other materials and the plates may have flat, corrugated orfinned surfaces. A thermal wheel (also known as a rotary regenerator) consists of a matrix in theshape of a wheel rotating slowly between adjacent fresh air and exhaust air ducts. The wheelrotates at between 8 to 15 rev min. As it does so the matrix material in the airstream absorbs heatfrom the warmer air stream, and releases the heat into the cooler air stream, which flows throughthe wheel in the opposite direction. The rotary heat exchanger has the highest efficient, therefore itis needed to ensure min. 70% efficiency of heat recovery.A run-around coil system consists of one or more coils located in the exhaust air duct connected toone or more coils in the fresh air intake. It can work in both heating and cooling modes.The sensible heat recovered from exhaust air reduces the quantity of energy required for heatingor humidifying the outdoor air in air conditioning systems. Also, the total heat extracted fromoutdoor air by the heat exchanger reduces the quantity of energy required for cooling ordehumidifying the outdoor air.Benefits (Advantages):

- Saves energy (e.g. electricity with cold recovery);- Reduction in the primary heating and refrigeration plant size;- Reduced size of the heating and cooling coils from the air handling unit;

Limitations (Disadvantages):- Heat exchanger cost;- Additional fan power needed to drive air through the heat exchanger.



3.2.7 Free cooling

The free cooling operation can be used for compact and separated chiller system as well. In caseof using a compact chiller it has to be examined, whether the existing chiller can be complementedwith free cooling modul. During spring and autumn, significant electricity saving can be achieved byfree cooling, without using the compressor of the chiller.In free cooling mode chiller’s dry cooler and an additional heat exchanger is used to providecooling energy to the cooling system. The free cooling heat exchanger is connected to the drycooler (primary side) and to the cooling system (secondary side). It is typical to use this type of freecooling under a specific outdoor temperature, when there is still cooling demand in the building,typically in office buildings.Separated chillers cool down water and they are linked to a heat rejection unit by pipework,enabling the chiller to be located in a plant room. The dry cooler can be installed parallel with achiller in order to provide free cooling in cold and temperate climates, or even in warmer climatesduring spring and autumn. The dry cooler is heat rejection equipment, in which fans induce the airflow over finned tubing through, which an aqueous glycol solution or water is passed instead ofrefrigerant. It may cool water sufficiently in winter to avoid operating the refrigeration plant.Adiabatic sprays can be added to improve their performance.Benefits (Advantages):

- Saves electricity (no need to run chillers all the time);- Free cooling.

Limitations (Disadvantages):- Chiller is also required to ensure year around cooling;- Brings benefits only during cold weather conditions;- Can be noisy and may require special precautions depending on the application.

The free cooling can be realized also with the ventilation systems by supplying the outdoor air tothe building, when the outdoor air temperature is appropriate to cool down the building (usually atnight).

3.3 Building management system

Building Management System (BMS) is a computer-based control system installed in buildings thatcontrols and monitors the building’s mechanical and electrical equipment such as heating, cooling,ventilation, lighting, power systems, fire systems, and security systems.Benefits (Advantages):

- Remote Monitoring of the plants;- Good control of internal comfort conditions;- Possibility of individual room control;- Effective monitoring and targeting of energy consumption;- Ease of information availability problem;- Early detection of problems;- Flexibility on change of building use;- Central or remote control and monitoring of building.



3.4 Lighting and power generation

3.4.1 Photovoltaic system

The power output of photovoltaic systems is usually described in kilowattpeak units (kWp). Thepower generated by PV modules varies from a few watts (typically 20 to 60 Wp) up to 300 to 350Wp depending on module size and the technology used. Based on D3.1 the yearly sum of globalhorizontal radiation in the target countries varies from 990-1930 kWh/m2. Nowadays, theinstallation cost of PV system is becoming lower, therefore it is getting more and more popular. Itcan be connected to the grid, or can be local, autonomous power supply.The photovoltaic systems are very environmentally friendly, because their gas emission areabsolutely zero, for example there is zero CO2 emission, which is responsible for the greenhouseeffect. The photovoltaic system energy balance is also positive: the required energy formanufacturing a PV panel returns usually in two years.The following factors shall be considered, for the installation of PV system:

Annual electricity consumption; Local regulations refer to the installation and the system power; Electricity tariff; Orientation and size of the roof surface; Economic point of view;

The annual rate of electricity energy, which produced by PV panel, can be calculated by highreliability. The European Committee has been started the PVGIS project, which has a usefuldatabase. On PVGIS website an online calculator tool is available for all:http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/apps3/pvest.php#.Benefits (Advantages):

- Unlimited renewable energy source;- Solar energy is a locally available resource (amount depends on location);- When grid connected, it can displace the highest cost electricity during times of peak

demand;- PV panels can provide revenue by selling excess electricity in times of low demand (local

policy);- Noise free operation.

Limitations (Disadvantages):- High installation costs;- High embodied energy of PV cells and requirement of rare metals;- PV panels require regular cleaning;- Associated inverters may cause reliability and energy consumption (if not properly

designed) issues because they heat up during operation;- Requires careful positioning to obtain optimum performance;- The efficiency is in direct relation with the climate zone;- Solar energy is not available during night and is less available during cloudy days;- Energy storage is necessary, in the case of a stand-alone system.



3.4.2 Illuminator changing

Several types of energy efficiency lighting technology exist, such as T5 fluorescent lamps, compactfluorescent lamps (CFL) and light-emitting diodes LED in order to replace old T8 fluorescent lampsand incandescent lamps. In the continuous used areas the application of energy efficient T5fluorescent lamps is proposed. In the intermittently used areas the application of energy efficientLED lamps is proposed. The LED lamps have extremely long life spans even with frequentswitching and generate much lesser heat compared to other lightning systems.

3.4.3 Lighting control

Artificial lighting is generally overused in most buildings due to the lack of proper control of daylightor occupancy. The easiest way to save energy in lighting is by using sufficient controls. It also isimportant to focus on the right illumination levels in occupied areas, as well as the energy need ofthe lights themself. Using lighting controls, such as daylight control, occupancy sensors and timeswitch programs result that the lighting energy costs will be significantly reduced. The principle oflighting control is to light only those areas that are occupied or truly need light. This can beachieved with technical measures, such as automatic devices.



4.ANALYSIS OF SUITABLE TECHNOLOGIES

The energy efficiency measures were gathered that suitable for the refurbishment of publicbuildings towards nZEB level. These technologies were put in a spreadsheet and sent to eachPartner of the Consortium to select the technologies in the given country which are suitable for therefurbishment of public buildings towards nZEB. Partners could include additional technologies inthe spreadsheet, and can remove technologies which are not relevant/available in the country. Thenational experts were requested to provide information for each energy efficiency measure:

1. On which of the national reference public building types could be applied,2. The typical energy saving due to the application of the technology,3. The typical value for the return of investment (ROI).

The lists of the suitable technologies including the above mentioned technical and economic datafor all the target countries of the RePublic_ZEB project are included in the Appendix. The legendfor the attached tables is as follows:

Building type:

O OfficeR ResidentialE Educational buildingH Health care facility

HR Hotels andrestaurants

WR Wholesale and retail

Typical energy saving:

A > 30%B 20-30%C 10-20%D < 10%

Return on investment:

A <2 yearsB 2-5 yearsC 5-10 yearsD > 10 years

Some of the technologies and its application have some national characteristic, therefore eachnational expert was requested to provide this information. The assessment of the nationalcharacteristics of the technologies can be seen in the 2nd subchapter of each national sectionbelow.

After the technologies and its technical and economic data were gathered as well as the nationalcharacteristics were presented, each national expert was requested to propose energy efficiencymeasures suitable for refurbishment towards nZEB level for each reference building type. Thenational experts also had to provide different performance levels for the selected technologies andthe specific costs of the investments, respectively. At the end the proposed energy efficiency



measures and the different levels of these measures refer to the main reference building types(based on D2.1 and D2.2) in the given country.

For setting the performance level of the energy efficiency measures the following groups oftechnologies are applied in each national section with these numbers:

1. Building envelope

2. Window solar control (solar shading)

3. Heating system

4. Cooling system

5. DHW system

6. Ventilation system

7. Lighting

8. Photovoltaic system

9. Thermal solar energy

10. Building Energy Management System

The investment cost corresponds to the average market conditions in the given country, and doesnot include VAT. The specific investment cost contains all the material and labour costs.

The specifications of the costs are as follows:

The building envelope refurbishment cost refers to the area of the refurbished structure(e.g. area of the refurbished wall), and it contains every additional costs (scaffolding,plastering, etc.). EUR/m2 of the corresponding wall/window/roof area.

The lighting refurbishment cost refers to the building footprint. EUR/m2 building footprint. The cost of the PV system installation is expressed in the peak capacity of the PV system.

EUR/kWp. The cost of thermal solar system is expressed in the absorber area of the thermal solar

collectors. EUR/m2 absorber area.

The investment costs of the refurbishment of the HVAC system depends on the specific referencebuilding’s characteristic, therefore the sizing of the HVAC elements (boiler, heat pump, air handlingunit, etc.) will be done in WP4. The investment costs of the measures as regards HVAC system’srefurbishment will be given in WP4 based on the sizing of the HVAC elements.

The performance levels and the specific investment cost of technologies can be found in the 3rd

subchapter of each national section below. The maintenance costs will be considered in WP4.



4.1 BULGARIA

4.1.1 List of technologies suitable for the refurbishment of public buildings

The energy efficiency measures were gathered that suitable for the refurbishment of publicbuildings towards nZEB level. In Appendix-BG the list of technologies can be seen, includinginformation on which of the national reference public building types could be applied, the typicalenergy saving due to the application of the technology, as well as the typical value for the return ofinvestment.

4.1.2 National characteristics of technologies

Some of the technologies and its application have some national characteristic that summarizedbelow:Refurbishment of building structures:The most frequently used materials in Bulgaria for thermal insulation of external walls and roofs areexpanded polystyrene (EPS), extruded foam polystyrene (XPS) and mineral/rock wool.Two layered glazing with PVC or aluminium frame is usually used for window refurbishment.Heat pumps: Since April 2015 Regulation No. 7 of 2004 on energy efficiency, heat conservationand energy savings of buildings (last amended and supplemented, DV No 27 of 14.04.2015) hasbeen updated. According to the Regulation No 7 energy from heat pump is recognised asrenewable only when the seasonal coefficient of performance (for heating mode) is more than 3,5for electrical driven heat pumps and not less than 1,15 for thermally driven heat pumps.Photovoltaic system: Up to capacity of 30 kW no permission for installing a photovoltaic systemis needed. The energy produced by the system can be used for own purposes, but for export of theelectricity special permission is needed.Thermal solar collector: The most common application of thermal solar collectors is for heating ofDHW. Both the flat plate and vacuum tube collectors are applicable.Biomass heating: Using of biomass heating (e.g. pellet, wood chips, wood logs, wood briquette)is a growing practice in Bulgaria where appropriate.District heating: The district heating systems in Bulgaria are based on gas-burning boilers someof them with co-generation. There is not district heating system utilising renewable energy. SinceApril 2015 the national primary energy factor for the district heating has been changed from 1.1 to1.3 taking into account the average losses in the systems.Low temperature heating: The upper limit of the supply hot water in the central heating systems(for new buildings and for refurbishment of existing heating systems) is 60 oC. Thus by theRegulation No 7 mentioned above the low temperature heating/boilers are introduced obligatory.Heat recovery: For ventilation systems heat recovery unit with seasonal efficiency not less than70% (for heating mode) is required by the Regulation No 7. During summer (cooling mode) heatrecovery in the ventilation systems is not efficient.



4.1.3 Performance levels and specific investment costs of the proposed energy

efficiency measures

4.1.3.1 Office building

The proposed energy efficiency measures and the different levels of these measures refer to officebuilding, which is one of the reference building types in Bulgaria. The most important technical dataand the estimated specific investment costs are presented for several measures (thermal insulationof the building envelope, window replacement, heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting). The costscorrespond to the average market conditions in Bulgaria, and do not include VAT. The sources ofthe investment costs are taken from the National report on cost optimal analysis of the minimalrequirements, 2013, Ministry of the regional development.1. Building envelope

Building envelope Before refurbishment Refurbishment Level 1.

Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K] Technical data U-value

[W/m2K]Specific cost

[€/m2]1.1. Wall (external) 0,50 7 cm EPS 0,25 361.2 Glased façade 2,65 aluminium frame 1,7 220

1.3. Roof 0,30 10 cm mineralwool 0,28 25

1.4. Windows 1,ext. Door 1 PVC frame 2,65 PVC frame 1,40 75

1.5. Windows 2,ext. Door 2 Metal frame 2,65 aluminium frame 1,70 115

Refurbishment Level 2. Refurbishment Level 3.

Technical data U-value[W/m2K]

Specific cost[€/m2] Technical data U-value


[€/m2]8 cm EPS 0,22 38 12 cm EPS 0,15 40aluminium frame 1,70 220 aluminium frame 1,70 22014 cm mineral wool 0,22 28 22 cm mineral wool 0,15 40PVC frame 1,10 85 PVC frame 0,90 105aluminium frame 1,60 120 aluminium frame 1,40 125

2. Window solar controlIn order to reduce the solar heat load and the cooling energy demand the installation of externalblade solar shading system is proposed. The specific cost relates to the area of the windowsconcerned.

Window solar control Beforerefurbishment Refurbishment Level 1.

Technical data Technical data Specific cost[€/m2]

2.1. Solar shading system Inner shading External aluminium blade solarshading, manual operation 55



3. Heating systemThe proposed refurbishment of the heating system at different levels includes the modernization ofthe thermal energy generation system, the emission system (which fits to the new energygeneration system), and the control system. The next tables below show the current heatingsystem (before the refurbishment), and the different levels of the refurbishment.

3. Heating system Before refurbishment Refurbishment level 1

Technical data Technical data

3.1 Heat generation Light oil burning boiler Gas burning condensing boiler

3.2 Emission system Steal panel radiator Existing radiator and pipework

3.3 Control Central weather dependentcontrol, manual radiator valves

Weather dependent control,radiator valves

Continued

3. Heating system Refurbishment level 3 Refurbishment level 4

Technical data Technical data Technical data

Biomass burning boiler VRV system Geothermal heat pump

Existing radiator andpipework VRV indoor units Room convector

Weather dependent control,radiator valves Room thermostat Room thermostat

4. Cooling system

4. Cooling system Before refurbishment Refurbishment level 1


4.1 Cold generation Split system air conditionerNo cooling refurbishment level

1. Only heating systemrefurbishment

4.2 Emission system Split system indoor unitsNo cooling refurbishment level

1. Only heating systemrefurbishment

4.3 Control Room thermostatNo cooling refurbishment level

1 - Only heating systemrefurbishment

Refurbishment level 2 Refurbishment level 3 Refurbishment level 4


Zone based VRV system Air based water coolingsystem Geothermal heat pump

VRV indoor units Room convectors Room convector

Room thermostat Room thermostat Room thermostat



5. DHW systemRefurbishment of the DHW system is not considered, because normally DHW supply is providedby individual electric water heating units.

6. Ventilation systemThe proposed refurbishment is installing new mechanical ventilation system, including air handlingunits with high efficiency heat recovery (min. 70%) and ductwork in the building.

Ventilation system Before refurbishment Refurbishment Level 1.


6.1. Installing new ventilationsystem

Part load + Naturalventilation

New ventilation system with heatrecovery (efficiency min. 70%),

ductwork

7. Lighting

Lighting system Beforerefurbishment Refurbishment Level 1. Refurbishment Level 2.

Technical data Technicaldata

Specificcost

[€/kW]Technical data Specific

cost

7.1. Illuminator Lighting bulb LED 2500,0 LED 2500€/kW

7.2. Control Manual switch Manualswitch - Occupancy control

and daylight control 10 €/m2

8. Photovoltaic systemInstallation of PV system is not proposed

9. Thermal solar energyInstallation of thermal solar collectors is not proposed.

10. Building Management System

Building ManagementSystem Before refurbishment Refurbishment Level 1


10.1. Installing buildingmanagement system - Building Management System



4.1.3.2 Educational building

The proposed energy efficiency measures and the different levels of the following measures referto educational building, which is one of the reference building types in Bulgaria.


1. Building envelope Before refurbishment Refurbishment Level 1.

Technicaldata



[€/m2]1.1. Wall (external) 0,50 7 cm EPS 0,25 361.3. Flat Roof 0,30 12 cm XPS 0,25 451.4. Windows 1, ext.Door 1 PVC frame 2,65 PVC frame 1,40 75

1.5. Windows 2, ext.Door 2 Metal frame 2,65 aluminium

frame 1,70 115





[€/m2]8 cm EPS 0,22 38 12 cm EPS 0,15 4014 cm XPS 0,22 55 22 cm XPS 0,14 62PVC frame 1,10 85 PVC frame 0,90 105aluminiumframe 1,60 120 aluminium frame 1,40 125

2. Window solar shadingUsually there is not any cooling system in educational buildings, therefore the solar shading did notform part of this analysis.

3. Heating system

3. Heating system Before refurbishment Refurbishment level 1


3.1 Heat generation Light oil burning boiler Biomass burning boiler

3.2 Emission system Cast iron radiator New radiator and pipework


Weather dependent control,radiator valves

Refurbishment level 2 Refurbishment level 3


Air to water heat pump Geothermal heat pump

New radiator and pipework New radiator and pipework

Weather dependent control,thermostatic convector valves




4. Cooling systemThere are no cooling systems in schools.

5. DHW systemThe DHW supply is usually provided by individual, electric water heaters.

6. Ventilation systemUsually the ventilation is organised by infiltration. The refurbishment is planned to be by means ofmechanical system, including air handling units with high efficiency heat recovery (min. 70%), andductwork in the building.

6. Ventilation system Before refurbishment Refurbishment Level 1.


6.1. Installing new ventilationsystem Natural ventilation

New air handling unit with heatrecovery (efficiency min. 70%),

ductwork

7. LightingThe refurbishment of the lighting system is related to the common areas, as well as the classrooms in the building.


Technicaldata Technical data Specific

cost, €/kW Technical data Specificcost

7.1. Illuminator Lighting bulb LED 2500,0 LED 2500 €/kW

7.2. Control Manual switch Manual switch - Occupancy controland daylight control 10 €/m2

8. Photovoltaic systemNot proposed.

9. Thermal solar energyNot proposed.


Building ManagementSystem Before refurbishment Refurbishment Level 1.





4.1.3.3 Student hostel

The proposed energy efficiency measures and the different levels of the following measures referto student hostel, which is one of the reference building types in Bulgaria.


1. Building envelope Before refurbishment Refurbishment Level 1.Technical

dataU-value[W/m2K] Technical data U-value

[W/m2K]Specific

cost, €/m2

1.1. Wall (external) 0,50 7 cm EPS 0,25 361.3. Flat Roof 0,30 12 cm XPS 0,25 451.4. Windows 1, ext.Door 1 PVC frame 2,65 PVC frame 1,40 75

1.5. Windows 2, ext.Door 2 Metal frame 2,65 aluminium

frame 1,70 115




[W/m2K]Specific cost,

€ /m2

8 cm EPS 0,22 38 12 cm EPS 0,15 4014 cm XPS 0,22 55 22 cm XPS 0,14 62PVC frame 1,10 85 PVC frame 0,90 105aluminiumframe 1,60 120 aluminium frame 1,40 125

2. Window solar controlNot proposed.

3. Heating system

Heating system Before refurbishment Refurbishment level 1


3.1 Heat generation District heating New convectors and pipework

3.2 Emission system Cast iron radiator New radiator and pipework



ContinuedRefurbishment level 2 Refurbishment level 3


Air to water heat pump Geothermal heat pump

New convectors and pipework New convectors and pipework





4. Cooling systemNot proposed.

5. DHW system

5. DHWproduction

Before refurbishment Refurbishment level 1 Refurbishment level 2


5.1 Heat generationDistrict heating Air to water heat pump +

biomass boiler heating

Solar water heating +air/geothermal HP

heating

5.2 Distribution Cast iron radiator Insulation of pipe system Insulation of the pipesystem

6. Ventilation systemNot proposed.

7. Lighting

7. Lightingsystem

Beforerefurbishment Refurbishment Level 1. Refurbishment Level 2.

Technical data Technical dataSpecific

cost[€/kW]

Technical data Specificcost

7.1. Illuminator Lighting bulb LED (serviceareas) 2500,0 LED (service areas) 2500

€/kW

7.2. Control Manual switch Manual switch - Occupancy controland daylight control 10 €/m2


9. Thermal solar energyProposed for DHW preparation.


10. Building ManagementSystem Before refurbishment Refurbishment Level 1.

Technical data Technical data10.1. Installing buildingmanagement system - Building Management System



4.1.3.4 Hospital building

The proposed energy efficiency measures and the different levels of the following measures referto hospital building, which is one of the reference building types in Bulgaria.



Technicaldata


[W/m2K]Specific

cost [€/m2]1.1. Wall (external) 0,50 7 cm EPS 0,25 36

1.2. Roof 0,30 10 cm mineralwool 0,28 25

1.3. Windows 1, ext.Door 1 PVC frame 2,65 PVC frame 1,40 75

1.4. Windows 2, ext.Door 2 Metal frame 2,65 aluminium frame 1,70 115




[W/m2K]Specific

cost [€/m2]8 cm EPS 0,22 38 12 cm EPS 0,15 40

14 cm mineral wool 0,22 28 22 cm mineralwool 0,15 40

PVC frame 1,10 85 PVC frame 0,90 105aluminium frame 1,60 120 aluminium frame 1,40 125

2. Window solar control

2. Window solar control Before refurbishment Refurbishment Level 1.

Technical data Technical data Specific cost[€/m2]

2.1. Solar shading system Inner shadingExternal aluminium blade

solar shading, manualoperation

55

3. Heating system

Heating system Before refurbishment Refurbishment Level 1.


3.1. Heat generation Light Oil burning boiler Gas burning condensingboiler

3.2. Emission system Steel panel radiator Existing radiator andpipework



3.3. Control Central, weather dependentcontrol, manual radiator valves

Weather dependent control,thermostatic radiator valves

Refurbishment Level 2. Refurbishment Level 3. Refurbishment Level 4.


Biomass burning boiler Zone based VRV system Geothermal heat pump

Existing radiator and pipework VRV zone units Room convectors

Weather dependent control,thermostatic radiator valves Room thermostat Room thermostat

4. Cooling system

Cooling system Before refurbishment Refurbishment Level 1.Technical data Technical data

4.1. Cold generation Split system air conditioner

No cooling refurbishment inLevel 1. Level 1 of H&C

refurbishment contains onlythe heating refurbishment.

4.2. Emission system Split system indoor units



4.3. Control Room thermostat



Refurbishment Level 2. Refurbishment Level 3. Refurbishment Level 4.Technical data Technical data Technical data

VRV system Air based water cooling system

Geothermal heat pump,dimensioned for cooling

capacity demand,combination with heat

recovery ventilation system

VRV indoor units Room convectors Room convectors

Room thermostat Room thermostat Room thermostat



5. DHW system

DHW production Before refurbishment Refurbishment Level 1. Refurbishment Level 2.Technical data Technical data Technical data

5.1. Heat generation District heatingAir to water heat pump

+biomass boilerheating

Solar water heating +Air/Geothermal HP

heating

5.2. Distribution Insulation of the pipesystem

Insulation of the pipesystem

6. Ventilation system

Ventilation system Before refurbishment Refurbishment Level 1.Technical data Technical data

6.1. Installing newventilation system Part load + Natural ventilation

Zone based new ventilationsystems with heat recovery

(efficiency min. 70%), ductwork

7. Lighting



Specific cost[€/kW]

Technicaldata

Specificcost

7.1. Illuminator Lighting bulb LED 2500,0 LED 2500€/kW

7.2. Control Manual switch Manual switch -

Occupancycontrol and

daylightcontrol

10 €/m2


9. Thermal solar energyFor DHW preparation.


Building ManagementSystem Before refurbishment Refurbishment Level 1





4.2 CROATIA


The energy efficiency measures were gathered that suitable for the refurbishment of publicbuildings towards nZEB level. In Appendix-CR the list of technologies can be seen, includinginformation on which of the national reference public building types could be applied, the typicalenergy saving due to the application of the technology, as well as the typical value for the return ofinvestment.


Some of the technologies and its application have some national characteristic that summarizedbelow:

Refurbishment of building structures: For public buildings, use of mineral wool bothin contact facade systems and ventilated facades is almost exclusive due to fireprotection regulation. Flammable or self-extinguishing insulation materials are allowedfor specific applications – either within enclosed cavities protected by fire retardantstructures or in low fire hazard situations. This doesn’t exclude EPS, XPS,PIR, PUR and other insulation materials, but their application in public buildings islimited in comparison to mineral wool.Mineral wool is also most common material for insulation of building componentsbetween heated and unheated spaces and attic floors.Glazing systems in common use are double glazed windows with low-e coating andinert gas filling, with often use of triple low-e glazing in continental climate region.

Heat generators in common practice differ between continental and coastal region –while continent has very good penetration of natural gas, in coastal region natural gasis available in few counties, and in most cases replaced with more expensive LPG.District heating systems can be divided in Croatian electrical utility controlled districtheating systems which can, due to cogeneration of electric energy, offer lower heatprices, and local district heating systems with higher costs.Pannonian basin has higher number of geothermal sources, but concessionsnecessary for their use limit them to larger district heating systems. Use of groundcoupled heat pumps and air coupled heat pumps follows climatic division of country –ground coupled heat pumps are more common in continental region, while air to airheat pumps satisfy needs in coastal region.

Renewable energy sources include thermal solar collectors, biomass and photovoltaicsystems.Thermal solar collector: Usage of flat plate solar collector is the most common, whichis used for DHW production. In residential buildings and building uses with higher shareof DHW in total energy consumption, thermal solar collectors have higher yield and aremore applicable than in public buildingsBiomass heating. Individual biomass heating systems using wood pellets have manyadvantages in building refurbishments, as they are highly compatible with existing hightemperature central heating systems in buildings, and easily fit into RES sharerequirements for refurbishment. In rural area biomass cogeneration plants using biogasgenerators are considered for district heating systems.



Photovoltaic system: PV systems in buildings can be considered only in off gridapplication due to low quota for PV systems in electric energy distribution system. Offgrid application requires energy storage solutions which hinder PV application inbuildings in larger scale.


efficiency measures

4.2.3.1 Office buildings, continental Croatia

The proposed energy efficiency measures and the different levels of these measures refer toreference office building in continental Croatia. Short description of the measures, withcorresponding cost without VAT is given in following tables. Costs have been derived from costoptimal calculations for reference buildings in Croatia, which included all measures and packagesof measures proposed here.1. Building envelope

Concerning the refurbishment of the building envelope three levels were determined for thecost/benefit analysis:

- level 1 – building envelope fulfilling current minimum requirements for new buildings andmajor renovation (equivalent to envelope energy rating C level)

- level 2 – building envelope going 40% below current minimum requirements (correspondingto building envelope energy rating B)

- level 3 – building envelope fulfilling current A rating requirements on envelopeDue to large influence of passive solar heat gains in office buildings, analysis it to be made forexisting envelope too, as current cost optimal analysis have shown that in some cases thermalinsulation of envelope raises cooling costs, which might in building lifetime have negative effect onglobal cost.The next two table below show the current characteristics of the building envelope (before therefurbishment), and the abovementioned 3 levels of the building envelope refurbishment. Thespecific investment cost relates to the surface of the refurbished structure (e.g. surface of therefurbished wall), and it contains all the material and labour costs including every additional costs(scaffolding, plastering, etc.).

1. Buildingenvelope Before refurbishment Refurbishment Level 1.

Technical data U-value[W/m2K] Technical data U-value

[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]

1.1. Massivebrick wall

reinforced concrete,external insulationEPS 6 cm

0,56 +10 cm MW 0,2 39

1.2. Flat roofreinforced concrete,EPS 6 cm beneathhydroinsulation layers

0,50 +10 cm MW 0,2 47

1.3. Ceilingaboveunheatedbasement

reinforced concreteslab, 4 cm of externalEPS insulation, 2 cmof internal EPSsoundproofing in floorconstruction

0,52 + 10 cm MW,drywall ceiling 0,21 21



1.4. Window1

aluminium windows,double pane glazing 2,75 double low-e glazing

replacement 1,40 85

1.5. Window2, Door

double woodenwindows, woodendoor

2,75 double low-e glazingreplacement 1,40 85

1. Buildingenvelope Refurbishment Level 2. Refurbishment Level 3.

Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]

Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]

Specific cost[EUR/m2]

1.1.Massivebrick wall

+16 cm MW 0,16 44 +20 cm MW 0,13 49

1.2. Flatroof

+ 16 cmMW,fibercementboards

0,15 53+ 20 cm MW,fibercementboards

0,12 58

1.3. Ceilingaboveunheatedbasement

+ 12 cmMW, drywallceiling

0,19 22+ 16 cm MW,drywallceiling

0,15 24

1.4.Window 1

PVC frame,double low-e glazing

1,40 245PVC frame,triple low-eglazing

1,10 275

1.5.Window 2,Door

PVC frame,double low-e glazing

1,40 245PVC frame,triple low-eglazing

1,10 275


2. Heatingsystem


Technical data Technical data Technical data2.1.Thermalenergygeneration

standard gasboiler

gas boiler 250 kW with new boilerroom

district heating, compactstation 250 kW

2.2.Emissionsystem

aluminiumradiators withthermostatic

valves

new aluminimum radiators anddistribution system

new aluminimum radiatorsand distribution system

2.3.Control

central, externaltemperaturedriven, withthermostatic

valves


Weather dependentcontrol, thermostatic

radiator valves



2. Heatingsystem

RefurbishmentLevel 3.




2.1. Thermalenergygeneration

pellet fired boiler 250kW brine/water heat pump VRV heating/cooling

system

2.2. Emissionsystem

new aluminimumradiators and

distribution system

fancoil heating/coolingunits

fancoil heating/coolingunits

2.3. ControlWeather dependentcontrol, thermostatic

radiator valvesintegrated integrated






Technical data Technical data Technical data Technical data Technical data

gas boiler 200 kWwith new boiler room

district heating,compact station

200 kW

pellet firedboiler 200 kW

brine/waterheat pump

VRVheating/cooling

system

new aluminimumradiators and

distribution system

new aluminimumradiators anddistribution

system

newaluminimumradiators anddistribution

system

fancoilheating/cooling

units

fancoilheating/cooling

units


radiator valves

Weatherdependent

control,thermostatic

radiator valves

Weatherdependent


radiator valves

integrated integrated

3. Cooling systemThe proposed refurbishment of the cooling system at different levels includes the modernization ofthe thermal energy generation system, the emission system (which fits to the new energygeneration system), and the control system.

3. Coolingsystem

Beforerefurbishment




Technical data Technical data Technical data Technical data

3.1. local split cooling new split system chiller 125 kW, chiller 125 kW,



Thermalenergygeneration

system with directexpansion R410-A

external unitsR410-A , internal

DX units

internal wallmounted units

internal wallmounted units

3.2.Control Thermostat

internaltemperature withremote control

internaltemperature

internaltemperature

3. Coolingsystem



3.1.Thermalenergygeneration

local split coolingsystem with directexpansion R410-A

no additional cost - seeheating system cost level 4.

no additional cost - seeheating system cost level 5.

3.2.Control Thermostat - -

4. DHW systemThe refurbishment of the DHW system was not considered as reference buildings in standardizeduse schedule don’t use DHW, and in practice DHW is supplied by local electrical or gas boilers.

5. Ventilation systemReference office building is naturally ventilated with mechanical exhaust ventilation of sanitaryspaces. Installation of new ventilation system with heat recovery for entire building requires spacewithin the building envelope usually unavailable, therefore proposed measure gives new higherefficiency exhaust ventilation with 250 m³/h capacity.

5. Ventilationsystem Before refurbishment Refurbishment Level 1.

Technical data Technical data Investmentcost [EUR]

5.1. Installing newventilation system

Natural ventilationmechanical exhaust ventilation of

sanitary spaces

new sanitaryventilation, 250 m3/h 800

6. LightingThe refurbishment of the lighting system is related to the entire building including unheated areas,but connected to the building electrical supply system (access to the building, unheatedbasement). Three levels of refurbishment are gradually increasing from light source replacement,lighting fixtures replacement to complete refurbishment of electrical wiring and lighting system withdaylight control.



6.Lightingsystem

Beforerefurbishment




Technical data Techni-cal data

Investmentcost [EUR]

Techni-cal data


Techni-cal data

Investment cost[EUR]

6.1.Illuminator

incadescentlight bulbs,fluorescent

lighting

CFL/LED

sources2.000

CFL/LED

sourcesT5/LED

18.840

CFL/LED

sourcesT5/LED

18.840

6.2.Control Manual switch manual 0 manual 0

daylightcontrol,

newwiring

60.100

7. Photovoltaic systemProposed power of PV system is limited in sizing to avoid need for storage capacities larger than24 hrs, and main goal is that PV system does not exceed minimum load of the building, as exportof the energy to the power supply network requires additional permits which depend on quotasallowed, and may not be feasible in every case. Proposed system is off-grid system which can beemployed without additional permits.

7. Photovoltaicsystem Before

refurbishmentRefurbishment

Level 1.

Technicaldata Technical data Investment

cost [EUR]

7.1 Installing PVsystem - Photovoltaic system, 25 kWp (off grid) 69.000

4.2.3.2 Buildings for education

The proposed energy efficiency measures and the different levels of these measures refer toreference school building in continental Croatia. Short description of the measures, withcorresponding cost without VAT is given in following tables. Costs have been derived from costoptimal calculations for reference buildings in Croatia, which included all measures and packagesof measures proposed here.1. Building envelopeRefurbishment of the building envelope is proposed in three levels for the cost/benefit analysis:

- level 1 – building envelope fulfilling current minimum requirements for new buildings andmajor renovation (equivalent to envelope energy rating C level)

- level 2 – building envelope going 40% below current minimum requirements (correspondingto building envelope energy rating B)

- level 3 – building envelope fulfilling current A rating requirements on envelopeSchool buildings have characteristically large share of south oriented glazed envelope parts, andcorresponding high level of solar gains. Although national methodology does not limit buildings foreducation use during summer holidays season (as reference building represents not only theprimary and secondary education, but also nurseries and higher education facilities), cooling needsmay supersede



The next two table below show the current characteristics of the building envelope (before therefurbishment), and the abovementioned 3 levels of the building envelope refurbishment. Thespecific investment cost relates to the surface of the refurbished structure (e.g. surface of therefurbished wall), and it contains all the material and labour costs including additional costs.

1.Buildingenvelope

Before refurbishment Refurbishment Level 1.


[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]

1.1.Massivewall

reinforced concrete,external insulationEPS 2 cm

1,30 +10 cm MW 0,22 39

1.2. Flatroof

reinforced concrete,EPS 4 cm beneathhydroinsulation layers

0,68 +10 cm MW 0,23 47

1.3. Slabonground

concrete slab,without thermalinsulation

3,22 - 3,22 0

1.4.Window 1

aluminium windows,double pane glazing 2,75 - 2,75 0

1.5.Window2, Door

double woodenwindows, woodendoor

2,75 - 2,75 0

1.Buildingenvelope


Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]Technical data U-value

[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]

1.1.Massivewall

+16 cm MW 0,19 44 +20 cm MW 0,13 49

1.2. Flatroof

+ 16 cm MW,fibercementboards

0,17 53 + 20 cm MW,fibercement boards 0,12 58

1.3. Slabonground

- 3,22 0 - 3,22 0

1.4.Window1

alu/woodframe, doublelow-e glazing

1,30 245 alu/wood frame, triplelow-e glazing 1,10 275

1.5.Window2, Door

alu/woodframe, doublelow-e glazing

1,30 245 alu/wood frame, triplelow-e glazing 1,10 275



2. Heating systemThe proposed refurbishment of the heating system at different levels includes the modernization ofthe thermal energy generation system, the emission system (which fits to the new energygeneration system), and the control system. Important measure is fuel replacement, with significantdifferences between continental and coastal Croatia and various availabilities of fuels in differentregions.Measures given in following tables cover fuel and heating system replacement in four possiblescenarios of building envelope refurbishment, and cover reference building options of fuel andsystems choice.

2. Heatingsystem

Beforerefurbishment




lowtemperature oilboiler withsliding watertemeperaturecontrol, 310 kW

district heating, compactstation

gas fired condensing bolier

2.2. Emissionsystem

aluminiumradiators withthermostaticvalves

fan coil units fan coil units

2.3. Control central,externaltemperaturedriven

PI regulator with functionaloptimization




pellet fired boiler brine/water heat pump VRV system COP 3,62

fan coil units fan coil units fan coil unitsPI regulator with functionaloptimization


integrated



district heating, compactstation

gas fired condensing bolier pellet fired boiler

fan coil units fan coil units fan coil units










brin/water heat pump VRV system COP 3,62 district heating, compactstation

fan coil units fan coil units fan coil unitsPI regulator with functional

optimizationintegrated PI regulator with functional

optimization






gas fired condensingbolier

pellet fired boiler brin/water heatpump

VRV system COP 3,62

fan coil units fan coil units fan coil units fan coil unitsPI regulator with

functionaloptimization

PI regulator withfunctional

optimization

PI regulator withfunctional

optimization

integrated

3. Cooling systemCooling system refurbishment in most cases represents upgrade to current comfort level of schoolbuildings, as reference building is only partially cooled, but requirements for new buildings includeheating and cooling.

3. Cooling system Before refurbishment RefurbishmentLevel 1.


5.1. Thermal energygeneration

local split cooling system with directexpansion R410-A absorption chiller

5.2. Control Thermostat included in heating systemcontrol

4. DHW systemThe refurbishment of the DHW system was not considered as reference buildings in standardizeduse schedule do not use DHW, and in practice DHW is supplied by local electrical or gas boilers.

5. Ventilation systemReference school building is naturally ventilated with mechanical exhaust ventilation of sanitaryspaces. Geometry of reference building allowed for new modular ventilation system with heatrecovery up to 65%. Two levels of refurbishment are available – one covering 50% of the building(spaces for education) and second level covering entire volume of the building.



5. Ventilationsystem Before refurbishment Refurbishment

Level 1.Refurbishment

Level 2.



Natural ventilationmechanical exhaustventilation of sanitary

spaces

central ventilation system,AHU with heat recovery

>70%,

central ventilationsystem, AHU with heat

recovery >70%,

6. LightingThe refurbishment of the lighting system is related to the entire building including unheated areas,but connected to the building electrical supply system (access to the building, unheatedbasement). Three levels of refurbishment are gradually increasing from light source replacement,lighting fixtures replacement to complete refurbishment of electrical wiring and lighting system withdaylight control.

6.Lightingsystem

Beforerefurbishment





6.1.Illuminator

incadescentlight bulbs,fluorescent

lighting

CFL/LEDsources

CFL/LED sourcesT5/LED

CFL/LED sourcesT5/LED

6.2.Control Manual switch manual manual daylight control, new

wiring

7. Photovoltaic systemProposed power of PV system is limited in sizing to avoid need for storage capacities larger than24 hrs, and main goal is that PV system doesn’t exceed minimum load of the building, as export ofthe energy to the power supply network requires additional permits which depend on quotasallowed, and may not be feasible in every case. Proposed system is off-grid system which can beemployed without additional permits.

7. Photovoltaicsystem Before refurbishment Refurbishment

Level 1.

Technical data Technical data Investmentcost [EUR]

7.1 Installing PVsystem - Photovoltaic system, 25 kWp (off

grid) 69.000





The energy efficiency measures were gathered that suitable for the refurbishment of publicbuildings towards nZEB level. In Appendix-MC the list of technologies can be seen, includinginformation on which of the national reference public building types could be applied, the typicalenergy saving due to the application of the technology, as well as the typical value for the return ofinvestment.



Solar thermal collectorsThe annual average daily solar radiation in the country is in the range of 3,4kW/m2 in Skopje and4,2 kWh/m2 in Bitola. Accordingly, the total annual solar radiation ranges between 1250 kWh/m2

and 1530 kWh/m2. The annual average is 1385 kWh/m2. The highest annual sum of sun hours is2400 hours in the valleys and 2200 hours in the mountains. The energy need for domestic hotwater can be covered up to 60% with utilization of thermal solar collectors. There is also potentialfor using these systems as secondary source for the heating.

Photovoltaic systemsThe efficiency of the systems is around 15%. One square meter of PV cells can produce up to150W, under perfect conditions, or solar radiation of 1000 W/m2. The placement angle is ideal on30-50° with orientation towards south.

Biomass boilersBiomass has a significant share in the energy balance of the country. The biomass share is 166ktoe (1930 GWh; 6950 TJ), which is 11.5% of the total energy generated in the Republic ofMacedonia for 2006.Biomass is particularly present with households, and meets 30 – 33% of total energy needs.Around 430,000 households (76%) use biomass for heating purposes. It is estimated that the non-registered consumption of biomass for combustion accounts for 25 – 35% of the registeredconsumption.22

Geothermal heat pumpsThe usual temperature of the water in Macedonia is 20-78 ˚C. This range of temperatures is lowand it cannot be used for electricity, but it is excellent for heating purposes. At the moment, thereare 18 known geothermal fields with more than 50 geothermal springs. The potential is around500-600GWh.

22 STRATEGY FOR UTILISATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA BY 2020



The main use of the geothermal energy is heating in individual residential houses and agriculture.The geothermal heat pumps are not represented significantly in its share for the heating purposes,mainly due to the higher investment cost even though the simple payback period is attractive.


efficiency measures

4.3.3.1 Educational buildings

The proposed energy efficiency measures and the different levels of these measures are definedtaking into account the elementary school reference building located in Skopje. The most importanttechnical data and the estimated investment costs are presented for each relevant measure. Thegiven unit costs and the investment costs correspond to the average market conditions. Thesources of the investment costs are taken from several documents, among whom City of Skopje,GIZ, City of Zagreb, REGEA brochure: “Informative brochure for promotion of RES for citizens,SME’s and crafts”, Rulebook for Energy Audits and own experience on making more than 150public building energy audit.

1. Building envelopeConcerning the refurbishment of the building envelope two levels were determined for thecost/benefit analysis that will be made in WP4:

- Level 1: The U-values of the building structures meet the legislation and standards- Level 2: The U-values meets more strict values.

The next two table below show the current characteristics of the building envelope (before therefurbishment), and the abovementioned 2 levels of the building envelope refurbishment.

1. Building envelope Before refurbishment

Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]

1.1. Wall 1.52

1.2. Roof/last floor 0.64

1.3. Window 1 Woodenframe 2.80

1.4. Window 2 PVCframe 2.80

1.5. Window 3, Door Metalframe 5.90

1. Building envelope Refurbishment Level 1. Refurbishment Level 2.

Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]

Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]

1.1. Wall +15 cmEPS 0.2 50 +20 cm

EPS 0.16 55



1.2. Roof/last floor +15 cmEPS 0.22 30 +20 cm

EPS 0.17 35

1.3. Window 1 PVCframe 1.40 200 PVC frame 1.40 220

1.4. Window 2 PVCframe 1.40 200 PVC frame 1.40 220

1.5. Window 3, Door PVCframe 1.40 200 PVC frame 1.40 220

2. Heating systemThe proposed refurbishment of the heating system at different levels includes the modernization ofthe thermal energy generation system, the emission system (which fits to the new energygeneration system), and the control system.The next tables below show the current heating system (before the refurbishment), and thedifferent levels of the refurbishment and its investment costs.

2. Heating system Before refurbishment

Technical data

2.1. Thermal energygeneration District heating system

2.2. Emission system Cast iron radiator

2.3. Control Remote control, time andcondition dependant

2. Heating system Refurbishment Level 1. Refurbishment Level 2.


2.1. Thermal energygeneration Heat pump air-water 500kW

2.2. Emission system New radiator and pipework New radiator and pipework

2.3. ControlThermostatic radiator valves,automatic control withelectromagnetic mixing valve

Thermostatic radiator valves

3. DHW systemThe proposed refurbishment of the DHW system includes utilization of solar thermal collectors asheat source. This is possible because of the low capacity of the system for domestic hot water. Thecurrent system is not efficient and uses individual electrical heaters.The next tables below show the current DHW system (before the refurbishment), and the differentlevels of the refurbishment and its investment costs.

3. DHW production Before refurbishment Refurbishment Level 1.


3.1. Thermal energy generation Electrical boilers Solar thermal collectors (20m2)



4. Ventilation systemN/A

5. LightingThe refurbishment of the lighting system related to the classrooms and the offices in the building.All light bulbs will be replaced with LED and occupancy and daylight control will bi installed.

5. Lighting system Before refurbishment Refurbishment Level 1.

Technical data Technical data Specific cost[EUR/unit]

5.1. Illuminator Fluorescent lamp,lighting bulb LED 120

5.2. Control Manual switch Occupancy controland daylight control 8,000

6. Thermal solar energySince the demand for domestic hot water is low, all of the need can be provided with installation ofsolar thermal collectors. This measure is connected with 3. DHW production.The next tables below show the current Thermal solar system (before the refurbishment), and thedifferent levels of the refurbishment and its investment costs.

6. Thermal solar energy Before refurbishment Refurbishment Level 1.


6.1 Thermal solar collectorfor DHW production - Solar thermal collectors (20m2) 100% -

see DHW Production

7. Photovoltaic systemThe suggested power of a photovoltaic system depends on the annual electricity consumption ofthe building, the geometric parameters of the roof and the national regulations in force.Taking into account the annual electricity need of this type of reference building (the number istaken from the energy audit of the building) the proposed power of the PV system is 40 kWp incase of installing some type of heat pump system which uses electricity, and 20 kWp in thosecases when heat pump will not be installed in the building. The measures envision covering 90% ofthe demand in the case without the installation of the heat pump.

7. Photovoltaicsystem Refurbishment Level 1. Refurbishment Level 2.

Technicaldata

Specific cost[EUR/kWp] Technical data Specific cost

[EUR/kWp]

7.1 Installing PV systemPhotovoltaicsystem, 15

kWp3000 Photovoltaic

system 20 kWp 3000



8. Cooling systemThe refurbishment of the cooling system was not considered, since in the Former YugoslavRepublic of Macedonia usually there is no cooling system installed in the buildings due to themoderate climate. In this specific reference building there are some split air conditioners in theoffice rooms, but it does not contribute significant energy consumption.

4.3.3.2 Office buildings

The proposed energy efficiency measures and the different levels of these measures are definedtaking into account the office building reference building located in Skopje. The most importanttechnical data and the estimated investment costs are presented for each relevant measure. Thegiven unit costs and the investment costs correspond to the average market conditions. Thesources of the investment costs are taken from several documents, among whom City of Skopje,GIZ, City of Zagreb, REGEA brochure: “Informative brochure for promotion of RES for citizens,SME’s and crafts”, Rulebook for Energy Audits and own experience on making more than 150public building energy audit.

1. Building envelopeConcerning the refurbishment of the building envelope four levels were determined for thecost/benefit analysis that will be made in WP4:

- Level 1: The U-values meets more strict values for wall, roof and windows- Level 2: The U-values meets more strict values that the defined in the legislation and

standards, but the U-values for the windows are lower than Level 1- Level 3: The U-values meets more strict values that the defined in the legislation and

standards, but the U-values for the windows are lower than Level 2- Level 4: The U-values of the building structures meet the legislation and standards.

The next two table below show the current characteristics of the building envelope (before therefurbishment), and the abovementioned 4 levels of the building envelope refurbishment.1. Building envelope Before refurbishment Refurbishment Level 1.



[EUR/m2]

1.1. Wall 1.61 +20 cm EPS 0.16 55

1.2. Roof/last floor 2.84 +20 cm EPS 0.16 35

1.3. Window 1 Aluminum frame 3.30 PVC frame 1.10 220


Technical data

U-value[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]

Tech-nical data

U-value[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]

Tech-nical data

U-value[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]

+20 cmEPS 0.16 55 +20 cm

EPS 0.16 55 +15 cmEPS 0.2 50



+20 cmEPS 0.16 35 +20 cm

EPS 0.16 35 +15 cmEPS 0.22 30

PVCframe 1.40 200 PVC

frame 1.80 120 PVCframe 1.80 120

2. Heating systemThe proposed refurbishment of the heating system at different levels includes the modernization ofthe thermal energy generation system, the emission system (which fits to the new energygeneration system), and the control system. The next tables below show the current heatingsystem (before the refurbishment), and the different levels of the refurbishment and its investmentcosts.2. Heating system Before refurbishment Refurbishment Level 1.


2.1. Thermal energygeneration Electrical heating system

Heat pump for heating,cooling and hot water with

COP=2.72.2. Emissionsystem Cast iron radiator New emission system - fan

coil

2.3. Control Remote control, time andcondition dependent

Automations andcontrollers


RefurbishmentLevel 3. Refurbishment Level 4.

Technical data Technical data Technical dataHeat pump for

heating, cooling andhot water with

COP=3.1

Geothermal heating withCOP=4

High efficiency chiller(CHIL) with EER=4

New emissionsystem - fan coil

New emission system - fancoil

New emission system -fan coil

Automations andcontrollers Automations and controllers Automations and

controllers

3. DHW systemThe proposed refurbishment of the DHW system includes utilization of solar thermal collectors asheat source. This is possible because of the low capacity of the system for domestic hot water. Thecurrent system is not efficient and uses individual electrical heaters.The next tables below show the current DHW system (before the refurbishment), and the differentlevels of the refurbishment and its investment costs.



3. DHWproduction

Beforerefurbishm

ent




Technicaldata Technical data Technical data Technical data


Electricalboilers

Solar thermalcollectors (4m2)



4. Ventilation systemN/A

5. LightingAll light bulbs will be replaced with LED and occupancy and daylight control will be installed.

5. Lighting system Beforerefurbishment Refurbishment Level 1. Refurbishment Level 2.

Technicaldata

Technicaldata

Specificcost

[EUR/unit]

Technicaldata

Specific cost[EUR/unit]

5.1. Illuminator Fluorescentlamp LED 120 LED 120

5.2. Control Manualswitch No control 0


daylightcontrol

8,000

6. Thermal solar energySince the demand for domestic hot water is low, all of the need can be provided with installation ofsolar thermal collectors. This measure is connected with 3. DHW production. The next tablesbelow show the current Thermal solar system (before the refurbishment), and the different levels ofthe refurbishment and its investment costs.

6. Thermal solarenergy

Beforerefurbishment





6.1 Thermal solarcollector for DHWproduction

-

Solar thermalcollectors (4m2)40% - see DHW

Production


Production


Production

7. Photovoltaic systemThe suggested power of a photovoltaic system depends on the annual electricity consumption ofthe building, the geometric parameters of the roof and the national regulations in force.Taking into account the annual electricity need of this type of reference building is low theproposed power of the PV system is max. 15 kWp.



7.Photovoltaicsystem


Technicaldata

Specificcost

[EUR/kWp]

Technicaldata

Specificcost

[EUR/kWp]

Technicaldata

Specificcost

[EUR/kWp]

7.1 InstallingPV system

Photovoltaic system,

8 kWp3,000

Photovoltaic system10 kWp

3,000Photovoltaic system15 kWp

3,000

8. Building Management SystemBuilding management system will be installed as part of the proposed measures.8. Building ManagementSystem

Beforerefurbishment



Technical data Technical data Technical data10.1. Installing buildingmanagement system - Building Management

SystemBuilding Management

System



4.4 GREECE


The energy efficiency measures were gathered that suitable for the refurbishment of publicbuildings towards nZEB level. In Appendix-GR the list of technologies can be seen, includinginformation on which of the national reference public building types could be applied, the typicalenergy saving due to the application of the technology, as well as the typical value for the return ofinvestment.


Some of the technologies and its application have some national characteristic that summarizedbelow:Refurbishment of building structuresIn Greece the most frequently used materials for external insulation of facade walls in existingbuildings are the expanded polystyrene (EPS) and the extruded polystyrene (XPS).

Thermal insulation (in walls, roof and floor) and low infiltration strategies reduced energyconsumption by 20–40% and 20% respectively (Balaras et al., 200123). According to the samestudy, external shadings (e.g. awnings) and light-coloured roof and external walls reduced thespace cooling load by 30% and 2–4%, respectively.

The replacement of windows with low E glazing with thermal break is also a common technique forreducing energy consumption of a building, in Greece.

At the same time, external shading prevents solar radiation from entering into the buildings andreduces the cooling load, results to better control of overheating and indoor temperatures, while itprotects from glare.

Thermal solar collectors

Greece has favourable weather conditions for solar systems and is identified as the world-leadingcountries in the use of solar thermal energy for domestic hot water production, (low leveltemperatures, 55-80oC) presenting one of the highest ratio in the installed collector area per capita.The use of selective flat plate collectors for DHW is the most commonly used solution as it isgreatly supported form local market, weather conditions and existing experience.

In addition, renewables are being promoted by the Greek Law 3851/2010 “Accelerating thedevelopment of Renewable Energy Sources to deal with climate change and other regulationsaddressing issues under the authority of the Ministry of Environment, Energy and ClimateChange”, which sets that 60% domestic hot water (DHW) production should be provided by solarthermal or alternative systems.

23 Balaras CA, Droutsa K, Argiriou AA, Asimakopoulos DN,(2000)‖Potential for energy conservation in apartmentbuildings. Energy and buildings, Volume 31, Issue 2, pp.143–54.



Geothermal heat pump

In Greece, the ground temperature is estimated constant and up to 18oC, providing significantenergy potential, for the installation of geothermal heat pumps.

Because of the Mediterranean climate, these pumps also operate during the summer period,satisfying the energy needs of the buildings for cooling. This matter ensures the efficient operationof the system for a longer period, and increases the performance levels during the year.

Finally, a lot of cities and villages are coastal areas, giving the advantage of a large supply of cleanwater for the operation of a ground source heat pumps open loop system, to have less loss in heattransfer, lower energy costs and conclusively be more cost effective.

Photovoltaic system

In Greece, regarding the photovoltaic systems on buildings there are three possible regimes at themoment. Either as a special program for grid connected systems under 10 kWp with a feed-in tariffdeveloping over the next years as in Table GR-3, or in general for PV systems with feed-in tariff asin Table GR-4 (Euro/MWh) and finally the terms for the installation of grid connected PV systemswith self-consumption (Net Metering Program) are presented in Table GR-5.

Table GR-3: Feed-in tariff under 10 kWp (GR)

Month / Year Feed-in Tariff[EUR/MWh]

February 2013 125,00

August 2013 125,00


August 2014 120,00


August 2015 115,00


August 2016 110,00


August 2017 100,00

February 2018 95,00

August 2018 90,00

February 2019 85,00

August 2019 80,00



Table GR-4: PV’s general feed-in tariff (GR)

Month / Year

Interconnected SystemNon-

InterconnectedSystem (islands)

A B C(independent of

power)>100 kW <100 kW

February 2013 95,00 120,00 100,00

August 2013 95,00 120,00 100,00

February 2013 90,00 115,00 95,00

August 2013 90,00 115,00 95,00

For every year nfrom 2015 1,1 * SMPn-1 1,2 * SMPn-1 1,1 * SMPn-1

SMPn-1: System Marginal Price of previous year

Table GR-5: Terms for the installation of grid connected PV systems with self-consumption

Terms for the installation of grid connected PV systems with self-consumption (Net Metering Program)

Cycle for energy production offset fromenergy consumption

1 year

PV system power capacity in general Less than 20 kWp

For PV system power capacity above 20kWp and up to 500 kWp

Photovoltaic Power capacity in(kW) ≤ 0,5 x agreed maximumcontracted power in (kVA)

PV system power capacity for public orprivate entities pursuing work of publicinterest or for other public interestpurposes up to 500 kWp

100% of the agreed maximumcontracted power




efficiency measures

4.4.3.1 School building

The proposed energy efficiency measures and the different levels of these measures are definedtaking into account the school reference building located in Athens, Greece. The most importanttechnical data and the estimated investment costs are presented for each relevant measure. Thegiven unit costs and the investment costs correspond to the average market conditions in Greeceand do not include VAT.

1. Building envelopeConcerning the refurbishment of the building envelope the U-values defined by the new Regulationof Energy Performance of Buildings were considered.The table below presents the current characteristics of the building envelope (before therefurbishment), and the new ones after the building envelope refurbishment and the correspondingspecific investment costs.

1. Buildingenvelope Before refurbishment Refurbishment Level 1

Technical dataU-value,

Uw[W/m2K]


Uw[W/m2K]

Specific Investmentcost [EUR/m2]

1.1. Walls Prefabricatedconcrete wall 0,81

Double brickworkwith external thermal

insulation (5 cmEPS)

0.46 40

1.2. Flatroof

Concrete with nothermal insulation 4,18

Concrete withexternal thermalinsulation (7 cm

EPS)

0.42 35

1.3.Windows

Aluminium framewith single glazing 6,00

Aluminium thermalbreak frame and

double low-e glazing2.80 250



Specificcost


[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]

1.1. Walls

Double brickworkwith external

thermal insulation(7 cm EPS)

0.37 43


thermalinsulation (9 cm

EPS)

0.30 46



1.2. Flatroof


EPS)

0.36 36.5


EPS)

0.32 38

1.3.Windows


double low-eglazing

2.5 300

Aluminiumthermal break

frame anddouble low-e

glazing

2 400

2. Heating systemThe proposed refurbishment of the heating system at different levels includes the upgrade of thethermal energy generation system, the emission system and the control system.The table below presents the current heating system (before the refurbishment), and the differentlevels of the refurbishment.

2. Heatingsystem

Beforerefurbishment

RefurbishmentLevel 1






Oil burningwater heating

boilersGas boiler Air to water

heat pumpGeothermalheat pump

Solar assistedgeothermalheat pump

2.2.Emissionsystem

Cast ironradiators

Existingradiators

Fan-coils andpipework



2.3. ControlCentral,manual

radiator valves

Weathercompensation


radiator valves

Automationsand controllers


Automationsand

controllers

3. Cooling systemThere is no cooling system installed in the school and this is the common case in the primary andsecondary schools. So there is no cooling system proposed.

4. LightingThe refurbishment of the lighting system concerns the replacement of the existent illuminators withnew ones with T5 fluorescent lamps, electronic ballasts and reflectors. For the control of thelighting system occupancy and daylight controls will be installed in all the classrooms andoccupancy controls in the common areas. The corresponding investment costs are presentedbelow.



4. Lightingsystem

Beforerefurbishment





Technicaldata


4.1. IlluminatorFluorescent and

incandescentlamps

T5fluorescent

lamp2,3

T5fluorescent

lamp2,3 EUR/m2

4.2. Control Manual switch Manualswitch -

Occupancyand daylight

controls4,0 EUR/m2

5. Photovoltaic systemThe proposed photovoltaic system will cover partially the electricity loads as presented in the tablebelow.


Beforerefurbishment



Specific cost[EUR/kWp]

5.1. InstallingPV system - Photovoltaic

system 2.000

6. Thermal solar energyThe DHW production is not needed for schools; however a thermal solar collector system could beused for the heating system. Therefore it is proposed to install flat plate collectors so that solarthermal energy can be used to meet a large proportion of the hot water requirements.

6. Thermalsolar energy

Beforerefurbishmen

tRefurbishment Level 1

Technicaldata Technical data

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]

5.1. Installingsolar collectors - Flat plate

collectors 250


The proposed energy efficiency measures and the different levels of these measures are definedtaking into account the office reference building located in Athens, Greece. The most importanttechnical data and the estimated investment costs are presented for each relevant measure. Thegiven unit costs and the investment costs correspond to the average market conditions in Greeceand do not include VAT.



1. Building envelopeConcerning the refurbishment of the building envelope the U-values defined by the new Regulationof Energy Performance of Buildings were considered.The table below presents the current characteristics of the building envelope (before therefurbishment), and the new ones after the building envelope refurbishment and the correspondingspecific investment costs.

1. Buildingenvelope Before refurbishment Refurbishment level 1


Uw[W/m2K]


Uw[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]

1.1. WallsDouble brickworkwith no thermal

insulation2,20

Double brickwork withexternal thermal insulation (5

cm EPS)0.48 40

1.2. Flatroof

Concrete with nothermal insulation 3,05 Concrete with external

thermal insulation (7 cm EPS) 0.40 35

1.3.Windows

Wooden frame withsingle glazing 5,70

Aluminium thermal breakframe and double low-e

glazing2.80 250



Specificcost


[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]

1.1. Walls


thermal insulation(7 cm EPS)

0.37 43


thermalinsulation (9 cm

EPS)

0.30 46

1.2. Flatroof


EPS)

0.36 36.5


EPS)

0.32 38

1.3.Windows


double low-eglazing

2.5 300

Aluminiumthermal break

frame anddouble low-e

glazing

2 400

2. Window solar controlIn order to reduce the solar heat load and the cooling energy demand the installation of externalaluminium blinds solar shading system is proposed. The specific cost relates to the area of thewindows concerned.



2. Windowsolar control


Technical data Technical data Specific cost[EUR/m2] Technical data Specific cost

[EUR/m2]

2.1. Solarshadingsystem

Woodenshutters

External fixedaluminium blinds 125

Externalmovable

aluminiumblinds

250

3. Heating systemThe proposed refurbishment of the heating system at different levels includes the upgrade of thethermal energy generation system, the emission system and the control system.The table below presents the current heating system (before the refurbishment), and the differentlevels of the refurbishment.

3. Heatingsystem

Beforerefurbishment







Oil burningwater heating

boilersGas boiler Air to water

heat pump

Geothermalheat pump forheating and

cooling

VRF system

3.2.Emissionsystem

Cast ironradiators

Existingradiators




3.3. ControlCentral,manual

radiator valves

Weathercompensation


radiator valves


Automationsand

controllers


4. Cooling systemThe proposed refurbishment of the cooling system at different levels includes the disassembly ofthe current split units and the installation of new energy efficient system (same with therefurbishment level 2 and 3 of the heating system) as presented in the table below.

4. Coolingsystem

Beforerefurbishment





4.1. ThermalEnergygeneration

Electricity Air to water heatpump

Geothermal heatpump for heating

and coolingVRF system

4.2. Emissionsystem Split units Fan-coils and

pipeworkFan-coils and

pipeworkFan-coils and

pipework

4.3. Control Local Automations andcontrollers





5. LightingThe refurbishment of the lighting system concerns the common areas and the offices in thebuilding. In the offices the proposed solution is T5 fluorescent, while in the toilettes LED lamps.For the control of the lighting system a Building Management System is proposed to be installedwhich will also control the heating and cooling. The corresponding specific investment costs arepresented below.

5.Lightingsystem

Beforerefurbishme

ntRefurbishment Level 1 Refurbishment Level 2 Refurbishment Level 3

Technicaldata

Technicaldata

Specificcost

Technicaldata

Specificcost

Technicaldata

Specificcost

5.1.Illuminator

Fluorescentand

incandescent lamps

T5 fluorescentlamp

2,3EUR/m2

T5fluorescent

lamp

2,3EUR/m2

T5fluorescent

lamp

2,3EUR/m2

5.2.Control

Manualswitch Manual switch -

Occupancyand daylight

controls

4,0EUR/m2

Occupancyand daylightcontrols andinstallation of

BMS

4,0EUR/m2

50,0EUR/co

ntrolpoint

6. Photovoltaic systemThe proposed photovoltaic system will cover partially the electricity loads as presented in the tablebelow.


Beforerefurbishment Refurbishment Level 1


Specificcost

[EUR/kWp]

6.1. InstallingPV system - Photovoltaic

system 2.000



4.5 HUNGARY


The energy efficiency measures were gathered that suitable for the refurbishment of publicbuildings towards nZEB level. In Appendix-HU the list of technologies can be seen, includinginformation on which of the national reference public building types could be applied, the typicalenergy saving due to the application of the technology, as well as the typical value for the return ofinvestment.


Some of the technologies and its application have some national characteristic that summarizedbelow:Refurbishment of building structures: In Hungary the most frequently used materials forinsulation of facade walls are expanded polystyrene (EPS) and rock wool. The usage of graphitecontaining polystyrene is spreading, whereby the same U-value can be reached with lowerthickness compared to the traditional materials. Thermal insulation of inner side of the outer wallscan be applied only with restrictions due to condensation problems. In case of the insulation ofslabs under the attic the most frequently used material is rock wool or glass-fibre wool, while theinsulation of flat roofs usually made from expanded, or extruded polystyrene. The number of threelayered glazing is growing at the refurbishment of windows.

Heat pump: The Hungarian electricity suppliers offer reduced tariff particularly for existing or newheat pump systems (including pumps and automatics). Two tariff can be chosen:

The “Geotariff” is available through the whole year for heat pump systems, buttheconnected load can be max. 3x63A (39 kW).

The “Tariff-H” is even lower than “Geotariff”, there is no limit of the connected load, and itcan be used not only for heat pump systems, but as well as for other renewable energybased heating systems (e.g. pumps of solar collector system), but it is available only in theheating season.

Geothermal heat pump: In Hungary, the average geothermal gradient is 5°C / 100 m, which isone and a half times higher than worldwide average. The heat flow value is also high: 90.4 mW/m2,while the European continent has 60 mW/m2 on average. The high geothermal gradient forms agood possibility for installing geothermal heat pumps.

Photovoltaic system: In Hungary, there are two types of small scale power plants: 1) domesticsmall scale power plant (smaller than 50 kW), and 2) small scale power plant (between 50 and 500kW). The authorization process of installing domestic small scale power plant is much easiercompared to small scale power plants, therefore usually the domestic small scale power plant (<50kWp) is designed in case of installing PV system onto a building. The price of the exported (sold)electricity produced by the PV system (<50 kWp) is much lower than the price of the purchasedelectricity from the grid. As a result from economic point of view, the electricity produced by the PVsystem should be consumed within the building.



Thermal solar collector: In Hungary the usage of flat plate solar collector is the most common,which is used for DHW production. The usage of vacuum tube collectors and utilizing thermal solarcollectors for heating purposes are less common due to economic reasons.

Biomass heating: In Hungary the applicability of biomass heating (e.g. pellet, wood chips, woodlogs, wood briquette) determined by the possibilities of purchasing the biomass. Installing biomassheating in an urban environment is not typical in the public building sector. The operation cost canbe lower in case the owner has biomass source in his own interest, or the transportation costs arelower. The operation of a biomass boiler results that the demand of personal presence andmaintenance is significant.

District heating: In Hungary the primer energy factor of the district heating is based on the energyproduction technology of the power-plant, such as the primary energy source and the rate of thecombined heating energy production. Therefore the primary energy saving depends not only on theenergy efficiency measures that will be undertaken in the building, but it depends also on thedistrict heating supplier. The primary energy conversion factors of district heating are as follows:

Primary energy sourceRate of cogeneration

Below 50% Above 50%

Non renewable 1.26 0.83

Renewable 0.76 0.50

Low temperature heating: The usage of low temperature heating and high temperature coolingsystems is spreading, which can help to improve the efficiency of heat pump systems. Currentlythe usage of chilled beams is not typical.


efficiency measures


The proposed energy efficiency measures and the different levels of these measures refer to officebuilding, which is one of the reference building type in Hungary. The most important technical dataand the estimated specific investment costs are presented for several measures (thermal insulationof the building envelope, window changing, PV panels, thermal solar collectors, lightingrefurbishment). The costs correspond to the average market conditions in Hungary, and do notinclude VAT. The sources of the investment costs are Energiaklub: Calculations for defining thecost optimal levels of building energy requirements, 2012 (https://www.e-epites.hu/2442 andhttps://www.e-epites.hu/2435) and own experience on making more than 100 building energyaudit.

1. Building envelopeConcerning the refurbishment of the building envelope three levels were determined for thecost/benefit analysis that will be made in WP4:

- Level 1: The U-values of the building structures meet the cost optimal level defined by theHungarian regulation.



- Level 2: The U-values of the building structures is between the cost optimal level and thelevel which is planned to come into force from 2019.

- Level 3: The U-values meet those one, which is planned to come into force from 2019 inHungary (stricter than currently applied cost optimal values).

The next two table below show the current characteristics of the building envelope (before therefurbishment), and the abovementioned 3 levels of the building envelope refurbishment. Thespecific investment cost relates to the surface of the refurbished structure (e.g. surface of therefurbished wall), and it contains all the material and labour costs including every additional costs(scaffolding, plastering, etc.).


Technicaldata



[EUR/m2]

1.1. Wall (longerfacade) 1,50 18 cm EPS 0,23 57

1.2. Wall (end wall) 1,27 18 cm EPS 0,23 53

1.3. Flat roof 0,76 +20 cm EPS 0,16 77

1.4. Slab abovearcade 0,68 +22 cm EPS 0,17 60

1.5. Window 1 Door 1 PVC frame 2,30 PVC frame 1,10 200

1.6. Window 2, Door 2 Metal frame 3,40 aluminiumframe 1,40 267


Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]

Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]

1.1. Wall (longerfacade) 20 cm EPS 0,21 58 22 cm

EPS 0,19 60

1.2. Wall (end wall) 20 cm EPS 0,21 55 22 cmEPS 0,19 57

1.3. Flat roof +22 cmEPS 0,15 79 +25 cm

EPS 0,14 83

1.4. Slab abovearcade

+26 cmEPS 0,15 62 +28 cm

EPS 0,14 63

1.5. Window 1 Door1 PVC frame 1,10 0 PVC

frame 1,00 233

1.6. Window 2, Door2

aluminiumframe 1,40 0 aluminium

frame 1,30 300




In order to reduce the solar heat load and the cooling energy demand the installation of externalaluminium blade solar shading system is proposed. The specific cost relates to the area of thewindows concerned.

2. Window solarcontrol Before refurbishment Refurbishment Level 1.

Technical data Technical data Specific cost[EUR/m2]

2.1. Solar shadingsystem Inner shading

External aluminiumblade solar shading,

manual operation 67


3. Heatingsystem




Permanenttemperature gas

boilerCondensing boiler VRF system

3.2. Emissionsystem Steel panel radiator Existing radiator and

pipework VRF indoor units

3.3. Control

Central, weatherdependent control,

manual radiatorvalves


radiator valvesRoom thermostat



3.1. Thermal energy generation Geothermal heat pump


capacity demand, combinationwith heat recovery ventilation

system

3.2. Emission system Fan-coil Ceiling heating

3.3. Control Room thermostat Room thermostat

4. Cooling system



The proposed refurbishment of the cooling system at different levels includes the modernization ofthe thermal energy generation system, the emission system (which fits to the new energygeneration system), and the control system. The next tables below show the current coolingsystem (before the refurbishment), and the different levels of the refurbishment and its investmentcosts.Since the refurbishment of the heating and the cooling system is in close connection with eachother, therefore the different levels of the cooling system refers to the levels of the heating systemrefurbishment. In refurbishment level 1, new condensing boiler was considered for the heating, andno refurbishment of the cooling system was taken into account. In level 2 the proposed VRFsystem provides heating and cooling energy to the building, while in Level 3 and 4 geothermal heatpump system supplies the heating and the cooling services.

4. Coolingsystem




Split system airconditioner



VRF system

4.2. Emissionsystem

Split system indoorunits



VRF indoor units




Room thermostat

4. Coolingsystem Refurbishment Level 3. Refurbishment Level 4.




Geothermal heat pump, dimensionedfor cooling capacity demand,

combinaton with heat recoveryventilation system

4.2. Emissionsystem Fan-coil Ceiling cooling


5. DHW systemThe refurbishment of the DHW system was not considered, since in Hungary usually there is notcentral DHW system in the office buildings. The DHW supply is usually provided by individual,electric hot water storage tanks.



6. Ventilation systemCurrently there is natural ventilation (by opening the windows in case of fresh air need) in this typeof reference buildings, therefore the heat loss by filtration is very significant.The proposed refurbishment is installing new artificial ventilation system, including an air handlingunit with high efficiency heat recovery (min. 70%), and ductwork in the building. The heat recoverywill decrease also the peak load of the heating system, which have to be taken into account in theWP4 building energy simulation, when the different energy efficiency measures will be simulatedtogether.

6. Ventilation system Before refurbishmentRefurbishment Level 1.


6.1. Installing newventilation system Natural ventilation

New air handling unitwith heat recovery

(efficiency min. 70%),ductwork

7. LightingThe refurbishment of the lighting system is related to the common areas, as well as the officerooms in the building. In the refurbishment level 1 it is proposed to change all the lightings in theoffice rooms into T5 fluorescent lamps, while in the toilettes LED lamps are proposed to install. Inthe level 2, it is recommended to refurbish the control system too: in the office rooms T5fluorescent lamps with daylight control are proposed to install, while in the toilettes LED lamps withoccupancy control.

7. Lightingsystem



cost[EUR/m2]

Technical dataSpecific

cost[EUR/m2]

7.1. Illuminator 1 Fluorescentlamp

T5 fluorescentlamp 6,7 T5 fluorescent

lamp 6,7

7.1. Illuminator 2 Lighting bulb LED (serviceareas) 11,7 LED (service

areas) 11,7

7.2. Control Manual switch Manual switch -Occupancycontrol and

daylight control12,9

8. Photovoltaic systemThe suggested power of a photovoltaic system depends on the annual electricity consumption ofthe building, the geometric parameters of the roof and the national regulations in force. In Hungarythe PV system should cover max. 90% of the annual electricity consumption of the building, due tothe exported electricity can only be sold on a limited tariff.In level 1 the PV capacity will refer to that case when heat pump will not be installed in the building(reduced PV capacity), while in level 2 the capacity of the PV will be designed considering theinstallation of a new heat pump system.





cost[EUR/kWp]


cost[EUR/kWp]

8.1 Installing PVsystem

Photovoltaicsystem (capacity

designedconsidering notinstalling heatpump system)

1 670

Photovoltaic system(capacity designed

considering theinstallation of a newheat pump system)

1 670

9. Thermal solar energyTaking into account the decentralized DHW system, the installation of thermal solar collectors forDHW production is not proposed.

10. Building Management SystemIn an nZEB office building there are many HVAC systems that should be monitored by a commonsupervision system, therefore the installation of a Building Management System is proposed, whichwill increase the energy saving, due to the continuous monitoring of the energy consumption, thepossibility to optimize the set-points, schedules, etc.

10. Building ManagementSystem Refurbishment Level 1.

Technical data

10.1. Installing buildingmanagement system Building Management System


The proposed energy efficiency measures and the different levels of these measures refer toeducational buildings, which is one of the reference building type in Hungary. The most importanttechnical data and the estimated specific investment costs are presented for several measures(thermal insulation of the building envelope, window changing, PV panels, thermal solar collectors,lighting refurbishment). The costs correspond to the average market conditions in Hungary, and donot include VAT. The sources of the investment costs are Energiaklub: Calculations for defining thecost optimal levels of building energy requirements, 2012 (https://www.e-epites.hu/2442 andhttps://www.e-epites.hu/2435) and own experience on making more than 100 building energyaudit.





- Level 2: The U-values of the building structures is between the cost optimal level and thelevel, which is planned to come into force from 2019.





[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]

1.1. Walls 0,89 +15 cm EPS 0,23 40

1.2. Flat roof 1,43 +22 cm EPS 0,17 83

1.3. Windows 1 Wooden frame 2,60 PVC frame 1,10 200

1.4. Windows 2 Metal frame 3,00 aluminiumframe 1,40 267


Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]

Specificcost


[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]

1.1. Walls +18 cmEPS 0,21 53 +20 cm EPS 0,19 60

1.2. Flat roof +24 cmEPS 0,15 88 +26 cm EPS 0,14 97

1.3. Windows 1 PVC frame 1,10 200 PVC frame 1,00 233

1.4. Windows 2 aluminiumframe 1,40 267 aluminium frame 1,30 300

2. Window solar shadingUsually there is not any cooling system in educational buildings in Hungary, therefore the solarshading did not form part of this analysis, since it does not contribute energy saving.

3. Heating systemThe proposed refurbishment of the heating system at different levels includes the modernization ofthe thermal energy generation system, the emission system (which fits to the new energygeneration system), and the control system. The next tables below show the current heating



system (before the refurbishment), and the different levels of the refurbishment and its investmentcosts.

3. Heatingsystem





boilerCondensing boiler Wood chips fired boiler

3.2. Emissionsystem Steel plate radiator Existing radiators Existing radiators

3.3. Control Central, manualradiator valves


radiator valves


3. Heatingsystem Refurbishment Level 3. Refurbishment Level 4.



Connecting to the local district heatingsystem

Air to water heat pump +Existing permanent

temperature gas boiler

3.2. Emissionsystem Existing radiators Existing radiators

3.3. Control Weather dependent control, thermostaticradiator valves


4. Cooling systemThe refurbishment of the cooling system was not considered, since in Hungary usually there is nocooling system installed in the class rooms.

5. DHW systemThe refurbishment of the DHW system was not considered, since very often there is not centralDHW system in the educational buildings. The DHW supply is usually provided by individual,electric hot water storage tanks.

6. Ventilation systemUsually there is natural ventilation (by opening the windows in case of fresh air need) in this type ofreference buildings, therefore the heat loss by filtration is very significant.The proposed refurbishment is installing new artificial ventilation system, including an air handlingunit with high efficiency heat recovery (min. 70%), and ductwork in the building. The heat recoverywill decrease also the peak load of the heating system, which have to be taken into account in theWP4 building energy simulation, when the different energy efficiency measures will be simulatedtogether.





6.1. Installing newventilation system Natural ventilation New air handling unit with heat recovery

(efficiency min. 70%), ductwork

7. LightingThe refurbishment of the lighting system is related to the common areas, as well as the classrooms in the building. In the refurbishment level 1 it is proposed to change all the lightings in theclass rooms into T5 fluorescent lamps, while in the toilettes LED lamps are proposed to install. Inthe level 2, it is recommended to refurbish the control system too: in the class rooms T5fluorescent lamps with daylight control are proposed to install, while in the toilettes LED lamps withoccupancy control.

7. Lightingsystem




Technicaldata


7.1. Illuminator Fluorescentlamp

T5fluorescent

lamp6,7 T5 fluorescent

lamp 6,7

7.2. Illuminator Lighting bulbLED

(serviceareas)

11,7 LED (serviceareas) 11,7



daylightcontrol

12,9





Technical data Specific cost[EUR/kWp] Technical data Specific cost

[EUR/kWp]



designedconsidering notinstalling heatpump system)

1 670



1 670

9. Thermal solar energySince the DHW production is decentralized, a thermal solar collector system could be used only inthe heating system. However in the heating season the efficiency of the thermal solar collectors isvery low taking into account the Hungarian climatic conditions. Therefore installing thermal solarcollector system only for heating purposes is not proposed.

4.5.3.3 Student hostel

The proposed energy efficiency measures and the different levels of these measures refer tostudent hostel buildings, which represent one of the reference public building types in Hungary.The most important technical data and the estimated specific investment costs are presented forseveral measures (thermal insulation of the building envelope, window changing, PV panels,thermal solar collectors, lighting refurbishment). The costs correspond to the average marketconditions in Hungary, and do not include VAT. The sources of the investment costs areEnergiaklub: Calculations for defining the cost optimal levels of building energy requirements, 2012(https://www.e-epites.hu/2442 and https://www.e-epites.hu/2435) and own experience on makingmore than 100 building energy audit.



- Level 2: The U-values of the building structures is between the cost optimal level and thelevel which is planned to come into force from 2019.






Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]

Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]

1.1. Prefabricatedwall 0,86 16 cm

EPS 0,23 57

1.2. Wall 0,79 +15 cmEPS 0,23 53

1.3. Flat roof 0,46 +15 cmEPS 0,17 67

1.4. Window 1 Woodenframe 2,60 PVC frame 1,10 200

1.5. Window 2,Door

Metalframe 3,00 aluminium

frame 1,40 267

1.Buildingenvelope Refurbishment Level 2. Refurbishment Level 3.

Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]

Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]

1.1. Prefabricatedwall

18 cmEPS 0,21 58 20 cm EPS 0,19 60

1.2. Wall +18 cmEPS 0,21 55 +20 cm

EPS 0,19 57

1.3. Flat roof +18 cmEPS 0,15 68 +20 cm

EPS 0,14 70

1.4. Window 1 PVCframe 1,00 200 PVC frame 1,00 233

1.5. Window 2,Door

aluminiumframe 1,30 267 aluminium

frame 1,30 300

2. Window solar controlUsually there is not any cooling system in student hostel buildings in Hungary, therefore the solarshading did not form part of the energy analysis.

3. Heating systemThe proposed refurbishment of the heating system at different levels includes the modernization ofthe thermal energy generation system, the emission system (which fits to the new energygeneration system), and the control system. The next tables below show the current heatingsystem (before the refurbishment), and the proposed different levels of the refurbishment.



3. Heating system Beforerefurbishment Refurbishment Level 1. Refurbishment Level 2.




boilerCondensing boiler Wood chips fired boiler

3.2. Emissionsystem

Cast ironradiator

New radiator andpipework

New radiator andpipework

3.3. Control

Central, weatherdependent

control, manualradiator valves


radiator valves

Thermostatic radiatorvalves




Air to water heat pump +Existing permanent temperature

gas boilerGeothermal heat pump

3.2. Emissionsystem Existing radiator and pipework Ceiling heating

3.3. Control Weather dependent control,thermostatic radiator valves Room thermostat

4. Cooling systemThe refurbishment of the cooling system was not considered, since in Hungary usually there is nocooling system installed in the student hostel rooms.

5. DHW systemThe proposed refurbishment of the DHW system at different levels includes the modernization ofthe thermal energy generation system and the distribution system. The DHW and the heatingsystem have a common energy generation system in the analyzed reference building. Thereforethe proposed measures for improving the energy generation system are the same as werepresented at the heating system reconstruction, excluding the geothermal heat pump, which is notconsidered for DHW production. The refurbishment of the distribution system include the thermalinsulation of the pipes, and the balancing of the DHW circulation system, which are defined asadditional energy efficiency measures for this type of reference building.



5. DHW production Before refurbishment Refurbishment Level 1.



Permanent temperature gasboiler Condensing boiler

5.2. Distribution Insulation of pipework, balancingof DHW circulation system

5. DHW production Refurbishment Level 2. Refurbishment Level 3.


5.1. Thermal energygeneration Wood chips fired boiler

Existing permanent temperaturegas boiler

(combination with HP)

5.2. DistributionInsulation of pipework,

balancing of DHWcirculation system

Insulation of pipework, balancingof DHW circulation system

6. Ventilation systemCurrently usually there is natural ventilation (by opening the windows in case of fresh air need) inthis type of reference building, therefore the heat loss by filtration is very significant.The proposed refurbishment is installing new artificial ventilation system, including an air handlingunit with high efficiency heat recovery (min. 70%), and ductwork in the building. The heat recoverywill decrease also the peak load of the heating system, which have to be taken into account in theWP4 building energy simulation, when the different energy efficiency measures will be simulatedtogether.




New air handling unit with heatrecovery (efficiency min. 70%),

ductwork




7. Lighting system Beforerefurbishment Refurbishment Level 1. Refurbishment Level 2.

Technicaldata

Technicaldata

Specific cost[EUR/m2] Technical data Specific cost

[EUR/m2]


T5fluorescent


lamp 6,7

7.1. Illuminator 2 Lighting bulbLED

(serviceareas)

11,7 LED (serviceareas) 11,7






Technical data Specific cost[EUR/kWp] Technical data Specific cost

[EUR/kWp]


Photovoltaicsystem

(capacitydesigned

considering notinstalling heatpump system)

1670



1670

9. Thermal solar energyConcerning the usage of the thermal solar energy two levels of refurbishment are defined based onthe type of the thermal solar collector. In Hungary the optimal solar rate is 60% from technical andeconomic point of view, by using thermal solar collectors for producing DHW. Thus 60% solar rateis considered in both refurbishment levels. In level 1 the flat plate solar collector, while in level 2vacuum tube collectors were considered.



9. Thermal solarenergy Refurbishment Level 1. Refurbishment Level 2.


cost[EUR/m2]


cost[EUR/m2]

9.1 Thermal solarcollector for DHWproduction

Flat-plate solar collector,60% solar ratio for DHWproduction, preheating

tank

675

Vacuum tube solarcollector, 60% solar

ratio for DHWproduction, preheating

tank

1010

10. Building Management SystemIn an nZEB building the HVAC systems should be monitored by a common supervision system,therefore the installation of a Building Management System is proposed, which will increase theenergy saving, due to the continuous monitoring of the energy consumption, the possibility tooptimize the set-points, schedules, etc.

10. BuildingManagement System Refurbishment Level 1.

Technical data




4.6 ITALY


The energy efficiency measures were gathered that suitable for the refurbishment of publicbuildings towards nZEB level. In Appendix-IT the list of technologies can be seen, includinginformation on which of the national reference public building types could be applied, the typicalenergy saving due to the application of the technology, as well as the typical value for the return ofinvestment.



Refurbishment of building structures: In Italy the common opaque wall retrofit measureis the external insulation finishing system, when feasible, thanks to its easy application,since it allows the works without forcing the residents to leave. Furthermore, the applicationof the insulating material from the outside allows the total coverage of thermal bridges. Themost common insulating materials on the market are the mineral wools and the expandedpolystyrene (EPS); in the last years the use of EPS with graphite panels and of the vegetalpanels (wood fibre, mineralized wood wool) is increasing. For facade-related restrictions,the wall internal thermal insulation is applied. In case of cavity wall insulation, the blownmineral fibre, the cellulose fibre, the expanded perlite, and in some cases the recyclednewspaper are used. According to nZEB target, the best practice could consider the cavity(if any) together with the external wall thermal insulation. The most common insulation forroofs is the extruded polystyrene (XPS); lately, high density materials like wood wool orfibre wool are sometimes considered as to increase the opaque component thermal inertiainsulation. For slabs under the attic (or false ceilings) insulation, the most used solution isthe felt mineral wool, while the insulation of the first floors on unconditioned spaces usuallyemploys the XPS or the mineral wool panels. Another new technology is the thin multifoilinsulation made up of multi-layered reflective films, only a few microns thick. These layers,which are separated by wadding, foam, sheep’s wool etc. are sewn together to form a thininsulating blanket. It is three to five times thinner than traditional thick insulation (includingair spaces) but performs to the same standard. These products are perfectly adaptable forinsulating residential, commercial and industrial buildings, in roofs, attics, walls and floors.

Concerning the transparent components, the common retrofit measure consists of thewindows replacement with low-e double glazing filled with gas (North Italy) or air (Centreand South Italy), with wood (residential) or PVC (non-residential) frames. Shadings arebasically still considered in new buildings, especially for residential buildings; in case ofnon-residential buildings major renovations the external venetian blinds or the externalroller awnings are spreading.

Refurbishment of the building technical system: in Italy the most common retrofitmeasure consists of the boiler replacement with a new condensing generator; nevertheless,the use of new technologies is spreading, especially the heat pumps. Heat pumps: The most common heat pumps are those air-to-water or air-to-air.

Lately, the groundwater heat pumps are also considered, especially in cities where



rivers are available. Limit values are fixed for COP/GUE and EER (if feasible) inorder to reach national tax incentives; values depend on the technology and on thesystem power: COP 3,8-5,1; EER 3,2-5,1; GUE 1,38-1,60. Furthermore, thenational authority for the electricity has defied a new tariff for private users in case ofheat pumps installation.

Biomass: the use of biomass boiler is spreading thanks to the national taxincentives and thanks to the latest technologies and the advanced engineeringsolutions (automatic extraction of ashes, automatic loading of pellets and chips andautomatic cleaning of heat exchangers, power regulation by remote control, storagetank, integration with solar panels). By now this solution is often used combined witha traditional technical systems.

District heating: In Italy the district heating arrangement is mandatory in case ofnew buildings and major renovations. The Italian primary energy factor for thedistrict heating is based on the energy production technology of the power-plant,such as on the primary energy source. Therefore the primary energy savingdepends also on the district heating supplier at local level. If not available at locallevel, the primary energy conversion factor for district heating is considered totallynon-renewable equal to 1,5.

Thermal solar collector: In Italy the typical end use for solar collectors is the DHWproduction. The most common technology is the flat plate solar collector; thevacuum tube collectors are less common because of the higher costs.Nevertheless, an innovative system is spreading that uses vacuum tube collectorswith the water as energy carrier instead of the glycol and that admit lowermaintenance costs. The thermal solar collectors for heating purposes are lesscommon due to economic reasons and to the impossibility to use the thermalenergy in summer period.

Photovoltaic system: In Italy PV panels are mandatory in case of new buildingsand major renovations; the peak power to be installed is equal to half of the buildingfootprint. The Italian average PV system size is around 35 kW. The 70% of the PVpanels is polycrystalline, more than 20% monocrystalline. PV panels have to be gridconnected and the self-consumption of the electricity produced by the PV system ismore convenient.


efficiency measures

The following tables give more information of how each technology listed in Appendix-IT can beapplied in practice, which are the materials and the solutions to be used, their main thermalcharacteristic parameter relevant values and the referred specific costs.



Building envelopeVertical opaque components available retrofit measures

EEM Number Technology Parameter Costλ [W/mK] Thickness [m]

Externalwall thermalinsulation

1 External insulationEPS 100 panels 0,036

0,05 6,00

[€/m²]0,08 9,460,10 11,800,12 14,200,16 19,00

2External insulationMINERAL WOOL

panels0,036

0,05 16,24

[€/m²]0,08 23,440,10 29,300,12 35,100,16 46,73

3Cavity wall

CELLULOSEFIBRE floating

0,038 - 125 [€/m³]

4Cavity wall

MINERAL GLASSfloating

0,034 - 150 [€/m³]

5Cavity wall

MINERAL WOOLfloating

0,038 - 150 [€/m³]

Internal wallthermal

insulation(unheated

space)

6 External insulationEPS 100 panels 0,037

0,06 3,83

[€/m²]

0,08 5,100,10 6,380,12 7,640,14 8,920,16 10,19


panels0,035

0,06 7,56

[€/m²]

0,08 10,100,10 12,600,12 15,130,14 17,650,16 20,17



Horizontal opaque components available retrofit measures


Roof/lastfloor thermal

insulation

8 External insulationXPS panels 0,038

0,06 17,34

[€/m²]

0,08 23,120,10 28,900,12 35,760,14 42,420,16 50,88


felts0,042

0,06 3,34

[€/m²]

0,08 4,240,10 5,130,12 5,820,14 6,790,16 7,75


panels

0,039

0,06 14,15

[€/m²]

0,08 18,970,10 23,580,12 28,300,14 33,010,16 37,74

0,036 0,06 15,480,036 0,08 20,640,036 0,10 25,800,038 0,12 30,960,038 0,14 38,15


panels0,035

0,05 8,04

[€/m²]

0,06 9,240,08 12,350,10 15,420,12 18,630,14 21,880,16 25,28

12 External insulationEPS panels 0,33

0,06 4,25

[€/m²]

0,08 5,670,10 7,090,12 8,50,14 9,920,16 11,34

13 External insulationPUR panels

0,028 0,05 15,23

[€/m²]

0,028 0,06 17,690,026 0,08 23,270,026 0,1 28,480,025 0,12 34,020,025 0,14 39,550,025 0,16 44,92




Ground/firstfloor thermal

insulation

14 External insulationXPS panels

0,034 0,05 12,90

[€/m²]

0,036 0,06 15,480,036 0,08 20,640,036 0,10 25,800,038 0,12 30,960,038 0,14 38,15


panels0,035

0,05 8,04

[€/m²]

0,06 9,240,08 12,350,10 15,420,12 18,630,14 21,880,16 25,28

16 External insulationEPS panels 0,33

0,06 4,25

[€/m²]

0,08 5,670,10 7,090,12 8,50,14 9,920,16 11,34

17 External insulationPUR panels

0,028 0,05 15,23

[€/m²]

0,028 0,06 17,690,026 0,08 23,270,026 0,1 28,480,025 0,12 34,020,025 0,14 39,550,025 0,16 44,92



Windows available retrofit measures

EEM Number TechnologyParameter

CostUg[W/m²K] thickness [mm]

Windowthermal

insulation

18

DOUBLE GLASS Filled withair, Low-e one side coated 1,6 4/12/4 38,77

[€/m²]

DOUBLE GLASS Filled withargon, Low-e one side coated 1,3 4/12/4 44,67

DOUBLE GLASS Filled withair, Low-e one side coated 1,4 4/15/4 40,24

DOUBLE GLASS Filled withargon, Low-e one side coated 1,1 4/15/4 46,14

DOUBLE GLASS Filled withkripton, Low-e one side coated 1,0 4/15/5 53,29

19 TRIPLE GLASS Filled with air,Low-e one side coated

1,0 4/12/4/12/4 74,33[€/m²]

0,8 4/12/4/12/5 81,48

20STRATIFIED DOUBLE GLASS

Filled with argon, Low-e oneside coated

1,9 3+3/12/4 62,76[€/m²]

1,3 4/12/3+3 68,65

21STRATIFIED DOUBLE GLASSFilled with air, Low-e two side

coated1,4 3+3/15/3+3 94,90

[€/m²]

22STRATIFIED DOUBLE GLASS

Filled with argon, Low-e twoside coated

1,1 3+3/15/3+3 99,10

23STRATIFIED DOUBLE GLASSFilled with air, Low-e two side

coated

1,9 3+3/12/3+3 93,42 [€/m²]

1,6 4+4/12/4+4 101,52

[€/m²]24

STRATIFIED DOUBLE GLASSFilled with argon, Low-e two

side coated1,1 4+4/12/4+4 107,42

25STRATIFIED TRIPLE GLASSFilled with argon, Low-e two

side coated0,7 3+3/15/4/12/3+3 148,00 [€/m²]



EEM Number Technology Parameter Cost NotesUf [W/m²K]

Windowthermal

insulation

26 FRAMEPVC

2 90,99[€/m²]

Price for fixedwindows with area <

2 m21,6 100,091,3 109,192 209,57

[€/m²]Price for multiplecasement windowwith area < 3,5 m2

1,6 230,561,3 251,48

27 FRAMEALUMINIUM

2 207,28

[€/m²]


2 m2

2 370,23Price for multiplecasement windowwith area < 3,5 m2

28 FRAMEWOOD

2 116,22[€/m²]


2 m21,8 133,65

2 210,25[€/m²]

Price for multiplecasement windowwith area < 3,5 m21,8 241,79

EEM Number Technology Parameter Cost NotesΔR [m²K/W]

Windowthermal

insulation29 Rolling shutter

PVC

0,08 48

[€/m²]installationincluded

air permeability: veryhigh

0,14 45 air permeability: high

0,21 43 air permeability:medium

0,29 38 air permeability: low

0,35 35 air permeability: verylow

Window solar control

EEM Number Technology

Parameter

Cost Notessolartransmittance

coefficient [-]

Windowsolar

control

30

outdoor blindsALUMINIUM

800x6000,4 251

[€] Venetian blinds,movableoutdoor blinds

ALUMINIUM1000x800

0,4 306

31 Roman blindsTISSUE 0,4

60 [€/m²] movable



Technical systems available retrofit measures


Cost NotesΦer heating

power

Φercoolingpower

Emissionretrofit

1 Fan-coil

1090

[W]

830

[W]

550

[€/unit] 2 tubes fan-coil2350 1769 6403190 2650 7304100 3340 860

2 Floorheating/cooling [W] [W]

75,70 [€/m²]

30 mmthicknesssolution, it canbe layareddirectly on theexisting floor

- 65,40

[€/m²]

90 mmthicknesssolution, itrequires to beapplied after thedemolition ofthe prexistinglayers. The costdoesn't includedemolitions

76,97

3 Ceilingheating/cooling [W] [W] 136,02 [€/m²]

The costconsiders 45mm thicknessprecast panels

Controlretrofit

4 Roomthermostat

from50 to

70[€/unit]

5 Zonethermostat 200 [€/unit]


CostVolume kboll

Storagesub-

systemretrofit

6Storage vessel

thermalinsulation

200

[l]

1,9

[W/K]

660

[€/unit]

500 2,5 1350552 2,4 1920800 2,85 1640837 2,8 2130979 3,1 2250

1000 3,1 17401500 6,29 24102000 7,47 3090




Cost Notesgn gn

H/C/WGenerator

7 Condensingboiler

500 [kW] 109,6

[%]

27.722

[€/unit] Tflow = 40°CTreturn flow= 30°C

575 [kW] 109,6 31.492

650 [kW] 109,6 33.074

1000 [kW] 109,6 49.817

1150 [kW] 109,6 63.465

1300 [kW] 109,6 66.975

1440 [kW] 109,6 72.893

8 Biomassboiler 700 [kW] 0,93 [-] 105.000 [€/unit]

9 Districtheating 700 [kW] 0,88 [-] 21.167 [€/unit]

Number TechnologyParameter

Cost Notesgn COP

10 Air to waterheat pump

640

[kW]

3,11

[-]

208.907

[€/unit]780 3,09 224.329

1050 3,17 325.084426 4,63 111.952

11 Air to airheat pump

12

[kW]

3,5

[-]

800

[€/unit]

Costs refer to asingle unit

(office/classroom/dwelling)and the control

is included

12 4 1.000

12 4,5 1.200

12

Groundwaterheat pump(water to

water)

464

[kW]

4,49

[kW]

119.203

[€/unit]524 4,56 136.628591 4,65 145.526668 4,55 154.2731004 5,32 187.0281132 5,30 207.2791278 5,33 218.514



Thermal solar energy


CostSurface solar

collectors 1

Thermalenergy

from solar

13 Vacuum solarcollector 2,33 [m2] 0,613

[W/m²K] 1870 [€/unit]

14 Flat solarcollector 2 3,65 [W/m²K] 880 [€/unit]

Photovoltaic system


CostPeak power [KWp] Efficency module

Electricalenergyfrom

renewables

15 Poly-crystaline

2

[kW]

15,8 % 2980

[€]

3 15,8 % 43004 15,8 % 51405 15,8 % 5680

16 Mono-crystaline

2

[kW]

19,4 % 34433 19,4 % 52914 19,4 % 53795 19,4 % 6390

Lighting system


CostLuminous fluxemitted lm

Electricalpower [W]

Luminaireinstallation

17Linear

fluorescentlamps

< 1000

[lm]

4-20

[W]

from 9,06 €to 42,2 €

[€/unit]

1000-2000 13-36 from 6,75 €to 65,95 €

2000-3000 19-58 from 9,24 €to 58,38 €

3000-4000 24-58 from 6,76 €to 62,85 €

4000-5000 41-65 from 7,82 €to 75,82 €

5000-6000 24-66 from 7,82 €to 57,32 €

6000-7000 24-80 from 9,07 €to 51,32 €

18Circular

fluorescentlamps

1000-2000

[lm]

22-24

[W]

from 9,55 €to 35,19 €

2000-3000 32-40 from 10,02 €to 24,62 €

3000-4000 40-55 from 14,36 €to 36,04 €



4000-5000 55-60 from 36,04 €to 43,42 €

19

Integratedcompact

fluorescentlamps

< 1000

[lm]

5-18

[W]

from 9,13 €to 38,21 €

1000-2000 17-30 from 9,31 €to 36,89 €

2000-3000 30-45 from 12,88 €to 56,11 €

3000-4000 65 68,94 €4000-5000 80 81,29 €

20

Non-Integratedcompact

fluorescentlamps

< 1000

[lm]

5-18

[W]

from 5,64 €to 26,0 €

1000-2000 14-26 from 11,13 €to 36,49 €

2000-3000 28-40 from 14,47 €to 37,0 €

3000-4000 40-42 from 15,19 €to 64,28 €

4000-5000 55-57 from 15,19 €to 64,28 €

5000-6000 80 28,35 €

6000-7000 80 from 22,51 €to 33,0 €

21 LED Lamps< 1000

[lm]2-15

[W]

from 6,0 € to89,6 €

1000-2000 10,5-18 from 11,0 €to 71,5 €

22 LED tubularlamps

< 1000

[lm]

6-10

[W]

from 14,8 €to 64,2 €

1000-2000 10-22 from 20,07 €to 62,6 €

2000-3000 20-24 from 40,0 €to 91,6 €

3000-4000 25-28 from 58,0 €to 123,0 €

EEM Number Technology Parameter Cost

Lightingcontrol

23 Daylightcontrol

from 33 €to 88,6 €

24 Occupancysensor

from 50 €to 100,0 €

25

Daylightcontrol +

Occupancysensor

from 45 €to 330,0 €

26Switch

programs(time control)

from 15 €to 60 €



4.7 PORTUGAL


The energy efficiency measures were gathered that suitable for the refurbishment of publicbuildings towards nZEB level. In Appendix-PT the list of technologies can be seen, includinginformation on which of the national reference public building types could be applied, the typicalenergy saving due to the application of the technology, as well as the typical value for the return ofinvestment.



Refurbishment of building envelope: In Portugal on the external wall, due tohistorical esthetical characteristics and to minimize the associated costs the thermalinsulation is applied on the inner side of the outer walls (38%), concerning the materialused the data does not refer it explicitly. However the thermal insulation applied by theexternal face, the most frequently used material for insulation of facade walls areexpanded polystyrene (EPS). Concerning the internal walls thermal insulation(unheated space) the insulation is applied by the inside face (13%). The roofs are onlyinsulated on the social housing and the technique and material depends on the type ofroof (horizontal with expanded, or extruded polystyrene, pitched roof with rock wool)(23%). False ceiling is only referred for the social housing in 3,5%.The floors, areinsulated by the inner and outer side, 5,2% and 1,9%, respectively. Concerning thewindows was identified the following strategies: glass and frame replacement (32%)and use solar shading and shutters (6%);

Lightning System: In the 268 cases analysed it was found that only offices presentedenergy efficiency measures concerning to lightning, in 35% of the cases are applyFluorescent lamp with high efficiency and LED’s, the rest percentage is due to the onlyuse of LED’s. There is presented one case with implementation of daylight controls andswitch programs for time control;

Heat pump: The information presented for each case show that 32% of the casesimplement heat pumps, there is no specification on which type. In the case of officesthe heat pumps are only used to produced heat and/or cold, in the case of residentialsocial housing they are used to produce heat, cold and/or domestic hot waters;

Photovoltaic system: Only applied in 11% of the offices, Three systems were applied: photovoltaic installation connected to a low voltage network; autonomous photovoltaic installation with support of a generator; autonomous photovoltaic system without support.



Thermal solar collector: The cases studied show that in 9% were applied a thermalsolar collector, more frequently in residential social housing; four types of thermal solarsystems were implemented: Collective solar thermal system installation with support and individualized

deposit accumulation; Collective solar thermal system installation with individual support; Collective solar thermal system installation fully centralized; Individual solar thermal system installation.

Biomass boiler: The use of this type of boiler appears only in the residential cases,2%, as an energy production system, is an uncommon energy production system.

Condensing boiler: This system is applied in residential social houses to producedomestic hot waters and heating, 2% of the cases analysed.

Boiler: This type of system is being only applied in residential social housing and onlyfor producing domestic hot water, the percentage of house applying it is 18%. Twosystems were found in the data base studied: High performance boiler; Small gas boiler fixed to walls.

Pipes: Some of the studied cases presented the maintenance of the pipes (applicationof new insulation) and the DHW system (cleaning and preservation of the system) hasan energy efficient measure, has being applied only to domestic hot water systems it isonly concerning to 2% of the residential social housing.


efficiency measures

4.7.3.1 Residential (social house)

The energy efficiency measures discussed in this text have been defined taking into account thereference building designed for residential social house buildings developed according to theADENE database and DGEG study24.

1. Building envelopeThe refurbishment of the residential social house buildings has seven levels of refurbishment forexterior walls, three levels for roofs, floors and windows. The tables below show for eachconstructive solution of the refurbishment levels.

24 DGEG, “Cost Optimal_Portugal”, Lisboa, 2014






Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]


5 cm EPS 0,40 92,29 6 cm EPS 0,40 93,48

10 cm MW 0,30 42,27 12 cm MW 0,30 42,00

6 cm MW 0,50 45,67 8 cm MW 0,40 56,00

PVC frame 2,50 442,08 PVC frame 2,10 442,41




Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]


8 cm EPS 0,30 95,71 10 cm EPS 0,30 99,49




Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]


12 cm EPS 0,20 101,81 14 cm EPS 0,20 147,03

2. Window solar control (solar shading)Not considered in the residential social houses.

3. Heating systemRefurbishing the heating system is important to decrease the energetics needs. Four levels ofrefurbishment are proposed, in each the use of a multisplit, which produces heat and cold, a heatpump, which produces heat, cold and DHW, a biomass boilers and a natural gas boiler, whichproduce heat and DHW. The tables below present the refurbishment levels.


Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]

Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]


1.1. Exterior Wall 2,00 4 cm EPS 0,50 90,92

1.2. Roof 2,80 8 cm MW 0,40 37,14

1.3. Floor 2,10 4 cm MW 0,70 42,35

1.3. Window Metal frame 5,10 PVC frame 2,80 385,35



3. Heating system Before refurbishment Refurbishment Level 1. Refurbishment Level 2.


3.1 Replacingheating system

Electric Resistance, η= 1 Multi-split, η = 4,10 Heat pump, η = 4,10




Biomass boiler, η =0,93

Natural gas boiler, η= 0,92

4. Cooling systemAs refer before the cooling system levels of refurbishment are complementary of the heatingsystem, in this manner the information it will be equal to the mention before. The next tablepresents the two levels of refurbishment of the cooling system, in which the cost difference presentis related to the removal of the old system.

4. Cooling system Beforerefurbishment Refurbishment Level 1. Refurbishment Level 2.


4.1 Replacement ofcooling system Multisplit, η = N/A Multi-split, η = 3,50 Heat pump, η = 2,68

5. DHW systemFive levels of refurbishment are proposed for the DHW system, three of the five levels referredhave other function than just the production of DHW, as mentioned in the last two systems, theother two systems chosen are a natural gas heater and an electric heater.

5. DHW System Before refurbishment Refurbishment Level 1. Refurbishment Level 2.


5.1. Replacementof DHW system Gas Heater, η = N/A Natural gas heater, η =

0,87 Electric heater, η = 0,80



Natural gas boiler, η = 0,92 Biomass boiler, η = 0,93 Heat pump, η = 4,10



6. Ventilation systemNot considered in the residential social houses.

7. LightingNot considered in the residential social houses.

8. Photovoltaic SystemNot considered in the residential social houses.

9. Thermal solar energyNot considered in the residential social houses.

10. Building Energy Management SystemNot considered in the residential social houses.

4.7.3.2 Office buildings

The energy efficiency measures discussed in this text have been defined taking into account thereference building designed for office buildings developed according to the ADENE database.Technical data and cost estimates for the implementation of energy efficiency measures arepresented. The costs presented were obtained from LNEC and correspond to the average marketconditions in Portugal. The cost of investment does not include VAT.

1. Building envelopeFive different interventions are possible, in the exterior walls, roof, floor, windows and solarshading. Each measure has different levels of refurbishment: Exterior wall: two levels; Roof: three levels; Floor: three levels; Windows: four levels; Solar shading: two levels.

The proposed of such refurbishment it will promote the decrease of heat loss through the buildingenvelope in winter and decrease the heat gain in summer. The tables below present thecharacteristics of the building envelope, before and after the refurbishment.



In Portugal it is considered that the application of insulation on walls can be applied in the interiorand in the exterior face of the wall. There is another possibility of application in the case of doublemasonry walls, application of insulation in the cavity, in this case only it is possible one level ofrefurbishment (level 1). There is also the possibility, in the case of roofs to apply the insulation inthe exterior face and in the interior face.


Technicaldata



[EUR/m2]

1.1. Exterior Wall 1,40 3 cm EPS 0,70 42,50

1.2. Roof 1,65 5 cm EPS 0,50 19,72

1.3. Floor 3,15 5 cm EPS 0,50 6,90

1.4. Windowsingleglazing

wood frame5,10 double glazing

metal frame 3,80 250,00



Specific cost[EUR/m2] Technical data U-value


[EUR/m2]

7 cm EPS 0,40 46,80 - - -

10 cm EPS 0,30 24,55 - - -

10 cm EPS 0,30 13,50 - - -

double glazing low-εmetal frame 3,00 273

double glazinglow-ε metal

frame3,00 273

Refurbishment Level 4.



double glazing metalframe with thermalbreak

2,70 327



2. Window solar control (solar shading)Two different levels of refurbishment are considered, the replacement of window solar control byindoor shadings or by outdoor shadings. The application of such measure will ensure the increaseor decrease of the solar gains during winter or summer.

2.Window solarcontrol (solarshading)


Technical data Technical dataInvestment

cost[EUR/m2]

Technical dataInvestment

cost[EUR/m2]

2.1. Solar Shading Traditionalblinds Indoor Shades 70 Outdoor Blinds 100

3. HVAC systemIt is also possible to have HVAC systems in office buildings, providing the necessary cooling andheating to maintain the comfort of the users, introduction or replacement of the current HVACsystems will permit to a reduction of the energy needs for cooling and heating, four levels of HVACwere study, there are presented below.

3. Heating (HVAC)system



3.1. HVAC system Traditional heatpump

Heat pumpEER = 2,9 and COP = 3,3

Heat pumpEER = 3,01 and COP

= 3,41

Refurbishment Level 3. Refurbishment Level 4.Technical data Technical data



4. Cooling systemIn office buildings it is possible to have only a cooling system due to the high level of coolingneeds, refurbishing the cooling system will allow to produce the comfort ambient in the office withless energy, replacing the actual system with one with more efficiency will result in less energyneeds. In this case it was study three levels of refurbishment, shown below.



4. Coolingsystem

Beforerefurbishment




Technical data Technical data Technical data Technical data4.1. Coolingsystem Traditional chiller Chiller

EER = 2,9Chiller

EER = 3,2Chiller

EER = 4,1

6. Ventilation systemThree levels of ventilation system are considered as energy efficient measures. Currently inPortuguese offices is only implemented with natural ventilation through manual opening windowsor the existence of air vents for that purpose, such ventilation system promotes heat loss byfiltration. Three levels are proposed to improve the existing natural ventilation system, mechanicalventilation without heat recovery and mechanical ventilation with heat recovery.

6. Ventilationsystem

Beforerefurbishment





6.1. Installingnew ventilationsystem

Naturalventilation

Natural ventilationsystem

Mechanicalventilation without

heat recoverysystem

Mechanicalventilation with heat

recovery system

7. LightingTwo levels of refurbishment of the lighting system are proposed, replacement of the existingsystem for efficient fluorescent lamps or by LED’s. Such interventions will lead to diminishing theinternal heat gains and the energy needs.

7. Lightingsystem


Technicaldata

Technicaldata


Technicaldata


7.1.Illuminator

Fluorescentlamp, lighting

bulb

Efficientfluorescent

lamp219.055,15 LED 261.460,29

8. Photovoltaic systemFor the offices reference building it was proposed a photovoltaic system with 45kWp of pick powerto promote the production of electrical energy.

9. Thermal solar energyNot considered in the office buildings.

10. Building Energy Management SystemNot considered in the office buildings.



4.8 ROMANIA


The energy efficiency measures were considered taking into account their suitability for therefurbishment of public buildings towards nZEB level. In Appendix-RO the list of technologies ispresented, including information on which of the national reference public building types could beapplied, the typical energy saving due to the application of the technology, as well as the typicalvalue for the return of investment.


Some of the technologies and its application have some national characteristic, which aresummarized below:Refurbishment of building structures: In Romania the most frequently used materials forinsulation of facade walls are expanded polystyrene (EPS) and rock wool (which is required,partially or totally, by the fire safety regulations). The usage of graphite containing polystyrene isspreading, whereby the same U-value can be reached with lower thickness compared to thetraditional materials. Thermal insulation of inner side of the outer walls can be applied only withrestrictions due to condensation problems, but it is a selected solution in the case of restrictions tothe facade (e.g. architectural protected buildings). In case of the insulation of slabs under the atticthe most frequently used material is rock wool or glass-fibre wool, while the insulation of flat roofsusually made from expanded, or extruded polystyrene. The number of three layered glazing isgrowing at the refurbishment of windows.

Geothermal heat pump: In Romania, the commonly used GHP systems are with Borehole HeatExchanger and especially the vertical closed loop system. The use of ATES (Aquifer ThermalEnergy Storage) is promising by exploiting the energy with a higher performance than the othersystems, but the water legal framework does not allow restitution of waste waters in the sameaquifer, thus limiting the application of ATES in Romania. The use of deep geothermal water islimited to some areas in North of Bucharest and North-West of Romania.

Photovoltaic system: In Romania, there is no legal distinction between industrial and buildingsystems producing energy which can be used internally and/or exported to the grid. The feed-intariff is under discussion for some years, but actually is not supporting the implementation of RESsystems at building level. The energy produced by PV systems in buildings can be used for ownpurposes in off grid application, which requires energy storage solutions that hinder PV applicationin buildings in larger scale; for the export of electricity special permission and equipment areneeded.

Thermal solar collector: In Romania the most common application of thermal solar collectors isfor heating of DHW. Both the flat plate and vacuum tube collectors are applicable.

Biomass heating: In Romania the applicability of biomass heating (e.g. pellet, wood chips, woodlogs, wood briquette) determined by the possibilities of purchasing the biomass. Installing biomassheating in an urban environment is not typical in the public building sector. The operation costs canbe lower in case the owner has biomass source in his own interest, or the transportation costs are



lower. The operation of a biomass boiler results that the demand of personal presence andmaintenance is significant.

District heating: The primary energy factor of the district heating depends on the energyproduction technology of the power-plant, such as the primary energy source and the rate of thecombined heating energy production. Therefore the primary energy saving depends not only on theenergy efficiency measures that will be undertaken in the building, but it depends also on thedistrict heating supplier. The coefficients of conversion of the energy into primary energy used atthe final consumer within the calculation of cost optimum methodology are:

Type of energy Conversion factor

District heating (Cogeneration) 0.92

High-efficiency cogeneration 0.30

Low temperature heating: The use of low temperature heating and high temperature coolingsystems is spreading, which can help to improve the efficiency of heat pump systems. Currentlythe usage of chilled beams is not usual practice.

Heat recovery: For ventilation systems heat recovery unit with seasonal efficiency of at least 70%(for heating mode) is promoted as a best practice, however no requirements are actuallyintroduced in the technical regulations regarding the buildings, ventilation systems or energyefficiency in buildings.


efficiency measures


The proposed energy efficiency measures and the different levels of these measures refer tocentral or local administration office building, which is one of the reference building types inRomania. The most important technical data and the estimated specific investment costs arepresented for several measures (thermal insulation of the building envelope, window changing, PVpanels, thermal solar collectors, lighting refurbishment).The costs correspond either to thestandard costs established for thermal refurbishment of collective residential buildings, or to theaverage market conditions in Romania, and do not include VAT.


- Level 1: The U-values of the building structures meet the current minimum requirementsdefined by the Romanian regulation (C107/1, 2-2010, MC 001-2006 updated);

- Level 2: The U-values of building structures meet or are better than the levels planned tocome into force from 2018 (stricter than currently applied cost optimal values, beyond theplanned nZEB regulation).

The next two table below show the current characteristics of the building envelope (before therefurbishment), and the abovementioned 2 levels of the building envelope refurbishment. Thespecific investment cost relates to the surface of the refurbished structure (e.g. surface of the



refurbished wall), and it contains all the material and labour costs including every additional costs(scaffolding, plastering etc.).

1. Buildingenvelope

Beforerefurbishment Refurbishment Level 1 Refurbishment Level 2

Technical data

U-value[W/m2K]

Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]

Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]

1.1. Wall 1,59 +5cmEPS 0,59 34 15 cm

EPS 0,30 40

1.2. Flat roof 1,13 +16cmEPS 0,25 45 +20 cm

EPS 0,20 50

1.3. Slab abovebasement 3,07 +8cm

EPS 0,40 12 +10 cmEPS 0,35 15

1.4. Windows 1 PVCframe 2,00 PVC

frame 2,00 100 PVCframe 1,00 130

1.5. Windows 2 Metalframe 3,50 aluminium

frame 2,00 115 aluminiumframe 1,30 145

2. Window solar controlIn order to reduce the solar heat load and the cooling energy demand the installation of externalaluminium blade solar shading system is proposed. The specific cost relates to the area of thewindows concerned.

2. Window solarcontrol Before refurbishment Refurbishment Level 1


2.1. Solar shadingsystem Inner shading

External aluminiumblade solar shading,

manual operation77


3. Heating system Before refurbishment Refurbishment Level1

Refurbishment Level2

Technical data Technical data Technical data3.1. Thermal energygeneration District heating District heating VRF system

3.2. Emission system Steel panel /cast ironradiator

Existing radiator andpipework VRF indoor units



3.3. Control





3. Heating system Refurbishment Level 3 Refurbishment Level 4


3.1. Thermal energygeneration Geothermal heat pump


combination with heat recoveryventilation system

3.2. Emission system Fan-coil Ceiling heating/cooling


4. Cooling systemThe proposed refurbishment of the cooling system at different levels includes the modernization ofthe thermal energy generation system, the emission system (which fits to the new energygeneration system), and the control system. The next tables below show the current coolingsystem (before the refurbishment), and the different levels of the refurbishment and its investmentcosts.Since the refurbishment of the heating and the cooling system is in close connection with eachother, therefore the different levels of the cooling system refers to the levels of the heating systemrefurbishment. In refurbishment level 1, new condensing boiler was considered for the heating, andno refurbishment of the cooling system was taken into account. In level 2 the proposed VRFsystem provides heating and cooling energy to the building, while in Level 3 and 4 geothermal heatpump system supplies the heating and the cooling services.

4. Coolingsystem







VRF system

4.2. Emissionsystem




VRF indoor units




Room thermostat



4. Coolingsystem Refurbishment Level 3 Refurbishment Level 4






4.2. Emissionsystem Fan-coil Ceiling cooling


5. DHW systemThe refurbishment of the DHW consists in applying thermal insulation on the distribution pipes (inunconditioned spaces). For isolated DHW consumption units, individual systems are provided, withelectric hot water storage tanks. Where appropriate, small thermal solar systems could beinstalled.

6. Ventilation systemCurrently there is natural ventilation (by opening the windows in case of fresh air need) in this typeof reference buildings; therefore the heat loss by infiltration is very significant.The proposed refurbishment is installing new mechanical ventilation system, including heatrecovery unit with high thermal efficiency (min. 70%), and ductwork in the building. The heatrecovery will decrease also the peak load of the heating system, which have to be taken intoaccount in the WP4 building energy simulation, when the different energy efficiency measures willbe simulated together.









7. Lightingsystem



cost[EUR/m2]


cost[EUR/m2]


T5 fluorescentlamp 6,7 T5 fluorescent

lamp 6,7

7.1. Illuminator 2 Lighting bulb LED (serviceareas) 11,7 LED (service

areas) 11,7

7.2. Control Manual switch Manual switch -Occupancycontrol and


8. Photovoltaic systemThe suggested power of a photovoltaic system depends on the annual electricity consumption ofthe building, the geometric parameters of the roof and the national regulations in force. The PVsystem should cover as much as possible the electricity consumption of the building, due to thelimitations related to the tariffs of exported electricity (fixed tariffs are under discussions).In level 1 the PV capacity will refer to that case when heat pump will not be installed in the building(reduced PV capacity), while in level 2 the capacity of the PV will be designed considering theinstallation of a new heat pump system.

8. Photovoltaicsystem Refurbishment Level 1 Refurbishment Level 2


cost[EUR/kWp]

Technical data Specific cost[EUR/kWp]



considering notinstalling heat pump

system)

2 000


designedconsidering theinstallation of anew heat pump

system)

2 000

9. Thermal solar energyWhere decentralized DHW system is present, the installation of small-size thermal solar collectorsfor DHW production is proposed where appropriate (short distance between collector system (roof)and consumption units).

10. Building Management SystemIn an nZEB office building there are many HVAC systems that should be monitored by a commonsupervision system, therefore the installation of a Building Management System is proposed, whichwill increase the energy saving, due to the continuous monitoring of the energy consumption, thepossibility to optimize the set-points, schedules etc.



10. Building ManagementSystem Refurbishment Level 1

Technical data



The proposed energy efficiency measures and the different levels of these measures refer toeducational building, which is one of the reference building type in Romania. The most importanttechnical data and the estimated specific investment costs are presented for several measures(thermal insulation of the building envelope, window changing, PV panels, thermal solar collectors,lighting refurbishment).The costs correspond either to the standard costs established for thermalrefurbishment of collective residential buildings, or to the average market conditions in Romania,and do not include VAT.


- Level 1: The U-values of the building structures meet the current minimum requirementsdefined by the Romanian regulation (C107/1, 2-2010, MC 001-2006 updated);

- Level 2: The U-values of building structures meet or are better than the levels planned tocome into force from 2018 (stricter than currently applied cost optimal values, beyond theplanned nZEB regulation).

The next two table below show the current characteristics of the building envelope (before therefurbishment), and the abovementioned 2 levels of the building envelope refurbishment. Thespecific investment cost relates to the surface of the refurbished structure (e.g. surface of therefurbished wall), and it contains all the material and labour costs including every additional costs(scaffolding, plastering etc.).

1. Buildingenvelope


Technical data

U-value[W/m2K]

Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]

Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]

1.1. Wall 1,93 +5cmEPS 0,57 34 15 cm

EPS 0,30 40

1.2. Flat roof 1,34 +16cmEPS 0,22 45 +20 cm

EPS 0,20 50

1.3. Slab abovebasement 2,93 +8cm

EPS 0,40 12 +10 cmEPS 0,35 15

1.4. Windows 1 PVCframe 2,60 PVC

frame 2,00 100 PVCframe 1,00 130

1.5. Windows 2 Metalframe 3,00 aluminiu

m frame 2,00 115 aluminiumframe 1,30 145



2. Window solar shadingUsually cooling systems are not present in educational buildings in Romania. However, solarshading devices are to be included in this analysis, since they contribute to the indoor environmentquality.

3. Heating systemThe proposed refurbishment of the heating system at different levels includes the modernization ofthe thermal energy generation system, the emission system (which fits to the new energygeneration system), and the control system. The next tables below show the current heatingsystem (before the refurbishment), and the different levels of the refurbishment and its investmentcosts.

3. Heatingsystem




District heating District heatingGeothermal heat pump,


3.2. Emissionsystem

Steel panel /castiron radiator

Existing radiator andpipe-work Ceiling heating

3.3. Control Central, manualradiator valves



4. Cooling systemThe refurbishment of the cooling system was not considered, since in Romania usually there is nocooling system installed in the class rooms (taking into account the short term occupation ofeducational buildings during summer season).

5. DHW systemThe refurbishment of the DHW consists in applying thermal insulation on the distribution pipes (inunconditioned spaces). For isolated DHW consumption units, individual systems are provided, withelectric hot water storage tanks. Where appropriate, small thermal solar systems could beinstalled.

6. Ventilation systemUsually there is natural ventilation (by opening the windows in case of fresh air need) in this type ofreference buildings, therefore the heat loss by infiltration is very significant. On the other hand, thefresh air rate is highly variable depending on the occupation schedule.The proposed refurbishment is installing new artificial ventilation system, including an air handlingunit with high efficiency heat recovery (min. 70%), and ductwork in the building. The heat recoverywill decrease also the peak load of the heating system, which have to be taken into account in theWP4 building energy simulation, when the different energy efficiency measures will be simulatedtogether.



6. Ventilation system Before refurbishment Refurbishment Level 1



New air handling unit withheat recovery (efficiency

min. 70%), ductwork

7. LightingThe refurbishment of the lighting system is related to the common areas, as well as the classrooms in the building. In the refurbishment level 1 it is proposed to change all the lightings in theclass rooms into T5 fluorescent lamps, while in the toilettes LED lamps are proposed to install. Inthe level 2, it is recommended to refurbish the control system too: in the class rooms T5fluorescent lamps with daylight control are proposed to install, while in the toilettes LED lamps withoccupancy control.

7. Lightingsystem



Specific cost[EUR/m2] Technical data

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]

7.1. Illuminator Fluorescentlamp

T5fluorescent


lamp 6,7

7.2. Illuminator Lighting bulb LED (serviceareas) 11,7 LED (service

areas) 11,7




8. Photovoltaic systemThe suggested power of a photovoltaic system depends on the annual electricity consumption ofthe building, the geometric parameters of the roof and the national regulations in force. The PVsystem should cover as much as possible the electricity consumption of the building, due to thelimitations related to the tariffs of exported electricity (fixed tariffs are under discussions).In level 1 the PV capacity will refer to that case when heat pump will not be installed in the building(reduced PV capacity), while in level 2 the capacity of the PV will be designed considering theinstallation of a new heat pump system.



cost[EUR/kWp]


cost[EUR/kWp]



considering notinstalling heat pump

system)

2 000


considering theinstallation of a new heat

pump system)

2 000



9. Thermal solar energyWhere decentralized DHW system is present, the installation of small-size thermal solar collectorsfor DHW production is proposed where appropriate (short distance between collector system (roof)and consumption units).



4.9 SLOVENIA


The energy efficiency measures were gathered that suitable for the refurbishment of publicbuildings towards nZEB level. In Appendix-SI the list of technologies can be seen, includinginformation on which of the national reference public building types could be applied, the typicalenergy saving due to the application of the technology, as well as the typical value for the return ofinvestment.


Refurbishment of building structures: In Slovenia the most frequently used materials forinsulation of facade walls are expanded polystyrene (EPS) and rock wool. The usage of graphitecontaining polystyrene is spreading, whereby the same U-value can be reached with lowerthickness compared to the traditional materials. The number of three layered glazing is growing atthe refurbishment of windows, due to the small price difference in comparison with the two layeredglazing.Heat pump: Installation of the heat pumps in an urban environment is in some cities prohibited dueto the municipality’s local energy concept, but has become one of the most commonly usedtechnologies for heating in non-residential building sector, due to the subsidies and use of RES.

Geothermal heat pump: In Slovenia, the average geothermal gradient is 5°C / 100 m, which isone and a half times higher than worldwide average. The heat flow value is 60 mW/m2 on average;the biggest potential is on the north - eastern part of the country. The high geothermal gradientforms a good possibility for installing geothermal heat pumps.

Figure SI- 1: Geological map of heat flow density

Photovoltaic system: Photovoltaics is developing into a comprehensive, sustainable andinnovative economic sector that Slovenia also provides a great opportunity for the development



and penetration of advanced technologies of renewable energy sources. In Slovenia the sunshines from 1,600 to 2,650 hours per year, and being incident on 1 m2 of the area between 1000and 1400 kWh per year of solar energy. Most of this energy is available at the time of the April andOctober when heating is not required, only about 200 to 250 kWh is available in the winter.

Thermal solar collector: In Slovenia the usage of flat plate solar collector is the most common,which is used for DHW production. The usage of vacuum tube collectors and utilizing thermal solarcollectors for heating purposes are less common.

Biomass heating: In Slovenia the applicability of biomass heating (e.g. pellet, wood chips, woodlogs, wood briquette) determined by the possibilities of purchasing the biomass. Installing biomassheating in an urban environment is not typical in the public building sector. The operation cost canbe lower in case the owner has biomass source in his own interest, or the transportation costs arelower. The operation of a biomass boiler results that the demand of personal presence andmaintenance is significant.

District heating: In Slovenia the primary energy factor of the district heating is based on theenergy production technology of the power-plant, such as the primary energy source and use ofcogeneration production. The municipal local energy concept can include an obligatory connectionto the local district heating, when renovating a building.

Cogeneration: The use of cogeneration is increasing in public building sector. Generator with theuse of natural gas or biomass is most frequently used. The latter energy source has especially bigpotential, since more than 60% of the country is covered with forests.


efficiency measures


1. Building envelopeConcerning the refurbishment of the building envelope five levels were determined for thecost/benefit analysis that will be made in WP4. The levels present minimal requirements level

- Level 1: The U-values of the building structures meet the minimal national requirements.- Level 2 - 5: The U-values of the building structures presents an improvement of national

minimal requirements, as well as cost optimal levels, nZEB level and passive house level.The analysis in WP4 will show which level presents the exact cost optimal level.

The next three table below show the current characteristics of the building envelope (before therefurbishment), and the above-mentioned five levels of the building envelope refurbishment. Thespecific investment cost relates to the surface of the refurbished structure (e.g. surface of therefurbished wall), and it contains all the material and labour costs.




Technicaldata


[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]

1.1. External wall Very littleinsulation 0,8 12 cm min.

wool 0,28 36

1.2. Internal wall(unheated space) 1,0 8 cm EPS 0,30 6,8

1.3. Flat roof Very littleinsulation 0,6 16 cm min.

wool 0,20 44

1.4. Ground 1,0 6 cm XPS 0,30 12,6

1.5. Window - glass 2,4 Double glass 1,4 38

1.6. Window - frame 2,0 aluminiumframe 1,3 210

1.7. Doors 3,0 Wood/Alu 1,1 350


Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]

Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]

1.1. External wall 15 cmmin. wool 0,20 38 20 cm

min. wool 0,15 40

1.2. Internal wall(unheated space)

10 cmEPS 0,26 8,5 12 cm

EPS 0,23 10,2

1.3. Flat roof 20 cmmin. wool 0,16 48 24 cm

min. wool 0,14 56

1.4. Ground 8 cm XPS 0,28 16,8 10 cmXPS 0,26 21

1.5. Window - glass Doubleglass 1,0 51,5 s. double

glass 1,1 100

1.6. Window - frame aluminiumframe 1,3 240 wooden

frame 1,6 220

1.7. Doors Wood/Alu 1,1 350 Wood/Alu 0,8 530


Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]

Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2


min. wool 0,10 45




14 cmEPS 0,20 11,9 16 cm

EPS 0,18 13,6


min. wool 0,10 72

1.4. Ground 12 cmXPS 0,23 25,2 14 cm

XPS 0,20 29,4

1.5. Window - glass s. doubleglass 1,1 112 s. double

glass 0,7 160

1.6. Window - frame woodenframe 1,2 220 wooden

frame 0,8 300





2.1. Solar shadingsystem Inner shading PVC shutter

48

2. Window solarcontrol Refurbishment Level 2. Refurbishment Level 3.

Technicaldata

Specific cost[EUR/m2] Technical data Specific cost

[EUR/m2]

2.1. Solar shadingsystem

Alu blinds 270 Roman blinds50




3. Heatingsystem





boilerCondensing boiler Biomass boiler


pipeworkExisting radiator and

pipework

3.3. Control





3. Heatingsystem

RefurbishmentLevel 3. Refurbishment Level 4. Refurbishment Level 5.



District heating Geothermal heat pump


capacity demand,combination with heatrecovery ventilation

system

3.2. Emissionsystem

Existing radiatorand pipework Fan-coil Floor heating

3.3. Control Room thermostat Room thermostat Room thermostat

4. Cooling systemThe proposed refurbishment of the cooling system at different levels includes the modernization ofthe thermal energy generation system, the emission system (which fits to the new energygeneration system), and the control system. The next tables below show the current coolingsystem (before the refurbishment), and the different levels of the refurbishment and its investmentcosts.

4. Coolingsystem







No coolingrefurbishment in Level 2.

Level 2 of H&Crefurbishment contains

only the heatingrefurbishment.



4.2. Emissionsystem










Room thermostat







4.2. Emissionsystem Fan-coil Floor cooling


5. DHW systemThe refurbishment of the DHW is considered to take place at the same time as the refurbishmentof the heating system, since monovalent system is preferred.

6. Ventilation systemNatural ventilation prevails as the main type of ventilation, by opening the windows. The ventilationheat losses are significant and therefore present a big potential for the reduction of thetransmission losses.The proposed refurbishment is installing new artificial ventilation system, including an air handlingunit with high efficiency heat recovery (min. 70%), and ductwork in the building. The heat recoverywill decrease also the peak load of the heating system, which have to be taken into account in theWP4 building energy simulation, when the different energy efficiency measures will be simulatedtogether.





6.1. Installing newventilation system Natural ventilation Plate heat exchanger (in

existing AHU)

6. Ventilation systemRefurbishment Level 2. Refurbishment Level 3.




min. 70%), ductwork



7. LightingThe refurbishment of the lighting system is related to the common areas, as well as the officerooms in the building. In the refurbishment level 1 it is proposed to change all the lightings in theoffice rooms into linear fluorescent lamps, while in the toilettes LED lamps are proposed to install.In the level 2, it is recommended to refurbish the control system too: in the office rooms linearfluorescent lamps with daylight control are proposed to install, while in the toilettes LED lamps withoccupancy control.

7. Lightingsystem



7.1. Illuminator 1 Fluorescentlamp linear fluorescent lamp linear fluorescent lamp

7.1. Illuminator 2 Lighting bulb LED (service areas) LED (service areas)

7.2. Control Manual switch Manual switch Occupancy control anddaylight control

7. Lightingsystem Refurbishment Level 3. Refurbishment Level 4.


7.1. Illuminator 1 Integrated compactfluorescent lamps

Integrated compactfluorescent lamps

7.1. Illuminator 2 LED lamps Integrated compactfluorescent lamps

7.2. Control Occupancy control anddaylight control

Occupancy control anddaylight control



8. Photovoltaic systemThe suggested power of a photovoltaic system depends on the annual electricity consumption ofthe building, the geometric parameters of the roof and the national regulations in force.Level 1 and Level 2 present the different type of PV system. At Level 1 mono-crystalline PV systemis considered and at Level 2, poly-crystalline system.In Level 1 the PV capacity will refer to that case when heat pump will not be installed in the building(reduced PV capacity), while in Level 2 the capacity of the PV will be designed considering theinstallation of a new heat pump system.




Photovoltaic system (mono-crystalline)

Photovoltaic system (poly-crystalline)

9. Thermal solar energyThe installation of thermal solar collectors for DHW production is considered as a support for theDHW only.



8.1 Installing solarsystem Vacuum solar collector Flat solar collector

10. Building Management SystemIn an nZEB office building there are many HVAC systems that should be monitored by a commonsupervision system, therefore the installation of a Building Management System is proposed, whichwill increase the energy saving, due to the continuous monitoring of the energy consumption, thepossibility to optimize the set-points, schedules, etc.

10. BuildingManagementSystem

Refurbishment Level1.



10.1. Installingbuilding managementsystem

BuildingManagement System

Operationalmeasures



4.9.3.2 Kindergarten

1.Building envelopeConcerning the refurbishment of the building envelope five levels were determined for thecost/benefit analysis that will be made in WP4. The levels present minimal requirements level





Technicaldata



[EUR/m2]


wool 0,28 36



wool 0,20 44

1.4. Ground 1,0 6 cm XPS 0,30 12,6



1.7. Doors 3,0 Wood/Alu 1,1 350


Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]

Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]


min. wool 0,15 40


10 cmEPS 0,26 8,5 12 cm

EPS 0,23 10,2


min. wool 0,14 56



glass 1,1 100




frame 1,6 220



Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]

Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]


min. wool 0,10 45


14 cmEPS 0,20 11,9 16 cm

EPS 0,18 13,6


min. wool 0,10 72

1.4. Ground 12 cmXPS 0,23 25,2 14 cm

XPS 0,20 29,4


glass 0,7 160


frame 0,8 300






48

2. Window solarcontrol Refurbishment Level 2. Refurbishment Level 3.

Technical data Specific cost[EUR/m2]

Technicaldata Specific cost [EUR/m2]


Alu blinds 270 Roman blinds50




3. Heatingsystem








pipework

3.3. Control





3. Heatingsystem






District heating Geothermal heatpump

Geothermal heatpump, dimensionedfor cooling capacity

demand, combinationwith heat recoveryventilation system

3.2. Emissionsystem

Existing radiator andpipework Fan-coil Floor heating





4. Coolingsystem










4.2. Emissionsystem










Room thermostat







4.2. Emissionsystem Fan-coil Radiant cooling









existing AHU)





min. 70%), ductwork



7. LightingThe refurbishment of the lighting system is related to the common areas, as well as the officerooms in the building. In the refurbishment level 1 it is proposed to change all the lightings in theoffice rooms into linear fluorescent lamps, while in the toilettes LED lamps are proposed to install.In the level 2, it is recommended to refurbish the control system too: in the office rooms linearfluorescent lamps with daylight control are proposed to install, while in the toilettes LED lamps withoccupancy control.

7. Lightingsystem















8. Photovoltaic systemThe suggested power of a photovoltaic system depends on the annual electricity consumption ofthe building, the geometric parameters of the roof and the national regulations in force.Level 1 and level present the different type of PV system. At level 1 mono-crystalline PV system isconsidered and at level 2, poly-crystalline system.In level 1 the PV capacity will refer to that case when heat pump will not be installed in the building(reduced PV capacity), while in level 2 the capacity of the PV will be designed considering theinstallation of a new heat pump system.










10. Building Management SystemIn an nZEB building there are many HVAC systems that should be monitored by a commonsupervision system, therefore the installation of a Building Management System is proposed, whichwill increase the energy saving, due to the continuous monitoring of the energy consumption, thepossibility to optimize the set-points, schedules, etc.







Operationalmeasures



4.9.3.3 School

1. Building envelopeConcerning the refurbishment of the building envelope five levels were determined for thecost/benefit analysis that will be made in WP4. The levels present minimal requirements level:





Technicaldata



[EUR/m2]


wool 0,28 36



wool 0,20 44

1.4. Ground 1,0 6 cm XPS 0,30 12,6



1.7. Doors 3,0 Wood/Alu 1,1 350


Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]

Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]


min. wool 0,15 40


10 cmEPS 0,26 8,5 12 cm

EPS 0,23 10,2


min. wool 0,14 56


1.5. Window - glass Double 1,0 51,5 s. double 1,1 100



glass glass


frame 1,6 220



Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]

Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]


min. wool 0,10 45


14 cmEPS 0,20 11,9 16 cm

EPS 0,18 13,6


min. wool 0,10 72

1.4. Ground 12 cmXPS 0,23 25,2 14 cm

XPS 0,20 29,4


glass 0,7 160


frame 0,8 300






48



2. Window solarcontrol



Technicaldata

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]

Technicaldata

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]


Alu blinds 270 Romanblinds 50


3. Heatingsystem








pipework

3.3. Control





3. Heatingsystem









3.2. Emissionsystem






4. Coolingsystem










4.2. Emissionsystem










Room thermostat
















existing AHU)





min. 70%), ductwork



7. LightingThe refurbishment of the lighting system is related to the common areas, class rooms, as well asthe office rooms in the building. In the refurbishment level 1 it is proposed to change all thelightings in the office rooms into linear fluorescent lamps, while in the toilettes LED lamps areproposed to install. In the level 2, it is recommended to refurbish the control system too: in theclass rooms linear fluorescent lamps with daylight control are proposed to install, while in thetoilettes LED lamps with occupancy control.

7. Lightingsystem





















9. Thermal solar energyThe installation of thermal solar collectors for DHW production is not considered as a support forthe DHW in schools, since at the main peak season the building is empty.










Operationalmeasures

4.9.3.4 Health care facility






Technicaldata



[EUR/m2]


wool 0,28 36



wool 0,20 44

1.4. Ground 1,0 6 cm XPS 0,30 12,6



1.7. Doors 3,0 Wood/Alu 1,1 350




Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]

Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]


min. wool 0,15 40


10 cmEPS 0,26 8,5 12 cm

EPS 0,23 10,2


min. wool 0,14 56



glass 1,1 100


frame 1,6 220



Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]

Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]


min. wool 0,10 45


14 cmEPS 0,20 11,9 16 cm

EPS 0,18 13,6


min. wool 0,10 72

1.4. Ground 12 cmXPS 0,23 25,2 14 cm

XPS 0,20 29,4


glass 0,7 160


frame 0,8 300








48




Technicaldata

Specificcost

[EUR/m2

Technicaldata

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]




3. Heatingsystem








pipework

3.3. Control





3. Heatingsystem











3.2. Emissionsystem




4. Coolingsystem










4.2. Emissionsystem










Room thermostat
















existing AHU)





min. 70%), ductwork



7. LightingThe refurbishment of the lighting system is related to the common areas, as well as the officerooms in the building. In the refurbishment level 1 it is proposed to change all the lightings in theoffice rooms into linear fluorescent lamps, while in the toilettes LED lamps are proposed to install.In the level 2, it is recommended to refurbish the control system too: in the rooms linear fluorescentlamps with daylight control are proposed to install, while in the toilettes LED lamps with occupancycontrol.



7. Lightingsystem
































Operationalmeasures

4.9.3.5 Home for elderly people








Technicaldata



[EUR/m2]


wool 0,28 36



wool 0,20 44

1.4. Ground 1,0 6 cm XPS 0,30 12,6



1.7. Doors 3,0 Wood/Alu 1,1 350


Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]

Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]


min. wool 0,15 40


10 cmEPS 0,26 8,5 12 cm

EPS 0,23 10,2


min. wool 0,14 56



glass 1,1 100


frame 1,6 220



Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]

Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K]

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]


min. wool 0,10 45


14 cmEPS 0,20 11,9 16 cm

EPS 0,18 13,6




min. wool 0,10 72

1.4. Ground 12 cmXPS 0,23 25,2 14 cm

XPS 0,20 29,4


glass 0,7 160


frame 0,8 300






48




Technicaldata

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]

Technicaldata

Specificcost

[EUR/m2]




3. Heatingsystem










pipework

3.3. Control





3. Heatingsystem









3.2. Emissionsystem




4. Coolingsystem










4.2. Emissionsystem












Room thermostat














existing AHU)





min. 70%), ductwork





7. LightingThe refurbishment of the lighting system is related to the common areas, as well as the officerooms in the building. In the refurbishment level 1 it is proposed to change all the lightings in theoffice rooms into linear fluorescent lamps, while in the toilettes LED lamps are proposed to install.In the level 2, it is recommended to refurbish the control system too: in the rooms linear fluorescentlamps with daylight control are proposed to install, while in the toilettes LED lamps with occupancycontrol.

7. Lightingsystem
































Operationalmeasures





The energy efficiency measures were gathered that suitable for the refurbishment of publicbuildings towards nZEB level. In Appendix-ES the list of technologies can be seen, includinginformation on which of the national reference public building types could be applied, the typicalenergy saving due to the application of the technology, as well as the typical value for the return ofinvestment.



Refurbishment of building structures: The most frequently intervention for theenergy renovation of tertiary buildings is the external insulation of the envelope(RESSEPE). The systems used for the external insulation are: ETIC systems,Ventilated Façade Systems and Thermal Mortar. The insulating layer usually used inthe ETIC and the Ventilated Façade systems is made of polystyrene or mineral wool.Regarding to the improvement of the window performance, the most usual type isdouble glazing window and the use of solar control is becoming more habitual in thenew buildings. In tertiary public buildings, in opaque wall, are common find differenttypes of finishing, as a stone cladding or ceramic cladding, due to aesthetical reasons.In this type of buildings, as two reference buildings proposed, the Ventilated Façade isconsider a feasible solution to maintain the same exterior finishing than beforerefurbishment.

Heat pump: The heat pump more used in Catalonia is the air-air followed by air-water.Geothermal heat pumps are used as well, where the conditions of the soil andhydrogeological conditions allow it (Christoph Peters, 2009).Electric Heat pumps can be considered as renewable if the Seasonal PerformanceFactor (SPF) is superior to 2.5. The SPF calculation should be done according norm EN14825:2012. Thermal heat pumps need a SPF of 1.15 calculated according thestandard UNE-EN 12309.If the heat pump is combined with a heat recovery systems and thermal energy storagecan be considered as a useful tool for demand management / control & load shiftingapplications.

Geothermal heat pump: Geothermal energy in Spain has a big usage potential, aswell for low enthalpy solutions in aquifers, according to IDAE (IDAE, 2012). The lastyears, the use of geothermal energy of low temperature with heat pumps hasincreased. They are normally installed in domestic and small tertiary buildings, from 12kWt to 150 kWt. In the market there are several kinds of reliable heat pumps ataffordable price.



Biomass Boiler: Biomass is a renewable energy with not only environment advantagesbut also social, territorial and economical. It helps to the sustainable usage of the forestand to have a nearby energy resource. The main part of the biomass proceeds fromforest, although sub products of the wood industry or agriculture can also be used. Thebiomass, mainly woodchips and pellets is used in boilers. The minimum efficiency ofbiomass boilers should be 80%, according to the Royal Decree 107/2007, Regulationon Building Heating Installations (RITE). However in the market there are boilers withhigher efficiency. Due to environmental emissions protection, there is a limitation toinstall biomass boilers in highly urbanized areas.

Photovoltaic system: The Building Technical Code (CTE, 2013) states that for newnon-residential buildings and existing buildings when major renovation is carried out,PV panels should be installed. Only when the surface of the building is more than 5.000m2 and for certain building use. The minimal power to install depends on the climaticzone and the surface of the building according the formula P=C.(0,002*S-5), Where P isthe minimal power to install, C is a factor (ranging 1-1,4) in function of the climatic zoneand S is the surface of the building. This contribution can be substituted by otherrenewable sources. The main PV systems are superposed over the building elements:flat roofs, façades, etc. and in some cases there are BIPV Systems (Building IntegratedPhotovoltaic Systems) where PV plant in the building, is substituted by constructionelements (RESSEPE).

Thermal solar collector: The thermal solar collectors are mainly used for DomesticHot Water (DHW), due to the requirement established by the Technical Building Code(CTE) of Spain. It determine that new buildings and existing buildings after deeprenovations, has to supply around 30-70% of the DHW demand by solar thermalsystems, depending on the climate conditions. The most used panel is Flat PlateCollector, with a 73% of the market on 2010, followed by the evacuated tube collectors(ASIT, 2011).

District heating: Catalonia had around 60 district heating and cooling networks in2014. Mainly all the networks are small heating networks and four of them supplyheating and cooling at the same time. The main renewable energy source is biomass insmall DH networks. If the district heating is proved to be more efficient than solarthermal panels, it can substitute them in the obligation of install them accordingTechnical Building Code (2013).

Low temperature heating: The current Regulation on Building Heating Installations(RITE) states that the emission system should be calculated for an averagetemperature of 60ºC maximum. Regarding low temperature heating there are activeradiant surface heating and cooling system, more typically underfloor radiant systems,more common for heating than for cooling. Another system is the ceiling radiantsystems, mainly active and passive beams. (RESSEPE, 2014)

Heat recovery: In tertiary buildings where ventilation flows are higher than 0.5 m3/s ismandatory to install heat recovery systems, according to RITE (IT 1.2.4.5.2.1). Themost common heat recovery systems installed are: plate heat exchangers, rotary



wheels, heat pipes and runaround loops. In addition, in HVAC systems where thermalpower is higher than 70 kW, the system should have a free cooling system (RITE IT1.2.4.5.1.1). The use of both systems has to meet the air quality requirements establishby RITE (ITE 1.1.4.2.3).


efficiency measures


1. Building envelopeThe energy efficient measures proposed for improve the energy efficient through passivemeasures in Office building was selected from suitable constructive solutions for the referencebuilding analysed. The proposed retrofitting measures, has selected taking in account best andusual practices in refurbishment in this kind of building use, technical aspects of the envelope ofreference building, and available cost in public cost data base (in general used for public tenders).Also, different solutions extracted from the cost optimal studies in Spain25, carried out for theimplementation of the last updated of mandatory TBC-Technical Building Code (CTE- CódigoTécnico de la Edificación) that is the Spain EPBD mandatory regulation) for existing building (andother research European and Med projects as the MARIE26 and ENTRANZE27 projects).Different technologies and thickness to achieve different U-values levels were proposed, for thecost/benefit analysis that will be made in WP4:The cost of EEM includes all the items and sub items (construction works) to achieve the samelevel of finishing of actual features of the building (per example: natural stone cladding façade).The first step or minimum level proposed for the U-values of the building envelope (passivemeasures), meet the minimum establish in the TBC for retrofitting in buildings that involve morethan 25% of the envelope (non residential use). The subsequent levels were obtained byincreasing the insulation levels for the envelope; taking in account previous studies based indifferent passive measures and best and used practice in retrofitting in buildings.

25 Report on cost optimal calculations and comparison with the current and future energy performancerequirements of buildings in Spain. Version 1.0/Date 7 June 2013. Ministry of Development of Spain. Directoratefor Architecture, Housing and Planning. Website: http://www.fomento.es26 Mediterranean Building Energy Efficiency Strategy. Pilot Activity 2.2. Public Private Partnership (PPP)Mechanisms. Final Report. 2014, MARIE Project (MED Programme): Annex 5.2 Public tertiary buildings ofCatalonia: Characterization of the municipal public tertiary buildings of Catalonia and definition of the optimummeasures to improve their energy efficiency. Brief report.27Policy scenarios and recommendations on nZEB, deep renovation and RES-H/C diffusion: the case of Spain.D3.1 of WP3 from Entranze Project.http://www.entranze.eu/files/downloads/D3_1/D3.1_Summary_cost_data__T3.4__-_Def_v5.pdf



1. Building envelope Beforerefurbishment


Technicaldata

U-value[W/m2K] Technical data U-value [W/m2K] Specific cost

[EUR/m2]

1.1. Wall (external) 1.044 + 25 mm EPS(Ventilated Faç) 0.585 133.40

1.2.1. Flat roof (P9,P8, P7) 1.327

+ 60mm XPS (+waterproofingmembrane)

0.343 63.05

1.3. 1. Ground floor (slab) PB 1.528 + 30 mm XPS 0.582 55.67

1.4. Windows glazing

5.700

Double glazing(4-6-4)

3.51 409.941.5. Window frame Aluminum

thermal break



Technicaldata



[EUR/m2]


1.2.1. Flat roof (P9,P8, P7) 1.327

+ 100mm XPS(+ waterproofingmembrane)

0.23 73.43



5.700

Double glazing(4-12-4) Low-e

2.15 412.801.5. Window frame

Aluminumthermal break(U= 3,2 W/m2.K)





Technicaldata



[EUR/m2]


1.2.1. Flat roof (P9,P8, P7) 1.327

+140 mm MW (+waterproofingmembrane)

0.173 95.12



5.700

Double glazing(4-8-6) Solarprotection

2.89 438.28

1.5. Window frameAluminumthermal break(U= 3,2 W/m2.K)



Technicaldata



[EUR/m2]


1.2.1. Flat roof(P9, P8, P7) 1.327

+200 mm MW (+waterproofingmembrane)

0.126 113.30



5.700

Double glazing (4-8-6) Solarprotection

2.89 438.281.5. Window frame

Aluminumthermal break(U= 3,2 W/m2.K)

2. Window solar controlTo reduce the heat load that affecting in cooling demand by solar gains, were determined twotypes of exterior solar protection devices: fixed aluminium blades (150-200 mm) and dynamicaluminium blades (active control) in the South and Northwest orientations.




Beforerefurbishment



2.1. Solar shadingsystem -

Fixed solar shading(aluminium blade 150 a 200mm) (South Est )

86.80


Beforerefurbishment




Dynamic solar shading(aluminium blade 150 a 200mm) (South+West)

115.12

3. Heating systemThe proposed refurbishment of the heating system at different levels includes more efficiencyenergy generation systems and different emission systems (which fits to the new energygeneration system), and the control system. The next tables below show the current heatingsystem (before the refurbishment), and the different levels of the refurbishment. To increase thethermal comfort of users, two different levels of control for heating systems are proposed (zoneand room thermostat).

3. Heatingsystems Before refurbishment Refurbishment Level 1. Refurbishment Level 2.


3.1 High efficiencygenerator forheating H

-Condensing boiler:heating + Fan coil(emission system)

Condensingboiler:heating + Activechilled beam (emission

system)ηgn 96 ηgn 100

3.2. High efficiencyheat pump(Heating andCooling space) C+ H

Exterior Units -VRV

Exterior Units -VRVsystem: cooling +

heating. Existing VRVinterior units (emission

system)

Exterior Units -VRVsystem: cooling + heating.Existing VRV interior units

(emission system)

EER= COP= EER= COP= EER= COP=2.5 3 3.95 4.27 4.69 5.21

3.3. Control - Zone thermostat Room thermostat



3. Heatingsystems Before refurbishment Refurbishment Level 3. Refurbishment Level 4.

Technical data Technical data Technical data3.1 High efficiencygenerator forheating H

-Biomass boiler:heating

+ Fan coil (emissionsystem)

Biomass boiler: heating +DWH + Active chilled

beam (emission system)ηgn 99 ηgn 99

3.2. High efficiencyheat pump(Heating andCooling space) C+ H

Exterior Units -VRV - -

EER=2.5 COP= 3

4. Cooling systemThe proposed refurbishment of the cooling system at different levels includes more efficiencyenergy generation systems and different emission systems (which fits to the new energygeneration system), and the control system. The next tables below show the current coolingsystem (before the refurbishment), and the different levels of the refurbishment. To increase thethermal comfort of users, two different levels of control for cooling systems are proposed (zone androom thermostat).

4. CoolingSystems Before refurbishment Refurbishment Level 1. Refurbishment Level 2.


4.1. High efficiencygenerator forcooling (chiller) C

- Efficient chiller + Fan coil(emission system)

Efficient chiller + Activechilled beam (emission

system)

EER= 3.5 EER= 44.2. High efficiencyheat pump(Heating andCooling space) C+ H

Exterior Units -VRV


heating. Existing VRVinterior units (emission

system)

Exterior Units -VRVsystem: cooling + heating.Existing VRV interior units

(emission system)

EER= COP= EER= COP= EER= COP=2.5 3 3.95 4.27 4.69 5.21




4. CoolingSystems

Beforerefurbishment Refurbishment Level 3.



-Efficient chiller + Activechilled beam (emission

system)

EER= 5

4.2. High efficiencyheat pump (Heatingand Cooling space)C + H

Exterior Units -VRV -

EER=2.5 COP= 3

5. DHW systemsThere is no DHW systems proposed for EEMs.

6. Ventilation systemCurrently, there is mechanical ventilation in this type of reference buildings, so the proposed 1st

level of refurbishment is installing new AHU (Air Handling Unit), including high efficiency with freecooling, using the existing heat recovery system. The second level of refurbishment includes newAHU with recovery system + free cooling.




6.1. Ventilationsystem AHU AHU + free cooling AHU + recovery system +

free coolingRecovery system Recovery system -

7. LightingThe refurbishment of the lighting system is related to all areas of the building (office, public, etc).In the refurbishment level 1 it is proposed to change the lighting system with T5 fluorescent lamps+ occupancy and daylighting controls. In the level 2, it is proposed change the lighting system byLED (down-lights) with occupancy and daylighting controls.



7. Lightingsystem



Investmentcost

[EUR/m2]Technical data

Investmentcost

[EUR/m2]

7.1. Luminariesinstallation

Fluorescentlamp

Linear T5fluorescent lamp 68.4 LED lamp 187.4

[W/m2] 17.5 [W/m2] 17.5

7.2. Lightingcontrol

Manual switch(on/off)

Occupancy control+ daylight control

(dimming)6.1

Occupancycontrol +

daylight control(dimming)

6.1

8. Photovoltaic systemThe proposed levels of refurbishment with the generation of electricity by PV with different kWpinstalled.8. Electricalenergy fromrenewable

Beforerefurbishment




Technical data Technical data Technical data Technical data8.1. PVsystem - 5 kWp 12 kWp 25 kWp

9. Thermal solar energyFor reduce the heating generator system consumption, are proposed 5 levels of refurbishment withthe installation of thermal solar collectors (different technologies and surfaces).

9. Thermalenergy fromsolar

Beforerefurbishment





9.1. Solarcollector - Flat solar collector:

5m2Flat solar collector:

10m2Flat solar collector :

15m2


Beforerefurbishment

RefurbishmentLevel 4 Refurbishment Level 5

Technicaldata


9.1. Solarcollector - Vacuum solar

collector: 5m2Vacuum solarcollector: 10m2



10. Building Management SystemIs proposed the installation of a Building Management System for monitoring and controlled all thesystems of the building which will increase the energy saving, due to the continuous monitoring ofthe energy consumption by the optimization of the set-points, schedules, etc.


Before refurbishment Refurbishment Level 1.


10.1. Installingbuildingmanagementsystem

- Building Management System



4.10.3.2 Hospital building

1. Building envelopeThe energy efficient measures proposed for improve the energy efficient through passivemeasures in Hospital building was selected from suitable constructive solutions for the referencebuilding analyzed. The proposed retrofitting measures, has selected taking in account best andusual practices in refurbishment in this kind of building use, technical aspects of the envelope ofreference building, and available cost in public cost data base (in general used for public tenders).Also, different solutions extracted from the cost optimal studies in Spain, carried out for theimplementation of the last updated of mandatory TBC-Technical Building Code (CTE- CódigoTécnico de la Edificación) that is the Spain EPBD mandatory regulation) for existing building (andother research European and Med projects as the MARIE and ENTRANZE projects)Different technologies and thickness to achieve different U-values levels were proposed, for thecost/benefit analysis that will be made in WP4:The cost of EEM includes all the items and sub items (construction works) to achieve the samelevel of finishing of actual features of the building (per example: natural stone cladding façade).The first step or minimum level proposed for the U-values of the building envelope (passivemeasures), meet the minimum establish in the TBC for retrofitting in buildings that involve morethan 25% of the envelope (non residential use). The subsequent levels were obtained byincreasing the insulation levels for the envelope; taking in account previous studies based indifferent passive measures and best and used practice in retrofitting in buildings.


Technicaldata



[EUR/m2]


1.2. Flat roof 1.419+ 60mm XPS (+waterproofingmembrane)

0.346 73.70

1.3. Ground floor(slab) 1.571 + 30 mm XPS 0.451 42.33

1.4. Windowsglazing

5.700

Double glazing (4-6-4)

3.51 409.941.5. Window frame Aluminum thermal

break




Technicaldata



[EUR/m2]


1.2. Flat roof 1.419+ 100mm XPS (+

waterproofingmembrane)

0.226 84.09


1.4. Windowsglazing

5.700

Double glazing (4-12-4) Low-e

2.15 412.801.5. Window frame

Aluminum thermalbreak (U= 3,2W/m2.K)


Technicaldata



[EUR/m2]


1.2. Flat roof 1.419+140 mm MW (+waterproofingmembrane)

0.181 105.77


1.4. Windowsglazing

5.700


2.89 438.28

1.5. Window frameAluminum thermalbreak (U= 3,2W/m2.K)




Technicaldata



[EUR/m2]


1.2. Flat roof 1.419+200 mm MW (+waterproofingmembrane)

0.133 123.95


1.4. Windowsglazing

5.700


2.89 438.281.5. Window frame

Aluminum thermalbreak (U= 3,2W/m2.K)


To reduce the heat load that affecting in cooling demand by solar gains, were determined oneexterior solar protection devices: fixed aluminium blades (150-200 mm) in the South orientation.


Beforerefurbishment Refurbishment Level 1.

Technical data Technical data Specific cost [EUR/m2]


Fixed solar shading(aluminium blade 150 a 200mm) (South+West)

86.80

3. Heating systemThe proposed refurbishment of the heating system at four different levels includes more efficiencyenergy generation systems, different emission systems (which fits to the new energy generationsystem), and the control system. The installation of a tri-generation plant is also considered. Thenext tables below show the current heating system (before the refurbishment), and the differentlevels of the refurbishment. To increase the thermal comfort of users, two different levels of controlfor cooling systems are proposed (zone and room thermostat).



3. Heating systems Beforerefurbishment Refurbishment Level 1. Refurbishment Level 2.


3.1 High efficiencygenerator for heatingH (+ DHW)

Natural gas boilersCondensing boiler:

heating + DWH + Fan coil(emission system)

Condensing boiler:heating + DWH + Activechilled beam (emission

system)

ηgn 82 ηgn 96 ηgn 100

3.2. High efficiencyheat pump (Heatingand Cooling space) C+ H

_

Exterior Units -VRVsystem: cooling + heating.

VRV interior units(emission system)

Exterior Units -VRVsystem: cooling + heating

+ VRV interior units(emission system)

EER= COP= EER= COP=3.95 4.27 4.69 5.21

3.3.TrigenerationPlant -Electricity +Heating (+ DHW)

_ Cogeneration plant Cogeneration plant

Absorption chiller Absorption chillerCOP= 1.30 COP= 1.30

Heat recovery boiler Heat recovery boiler


3. Heating systems Beforerefurbishment Refurbishment Level 3. Refurbishment Level 4.


3.1 High efficiencygenerator for heatingH (+ DHW)

Natural gas boilersBiomass boiler: heating +DWH + Fan coil (emission

system)

Biomass boiler: heating +DWH + Active chilled

beam (emission system)

ηgn 82 ηgn 99 ηgn 99

3.2. High efficiencyheat pump (Heatingand Cooling space) C+ H

- -

3.3.TrigenerationPlant -Electricity +Heating (+ DHW)

Cogeneration plant -

Absorption chiller -

COP= 1.30Heat recovery boiler -



4. Cooling systemThe proposed refurbishment EEM of the heating system at three different levels includes moreefficiency energy generation systems and different emission systems (which fits to the new energygeneration system), and the control system (2 levels). The installation of a tri-generation plant isalso considered. The next tables below show the current cooling system (before therefurbishment), and the different levels of the refurbishment. To increase the thermal comfort ofusers, two different levels of control for cooling systems are proposed (zone and room thermostat).

4. Coolingsystems Before refurbishment Refurbishment

Level 1.Refurbishment

Level 2.Technical data Technical data Technical data


Chiller Efficient chiller + Fan coil(emission system)

Efficient chiller +Active chilled beam(emission system)

EER= 2.25 EER= 3.5 EER= 44.2. High efficiencyheat pump(Heating andCooling space) C+ H

Exterior Units -VRVsystem: cooling + heating.

VRV interior units(emission system)


heating + VRVinterior units

(emission system)EER= COP= EER= COP=3.95 4.27 4.69 5.21

4.3.1.TrigenerationPlant -Electricity +Heating (+ DHW)

Cogeneration plant Cogeneration plant

4.3.2.Efficientchiller (cooling)

Efficient chiller (75%Cooling demand) + Fancoil (emission system)

Efficient chiller (75%Cooling demand) +Active chilled beam(emission system)

EER= 3.5 EER= 44.4. Control - Zone thermostat Room thermostat

4. Cooling systems Before refurbishment Refurbishment Level 3.Technical data Technical data

4.1. High efficiencygenerator for cooling(chiller) C

ChillerEfficient chiller + Activechilled beam (emission

system)EER= 2.25 EER= 5

4.2. High efficiency heatpump (Heating andCooling space) C + H

-

4.3.1.Trigeneration Plant-Electricity + Heating (+DHW)

Cogeneration plant

4.3.2.Efficient chiller(cooling)

Efficient chiller (75%Cooling demand) +Active chilled beam(emission system)EER= 5



5. DHW systemsThere are three levels for DHW systems. The installation of a tri-generation plant is alsoconsidered.

5. DHW Systems Before refurbishment Refurbishment Level 1. Refurbishment Level 2.


5.1. High efficiencygenerator for DHW Natural gas boilers Condensing boiler: DWH Condensing boiler:

DWHηgn 82 ηgn 96 ηgn 100

5.2. TrigenerationPlant (Electricity +Heating + DHW)

Cogeneration plant Cogeneration plant

- Heat recovery boiler Heat recovery boiler

5. DHW Systems Before refurbishment Refurbishment Level 3.Technical data Technical data

5.1. High efficiencygenerator for DHW Natural gas boilers Biomass boiler: DWH

ηgn 82 ηgn 99

5.2. TrigenerationPlant (Electricity +Heating + DHW)

- Cogeneration plant

Heat recovery boiler

6. Ventilation systemCurrently, there is mechanical ventilation in this type of reference buildings, so the proposed 1st

level of refurbishment is installing new AHU (Air Handling Unit), including high efficiency with freecooling, using the existing heat recovery system. The second level of refurbishment includes newAHU with recovery system + free cooling.




6.1. Ventilationsystem

11 Air HandlingUnits (AHU) AHU + free cooling AHU + recovery system

+ free coolingRecovery system -



7. LightingThe refurbishment of the lighting system is related to all areas of the building (office, public, etc).In the refurbishment level 1 it is proposed to change the lighting system with T5 fluorescent lamps+ occupancy and daylighting controls. In the level 2, it is proposed change the lighting system byLED (down-lights) with occupancy and daylighting controls.

7. Lightingsystem



Investmentcost

[EUR]/m2Technical data Investment

cost [EUR]

7.1. Luminariesinstallation

Fluorescentlamp

Linear T5fluorescent lamp 100.0 LED lamp 274.1

[W/m2] 25 [W/m2] 25

7.2. Lightingcontrol

Manualswitch(on/off)

Occupancycontrol + daylightcontrol (dimming)

8.9

Occupancycontrol + daylight

control(dimming)

8.9

8. Photovoltaic systemThe proposed levels of refurbishment with the generation of electricity by PV with different kWpinstalled.8. Electricalenergy fromrenewable

Beforerefurbishment





8.1. PVsystem - 5 kWp 12 kWp 25 kWp

9. Thermal solar energyFor reduce the heating generator system consumption, are proposed four levels of refurbishmentwith the installation of thermal solar collectors (different technologies and surfaces).9. Thermalenergy fromsolar



9.1. Solarcollector - Flat solar collector: 125m2 Flat solar collector: 150m2




9.1. Solarcollector - Vacuum solar collector:

125m2Vacuum solar collector:

150m2



10. Building Management SystemIs proposed the installation of a Building Management System for monitoring and controlled all thesystems of the building which will increase the energy saving, due to the continuous monitoring ofthe energy consumption by the optimization of the set-points, schedules, etc.

10. BuildingManagement System Before refurbishment Refurbishment Level 1.





4.11 United Kingdom


Energy efficiency measures have been identified that are suitable for the refurbishment of publicbuildings towards nZEB level. In Appendix-UK an extensive list of technologies is providedshowing which national reference public building types they could be applied to, along with thetypical energy saving due to the application of the technology and the expected return oninvestment.


Annual carbon dioxide emissions from UK buildings equate to ~225 million tonnes and represent40% of all UK carbon emissions. Conventional economic assessments indicate that there are moresignificant and more cost effective CO2 savings available through improving the existing buildingstock than those available through further improvements in energy efficiency standards for newbuild28.


efficiency measures

Below are three examples of buildings:

Victorian Office Block 1960s Office Block Solid wall detached house

Where each aspect (i.e. building envelope, heating system, DHW system, lighting etc.) isconsidered at three different refurbishment levels:

Level 1 - Meeting Part L1B or L2B to the Building Regulations Level 2 – Intermediate standard Level 3 – Passivhaus standard

These levels are then combined to produce different refurbishment packages in Chapter 5.

4.11.3.1 Victorian Office Block

Technical data and the estimated specific investment costs are presented for the most relevanttechnical measures. Costs reflect typical UK market conditions and an exchange rate of £0.73 = €1(and do not include VAT), and specific costs are provided per unit floor area for this type ofproperty.

28 Energy efficiency in new and existing buildings comparative costs and CO2 savings, F MacKenzie, C Pout, LShorrock, A Matthews and J Henderson, Aug-2010




Building envelopeBefore

refurbishment(EPC Band G)

Refurbishment Level 1.

U-Value [W/m2K] Technical data U-value[W/m2K]

Specific cost[€/m2]

External Wall Insulation 2.1

BuildingRegulationsPart L2B

0,30 18.1Roof Insulation 2.5 0.18 14.5Floor Insulation 1.0 0.25 10.7Windows/Glazing 4.96 1.5 121

Air-tightness(m3/m2/s)


Draught Proofing 25@50Pa 10@50Pa 1.0

Refurbishment Level 2. Refurbishment Level 3

Technicaldata U-value [W/m2K] Specific

cost [€/m2] Technical data U-value[W/m2K]


Intermediatestandard

0.15 18.1

PassivhausStandard

0.12 18.10.15 14.5 0.13 14.50.15 10.7 0.13 10.70.85 121 0.80 121



7@50Pa 1.0 1@50Pa 1.0

2. Window solar controlLevels for glazing considered within the building envelope include improvements in g-value fromexisting values of 0.85 to 0.63, 0.5 and 0.5 for Refurbishment Levels 1, 2 and 3.

3. Heating systemThe proposed refurbishment of the heating system includes the modernisation of the heatingcontrols and a replacement boiler.

Heating system Refurbishment level 1 (Building Regulations Part L1B)

Technical data Specific cost [€/m2]

Replacement Boiler 89% efficiency boiler 25.5

Heating system Refurbishment level 2 (intermediate standard)


Heating Controls Optimum start-stop, zone control (local time andtemperature control), weather compensation 25.5

Replacement Boiler 90% efficiency boiler



Heating system Refurbishment level 3 (Passivhaus)



Replacement Boiler 90% efficiency boiler

4. Cooling systemEnergy improvements for cooling systems are not considered.

5. DHW systemThe proposed refurbishment of the DHW system includes various levels of insulation applied to hotwater storage systems.

DHW system

Refurbishment Level Technical data Specific cost [€/m2]

1 - Building RegulationsPart L1B 160mm loose jacket 0.5

2 – Intermediate standard 120mm factory fitted jacket, insulatedprimary pipework 0.5

3 - Passivhaus 160mm factory fitted jacket, insulatedprimary pipework 0.5

6. Ventilation systemEnergy improvements for ventilation systems are not considered.

7. LightingThe proposed refurbishment of office lighting includes a mixture of low energy light fittings andlighting controls.

Lighting system


1 - Building RegulationsPart L1B

T8 fluorescent lighting and CFLsPIR occupancy detection and daylight control

32.9

2 – Intermediatestandard


32.9

3 - Passivhaus LED lighting and CFLsPIR occupancy detection and daylight control

32.9



8. Photovoltaic systemThe proposed refurbishment of dwellings to the various levels considers photovoltaics with differentlevels of peak power production.

Photovoltaic system


1 - Building Regulations Part L1B 39kWp (25% of demand) 183

2 – Intermediate standard 47kWp (30% of demand) 220

3 - Passivhaus 55kWp (35% of demand) 258

9. Thermal solar energyThe proposed refurbishment to the various levels considers different sizes of solar collectors.

Thermal solar energy system

Refurbishment Level Technical data Specific cost[€/m2]

1 - Building Regulations Part L1B 4m2 evacuated tubes (25% of demand) 42

2 – Intermediate standard 6m2 evacuated tubes (30% of demand) 63

3 - Passivhaus 7m2 evacuated tubes (35% of demand) 73

10. Building Management SystemEnergy improvements for Building Management Systems are not considered.

4.11.3.2 1960s Office Block

Technical data and the estimated specific investment costs are presented for the most relevanttechnical measures. Costs reflect typical UK market conditions (and do not include VAT), andspecific costs are provided per unit floor area for this type of property.1. Building envelope

Building envelopeBefore

refurbishment(EPC Band G)

Refurbishment Level 1



Internal Wall Insulation 2.10


0,30 12.8Cavity Wall Insulation 1.6 0.55 2.1Roof Insulation 2.5 0.18 7.0Floor Insulation 1.0 0.25 6.7Windows/Glazing 4.96 1.5 165






Refurbishment Level 2 Refurbishment Level 3




Intermediatestandard

0.15 12.8

PassivhausStandard

0.12 12.80.5 2.1 0.4 2.1

0.15 7.0 0.13 7.00.15 6.7 0.13 6.70.85 165 0.80 165



7@50Pa 0.9 1@50Pa 0.9

2. Window solar controlLevels for glazing considered within the building envelope include improvements in g-value fromexisting values of 0.85 to 0.63, 05 and 0.5 for Refurbishment Levels 1, 2 and 3.

3. Heating systemThe proposed refurbishment of the heating system includes the modernisation of the heatingcontrols and a replacement boiler.


Technical data Specific cost[€/m2]


Heating system Refurbishment level 2 (intermediate standard)










4. Cooling systemEnergy improvements for cooling systems are not considered.

5. DHW systemThe proposed refurbishment of the DHW system includes various levels of insulation applied to hotwater storage systems.

DHW system



2 – Intermediate standard 120mm factory fitted jacket, insulatedprimary pipework 0.2


6. Ventilation systemEnergy improvements for ventilation systems are not considered.

7. LightingThe proposed refurbishment of office lighting includes a mixture of low energy light fittings andlighting controls.

Lighting system


1 - Building RegulationsPart L1B


0.4

2 – Intermediatestandard


4.6

3 - Passivhaus LED lighting and CFLsPIR occupancy detection and daylight control

6.6




Photovoltaic system


1 - Building Regulations Part L1B 67kWp (25% of demand) 138

2 – Intermediate standard 81kWp (30% of demand) 167

3 - Passivhaus 94kWp (35% of demand) 194

9. Thermal solar energyThe proposed refurbishment to the various levels considers different sizes of solar collectors.


Refurbishment Level Technical data Specificcost [€/m2]

1 - Building Regulations Part L1B 34m2 evacuated tubes (25% of demand) 16

2 – Intermediate standard 41m2 evacuated tubes (30% of demand) 19

3 - Passivhaus 47m2 evacuated tubes (35% of demand) 22

10. Building Management SystemEnergy improvements for Building Management Systems are not considered.

4.11.3.3 Solid Walled Detached House

The proposed energy efficiency measures and the different standards apply to solid walleddetached housing, which represents 4.7% of the UK housing stock.Technical data and the estimated specific investment costs are presented for the most relevanttechnical measures. Costs reflect typical UK market conditions and an exchange rate of £0.73 = €1(and do not include VAT), and specific costs are provided per unit floor area for this type ofproperty.1. Building envelope

Building envelope Beforerefurbishment Refurbishment Level 1



Internal Wall Insulation 2.1


0,30 105Roof Insulation 2.3 0.16 4.6Floor Insulation 0.74 0.25 13Windows/Glazing 4.8 1.5 72






Refurbishment Level 2 Refurbishment Level 3




Code forSustainableHomes Level4

0.15 128

PassivhausStandard

0.12 1380.13 6.6 0.12 90.15 15 0.12 180.85 86 0.5 132


MVHR (90% heat recovery,fan power = 0.6W/l/s)

4@50Pa 10 66

2. Window solar controlWindow solar control is not considered, because cooling is generally not provided in UK dwellings.However, the levels for glazing considered within the building envelope include improvements in g-value from existing values of 0.85 to 0.63, 05 and 0.5 for Refurbishment Levels 1, 2 and 3. Costsfor these measures are included within the cost of improving the thermal performance of thebuilding envelope.

3. Heating systemThe proposed refurbishment of the heating system includes the modernisation of the controls, withor without a replacement boiler.

Heating system Existing

Technical data

Heating Controls Programmer

Replacement Boilerand Heating Controls As above plus 68% efficiency boiler



Heating Controls Room thermostat, TRVs and programmer 5.2

Replacement Boilerand Heating Controls As above plus 90% efficiency boiler 38.2

Heating system Refurbishment level 2 (CSH Level 4)










4. Cooling systemEnergy improvements for cooling systems is not considered because cooling is generally notprovided in UK dwellings.

5. DHW systemThe proposed refurbishment of the DHW system includes various levels of insulation applied to thehot water storage cylinder.

DHW system



2 - CSH Level 4 120mm factory fitted jacket, insulatedprimary pipework 4.6


6. Ventilation systemEnergy improvements for ventilation systems are not considered because mechanical ventilation isgenerally not provided in UK dwellings.

7. LightingEnergy improvements for lighting systems are treated in a similar way for all refurbishment levelsas UK Building Regulations require the extensive use of low energy lighting for all domesticrefurbishment projects. The specific cost of low energy lighting is estimated to be 0.7€/m2.


Photovoltaic system


1 - Building Regulations Part L1B 2.5kWp 79



2 - CSH Level 4 2.5kWp 89

3 - Passivhaus 2.5kWp 99

9. Thermal solar energyThe proposed refurbishment of dwellings to the various levels considers different combinations ofsolar collectors and hot water storage capacities.



1 - Building Regulations Part L1B 3m2 evacuated tubes plus 190l tank 66

2 - CSH Level 4 4m2 evacuated tubes plus 190l tank 72

3 - Passivhaus 5m2 evacuated tubes plus 190l tank 79

10. Building Management SystemEnergy improvements for Building Management Systems are not considered for UK dwellings.



5.PACKAGES OF MEASURES

The proposed packages of energy efficiency measures were defined taking into account thetechnologies that had been gathered as regards the refurbishment towards nZEB level of referencebuilding categories in each target country.Among the packages, the typical combinations of the measures can be found, which represent thecurrently applied refurbishment practice in the given country, as well as those combinations ofinnovative measures that represent high level of energy efficiency. All the combinations of themeasures will be analysed in WP4 in terms of energetic and economic point of view. Theoptimization will be performed based on the result of the building energy simulation.

5.1 BULGARIA

The selected reference buildings for Bulgaria are residential (student hostel), office building, schoolbuilding and hospital building – all large buildings that cannot be treated as a single thermal zone.In accordance with the accepted methodology in Bulgaria, the modelling and simulation of this typeof buildings is performed by packages formed after defining the thermal zones. Furthermore,several single energy efficiency measures for heat/cold generation or RES utilisation can becombined in the different thermal zones in the building.A preliminary content of the packages of measures for the selected reference buildings is shownbelow.

5.1.1 Packages for Office building

Package 1 Package 2 Package 3 Package 4 Package 5

1. Building envelope Level1 Level2 Level2 Level3 Level3

2. Window solar control - Level1 Level1 Level1 Level1

3. Heating system Level1 Level2 Level2 Level3 Level4

4. Cooling system Level1 Level3 Level3 Level2 Level4

6. Ventilation system Level1 Level1 Level1 Level1 Level1

7. Lighting system Level1 Level2 Level2 Level2 Level210. Building ManagementSystem Level1 Level1 Level1 Level1 Level1

5.1.2 Packages for School building








5.1.3 Packages for Student hostel




5. DHW Level1 Level 1 Level2 Level2 Level 2


5.1.4 Packages for Hospital building



2. Window solar control - Level1 Level1 Level1 Level1


4. Cooling system Level1 Level 3 Level2 Level2 Level4

5. DHW Level2 Level 1 Level2 Level2 Level 2





5.2 CROATIA

The proposed packages of energy efficiency measures are defined taking into account theavailable technologies and building uses in both office and buildings for education. Packages ofmeasures combine technologies and measures given in Chapter 4.


The proposed packages of energy efficiency measures are defined taking into account thetechnologies that were gathered as regards the refurbishment towards nZEB level of officebuildings located in Croatia. Four packages of measures were defined which are significantlydifferent from energetically point of view. In following table the content of the packages ofmeasures are summarized.

Table CR-1: Summary of packages of measures for office buildings in Croatia

Package 1. Package 2. Package 3. Package 4.Building envelope Existing condition Level 1. Level 2. Level 3.

Heating system Level 1 to 5 Level 6 to 10 Level 6 to 10 Level 6 to 10

Cooling system Level 1 to 5 Level 1 to 5 Level 1 to 5 Level 3.

Ventilation system Existing condition Level 1 Level 1 Level 1

Lighting system Level 1 to 3 Level 1 to 3 Level 1 to 3 Level 1 to 3

Photovoltaicsystem Existing condition Level 1. Level 1. Level 1.

The main characteristics of the packages of measures are summarized below.

Package of measures 1.First package of measures gives comparison of heating system and fuel replacement option whileexcluding external envelope refurbishment, as costs for building with reduced use schedule,particularly in building envelope, tend to grow significantly higher than cost optimal levels.Ventilation system is not going to be upgraded, only mechanical sanitary spaces exhaust andnatural ventilation of office spaces.

Package of measures 2.Second package of measures is basic refurbishment set for building in Croatia, fulfilling minimumrequirements for the envelope, and replacing and upgrading the building technical systems,including lighting. Due to lowered energy demand of the building, system sizing reflects new Uvalue of building components.

Package of measures 3.Package of measures 3 in practice represents cost optimal level of refurbishment and best practicein Croatia – building envelope 40% better than legal requirements, and upgrade of technicalsystems.



Package of measures 4.Preferred package for nZEB should aim for highest level of envelope insulation, with systemsupgrade and PV system covering basic daily load included. Optimal choice of technical systemshould be obtained by optimization procedure in further work.

5.2.2 Buildings for education

The proposed packages of energy efficiency measures are defined taking into account thetechnologies that were gathered as regards the refurbishment towards nZEB level of educationbuildings located in Croatia. Packages of measures were defined which are different in choice ofenvelope and technical system.

Table CR-2: Summary of packages of measures for buildings for education in Croatia

Package 1. Package 2. Package 3. Package 4.Building envelope existing condition Level 1. Level 2. Level 3.

Heating system Level 1 to 5 Level 6 to 10 Level 11 to 15 Level 11 to 15

Cooling system existing level 1 Level 1 Level 1

Ventilationsystem Existing condition Level 1 Level 2 Level 2

Lighting system Level 1 to 3 Level 1 to 3 Level 1 to 3 Level 1 to 3

Photovoltaicsystem Existing condition Level 1. Level 1. Level 1.


Package of measures 1.First package of measures gives comparison of heating system and fuel replacement option whileexcluding external envelope refurbishment, as costs for building with reduced use schedule,particularly in building envelope, tend to grow significantly higher than cost optimal levels.Ventilation system is not going to be upgraded, only mechanical sanitary spaces exhaust andnatural ventilation of office spaces.

Package of measures 2.Second package of measures is basic refurbishment set for building in Croatia, fulfilling minimumrequirements for the envelope, and replacing and upgrading the building technical systems,including lighting. Due to lowered energy demand of the building, system sizing reflects new Uvalue of building components.

Package of measures 3.



Package of measures 3 in practice represents cost optimal level of refurbishment and best practicein Croatia – building envelope 40% better than legal requirements, and upgrade of technicalsystems.

Package of measures 4.Preferred package for nZEB should aim for highest level of envelope insulation, with systemsupgrade and PV system covering basic daily load included. Optimal choice of technical systemshould be obtained by optimization procedure in further work.





The proposed packages of energy efficiency measures are defined taking into account thetechnologies that were gathered as regards the refurbishment towards nZEB level for oneeducational building – elementary school. The following table shows the packages of measuresaccording to the focus and ambition level.

Table MK-1: Summary of packages of measures for educational buildings in the FormerYugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Package 1. Package 2. Package 3. Package 4. Package 5. Package 6.Buildingenvelope

Level 1 Level 2 Level 1 Level 2 Level 1 Level 2

Heatingsystem


DHWproduction

Existing Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1

Ventilationsystem

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lightingsystem


Thermalsolarenergy

Existing Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1

Photovoltaicsystem

N/A N/A Level 1 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2

Package of measures 1.This package of measures contains the combination of energy efficiency measures that are mostcommon in the country. The thermal transmittances of the building structures meet therequirements in force in the regulation. The measures in the heating system include new radiatorsand pipework, together with thermostatic radiator valves, automatic control with electromagneticmixing valve. The DHW need is low so no refurbishment is considered there. The lightning systemwill be refurbished and the existing lighting fixtures will be replaced by LED and occupancy controland daylight control system will be installed.

Package of measures 2.The focus of this package is the building envelope, together with the heating system and thesystem for preparation of DHW. The thermal transmittances of the building structures will be wellabove the requirements in force. New heating system will be installed – heat pump, together withnew radiator and pipework, thermostatic radiator valves and management system. Thermal solar



collectors for preparation of domestic hot water can cover the most of the needs – especiallybecause of the low need for hot water.The lightning system will be refurbished and the existing lighting fixtures will be replaced by LEDand occupancy control and daylight control system will be installed.

Package of measures 3.The focus of this package is the utilization of the available on site renewable energy sources. Thelightning system will be refurbished and the existing lighting fixtures will be replaced by LED andoccupancy control and daylight control system will be installed.Photovoltaic system with 15 kWp will be installed and it will cover significant share of the electricityneeds.Thermal solar collectors for preparation of domestic hot water can cover the most of the needs –especially because of the low need for hot water.The thermal transmittances of the building structures meet the requirements in force in theregulation. The measures in the heating system include new radiators and pipework, together withthermostatic radiator valves, automatic control with electromagnetic mixing valve.

Package of measures 4.The focus of this package is the maximum utilization of the available on site renewable energysources. The lightning system will be refurbished and the existing lighting fixtures will be replacedby LED and occupancy control and daylight control system will be installed.Photovoltaic system with 20 kWp will be installed and it will cover most of the share of theelectricity needs.Thermal solar collectors for preparation of domestic hot water can cover the most of the needs –especially because of the low need for hot water.The thermal transmittances of the building structures will be well above the requirements in force.The measures in the heating system include new radiators and pipework, together withthermostatic radiator valves, automatic control with electromagnetic mixing valve.

Package of measures 5.The focus of this package is the refurbishment of the heating system with utilization of the availableon site renewable energy sources. The thermal transmittances of the building structures will meetthe requirements in force in the regulation. New heating system will be installed – heat pump,together with new radiator and pipework, thermostatic radiator valves and management system.Thermal solar collectors for preparation of domestic hot water can cover the most of the needs –especially because of the low need for hot water. Photovoltaic system with 15 kWp will be installedand it will cover significant share of the electricity needs.

Package of measures 6.This is the most ambitious package of measures that will include refurbishment in all of thetechnical systems in the building. The thermal transmittances of the building structures will be wellabove the requirements in force. New heating system will be installed – heat pump, together withnew radiator and pipework, thermostatic radiator valves and management system. Thermal solar



collectors for preparation of domestic hot water can cover the most of the needs – especiallybecause of the low need for hot water.The lightning system will be refurbished and the existing lighting fixtures will be replaced by LEDand occupancy control and daylight control system will be installed.Photovoltaic system with 20 kWp will be installed and it will cover most of the share of theelectricity needs.

5.3.2 Office buildings

The proposed packages of energy efficiency measures are defined taking into account thetechnologies that were gathered as regards the refurbishment towards nZEB level for officebuilding. The following table shows the packages of measures according to the focus and ambitionlevel and according to the defined levels in the table MK-1 of this chapter.

Table MK-2: Summary of packages of measures for office buildings in the Former YugoslavRepublic of Macedonia

Package1.

Package2.

Package3.

Package4.

Package5.

Package6.

Package7.

Package8.

Buildingenvelope

Level 1 Level 3 Level 4 Level 2 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 4

Heat pumpfor heating,cooling andhot water

Level 1 N/A N/A Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 2 N/A

Geothermalheating

N/A Level 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Level3

Highefficiencychiller (CHIL)

N/A N/A Level 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

DHWproduction


Ventilationsystem

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lightingsystem


Thermal solarenergy


Photovoltaicsystem


BuildingManagementSystem

Existing Existing Existing Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 2 Level 2




The focus of this package of measures is the refurbishment of the building envelope and heatingsystem. The thermal transmittances of the building structures will be well above the requirementsin force. New heating system will be installed - heat pump for heating, cooling and hot water. Solarthermal collectors and photovoltaic system will be installed that will cover part of the needs forDHW and electricity.

Package of measures 2.The focus of this package of measures is the refurbishment of the building envelope and heatingsystem. The thermal transmittances of the building structures will be well above the requirementsin force. New heating system will be installed – geothermal heating. Solar thermal collectors andphotovoltaic system will be installed that will cover part of the needs for DHW and electricity.

Package of measures 3.The focus of this package of measures is the refurbishment of the building envelope and heatingsystem. The thermal transmittances of the building structures will be well above the requirementsin force. New heating system will be installed – high efficiency chiller. Solar thermal collectors andphotovoltaic system will be installed that will cover part of the needs for DHW and electricity.

Package of measures 4.The focus of this package of measures will be maximum utilization of on-site renewable energysources.The lightning system will be refurbished and the existing lighting fixtures will be replaced by LEDand occupancy control and daylight control system will be installed.Photovoltaic system with 8 kWp will be installed and it will cover most of the share of the electricityneeds.Significant share of the energy need for energy for hot water will be provided by solar thermalcollectors.Building Management System will be installed also.

Package of measures 5.The focus of this package of measures will be maximum utilization of on-site renewable energysources.The lightning system will be refurbished and the existing lighting fixtures will be replaced by LEDand occupancy control and daylight control system will be installed.Photovoltaic system with 15 kWp will be installed and it will cover most of the share of theelectricity needs.Significant share of the energy need for energy for hot water will be provided by solar thermalcollectors.Building Management System will be installed also.

Package of measures 6.The focus of this package of measures will be maximum utilization of on-site renewable energysources.The lightning system will be refurbished and the existing lighting fixtures will be replaced by LEDand occupancy control and daylight control system will be installed.Photovoltaic system with 15 kWp will be installed and it will cover most of the share of theelectricity needs.



Almost all energy need for energy for hot water will be provided by solar thermal collectors witharea of 10 m2.Building Management System will be installed also.

Package of measures 7.This is the most ambitious package (together with Package of measures 8) of measures that willinclude refurbishment in all of the technical systems in the building.The thermal transmittances of the building structures will be well above the requirements in force.New heating system will be installed - heat pump for heating, cooling and hot water.The lightning system will be refurbished and the existing lighting fixtures will be replaced by LEDand occupancy control and daylight control system will be installed.Photovoltaic system with 15 kWp will be installed and it will cover most of the share of theelectricity needs. Almost all energy need for energy for hot water will be provided by solar thermalcollectors with area of 10m2.Advanced building Management System will be installed also.

Package of measures 8.This is the most ambitious package (together with Package of measures 7) of measures that willinclude refurbishment in all of the technical systems in the building.The thermal transmittances of the building structures will be well above the requirements in force.New heating system will be installed – geothermal heating.The lightning system will be refurbished and the existing lighting fixtures will be replaced by LEDand occupancy control and daylight control system will be installed.Photovoltaic system with 15 kWp will be installed and it will cover most of the share of theelectricity needs. Almost all energy need for energy for hot water will be provided by solar thermalcollectors with area of 10 m2.Advanced building Management System will be installed also.



5.4 GREECE


The proposed packages of energy efficiency measures are defined taking into account thetechnologies that were gathered as regards the refurbishment towards nZEB level of officebuildings located in Greece. Five packages of measures were defined. In Table GR-6 the contentof the packages of measures are summarized.

Table GR-6: Summary of packages of measures for office buildings in Greece

Package 1. Package 2. Package 3. Package 4. Package5.

1. Building envelope Level 1. Level 1. Level 2. Level 3. Level 3.

2. Window solar control Existingcondition

Level 1. Level 1. Level 2. Level 2.

3. Heating system Level 1. Level 2. Level 3. Level 4. Level 3.

4. Cooling system Existingcondition


6. Ventilation system Existingcondition

Existingcondition

Level 1. Level 1. Level 1.

7. Lighting system Level 1. Level 1. Level 2. Level 3. Level 3.

8. Photovoltaic system Existingcondition

Existingcondition

Level 1. Existingcondition

Level 1.

10. Building ManagementSystem

Existingcondition

Existingcondition

Existingcondition

Level 1. Level 1.


Package of measures 1.This package of measures contains the combination of energy efficiency measures that is mostcommon in Greece. The thermal transmittances of the building structures meet the requirements ofthe Regulation of Energy Performance of Buildings in Greece. The constant temperature gas boilerwill be replaced by natural gas boiler; however the existing emission system (steel panel radiators)will not be changed. The cooling system will not be refurbished, and solar shading will not beinstalled. Concerning the lighting system only the illuminators will be replaced, the control systemwill not be modernized. Photovoltaic system and Building Management System will not beinstalled.


The package 2 contains preferred combinations of measures for office buildings in Greece. Thethermal transmittances of the building structures meet the requirements of the Regulation of



Energy Performance of Buildings in Greece. External solar shading will be installed. Both theheating and cooling systems will be completely refurbished by the installation of a heat pump andthe existing emission system will be replaced by fan coils.

Concerning the lighting system only the illuminators will be replaced, the control system will not bemodernized. Photovoltaic system and Building Management System will not be installed.


This package of measures contains forward-looking technical solutions for office buildings inGreece. The thermal transmittances of the building structures meet the requirements of theRegulation of Energy Performance of Buildings in Greece. External solar shading will be installed.Both the heating and cooling systems will be completely refurbished by the installation ofgeothermal heat pumps (if the conditions - e.g. adequate space for borehole -are met). In additionif the existing emission system is steel panel radiators it will be replaced by fan coils. If there isduct system it will not be refurbished. The ventilation system is upgraded by AHU with heatrecovery.

Concerning the lighting system the illuminators, the reflectors as well as the ballasts will bereplaced, while the control system will not be modernized. Also PV panels will be installed.

Package of measures 4.This package of measures also contains preferred combinations of measures for office buildings inGreece. The thermal transmittances of the building structures meet the requirements of theRegulation of Energy Performance of Buildings in Greece. External solar shading will be installed.Both the heating and cooling systems will be completely refurbished by the installation of a VRFsystem and the existing emission system will be replaced by fan coils. The ventilation system isupgraded by AHU with heat recovery.Concerning the lighting system the illuminators, the reflectors, the ballasts will be replaced, as wellas the control system will be modernized. Additionally, a building energy management system willbe installed.


This package of measures also contains preferred combinations of measures for office buildings inGreece. The thermal transmittances of the building structures meet the requirements of theRegulation of Energy Performance of Buildings in Greece. External solar shading will be installed.Both the heating and cooling systems will be completely refurbished by the installation ofgeothermal heat pumps (if the conditions - e.g. adequate space for borehole -are met). In additionif the existing emission system is steel panel radiators it will be replaced by fan coils. If there isduct system it will not be refurbished. The ventilation system is upgraded by AHU with heatrecovery.Concerning the lighting system the illuminators, the reflectors as well as the ballasts will bereplaced, and the control system will be modernized. Additionally, a building energy managementsystem will be installed. Also PV panels will be installed.


The proposed packages of energy efficiency measures are defined taking into account thetechnologies that were gathered as regards the refurbishment towards nZEB level of schoolbuildings located in Greece. Five packages of measures were defined. In Table GR-7 the contentof the packages of measures are summarized.



Table GR-7: Summary of packages of measures for school buildings in Greece

Package 1. Package 2. Package 3. Package 4. Package 5.1. Building envelope Level 1. Level 1. Level 2. Level 2. Level 3.

3. Heating system Level 1. Level 2. Level 3. Level 4. Level 3.

7. Lighting system Existingcondition.


8. Photovoltaic system Existingcondition.

Existingcondition.

Level 1. Level 1. Level 1.

9. Thermal solar energysystem

Existingcondition.

Existingcondition.

Existingcondition.

Level 1. Existingcondition.


Package of measures 1.This package of measures contains the combination of energy efficiency measures that is mostcommon in school buildings, in Greece. The thermal transmittances of the building structures meetthe requirements of the Regulation of Energy Performance of Buildings in Greece. The constanttemperature gas boiler will be replaced by natural gas boiler; however the existing emission system(steel panel radiators) will not be changed.

Package of measures 2.The package 2 contains preferred combinations of measures for school buildings in Greece. Thethermal transmittances of the building structures meet the requirements of the Regulation ofEnergy Performance of Buildings in Greece. The heating system will be completely refurbished bythe installation of a heat pump and the existing emission system will be replaced by fan coils.Concerning the lighting system only the illuminators will be replaced, the control system will not bemodernized.


This package of measures contains forward-looking technical solutions for school buildings inGreece. The thermal transmittances of the building structures meet the requirements of theRegulation of Energy Performance of Buildings in Greece. The heating system will be completelyrefurbished by the installation of geothermal heat pumps (if the conditions - e.g. adequate spacefor borehole -are met). In addition, if the existing emission system is steel panel radiators it will bereplaced by fan coils. Concerning the lighting system the illuminators, the reflectors as well as theballasts will be replaced, while the control system will not be modernized. Also PV panels will beinstalled.



Package of measures 4.This package is almost the same as Package 3; the only differencesa. Concerning the heating system, the geothermal heat pumps are also solar assisted. The thermalsolar energy system is flat plate solar collectors for the coverage of a large proportion of the hotwater requirementsb. Concerning the lighting system, the control system will be modernized as well.

Package of measures 5.This package is almost the same as Package 3; the only difference concerns the lighting system,where the control system will be modernized as well.



5.5 HUNGARY


The proposed packages of energy efficiency measures are defined taking into account thetechnologies that were gathered as regards the refurbishment towards nZEB level of officebuildings located in Hungary. Six packages of measures were defined which are significantlydifferent from energetically point of view. In Table HU-5 the content of the packages of measuresare summarized.

Table HU-5: Summary of packages of measures for office buildings in Hungary

Package 1. Package 2. Package 3. Package 4. Package 5. Package 6.1. Buildingenvelope Level 1. Level 1. Level 1. Level 1. Level 1. Level 3.


Existingcondition

Existingcondition Level 1. Existing

condition Level 1. Level 1.

3. Heatingsystem Level 1. Level 2. Level 2. Level 3. Level 4. Level 4.

4. Coolingsystem Level 1. Level 2. Level 2. Level 3. Level 4. Level 4.


Existingcondition

Existingcondition Level 1. Existing


7. Lightingsystem Level 1. Level 1. Level 2. Level 1. Level 2. Level 2.


Level 1. Level 1. Level 1. Level 1. Level 1. Level 1.


Existingcondition Level 1. Level 1. Level 1. Level 1. Level 1.





This package of measures contain the combination of energy efficiency measures that mostcommon in Hungary. The thermal transmittances of the building structures meet the requirementsin force in Hungary for nZEB buildings. The constant temperature gas boiler will be replaced bycondensing boiler however the existing emission system (steel panel radiators) will not bechanged. The cooling system will not be refurbished, and solar shading will not be installed.Concerning the lighting system only the illuminators will be replaced, the control system will not bemodernized. Photovoltaic system will be installed.

Package of measures 2.The package 2 contains preferred combinations of measures for office buildings in Hungary. Thethermal transmittances of the building structures meet the requirements in force in Hungary fornZEB buildings. Solar shading will not be installed. Both the heating and the cooling systems willbe completely refurbished by the installation of a VRF system. Concerning the lighting system onlythe illuminators will be replaced, the control system will not be modernized. Photovoltaic systemwill be installed. Building energy management system will be used in which the VRF system can beeasily integrated.

Package of measures 3.This package of measures is based on Package of measures 2. External solar shading, as well asa new ventilation system with heat recovery module will be installed in addition to the solutionsadopted in Package 2. Furthermore the heating and the cooling demand of the ventilation systemwill be satisfied by the VRF system with DX (direct expansion) heat exchangers.

Package of measures 4.This package also contains preferred combinations of measures for office buildings in Hungary.The thermal transmittances of the building structures meet the requirements in force in Hungary fornZEB buildings. Solar shading will not be installed. Both the heating and the cooling systems willbe completely refurbished by the installation of geothermal heat pump system. The emissionsystem contains fan-coils, which can fulfil the heating and the cooling demands without additionalventilation system. Concerning the lighting system only the illuminators will be replaced, the controlsystem will not be modernized. Photovoltaic system will be installed. Building energy managementsystem will be installed.

Package of measures 5.This package contains forward-looking technical solutions. The thermal transmittances of thebuilding structures meet the requirements in force in Hungary for nZEB buildings. External solarshading system will be installed. Both the heating and the cooling systems will be completelyrefurbished by the installation of a geothermal heat pump system. Low temperature heating andhigh temperature cooling is realized by the installation of surface heating and cooling, but inparallel a new ventilation system must be installed with heat recovery. Concerning the lightingsystem, the illuminators as well as the control system will be refurbished. Photovoltaic system willbe installed. Building energy management system will be implemented.

Package of measures 6.This package is almost the same as Package 5, but the U-values in this package meet those one,which is planned to come into force from 2019 in Hungary (stricter than currently applied costoptimal and nZEB values).




The proposed packages of energy efficiency measures are defined taking into account thetechnologies that were gathered as regards the refurbishment towards nZEB level of educationalbuildings located in Hungary.Five packages of measures were defined which are significantly different from energetically pointof view. In Table HU-6 the content of the packages of measures are summarized.

Table HU-6: Summary of packages of measures for educational buildings in Hungary

Package 1. Package 2. Package 3. Package 4. Package 5.1. Buildingenvelope Level 1. Level 1. Level 1. Level 1. Level 3.

3. Heatingsystem Level 1. Level 2. Level 3. Level 4. Level 4.


Existingcondition

Existingcondition

Existingcondition Level 1. Level 1.

7. Lightingsystem Level 1. Level 1. Level 1. Level 2. Level 2.


Level 1. Level 1. Level 1. Level 2. Level 2.

The main characteristics of the packages of measures are summarized below.Package of measures 1.This package of measures contain the combination of energy efficiency measures that mostcommon in Hungary. The thermal transmittances of the building structures meet the requirementsin force in Hungary for nZEB buildings. The constant temperature gas boiler will be replaced bycondensing boiler however the existing emission system (steel panel radiators) will not bechanged. Thermostatic radiator valves will be installed. Concerning the lighting system only theilluminators will be replaced, the control system will not be modernized. Photovoltaic system will beinstalled.

Package of measures 2.This package contains preferred combinations of measures for buildings located outside thedensely built urban areas. The thermal transmittances of the building structures meet therequirements in force in Hungary for nZEB buildings. The constant temperature gas boiler will bereplaced by wood chips fired boiler however the existing emission system (steel panel radiators)will not be changed. Thermostatic radiator valves will be installed. Concerning the lighting systemonly the illuminators will be replaced, the control system will not be modernized. Photovoltaicsystem will be installed.

Package of measures 3.This package contains preferred combinations of measures for buildings which served by districtheating system. The thermal transmittances of the building structures meet the requirements inforce in Hungary for nZEB buildings. The building will be connected to district heating system,



instead of the existing constant temperature boiler. Thermostatic radiator valves will be installed.Concerning the lighting system only the illuminators will be replaced, the control system will not bemodernized. Photovoltaic system will be installed.

Package of measures 4.This package contains forward-looking technical solutions and preferred combinations of measuresfor heating system in good condition. The thermal transmittances of the building structures meetthe requirements in force in Hungary for nZEB buildings. In addition to the existing constanttemperature gas boiler air to water heat pump will be installed. The existing emission system (steelpanel radiators) will not be changed, but thermostatic radiator valves will be installed. Newventilation system with heat recovery module will be installed. Concerning the lighting system, theilluminators as well as the control system will be refurbished. Photovoltaic system will be installed.

Package of measures 5.This package is almost the same as Package 4, but the U-values in this package meet those one,which is planned to come into force from 2019 in Hungary (stricter than currently applied costoptimal and nZEB values).

5.5.3 Student hostel

The proposed packages of energy efficiency measures are defined taking into account thetechnologies that were gathered as regards the refurbishment towards nZEB level of studenthostels located in Hungary.Six packages of measures were defined which are significantly different from energetically point ofview. In Table HU-7 the content of the packages of measures are summarized.

Table HU-7: Summary of packages of measures for student hostel buildings in Hungary

1. Buildingenvelope Level 1. Level 1. Level 1. Level 1. Level 1. Level 3.

3. Heatingsystem Level 1. Level 2. Level 3. Level 3. Level 4. Level 4.

5. DHWsystem Level 1. Level 2. Level 3. Level 3. Level 3. Level 3.


Existingcondition

Existingcondition

Existingcondition Level 1. Level 1. Level 1.

7. Lightingsystem Level 1. Level 1. Level 1. Level 2. Level 2. Level 2.


Level 1. Level 1. Level 2. Level 2. Level 2. Level 2.

9. Thermalsolar energy Level 1. Level 1. Level 1. Level 1. Level 1. Level 2.

10. BuildingManagement Existing Existing Existing Level 1. Level 1. Level 1.



System condition condition condition.


Package 1.This package of measures contain the combination of energy efficiency measures that mostcommon in Hungary. The thermal transmittances of the building structures meet the requirementsin force in Hungary for nZEB buildings. The constant temperature gas boiler will be replaced bycondensing boiler and the existing emission system (cast iron radiators and pipework) will bechanged. Concerning the lighting system only the illuminators will be replaced, the control systemwill not be modernized. Photovoltaic system will be installed. Thermal solar system with flat-platesolar collectors will be installed.

Package 2.This package contains preferred combinations of measures for buildings located outside thedensely built urban areas. The thermal transmittances of the building structures meet therequirements in force in Hungary for nZEB buildings. The constant temperature gas boiler will bereplaced by wood chips fired boiler and the existing emission system (cast iron radiators andpipes) will be changed. The reheating of DHW system will be served by wood chips fired boiler too.Concerning the lighting system only the illuminators will be replaced, the control system will not bemodernized. Photovoltaic system will be installed. Thermal solar system with flat-plate solarcollectors will be installed.

Package 3.This package contains preferred combinations of measures for buildings which have heatingsystem in good condition. The thermal transmittances of the building structures meet therequirements in force in Hungary for nZEB buildings. In addition to the existing constanttemperature gas boiler an air to water heat pump will be installed. Thermostatic radiator valves willbe installed however the existing emission system will not be changed. Concerning the lightingsystem only the illuminators will be replaced, the control system will not be modernized.Photovoltaic system will be installed. Thermal solar system with flat-plate solar collectors will beinstalled. Building energy management system will be installed.

Package 4.This package of measures is based on Package of measures 3. New ventilation system with heatrecovery module will be installed, the illuminators as well as the control of the lighting system willbe refurbished, furthermore building energy management system will be installed in addition to thesolutions adopted in Package 3.

Package 5.This package contains forward-looking technical solutions. The thermal transmittances of thebuilding structures meet the requirements in force in Hungary for nZEB buildings. Geothermal heatpump with radiant heating system will be installed. New ventilation system with heat recoverymodule will be installed. Concerning the lighting system, the illuminators as well as the controlsystem will be refurbished. Photovoltaic system will be installed. Thermal solar system with flat-plate solar collectors will be installed. Building energy management system will be implemented.

Package 6.This package is almost the same as Package 5, but the U-values in this package meet those one,which is planned to come into force from 2019 in Hungary (stricter than currently applied costoptimal and nZEB values) and vacuum tube solar collectors will be installed.





5.6 ITALY

Among the EEMs listed in 4.6.3, the following tables describe the retrofit measures and the energyefficiency levels and referred cost which will be performed in the WP4 optimization procedures.

5.6.1 Residential building

1. Opaque components considered retrofit measures

EEM

Technology

Technology Levels

1 2 3 4 5

Externalwallthermalinsulation

External insulation EPS panels0,08 m

EPS panels0,10 m

EPSpanels0,12 m

EPSpanels0,16 m

Cavity wallCELLULOSEFIBRE 0,075

m

CELLULOSEFIBRE 0,075

mInternalwallthermalinsulation(unheatedspace)

External insulation EPS panels0,10 m

EPS panels0,12 m

EPSpanels0,14 m

MINERALWOOLpanels0,14 m


Last floorthermalinsulation

External insulationMINERAL

WOOL felts0,12 m

MINERALWOOL felts

0,14 m

MINERALWOOL

felts 0,16m

XPSpanels0,18 m

First floorthermalinsulation

External insulation

MINERALWOOL

panels 0,08m

MINERALWOOL

panels 0,10m


XPSpanels0,14 m


Parameter

Level of EEO Level of EEO

Existingbuilding

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

Parameter values Cost of EEM [€/m²]

Uop,e [W/m2K] 1,19 0,34 0,29 0,25 0,2 9,46 11,8 14,2 19

Uop,e [W/m2K] 1,19 0,38 0,35 125€/m3

150€/m3

Uop,u [W/m2K] 0,88 0,33 0,28 0,24 0,23 0,2 6,38 7,64 8,92 17,65 20,17

Ur [W/m2K] 1,66 0,3 0,25 0,23 0,2 5,82 6,79 7,75 57,24

Uf [W/m2K] 1,29 0,33 0,29 0,24 0,22 0,2 12,35 15,42 18,63 38,15 25,28



2. Windows considered retrofit measures

EEM

Technology

Technology Levels

1 2 3 4 5

Windowthermal

insulation

Glass thermal insulation

DOUBLEGLASS4/12/4Low-e

one sidecoated

filled withair

emissivity< 0,05

DOUBLEGLASS4/12/4Low-e

one sidecoated

filled withargon

emissivity< 0,05

TRIPLEGLASS

4/12/4/12/4Low-e one

sidecoated

filled withair

emissivity< 0,05

TRIPLEGLASS

4/12/4/12/4Low-e one

sidecoated

filled withargon

emissivity< 0,05

TechnologyLevels

1 2 3 4 5

Frame thermal insulation

WOODFRAMEmultiple

casementwindow

with area< 3,5 mq

PVCFRAMEmultiple

casementwindow

with area< 3,5 mq

PVCFRAMEmultiple

casementwindow

with area< 3,5 mq

Technology Levels

1 2 3 4 5

ShutterRollingshutterPVC

RollingshutterPVC

RollingshutterPVC

RollingshutterPVC

RollingshutterPVC



Parameter


Existingbuilding

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5


Ug [W/m²K] 5,9 1,7 1,3 1 0,8 38,77 44,67 74,33 81,48

ParameterExistingbuilding

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5


Uf [W/m²K] 2,4 2 1,6 1,3 210,25 230,56 251,48


1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5


ΔR [(m2K)/W] 0,35 0,29 0,21 0,14 0,08 35 38 43 45 48

3. Solar control retrofit measures considered

EnergyEfficiencyMeasure

(EEM)

Technology

Technology Levels

1 2 3 4 5

Windowsolar control Solar shading

Romanblinds

TISSUE

Parameter


Existingbuilding

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5


[-] 0,4 60

- [-] movable



4. Technical systems retrofit measures considered

EEM EEMTechnology

Existing building 1 2 3

Control retrofit Improvingcontrol system

Outsidetemperaturecompensed

control

Zonethermostat

Roomthermostat

ParameterParameter values Cost of EEM [€]

Existingbuilding 1 2 3 1 2 3

ηc [-] monthlyvalues 0,98 0,995 230 €/unit 100 €/unit

EEM EEM TechnologyExisting building 1 2 3 4

H/C/WGenerator

Highefficiencychiller (C)

multisplit airto air



Highefficiency

generator forspace heating

(H)

condensingboiler +

radiators

Biomass +radiators

condensingboiler

+ radiators

condensingboiler +

floor heating

districtheating +radiators

Highefficiency

generator forDHW (W)

natural gas orelectrical boiler

condensingboiler heat pump

Highefficiencycombined

generator forspace heatingand hot water

(H+W)

biomass +radiators

condensingboiler

+ radiators

condensingboiler +

floor heating

districtheating +radiators

Heat pump forheating,

cooling andhot water(H+C+W)

Heat pump+ fancoils

Heat pump+ fancoils




NotesExistingbuilding 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

EER [-] 3,5 4 4,5800 €/unit

controlincluded

1.000€/unit

controlincluded

1.200€/unit

controlincluded

costs referto gn 12

kW

ηgn [-] 0,95 0,95 1,1 1,1 0,88 105.000

49.817 +75,7

€/m² forfloor

heating

49.817 21.167costs referto gn 700

kW

ηgn,Pn,W [-]

valuesdifferent

forsingle

dwelling

1,0 4,2 600 €/unit 1.100€/unit

costs referto gn 24

kW

ηgn [-] 0,93 1,1 1,1 0,88 105.000

49.817 +75,7

€/m² forfloor

heating

49.817 21.167

costs referto gn 700

kW. Astorageneeds to

be added.

COP [-] 3,09 5,32 134.597,4+

640€/element

for fan-coils

112.216,8+

640€/element

for fan-coils

costs referto gn 700

kW. Astorage forW needs

to beadded

EER [-] 2,26 4,31

EEM EEM TechnologyExisting building 1 2 3 4

Thermalenergy fromsolar

Solarcollectors

Flat solarcollector

Flat solarcollector

Flat solarcollector

Vacuumsolar

collector



Ap [m2] 1 2 3 1 484 880 1.188 1.029

costs referto each

dwelling. Astorage

needs to beadded



EEM EEMTechnology

Existingbuilding

1 2 3 4 5

Electricalenergy fromrenewables

PVsystem

Poly-crystaline

Poly-crystaline

Poly-crystaline

Mono-crystaline

Mono-crystaline


Existingbuilding 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

Wp [KWp] 2 5 10 2 5 2980 5680 10224 3443 6390



EEM

Technology

Technology Levels

1 2 3 4

External wallthermal

insulation

Externalinsulation

EPS panels0,05 m

EPS panels0,08 m

EPS panels0,10 m

MINERALWOOL panels

0,14 m

Cavity wallCELLULOSEFIBRE 0,165

m

MINERALGLASS 0,165

mInternal wall

thermalinsulation(unheated

space)

Externalinsulation

EPS panels0,10 m

EPS panels0,12 m

EPS panels0,14 m

EPS panels0,16 m

Roof thermalinsulation

Externalinsulation

MINERALWOOL panels

0,12 m

XPS panels0,12 m

MINERALWOOL panels

0,16 m

MINERALWOOL panels

0,18 mFirst floorthermal

insulationExternalinsulation

MINERALWOOL panels

0,08 m

MINERALWOOL panels

0,10 m

MINERALWOOL panels

0,12 m

MINERALWOOL panels

0,16 m

Parameter

Level of EEO Level of EEOExistingbuilding 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4


Uop,e [W/m2K] 0,65 0,34 0,27 0,23 0,18 6 9,46 11,8 40,2

Uop,e [W/m2K] 0,65 0,2 0,18 125 €/m3 150 €/m3



Uop,e [W/m2K] 1,72 0,3 0,26 0,23 0,2 6,38 7,64 8,92 10,19

Ur [W/m2K] 0,56 0,28 0,27 0,22 0,2 28,3 35,76 37,74 42,86

Uf [W/m2K] 1,25 0,32 0,27 0,24 0,2 12,35 15,42 18,63 25,28


EEM

Technology

Technology Levels

1 2 3

Window thermalinsulation

Glass thermalinsulation

DOUBLE GLASS4/12/4

Low-e one sidecoated

filled with airemissivity < 0,05

DOUBLE GLASS4/12/4


filled with argonemissivity < 0,05

TRIPLE GLASS4/12/4/12/4


filled with airemissivity < 0,05

Technology Levels

1 2 3

Frame thermalinsulation

ALUMINIUMFRAME

vasistas windowwith area >2 mq

WOOD FRAMEvasistas windowwith area >2 mq

PVC FRAMEtilt turn windowwith area >2 mq

Parameter

Level of EEO Level of EEOExistingbuilding 1 2 3 1 2 3


Ug [W/m²K] 5,92 1,7 1,3 1 38,77 44,67 74,33


1 2 3 1 2 3


Uf [W/m²K] 7 2 1,8 1,3 340,2 230,85 175,42




EEM

Technology

Technology Levels

1 2 3

Window solar control Solar shading Roman blindsTISSUE


800x600


1000x800

Parameter

Level of EEO Level of EEOExistingbuilding 1 2 3 1 2 3


[-] 0,4 0,4 0,4 60 251 306

Mob [-] movable


EEM EEMTechnology




control

Zonethermostat

Roomthermostat






EEM EEM TechnologyExisting building 1 2 3

H/C/W Generator

High efficiencychiller (C)




High efficiencygenerator forspace heating

(H)

standard boiler +radiators

biomass+ radiators

condensingboiler +

radiators

districtheating

+ radiators

High efficiencygenerator for

DHW(W)


High efficiencycombined


(H+W)

biomass+ radiators

condensingboiler +

radiators

districtheating

+ radiators

Heat pump forheating, coolingand hot water

(H+C+W)

Heat pump+ fancoils

Heat pump+ fancoils


NotesExistingbuilding 1 2 3 1 2 3

EER [-] 3,5 4 4,5

800 €/unitcontrol

included+ 4590

1.000€/unit

controlincluded+ 4590

1.200€/unit


costs refer togn 12 kW;considers 5

external units.

ηgn [-] 0,93 0,95 1,1 0,88 97.500 33.074 € 12.383 costs refer togn 650 kW

ηgn,Pn,W [-] 1,0 4,2 600 €/unit 1.100€/unit

costs refer togn 24 kW

ηgn [-] 0,93 1,1 0,88 97.500 33.074 12.383

costs refer togn 650 kW. Astorage for Wneeds to be

added



COP [-] 3,11 4,55125.344,2

+640

€/elementfor fan-

coils

92.563,8+

640€/element

for fan-coils

costs refer togn 650 kW. Astorage for Wneeds to be

addedEER [-] 2,22 4,3

EEM EEMTechnology

Existingbuilding

1 2 3 4 5


PVsystem

Poly-crystaline

Poly-crystaline

Poly-crystaline

Mono-crystaline

Mono-crystaline



Wp [KWp] 2 5 10 2 5 2980 5680 10224 3443 6390

EEM EEMTechnology

Existingbuilding

1 2 3 4

Luminairesinstallation

Lightingpowerdensity(LPD)

Linearfluorescent

lamps

Linearfluorescent

lamps

Linearfluorescent

lamps

LED tubularlamps

LED tubularlamps

Lightingcontrol

Lightingcontrol

systems(LCS)

Manualswitch on/off

2 x Daylightcontrol

2 xOccupancy

Sensor

2 x Daylightcontrol +

Occupancysensor



Pn [W/m2] 13,64 12 8,7 5,17 4,7 46,64 96,48 120,0 168value refers to

a standardoffice of 17m2

Fo [-] 1 1 0,9 0,933,00 60,00 121,00

value refers toa standard

office of 17m2Fc [-] 1 0,9 1 0,9



5.6.3 School building n.1


EEM

Technology

Technology Levels

1 2 3 4


insulation

Externalinsulation

EPS panels0,08 m

EPS panels0,10 m

MINERALWOOL panels

0,12 m

MINERALWOOL panels

0,16 m

Cavity wall CELLULOSEFIBRE 0,06 m

MINERALGLASS 0,06

mInternal thermal

insulation(unheated

space)

Externalinsulation

MINERALWOOL panels

0,08 m

MINERALWOOL panels

0,10 m

MINERALWOOL panels

0,12 m

MINERALWOOL panels

0,14 m


Externalinsulation

XPS panels0,10 m

MINERALWOOL panels

0,10 m

MINERALWOOL panels

0,12 m

MINERALWOOL panels

0,16 mGround thermal


EPS panels0,08 m

EPS panels0,10 m

EPS panels0,12 m

EPS panels0,14 m

Parameter

Level of EEO Level of EEOExistingbuilding

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4


Uop,e [W/m2K] 1,2 0,32 0,28 0,24 0,19 9,46 11,8 35,1 46,73

Uop,e [W/m2K] 1,2 0,46 0,42 125 €/m3 150 €/m3

Uop,u [W/m2K] 1,07 0,31 0,26 0,23 0,2 10,1 12,6 15,13 17,65

Ur [W/m2K] 1,55 0,34 0,32 0,27 0,21 28,9 28,3 42,42 57,24

Uf [W/m2K] 1,51 0,32 0,27 0,23 0,2 5,67 7,09 8,5 9,92




EEM

Technology

Technology Levels

1 2 3 4 5

Windowthermal

insulation

Glassthermal

insulation

DOUBLEGLASS

4/12/4 Low-e one side

coated filledwith air with

airemissivity <

0,05

DOUBLEGLASS


coated filledwith argonwith argon

emissivity <0,05

TRIPLEGLASS

4/12/4/12/4Low-e oneside coatedfilled withair with air

emissivity <0,05

TRIPLEGLASS

4/12/4/12/4Low-e oneside coatedfilled with

argonemissivity <

0,05

Technology Levels

1 2 3 4 5

Framethermal

insulation

FRAMEALUMINIUM

vasistaswindow witharea >2 mq

FRAMEPVC


FRAMEPVC


ShuttersRollingshutterPVC

RollingshutterPVC

RollingshutterPVC

RollingshutterPVC

RollingshutterPVC

Parameter


1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5


Ug [W/m²K] 4,26 1,7 1,3 1 0,8 38,77 44,67 74,33 81,48


1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5


Uf [W/m²K] 2,55 2 1,6 1,3 340,2 150,13 163,78

ΔR [(m2K)/W] 0,35 0,29 0,21 0,14 35 38 43 45 48




EEM

Technology

Technology Levels

1 2 3

Window solar control Solar shading

Roman blindsTISSUE


800x600


1000x800

Roman blinds TISSUE/outdoor blinds ALUMINIUM

Parameter


1 2 3 4 1 2 3


[-] 0,4 0,4 0,4 60 251 306

Mob [-] movable


EEM EEMTechnology




control

Zonethermostat

Roomthermostat







H/C/W Generator

High efficiencychiller (C)





(H)


biomass+ radiators

condensingboiler +

radiators

districtheating

+ radiators


DHW(W)




(H+W)

biomass+ radiators

condensingboiler +

radiators

districtheating

+ radiators


(H+C+W)

Heat pump+ fancoils

Heat pump+ fancoils



EER [-] 3,5 4 4,5

800 €/unitcontrol

included +4590

1.000€/unit

controlincluded +

4590

1.200€/unit


costs referto gn 12

kW;considers 5

externalunits.

ηgn [-] 0,77 0,95 1,1 0,88 255.000 94.476 € 17.690costs referto gn 1,7

MW.

ηgn,Pn,W [-] 1,0 4,2 600 €/unit 1.100€/unit

costs referto gn 24

kW

ηgn [-] 0,95 1,1 0,88 255.000 94.476 17.690

costs referto gn 1,7

MW. Astorage forW needs tobe added.



COP [-] 3,11 4,65 376.032 +640

€/elementfor fan-

coils

261.946 +640

€/elementfor fan-

coils


MW. Astorage forW needs tobe added

EER [-] 2,22 4,2

EEM EEMTechnology

Existingbuilding

1 2 3 4 5


PVsystem

Poly-crystaline

Poly-crystaline

Poly-crystaline

Mono-crystaline

Mono-crystaline



Wp [KWp] 2 5 10 2 5 2980 5680 10224 3443 6390

EEM EEMTechnology

Existingbuilding

1 2 3 4



Linearfluorescent

lamps

Linearfluorescent

lamps

Linearfluorescent

lamps

LED tubularlamps

LED tubularlamps

Lightingcontrol

Lightingcontrol

systems(LCS)

Manualswitch on/off

2 x Daylightcontrol

2 xOccupancy

Sensor


Occupancysensor



Pn [W/m2] 15,2 13,36 9,69 5,76 5,24 139,92 289,44 360 504

value refersto a standardclass room of

46m2

Fo [-] 1 1 0,9 0,966 120 242


46m2Fc [-] 1 0,9 1 0,9



5.6.4 School building n.2


EEM

Technology

Technology Levels

1 2 3 4


insulation

Externalinsulation

EPS panels0,08 m

EPS panels0,10 m

MINERALWOOL panels

0,12 m

MINERALWOOL panels

0,16 m

Cavity wall

Internal thermalinsulation(unheated

space)

Externalinsulation

MINERALWOOL panels

0,08 m

MINERALWOOL panels

0,10 m

MINERALWOOL panels

0,12 m

MINERALWOOL panels

0,14 m


Externalinsulation

XPS panels0,08 m

MINERALWOOL panels

0,10 m

MINERALWOOL panels

0,12 m

MINERALWOOL panels

0,16 mGround thermal


EPS panels0,08 m

EPS panels0,10 m

EPS panels0,12 m

EPS panels0,14 m

Parameter


1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4


Uop,e [W/m2K] 1,4 0,34 0,29 0,25 0,2 9,46 11,8 35,1 46,73

Uop,e [W/m2K] 1,4

Uop,u [W/m2K] 1,07 0,31 0,26 0,23 0,2 10,1 12,6 15,13 17,65

Ur [W/m2K] 0,95 0,3 0,28 0,24 0,19 23,12 28,9 33,01 37,74

Uf [W/m2K] 0,96 0,29 0,25 0,21 0,19 5,67 7,09 8,5 9,92




EEM

Technology

Technology Levels

1 2 3 4 5

Windowthermal

insulation

Glassthermal

insulation

DOUBLEGLASS


coated filledwith air with

airemissivity <

0,05

DOUBLEGLASS


coated filledwith argonwith argon

emissivity <0,05

TRIPLEGLASS

4/12/4/12/4Low-e oneside coatedfilled withair with air

emissivity <0,05

TRIPLEGLASS

4/12/4/12/4Low-e oneside coatedfilled with

argonemissivity <

0,05

Technology Levels

1 2 3 4 5

Framethermal

insulation

FRAMEALUMINIUM


FRAMEPVC


FRAMEPVC


ShuttersRollingshutterPVC

RollingshutterPVC

RollingshutterPVC

RollingshutterPVC

RollingshutterPVC

Parameter


1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5


Ug [W/m²K] 4,28 1,7 1,3 1 0,8 38,7 44,67 74,33 81,4


1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5


Uf [W/m²K] 5 2 1,6 1,3 340 150,13 163,78

ΔR [(m2K)/W] 0,15 0,35 0,29 0,21 0,14 0,08 35 38 43 45 48




EEM

Technology

Technology Levels

1 2 3 4 5

Window solarcontrol

Solarshading

Romanblinds

TISSUE

outdoorblinds

ALUMINIUM800x600

outdoorblinds

ALUMINIUM1000x800

Roman blinds TISSUE/outdoor blinds ALUMINIUM

Parameter


1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5


[-] 0,8 0,4 0,4 0,4 60 251 306

Mob [-] movable


EEM EEMTechnology




control

Zonethermostat

Roomthermostat





H/C/W Generator High efficiencychiller (C)







(H)


biomass+ radiators

condensingboiler +

radiators

districtheating

+ radiators


DHW(W)




(H+W)

biomass+ radiators

condensingboiler +

radiators

districtheating

+ radiators


(H+C+W)

Heat pump+ fancoils

Heat pump+ fancoils



EER [-] 3,5 4 4,5

800 €/unitcontrol

included +4590

1.000€/unit

controlincluded +

4590

1.200€/unit


costs referto gn 12

kW;considers 5

externalunits.

ηgn [-] 0,77 0,95 1,1 0,88 255.000 94.476 € 17.690costs referto gn 1,7

MW.

ηgn,Pn,W [-] 1,0 4,2 600 €/unit 1.100€/unit

costs referto gn 24

kW

ηgn [-] 0,95 1,1 0,88 255.000 94.476 17.690


MW. Astorage forW needs tobe added.

COP [-] 3,11 4,65 376.032 +640

€/elementfor fan-

coils

261.946 +640

€/elementfor fan-

coils


MW. Astorage forW needs tobe added

EER [-] 2,22 4,2



EEM EEMTechnology

Existingbuilding

1 2 3 4 5


PVsystem

Poly-crystaline

Poly-crystaline

Poly-crystaline

Mono-crystaline

Mono-crystaline



Wp [KWp] 2 5 10 2 5 2980 5680 10224 3443 6390

EEM EEMTechnology

Existingbuilding

1 2 3 4



Linearfluorescent

lamps

Linearfluorescent

lamps

Linearfluorescent

lamps

LED tubularlamps

LED tubularlamps

Lightingcontrol

Lightingcontrol

systems(LCS)

Manualswitch on/off

2 x Daylightcontrol

2 xOccupancy

Sensor


Occupancysensor



Pn [W/m2] 15,2 13,36 9,69 5,76 5,24 139,92 289,44 360 504


46m2

Fo [-] 1 1 0,9 0,966 120 242


46m2Fc [-] 1 0,9 1 0,9



5.7 PORTUGAL

5.7.1 Residential building (social house)

For the residential buildings (social house) the proposed packages are presented in the Table PT-3. The package presented were obtained by correlation of levels of energetic efficiency measures.

Table PT-3: Summary of packages of measures for residential (social house) buildings inPortugal

Package1.

Package2.

Package3.

Package4.

Package5.

Package6.

Package7.

1. Building envelope ExistingConditions Level 1. Level 2. Level 1 Level 2. Level 1. Level 2.

3. Heating system Level 1. Level 2. Level 2. Level 1. Level 1. Level 3. Level 3.

4. Cooling system Level 1. Level 2. Level 2. Level 1. Level 1. Level 1. Level 1.

5. DHW system Level 1. Level 5. Level 5. Level 3. Level 3. Level 4. Level 4.



Package 1 consists in the refurbishment of the heating, cooling and the DHW systems, which willbe replaced according to measures at level 1, i.e. heating system: multisplit; cooling system:multisplit and DHW system: natural gas heater.


Package 2 consists in the application of thermal insulation in walls, roof and floor and replacementof the existing windows for more efficient ones, level 1 of building envelope efficient measures, andthe replacement of the existing systems of heating, cooling and DHW production for the systems inthe levels, 2, 2 and 5, respectively.


This package is identically to Package 2, the only alterations is the level of insulation and window,it will be apply the level 2 of measures presented for the building envelope.


The alterations in this package are: replacement of the existing heating and cooling system for amultisplit system and the existing domestic hot water system for a natural gas boiler, it will also



have the application of insulation and replacement of windows by the values presented in level 1 ofbuilding envelope.

Package of measures 5.This package of measures is based on Package 4, the alteration consists in the level of efficientmeasures of building envelope, since in this case it will be level 2.


The alterations presented in this package are: substitution of the existing heating and DHWsystems for a biomass boiler, the existing cooling system for a multisplit and the level of insulationand energy efficiency of windows for level 1 in building envelope.

Package of measures 7.This package is the next level of package 6, it has the same systems efficient measures and thebuilding envelope measure level it will be level 2.


In Portugal study the office buildings have more energy efficiency measures applied than theresidential (social house) buildings. All the packages studied for the office buildings are presentedin the Table PT-4.

Table PT-4: Summary of packages of measures for office buildings in Portugal

Package 1. Package 2. Package 3. Package 4.1. Building envelope Level 1. Level 2. Level 2. Level 2.

2.Window solar control(solar shading) Level 1 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2

3. Heating system Level 1. Level 1. Level 3. Level 4.

4. Cooling system Level 1. Level 1. Level 2. Level 3.

6. Ventilation system Level 1. Level 1. Level 2. Level 2.

7. Lighting system Level 1. Level 1. Level 2. Level 2.

8. Photovoltaic system Level 1. Level 1. Level 1. Level 1.

The main characteristics of each package of measures are summarized below.




Package 1 consist in: refurbishment of the building envelope, in this case insulation of walls, floorand roof, and substitution of window describe in Level 1 of building envelope energy efficientmeasures; it also includes the application of window solar control, in this case, indoor shadingdevices; refurbishment of heating, cooling, ventilation, lightning and photovoltaic systems to levelone of refurbishment.


Package 2 is identical to package 1, the refurbishment level of the systems is the same, thedifference consists in the level of refurbishment of the building envelope and window solar control(solar shading), since in package 2 these measures will be level 2.


In this package the building envelope and the solar shading will be refurbished within level 2; theheating system will be level 3, the cooling, ventilation and lighting system will be refurbished tolevel 2.


This package is similar to package 3, the difference is the level of refurbishment of the heating andcooling system, level 4 and level 3, respectively.



5.8 ROMANIA


The proposed packages of energy efficiency measures are defined taking into account thetechnologies that were gathered as regards the refurbishment towards nZEB level of officebuildings located in Romania (climatic zone II considered as representative). Six packages ofmeasures were defined which are significantly different from energetically point of view. In TableRO-4 the content of the packages of measures are summarized.

Table RO-4: Summary of packages of measures for office buildings in Romania

Package 1 Package 2 Package 3 Package 4 Package 5 Package 61. Buildingenvelope Level 1 Level 1 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2


Existingcondition

Existingcondition Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1

3. Heatingsystem Level 1 Level 2 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 4

4. Coolingsystem Level 1 Level 2 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 4


Existingcondition


7. Lightingsystem Level 1 Level 1 Level 2 Level 1 Level 2 Level 2


Existingcondition Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 2


Existingcondition Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1


Package of measures 1:



This package of measures contain the combination of energy efficiency measures that mostcommon in Romania. The thermal transmittances of the building structures meet the requirementsin force in Romania for new buildings. The heating system remains connected to the districtheating system and the existing emission system (steel panel radiators) will not be changed,however, individual control is installed (thermostatic radiator valves). The cooling system will not berefurbished, and solar shading will not be installed. Concerning the lighting system only theilluminators will be replaced, the control system will not be modernized. Photovoltaic system willnot be installed.

Package of measures 2:The package 2 contains preferred combinations of measures for office buildings in Romania. Thethermal transmittances of the building structures meet the requirements in force for new buildingsin Romania. Solar shading will not be installed. Both the heating and the cooling systems will becompletely refurbished by the installation of a VRF system, without heat recovery unit in theventilation system. Concerning the lighting system only the illuminators will be replaced, the controlsystem will not be modernized. Photovoltaic system will be installed. Building energy managementsystem will be used in which the VRF system can be easily integrated.

Package of measures 3:This package contains preferred combinations of measures for office buildings in Romania. Thethermal transmittances of the building structures are going beyond the requirements in force fornew buildings in Romania (according to proposed levels for nZEB). External solar shading, as wellas a new ventilation system with heat recovery module will be installed in addition to the solutionsadopted in Package 2. Furthermore the heating and the cooling demand of the ventilation systemwill be satisfied by the VRF system with DX (direct expansion) heat exchangers. Concerning thelighting system the illuminators will be replaced and the control system will be modernized.

Package of measures 4:This package is based on Package of measures 3 and contains preferred combinations ofmeasures for office buildings in Romania. Both the heating and the cooling systems will becompletely refurbished by the installation of geothermal heat pump system. The emission systemcontains fan-coils, which can fulfil the heating and the cooling demands with heat recoveryventilation system. Concerning the lighting system only the illuminators will be replaced, the controlsystem will not be modernized. Photovoltaic system will be installed. Building energy managementsystem will be installed.

Package of measures 5:This package is based on Package of measures 3 and contains preferred combinations ofmeasures for office buildings in Romania. Both the heating and the cooling systems will becompletely refurbished by the installation of a geothermal heat pump system. Low temperatureheating and high temperature cooling is realized by the installation of surface heating and cooling,but in parallel a new ventilation system must be installed with heat recovery. Concerning thelighting system, the illuminators as well as the control system will be refurbished. Photovoltaicsystem will be installed. Building energy management system will be implemented.

Package of measures 6:This package is almost the same as Package 5, but the photovoltaic system will be installed withcapacity designed considering the installation of the new heat pump system.




The proposed packages of energy efficiency measures are defined taking into account thetechnologies that were gathered as regards the refurbishment towards nZEB level of educationalbuildings located in Romania (Climatic zone II).Five packages of measures were defined which are significantly different from energetically pointof view. In Table RO-5 the content of the packages of measures are summarized.



Table RO-5: Summary of packages of measures for educational buildings in Romania

Package 1 Package 2 Package 3 Package 4 Package 51. Building envelope Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 2

3. Heating system Level 1 Level 1 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2



7. Lighting system Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 2 Level 2

8. Photovoltaicsystem


The main characteristics of the packages of measures are summarized below.Package of measures 1:This package of measures contain the combination of energy efficiency measures that mostcommon in Romania. The thermal transmittances of the building structures meet the requirementsin force for new educational buildings in Romania. The heating system remains connected to thedistrict heating system and the existing emission system (steel panel radiators) will not bechanged, however, individual control is installed (thermostatic radiator valves). Concerning thelighting system only the illuminators will be replaced, the control system will not be modernized.Photovoltaic system will not be installed.

Package of measures 2:This package contains preferred combinations of measures for educational buildings. The thermaltransmittances of the building structures meet the requirements in force for new educationalbuildings in Romania. The heating system remains connected to the district heating system andthe existing emission system (steel panel radiators) will not be changed, however, individualcontrol is installed (thermostatic radiator valves). Mechanical ventilation system with heat recoverywill be installed in the building. Concerning the lighting system only the illuminators will bereplaced, the control system will not be modernized. Photovoltaic system will not be installed.

Package of measures 3:This package is based on Package of measures 2. The heating system will be completelyrefurbished by the installation of a geothermal heat pump system. Low temperature heating isrealized by the installation of surface heating (ceiling), but in parallel a new ventilation system mustbe installed with heat recovery. Concerning the lighting system only the illuminators will bereplaced, the control system will not be modernized. Photovoltaic system will be installed.

Package of measures 4:This package is based on Package of measures 3. Concerning the lighting system, the illuminatorsas well as the control system will be refurbished. Photovoltaic system will be installed and itscapacity will be designed considering the installation of the new heat pump system.

Package of measures 5:This package is almost the same as Package 4, but the thermal transmittances of the buildingstructures are going beyond the requirements in force for new buildings in Romania (according toproposed levels for nZEB).



5.9 SLOVENIA


The proposed packages of energy efficiency measures are defined taking into account thetechnologies that were gathered as regards the refurbishment towards nZEB level of officebuildings located in Slovenia. Five packages of measures were defined which are different fromenergetically point of view. They present different heating systems, improved energy performancelevel of thermal envelope, use of mechanical ventilation, improved lighting systems, BMS andfurther use of renewable energy sources (PVs and solar thermal energy systems).

Table SI-21: Summary of packages of measures for office buildings in Slovenia



Existingcondition Level 1. Level 2. Level 3. Level 3.


4. Coolingsystem Level 1. Level 2. Existing








Existingcondition




The main characteristics of the packages are:Package of measures 1.This package of measures contain the combination of energy efficiency measures that is one of themost commonly applied in Slovenia – refurbishment of the thermal envelope, replacement of theheating and cooling system and replacement of the lighting system. The thermal transmittances ofthe building structures meet the existing requirements in force in Slovenia. The low-temperature



temperature gas boiler will be replaced by condensing boiler however; the existing emissionsystem (steel panel radiators) will not be changed. Thermostatic radiator valves will be installed.Concerning the lighting system only the illuminators will be replaced, the control system will not beyet modernized.

Package of measures 2.This package contains preferred combination of measures for building, which was used in the pastyears, when refurbishment of public buildings was subsidised with cohesion funds. Biomass boilerwas most commonly used heating system technology when replacing the heating system, howeverthe existing emission system (steel panel radiators) will not be changed. Concerning the lightingsystem only the illuminators will be replaced, the control system will not be modernized.Photovoltaic energy systems will be installed.

Package of measures 3.This package contains preferred combinations of measures for buildings in urban areas which canbe connected to the district heating system. Connection to the local district heating/cooling networkis obligated by local energy concepts in some cities when the building is a subject of a majorrenovation. The thermal transmittances of the building structures present an improvement of level2. Thermostatic radiator valves will be installed. Concerning the lighting system only theilluminators will be replaced, the control system will not be modernized. Photovoltaic and thermalenergy systems will be installed.

Package of measures 4.This package contains a combination of measures for buildings that is considered to be already onnZEB level. Heat pumps are considered to be one of the most commonly used heating systems inthe future, since their use of RES offers a lot of energy savings and consequently low primaryenergy. The thermal transmittances of the building structures present an improvement of level 3.Thermostatic radiator valves will be installed. Concerning the lighting system the illuminators willbe replaced, the modernization of the heating system will take place. Photovoltaic and thermalenergy systems will be installed.

Package of measures 5.This package is almost the same as Package 5, but the energy performance level of buildingcomponents is further improved.

5.9.2 Kindergarten




Table SI-22: Summary of packages of measures for kindergartens in Slovenia













Existingcondition




The main characteristics of the packages are:Package of measures 1.This package of measures contain the combination of energy efficiency measures that is one of themost commonly applied in Slovenia – refurbishment of the thermal envelope, replacement of theheating and cooling system and replacement of the lighting system. The thermal transmittances ofthe building structures meet the existing requirements in force in Slovenia. The low-temperaturetemperature gas boiler will be replaced by condensing boiler however; the existing emissionsystem (steel panel radiators) will not be changed. Thermostatic radiator valves will be installed.Concerning the lighting system only the illuminators will be replaced, the control system will not beyet modernized.

Package of measures 2.This package contains preferred combination of measures for building, which was used in the pastyears, when refurbishment of public buildings was subsidised with cohesion funds. Biomass boilerwas most commonly used heating system technology when replacing the heating system, howeverthe existing emission system (steel panel radiators) will not be changed. Concerning the lightingsystem only the illuminators will be replaced, the control system will be modernized. Photovoltaicenergy systems will be installed.




This package contains preferred combinations of measures for buildings in urban areas which canbe connected to the district heating system. Connection to the local district heating/cooling networkis obligated by local energy concepts in some cities when the building is a subject of a majorrenovation. The thermal transmittances of the building structures present an improvement of level2. Thermostatic radiator valves will be installed. Concerning the lighting system only theilluminators will be replaced, the control system will be modernized. Photovoltaic and thermalenergy systems will be installed.



5.9.3 School




















Package of measures 3.This package contains preferred combinations of measures for buildings in urban areas which canbe connected to the district heating system. Connection to the local district heating/cooling networkis obligated by local energy concepts in some cities when the building is a subject of a majorrenovation. The thermal transmittances of the building structures present an improvement of level2. Thermostatic radiator valves will be installed. Concerning the lighting system only theilluminators will be replaced, the control system will be modernized. Photovoltaic systes will beinstalled.

Package of measures 4.This package contains a combination of measures for buildings that is considered to be already onnZEB level. Heat pumps are considered to be one of the most commonly used heating systems inthe future, since their use of RES offers a lot of energy savings and consequently low primaryenergy. The thermal transmittances of the building structures present an improvement of level 3.Thermostatic radiator valves will be installed. Concerning the lighting system the illuminators willbe replaced, the modernization of the heating system will take place. Photovoltaic energy systemwill be installed.




This package is almost the same as Package 5, but the energy performance level of buildingcomponents is further improved.

5.9.4 Health care facility















Existingcondition




The main characteristics of the packages are:Package of measures 1.This package of measures contain the combination of energy efficiency measures that is one of themost commonly applied in Slovenia – refurbishment of the thermal envelope, replacement of theheating and cooling system and replacement of the lighting system. The thermal transmittances of



the building structures meet the existing requirements in force in Slovenia. The low-temperaturetemperature gas boiler will be replaced by condensing boiler however; the existing emissionsystem (steel panel radiators) will not be changed. Thermostatic radiator valves will be installed.Concerning the lighting system only the illuminators will be replaced, the control system will not beyet modernized.


Package of measures 3.This package contains preferred combinations of measures for buildings in urban areas which canbe connected to the district heating system. Connection to the local district heating/cooling networkis obligated by local energy concepts in some cities when the building is a subject of a majorrenovation. The thermal transmittances of the building structures present an improvement of level2. Thermostatic radiator valves will be installed. Concerning the lighting system only theilluminators will be replaced, the control system will be modernized. Photovoltaic and thermalenergy systems will be installed.



5.9.5 Home for elderly people

















Existingcondition









This package contains preferred combinations of measures for buildings in urban areas which canbe connected to the district heating system. Connection to the local district heating/cooling networkis obligated by local energy concepts in some cities when the building is a subject of a majorrenovation. The thermal transmittances of the building structures present an improvement of level2. Thermostatic radiator valves will be installed. Concerning the lighting system only theilluminators will be replaced, the control system will be modernized. Photovoltaic and thermalenergy systems will be installed.







The proposed packages of energy efficiency measures are defined taking into account thetechnologies that were gathered as regards the refurbishment towards nZEB level of officebuildings located in Catalonia, Spain. Two packages of measures were defined considering thedifferent compatibility among the different energy efficiency measures proposed. In Table ES-3 thecontent of the packages of measures are summarized.

Table ES-3: Summary of packages of measures for office buildings in Spain

Package 1. Package 2

1. Building envelope:

1.1. Wall (External)Level 1 - 4. Level 1 - 4.


1.2.1. Flat roof (P9, P8, P7)Level 1- 4. Level 1 - 4.


1.3. 1. Ground floor (slab) PBLevel 1 - 4. Level 1- 4.


1.4. Windows glazingLevel 1 - 4. Level 1 - 4


1.5. Window frameLevel 1 - 4. Level 1 - 4

2. Window solar control Level 1 - 2 Level 1 - 2

3. Heating system

3.1 High efficiency generator for heating HLevel 1-4. Not compatible

3. Heating system

3.2. High efficiency heat pump (Heating andCooling space) C + H

Not compatible Level 1-2

3.Heating system

3.3. Control Level 1-2. Level 1-4.

4. Cooling system

4.1. High efficiency generator for cooling (chiller) C Level 1-3 Not compatible

4. Cooling system

4.2. High efficiency heat pump (Heating andCooling space) C + H

Not compatible Level 1-2

4. Cooling system

4.3. Control Level 1-2 Level 1-2



5. DHW system - -

6. Ventilation system Level 1 - 2 Level 1 - 2

7. Lighting system Level 1 - 2 Level 1 - 2

8. Photovoltaic system Level 1 - 3 Level 1 - 3

9. Thermal Energy from Solar Level 1 – 5 Level 1 – 5

10. Building Management System Level 1. Level 1.


Package of measures 1The packages of measures 1 contain the possible combination of all the passive and activemeasures. There are several levels of performance considered for each of the Energy EfficiencyMeasures (EEM). The level 1 of the measures represents the current requirement in the BuildingTechnical Code Regulation.For the HVAC system the combination of chiller and boiler with different energy performance and

different emission systems will be tested. The EEM concerning the VRV is excluded from packageof measures A, as it is considered to be not compatible with the chillers and boilers.These different EEM and its levels of performance will be analysed in the optimization proceduresof WP4.

Package of measures 2.The packages of measures 2 contain the possible combination of all the passive and activemeasures. There are several levels of performance considered for each of the Energy efficiencymeasures (EEM). The level 1 of the measures represents the current requirement in the BuildingTechnical Code Regulation.The HVAC system will consist on a VRV for heat and cold production with two levels ofperformance. This EEM is not compatible with the installation of boilers and chillers.These different EEM and its levels of performance will be analysed in the optimization proceduresof WP4.


The proposed packages of energy efficiency measures are defined taking into account thetechnologies that were gathered as regards the refurbishment towards nZEB level of hospitalbuildings located in Catalonia, Spain. Three packages of measures were defined considering thedifferent compatibility among the different energy efficiency proposed. In Table ES-4 the content ofthe packages of measures are summarized.

Table ES-4: Summary of packages of measures for hospital buildings in Spain

Package 1. Package 2 Package 3


1.1. Wall (External)Level 1 - 4. Level 1 - 4. Level 1 - 4.

1. Building envelope: Level 1- 4. Level 1 - 4. Level 1 - 4.



1.2.1. Flat roof (P9, P8, P7)


1.3. 1. Ground floor (slab) PBLevel 1 - 4. Level 1- 4. Level 1- 4.


1.4. Windows glazingLevel 1 - 4. Level 1 - 4 Level 1 - 4


1.5. Window frameLevel 1 - 4. Level 1 - 4 Level 1 - 4

2. Window solar control Level 1 Level 1 Level 1

3. Heating system

3.1 High efficiency generator forheating H + DHW

Level 1-4. Notcompatible Not compatible

3. Heating system

3.2. High efficiency heat pump(Heating and Cooling space) C + H

Not compatible Level 1-2 Not compatible

3. Heating system

3.3..Trigeneration Plant (Electricity +Heating + DHW)

Not compatible Notcompatible Level 1 – 3

3. Heating system

3.4. Control Level 1-2 Level 1-2 Level 1-2

4. Cooling system

4.1. High efficiency generator forcooling (chiller) C

Level 1-3 Notcompatible Not compatible

4. Cooling system

4.2. High efficiency heat pump(Heating and Cooling space) C + H

Not compatible Level 1-2 Not compatible

4. Cooling system

4.3. Efficient chiller (cooling) Not compatible Notcompatible Level 1 – 3

4. Cooling system

4.4. Control Level 1-2 Level 1-2 Level 1-2

5. DHW system

High efficiency generator for heating H+ DHW

Level 1-4. Level 1-4 Not compatible

5. DHW system

5.2.Trigeneration Plant (Electricity +Heating + DHW)

Not compatible Notcompatible Level 1 – 3

6. Ventilation system Level 1 - 2 Level 1 - 2 Level 1 - 2



7. Lighting system Level 1 - 2 Level 1 - 2 Level 1 - 2

8. Photovoltaic system Level 1 - 3 Level 1 - 3 Level 1 - 3

9. Thermal Energy from Solar Level 1 – 4 Level 1 – 4 Level 1 – 4

10. Building Management System Level 1. Level 1. Level 1.


Package of measures 1The packages of measures 1 contain the possible combination of all the passive and activemeasures. There are several levels of performance considered for each of the Energy efficiencymeasures (EEM). The level 1 of the measures represents the current requirement in the BuildingTechnical Code Regulation.For the HVAC system the combination of chiller and boiler with different energy performance and

different emission systems will be tested. The VRV systems and the trigeneration plant are EEMnot considered in this package of measures as they are considered to be not compatible.These different EEM and its levels of performance will be analysed in the optimization proceduresof WP4.

Package of measures 2The packages of measures 2 contain the possible combination of all the passive and activemeasures. There are several levels of performance considered for each of the Energy efficiencymeasures (EEM). The level 1 of the measures represents the current requirement in the BuildingTechnical Code Regulation.The HVAC system will consist on a VRV for heat and cold production with two levels ofperformance. The EEMs related to chillers and boilers and the Tri-generation plant are notconsidered in this package.These different EEM and its levels of performance will be analysed in the optimization proceduresof WP4.

Package of measures 3.The packages of measures 3 contain the possible combination of all the passive and activemeasures. There are several levels of performance considered for each of the Energy efficiencymeasures (EEM). The level 1 of the measures represents the current requirement in the BuildingTechnical Code Regulation.The HVAC system will consist on a tri-generation plant with a heat recovery boiler and anabsorption chiller. The absorption chiller will not cover all the cooling demand; therefore electricchillers will be needed additionally.These different EEM and its levels of performance will be analysed in the optimization proceduresof WP4.



5.11 United Kingdom

The following paragraphs explore the potential impact of energy efficient refurbishment on the UK’snational building stock. Packages of measures for specific building types are explored in detailbelow.BRE publication FB26 (Energy efficiency in new and existing buildings comparative costs and CO2savings) explores the extent to which improving the energy efficiency of the existing building stockwould be a more cost-effective route for achieving CO2 savings than constructing new buildings tothe higher levels of energy performance. The information is presented in two marginal abatementcost curves (MACC): dwellings in Figure UK-2 and non-domestic buildings in Figure UK-3.Within these MACCs, each carbon saving measure is represented as a rectangle where thehorizontal length represents the carbon saving potential for that measure and the heightcorresponds to its cost effectiveness (measures below the X-axis have a positive return oninvestment over their lifetime29). Measures which have the greatest potential to reduce carbonemissions are labelled.

Figure UK-2: Marginal abatement cost curve (MACC) for UK dwellings (2010)

29 Calculated using a discount rate of 3.5%



Figure UK-3: Marginal abatement cost curve (MACC) for UK non-domestic buildings (2010)

The ‘real capacity’ for refurbishment technologies includes all of the measures with a positivereturn on investment – i.e. those rectangles which are below the X-axis.For dwellings this corresponds to approximately 90 MtCO2/year and for non-domestic buildings thisequates to approximately 14 MtCO2/year. Annual carbon emissions for dwellings and non-domestic buildings are approximately 150 and 100 respectively, and so the real capacity is areduction of approximately 60% for dwellings and 15% for non-domestic buildings. The mainreason for this difference is that the benefits from improving the thermal fabric are more significantfor dwellings.Note that Feed-In Tariffs (FITs) and the Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) have been introducedsince these MACCs were produced, and many renewable energy technologies will now show apositive financial return.

5.11.1 Packages of Measures

The following proposed packages of measures represent the following:Package of measures 1Measures which are required to meet statutory minimum standards – i.e. a ‘basic’ refurbishmentproject.Package of measures 2Includes measures which can be incorporated during typical refurbishment projects which do nothave a major impact on capital cost or the construction programme – e.g. measures that might beincorporated during a building fit-out or light refurbishment.Package of measures 3Includes measures to optimise heating costs.



Package of measures 4Most cost-effective standard across all measures.

5.11.1.1 Victorian Office Block

Measure Package 1 Package 2 Package 3 Package 4External Wall Insulation Level 1 - Level 2/3 Level 2/3Roof Insulation Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1Floor Insulation Level 1 - Level 3 Level 3Windows/Glazing Level 1 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3Draught Proofing Level 1 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3Replacement Boiler/Heating Controls Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1DHW System Level 1 Level 3 - Level 3Lighting Level 1 Level 1 - Level 1Solar PV - - - Level 1Solar Thermal - - - Level 1

5.11.1.2 1960s Office Block

Measure Package 1 Package 2 Package 3 Package 4External Wall Insulation Level 1 - Level 3 Level 3Cavity Wall Insulation Level 1 Level 1 Level 3 Level 3

Roof Insulation Level 1 Level 1 Level 2 Level 2

Floor Insulation Level 1 - Level 3 Level 3Windows/Glazing Level 1 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2Draught Proofing Level 1 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2Replacement Boiler/Heating Controls Level 1 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3DHW System Level 1 Level 2 - Level 2Lighting Level 1 Level 2 - Level 2Solar PV - - - Level 1Solar Thermal - - - Level 1

5.11.1.3 Solid Walled Detached House

Measure Package 1 Package 2 Package 3 Package 4Internal Wall Insulation Level 1 - Level 1 Level 1Roof Insulation Level 1 Level 2 Level 1 Level 1Floor Insulation Level 1 - Level 2 Level 2Windows/Glazing Level 1 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2Draught Proofing Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1Heating Controls Level 1 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3Replacement Boiler/Heating Controls - Level 3 Level 3 Level 3DHW System Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1Lighting Level 1-3 Level 1-3 - Level 1-3Solar PV - - - Level 3Solar Thermal - - - Level 2



5.11.1.4 General Dwellings

The table below lists potential combinations of measures that would be required to bring a varietyof typical domestic dwelling types today up to a “B” EPC rating30

House type Typical package of measures to bring to a new build standard (an EPCband “B”)

19th centuryend-terracehouse

Building fabric improvements Insulated roof Internal solid wall insulation Insulated suspended timber floor Windows – double glazed, timber frames 1.50 W/m2K (BFRC g-value

of glazing – 0.45 W/m2K) Doors – insulated panel

Services improvements Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery Regular condensing boiler, 89% efficiency, programmer, room

thermostat and thermostatic radiator valves Water storage cylinder (110 litre capacity) 80mm factory cylinder

insulation, all pipework insulated. 100% dedicated low energy lighting

Early 20thcenturydetached home

Building fabric improvements Insulated roof Solid walls – internal insulation Insulated replacement concrete floor Windows – double glazed, timber frames BFRC g-value – 0.45 W/m2K 1.50 W/m2K Doors – insulated panel

Services improvements Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery Regular condensing boiler Room thermostat and thermostatic radiator values Water storage cylinder – 160 litre capacity, 80mm factory cylinder

insulation, all pipework insulated. 100% dedicated low energy efficient fixed light fittings.

Mid 20th semi-detached home

Building fabric improvements Insulated roof Unfilled cavity party wall insulated roof Insulated cavity walls – internal insulation Insulated replacement concrete floor 0.12 W/m2K Windows – double glazed, timber frames 1.50 W/m2K (BFRC g-value

– 0.45 W/m2K)Doors – insulated panel

Services improvements Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery 85% efficiency, specific fan

power 0.75 W/l/s, air leakage rate reduced to 3 m3/hr/m2 @ 50Pa. Regular condensing boiler – 89% efficiency, weather compensation

30 National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP), DECC. 2014



and delayed start, programmer, room thermostat and thermostaticradiator values (no secondary room heating needed).

Water storage cylinder – 110 litre capacity, 80mm factory cylinderinsulation, all pipework insulated.

100% low energy efficient lamps in fixed light fittings.

1980s mid-floorflat

Building fabric improvements Cavity walls – internal insulation Edge sealed clear cavity party walls Windows – triple glazed, timber frames 1.50 W/m2K (BFRC g-value of glazing – 0.45 W/m2K) Doors – insulated panel

Services improvements Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery 85% efficiency, specific fan

power 0.75 W/l/s, air leakage rate reduced to 3 m3/hr/m2 @ 50Pa. Heated corridors. Electric convector room heaters, programmer and room thermostat. Instantaneous hot water at point of use. 100% dedicated low energy efficient fixed light fittings.



6.CONCLUSION

This report reviews the best practices and defines the list of technologies in the target countriessuitable for the refurbishment of public buildings towards nZEB level. It provides information on theinvestment cost, typical energy saving and ROI for each technology, details their nationalcharacteristic and then presents them as packages of measures.In Chapter 2 the national best practices are presented for each reference public building categorydefined in D2.1 for every target country of the RePublic_ZEB project. The main technologiesdescribed have been used through the refurbishment process in the selected best practicebuildings. This phase was useful to identify what are the currently applied technologies in the targetcountries, and what experience there is of them. Furthermore the detailed primary energy and CO2emission data are also summarized where this information was available.In Chapter 3 the main technologies are described that can be applied through deep refurbishmentof public buildings. The interventions related to the building envelope, HVAC and DHW systems,Building Management System, lighting and power generation systems are detailed.The energy efficiency measures were gathered in a spreadsheet and sent to each Partner of theConsortium to select the technologies in the given country which are suitable for the refurbishmentof public buildings towards nZEB. The national experts were requested to provide the followinginformation on each energy efficiency measure:

1. The national reference public building types they could be applied to,2. The typical energy saving due to the application of the technology,3. The typical value for the return of investment (ROI).

The lists of the suitable technologies including the technical and economic data are included in theAppendices, country by country.

Evidently some technologies have national characteristic, which may have an influence on theapplication of these technologies and on the achievable energy saving, therefore each nationalexpert of the Consortium was requested to provide information for this aspect. The assessment ofthe national characteristics of the technologies can be seen in the second sub-chapter of eachnational section in Chapter 4.

After the technologies and their technical and economic data are presented together with theirnational characteristics, each national expert proposed energy efficiency measures for eachreference building type. It means that different performance levels (U-values of building envelope,efficiency of equipment, etc.) for the selected technologies were considered, including the specificcosts of the investments. The investment cost corresponds to the average market conditions in thegiven country and contains all the material and labour costs. The specifications of the costs are asfollows:

1. The building envelope refurbishment cost refers to the area of the refurbished structure(e.g. area of the refurbished wall), and it contains every additional costs (scaffolding,plastering, etc.). EUR/m2 of the corresponding wall/window/roof area.

2. The lighting refurbishment cost refers to the building footprint. EUR/m2 building footprint.3. The cost of the PV system installation is expressed in the peak capacity of the PV system.

EUR/kWp.4. The cost of thermal solar system is expressed in the absorber area of the thermal solar

collectors. EUR/m2 absorber area.

The investment costs of the refurbishment of the HVAC system depends on the specific referencebuilding’s characteristic, therefore the sizing of the HVAC elements (boiler, heat pump, air handling



unit, etc.) will be completed in WP4 as part of the building energy calculations. As a consequencethe investment costs of the measures as regards HVAC system’s refurbishment will be provided inWP4 based on the sizing of the HVAC elements.Finally in Chapter 5, several packages of energy efficiency measures were proposed taking intoaccount the technologies that had been gathered as regards the refurbishment towards nZEB levelof reference building categories in each target country. Among the packages, the typicalcombinations of the energy efficiency measures can be found, which represent the currentlyapplied refurbishment practice in the given country, as well as those combinations of innovativemeasures that represent high level of energy efficiency. All the combinations of the measures willbe analysed in WP4 in terms of energetic and economic point of view. The optimization will beperformed based on the result of the building energy simulation.



7.REFERENCES

[1] Report according to article 5(2) of Directive 2010/31/EU and article 6 of Regulation (EU)244/2012: Minimal requirements on energy performance for office buildings forcontinental and coastal Croatia, for period before 1970, 1971 – 2005, after 2006 andnearly zero energy buildings, Zagreb, June 2014.

[2] Di Pietra B. Margiotta F. Report RSE/2009/30 - Complesso residenziale popolare ATCBiella Intervento di riqualificazione energetica (Studio di fattibilità ENEA). 2009.

[3] BUILD SEE Project. Addressing the divide between the EU indicators and their practicalimplementation in the green construction and eco-social re-qualification of residentialareas in South East Europe regions. COUNTRY REPORT – Italy. http://build-see.eu/build-see/sites/default/files/BUILD-SEE_COUNTRY-REPORT_ITALY.pdf

[4] De Santoli L. Fraticelli F. Fornari F. Calice C. Energy performance assessment and aretrofit strategies in public school buildings in Rome. Energy and Buildings 68 (2014)196–202.

[5] Dall’O’ G. Sarto L. Potential and limits to improve energy efficiency in space heating inexisting school buildings in northern Italy. Energy and Buildings 67 (2013) 298–308.

[6] http://www.mcarchitects.it/project/scuola-mirabello[7] CasaClima Energy Agency. http://www.klimahaus.it/en/climatehouse-agency/about-

us/competition-best-climatehouse/354-0.html[8] AIDA IEE Project. D2.1 Best Practice Guide: Operational Success Stories.

http://www.aidaproject.eu/downloads/3/AIDA_D21_Success_Stories_EN_small.pdf[9] Paoletti G. Castagna M. Belleri A. Obe-Regger U.F. Lollini R. Integrated design process

to support a nearly Zero Energy Building design. An Italian case study. Istituto per leenergie rinnovabili, EURAC di Bolzano.

[10] Report on the calculation of cost-optimal levels of minimum energy performancerequirements for buildings and building elements (revised and updated July 2014,http://www.mdrap.ro/constructii/metodologia-de-calcul-al-performantei-energetice-a-cladirilor)

[11] Marie training program for improvement in energy efficiency (EE) of existing buildings.F1 | best practices collection la fabrica del sol building. Centre for sustainabilityawareness and offices (sp_te_co_03) Available at: http://www.marie-medstrategic.eu/fileadmin/utilisateurs/Common_Assets/Pour_la_qualif/Dossiers/WP2/Training/Training_experiences/SP_TE_CO_03_Centre_for_Sustainability_Awareness_and_Offices.pdf

[12] La fàbrica del sol. Projecte del nou centre de recursos Barcelona sostenible. 2008(available at http://www.arqisol.com/prensa/dossier_fabrica_sol.pdf )http://w110.bcn.cat/portal/site/LaFabricaDelSol/menuitem.5cda80b7e58a9d8900210021a2ef8a0c/?vgnextoid=bfb3d8d5f47ba310VgnVCM10000072fea8c0RCRD&vgnextchannel=bfb3d8d5f47ba310VgnVCM10000072fea8c0RCRD&lang=es_ES

[13] Estalvi i eficiència energètica en edificis públics. Generalitat de Catalunya. Institut Catalad’ Energia ( www.gencat.cat/icaen). 1a. edicio: Barcelona, Octubre de 2009. ISBN: B-23.264-2009http://icaen.gencat.cat/web/.content/06_relacions_institucionals_i_comunicacio/04_publicacions/quadern_practic/arxius/02_edificis_publics.pdf

[14] EL PAVELLÓ DE NOSTRA SENYORA DE LA MERCÈ / SANT PAU RECINTEMODERNISTA http://santpaubarcelona.org/pdfs/dossier_merce_cat_web.pdf

[15] EL PAVELLÓ DE SANT LEOPOLD / SANT PAU RECINTE MODERNISTAhttp://santpaubarcelona.org/pdfs/dossier_santleopold_cat_web.pdf



[16] Caso Práctico: Instalación de geotermia en una rehabilitación energetic. Recintomodernista de Sant Pau. Francisco Monedero. (http://geotermiaonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Hospital-Sant-Pau_IDAE.pdf)

[17] La rehabilitación del recinto histórico de Sant Pau en el marco de un nuevo proyecto.Junio de 2009. Fundació privada Hospital de la Santa Creu i St Pauhttp://webs01.santpau.cat/polymitaImages/public/Patrimoni/SGarciaGo/sala_premsa/rehabilitacion.pdf

[18] Energy efficiency in new and existing buildings comparative costs and CO2 savings, FMacKenzie, C Pout, L Shorrock, A Matthews and J Henderson, Aug-2010

[19] CTC765, Building the Future Today, Carbon Trust, 2009[20] National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP), DECC, 2014[21] 2012 consultation on changes to the Building Regulations in England, Section two, Part

L (Conservation of fuel and power), Department for Communities and LocalGovernment, January 2012

[22] http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/buildingregulations/approveddocuments/partl/approved

[23] Domestic Building Services Compliance Guide, Department for Communities and LocalGovernment, 2013 edition

[24] Non-domestic Building Services Compliance Guide, Department for Communities andLocal Government, 2013 edition

[25] National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP), DECC, 2014[26] Maija Virta (ed.), Frank Hovorka, Andrei Litiu, Jarek Kurnitski: HVAC in Sustainable

Office Buildings. Rehva Guidebook 16, 2012.[27] http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/apps3/pvest.php#.

[28] STRATEGY FOR UTILISATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN THEREPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA BY 2020

[29] Balaras CA, Droutsa K, Argiriou AA, Asimakopoulos DN,(2000)‖Potential for energyconservation in apartment buildings. Energy and buildings, Volume 31, Issue 2, pp.143–54.

[30] Energiaklub: Calculations for defining the cost optimal levels of building energyrequirements, 2012 (https://www.e-epites.hu/2442 and https://www.e-epites.hu/2435)

[31] Report on cost optimal calculations and comparison with the current and future energyperformance requirements of buildings in Spain. Version 1.0/Date 7 June 2013. Ministryof Development of Spain. Directorate for Architecture, Housing and Planning. Website:http://www.fomento.es

[32] Mediterranean Building Energy Efficiency Strategy. Pilot Activity 2.2. Public PrivatePartnership (PPP) Mechanisms. Final Report. 2014, MARIE Project (MED Programme):Annex 5.2 Public tertiary buildings of Catalonia: Characterization of the municipal publictertiary buildings of Catalonia and definition of the optimum measures to improve theirenergy efficiency. Brief report.

[33] Policy scenarios and recommendations on nZEB, deep renovation and RES-H/Cdiffusion: the case of Spain. D3.1 of WP3 from Entranze Project.http://www.entranze.eu/files/downloads/D3_1/D3.1_Summary_cost_data__T3.4__-_Def_v5.pdf

[34] ASIT, 2011. Energía solar térmica 2011. El año del marco retributive estable.[35] Christoph Peters, 2009. Energy Savings and Efficiency in Public Buildings. ICAEN.[36] IDAE, 2012, Área tecnológica: geotermia.

http://www.idae.es/uploads/documentos/documentos_Calor_y_Frio_Renovables_Geotermia_30012012_global_196afed7.pdf

[37] RESSEPE,2014. Inventory and characterization of the retroffiting solutions. RESSEPEproject



[38] Royal Decree 314/2006, approbation of the Technical Building Code (CTE). The BasicDocument DB-HE “Energy Savings” was updated by the Order FOM/1635/2013, 10September 2013

[39] Royal Decree 1027/2007, Regulation on Building Heating Installations (Reglamento deinstalaciones térmicas en los edificios (RITE)) updated by Royal Decree 238/2013, 5April 2013



8.ACRONYMS

DHW Domestic hot waterEC European CommissionEE Energy EfficiencyEED Energy Efficiency DirectiveEEM Energy Efficiency MeasureEPBD Energy Performance of Buildings DirectiveEU European UnionHVAC Heating, Ventilation, Air ConditioningMS Member StateNEEAP National Energy Efficiency Action PlannZEB nearly Zero Energy BuildingRED Renewable Energy DirectiveRER Renewable Energy RatioRES Renewable Energy SourceVAT Value Added Tax



9.APPENDIX

9.1 APPENDIX-BG

Energy Efficiency Measure (EEM) Technology Relevant buildingtype(s)

Typical energysaving ROI

External wall thermal insulation External insulation O,R,E,H B CCavity wall _

Internal wall thermal insulation (unheatedspace)

External insulation O,R,E,H D DCavity wall _

Roof/last floor thermal insulation External insulation O,R,E,H C DAttic floor thermal insulation External insulation O,R,E,H D DGround/first floor thermal insulation External insulation O,R,E,H D C

Window Window and Frame O,R,E,H A C

Window solar control Solar shading/shutter O D D

Passive solar systems Ventilated solar walls O,H C DSunspace _



Energy Efficiency Measure(EEM) Technology Relevant building

type(s)Typical energy

saving ROI

Emission retrofit

Radiator O,R,E,H

n.a.

Fan-coil O,R,H

Convector O,R,E,H

Wall heating/cooling -

Floor heating/cooling O,R

Ceiling heating/cooling -

Passive chilled beam -

Active chilled beam -

Control retrofitRoom thermostat O,R,E,H D B

Zone thermostat O,R,E,H D B



Distribution retrofit

Pipe insulation O,R,E,H D BDuct insulation O,H D BPump (Variable speed) O,R,E,H D BFan (Variable speed) O,H D B

Storage sub-system retrofit Storage vessel insulation O,R,E,H D B

H/C/W generator retrofit

Low temperature boilerO,R,E,H C C

Condensing boilerO,R,E,H C C

Biomass boilerO,R,E,H C C

Electric boiler -

District heating

O,R,E,H

n.a.

Geothermal heating -

Air to water heat pumpO,R,E,H B C

Variable Refrigerant Flow systemO,R,H B C



Groundwater heat pump (water to water)O,R,H B C

Geothermal heat pump (water to water)O,R,H B C

Gas Absorption heat pump - -

Absorption chiller - -

Thermal energy from solar Solar collectorsO,R,E,H C C

Energy efficient air handling

Plate heat exchanger (in existing AHU)O,R,E,H C C

Thermal weel (in existing AHU)

Run-around coil system (in existing AHU)

New AHU with heat recovery

O,R,E,H C C

Free cooling With the chiller, without using the compressor ofthe chiller O D B





saving ROI

Building ManagementSystem

Building ManagementSystem O,R,E,H D C

Operational measures Set-points, time-schedules O,R,E,H D B



saving ROI

Electrical energy fromrenewables PV panels O,R,E,H D D

Luminaires installationFluorescent lamp O,R,E,H D CLED O,R,E,H D C

Lighting control

Daylight control -

Occupancy sensor O,E,H D BSwitch programs (timecontrol) O,E,H D B



9.2 APPENDIX-CR

Energy Efficiency Measure (EEM) Technology Relevant buildingtype(s) Typical energy saving ROI

External wall thermal insulation External insulation O/E A C

Cavity wall not available

Internal wall thermal insulation (unheated space) External insulation O/E B D

Cavity wall not available

Roof/last floor thermal insulation External insulation O/E C D

Attic floor thermal insulation External insulation O/E B B

Ground/first floor thermal insulation External insulation O/E D D

Window thermal insulation Window and Frame O/E B D

Window solar control Solar shading/shutter D DO/E

Passive solar systems Ventilated solar walls not availableSunspace O/E D D





Emission retrofit

Radiator O/E D D

Fan-coilO/E D D

ConvectorO/E D D

Wall heating/coolingO/E D D

Floor heating/coolingO/E D D

Ceiling heating/coolingO/E D D

Passive chilled beamO/E D D

Active chilled beamO/E

D D

Control retrofitRoom thermostat O/E C B

Zone thermostat O/E D B


Pipe insulation O/E D BDuct insulation O/E D BPump (Variable speed) O/E D BFan (Variable speed) O/E D B

Storage sub-system retrofit Storage vessel insulation O/E D B

H/C/W generator retrofitLow temperature boiler

O/E D CCondensing boiler O/E C C



Biomass boilerO/E A C

Electric boilerO/E D C

District heatingO/E C C

Geothermal heatingO/E A D

Air to water heat pumpO/E A C

Variable Refrigerant Flow systemO/E A C

Groundwater heat pump (water to water)O/E A D

Geothermal heat pump (water to water)O/E A D

Gas Absorption heat pumpO/E B C

Absorption chillerO/E D D

Thermal energy from solar Solar collectors O/E




Plate heat exchanger (in existing AHU)O/E B C

Thermal weel (in existing AHU)

O/E B C


O/E B D


O/E B D

Free coolingWith the chiller, without using the compressor ofthe chiller O/E na naWith the air handling unit, using the outdoor air O/E na na



Building Management System Building Management System O/E D C





Electrical energy from renewables PV panels O/E C D

Luminaires installationFluorescent lamp O/E D BLED O/E D C

Lighting controlDaylight control

O/E D DOccupancy sensor O/E D DSwitch programs (time control) O/E D D



9.3 APPENDIX-GR

Energy Efficiency Measure (EEM) Technology Relevant building type(s) Typical energy saving ROIExternal wall thermal insulation External insulation O/E C D

Roof/last floor thermal insulation External insulation O/E C C

Window thermal insulation Window and Frame O/E C D

Window solar control Solar shading/shutter O C C

Energy Efficiency Measure (EEM) Technology Relevant building type(s) Typical energy saving ROI

Emission retrofit

Radiator O/E D C

Fan-coil O/E C/D B/C

Passive chilled beam O A B

Active chilled beam O A B

Control retrofit

Room thermostat O/E C A

Zone thermostat O/E C AWeather compensation O/E C AThermostatic valves O/E C B


Pipe insulation O/E C CDuct insulation O C CPump (Variable speed) O/E A/B B

Fan (Variable speed) O/E A/B B




Low temperature boiler O/E C B

Condensing boiler O/E C B

Biomass boiler E D B

Geothermal heating O A C

Air to water heat pump O/E B B

Variable Refrigerant Flow system O C C

Groundwater heat pump (water to water) O A C

Geothermal heat pump (water to water) O A C

Thermal energy from solar Solar collectors E A C


Plate heat exchanger (in existing AHU) O B B

New AHU with heat recovery O B B



Variable Air Volume system

Free cooling With the air handling unit, using the outdoorair O A A


Building Management System Building Management System O C C/B

Energy Efficiency Measure (EEM) Technology Relevant building type(s) Typical energysaving ROI

Electrical energy from renewables PV panels O/E A D

Luminaires installationFluorescent lamp O/E B B

LED O/E B B

Lighting controlDaylight control O/E A A

Occupancy sensor O/E A ASwitch programs (time control) O/E A A



9.4 APPENDIX-HU



External wall thermal insulation External insulation O/R/E/H C DInternal wall thermal insulation (unheatedspace) External insulation O/R/E/H D D

Roof/last floor thermal insulation External insulation O/R/E/H D DAttic floor thermal insulation External insulation O/R/E/H D DGround/first floor thermal insulation External insulation O/R/E/H D D

Window thermal insulation Window and Frame O/R/E/H C D

Window solar control Solar shading/shutter O/R/E/H C D

Emission retrofit

Radiator O/R/E/H The energy saving depends onthe type of the energy productionsystem.Fan-coil O

Floor convector O

Wall heating/cooling O/R

Floor heating/cooling R

Ceilingheating/cooling O



Passive chilled beam O

Active chilled beam O

Control retrofit

Room thermostat O/R/E/H D BZone thermostat O/R/E/H D BWeather dependentcontrol O/R/E/H D A


Pipe insulation O/R/E/H D CDuct insulation O/R/E/H D CPump (Variablespeed) O/R/E/H D C

Fan (Variable speed) O/R/E/H D C

Storage sub-system retrofit Storage vesselinsulation O/R/E/H D C


Low temperatureboiler O/R/E/H C D

Condensing boiler O/R/E/H C C

Biomass boiler O/R/E/H C D



District heating O/R/E/H

The saving depends on thecondition of the district heatingsystem (energy source, insulationof pipes, etc.)

Geothermal heating O/R/E/H B C

Air to water heatpump O/R/E/H C D

Variable RefrigerantFlow system O B D

Groundwater heatpump (water towater)

O/R/E/H B D

Geothermal heatpump (water towater)

O/R/E/H B D

Thermal energy from solar Solar collectors R/H C D

Heat recoveryPlate heatexchanger, air/air (inexisting AHU)

O/R/E/H C C



Thermal weel (inexisting AHU) O/R/E/H C C

Run-around coilsystem (in existingAHU)

O/R/E/H C C

New ventilationsystem with heatrecovery

O/R/E/H C D

Free cooling

With the chiller,without using thecompressor of thechiller

O D C

With the air handlingunit, using theoutdoor air

O/R/E/H D C

Building Energy Management SystemBuildingManagement System O/R/E/H C C

Operational measuresSet-points, time-schedules O/R/E/H D B

Electrical energy from renewables PV panels O/R/E/H D DLuminaires installation Fluorescent lamp O/R/E/H B C

LED O/R/E/H A BLighting control Daylight control O/E/H A B

Occupancy sensor O/E/H A BSwitch programs(time control) O/E/H A B



9.5 APPENDIX-IT


External wall thermal insulation External insulation O/R/E B C

Cavity wall O/R/E C DInternal wall thermal insulation(unheated space) External insulation O/R/E C C

Roof/last floor thermal insulation External insulation O/R/E C BGround/first floor thermalinsulation External insulation O/R/E C C

Window thermal insulation Window and Frame O/R/E B D

Window solar control Solar shading/shutter O/R/E C D


Emission retrofit

Radiator O/R/E

The energy saving depends onthe type of the energy

production system.

Fan-coil O/E


Ceiling heating/cooling O





Control retrofitRoom thermostat O/R/E C B

Zone thermostat O/R/E C B


Pipe insulation O/R/E C CDuct insulation O/R/E C CPump (Variable speed) O/R/E D C

Fan (Variable speed) O/R/E D C

Storage sub-system retrofit Storage vessel insulation O/R/E D B

Condensing boiler O/R/E C C

Biomass boiler O/R/E C D

District heating O/R/E

The saving depends on thecondition of the district heating

system (energy source,insulation of pipes, etc.)

Air to water heat pump O/R/E B C

Variable Refrigerant Flow system O B D

Groundwater heat pump (water to water) O/R/E B D



Gas Absorption heat pump O/E B D

Thermal energy from solar Solar collectors R C C


Plate heat exchanger (in existing AHU) O/E D C

Thermal weel (in existing AHU) O/E D C

Run-around coil system (in existing AHU) O/E D C

New AHU with heat recovery O/E C D

Free cooling

With the chiller, without using the compressorof the chiller O/E

With the air handling unit, using the outdoorair O/E




Building Management System Building Management System O/R/E C C

Energy Efficiency Measure (EEM) Technology Relevant building type(s) Typical energy saving ROIElectrical energy from renewables PV panels O/R/E C D

Luminaires installationFluorescent lamp O/E C B

LED O/E C B

Lighting controlDaylight control O/E C B

Occupancy sensor O/E C BSwitch programs (time control) O/E C B



9.6 APPENDIX-MC


External wall thermal insulation External insulation O/R/E/H A C

Internal wall thermal insulation (unheatedspace) Internal insulation O D C

Roof/last floor thermal insulation External insulation O/R/E/H A B

Attic floor thermal insulation External insulation O/R/E/H A C

Ground/first floor thermal insulation External insulation R/E/H D D

Window thermal insulation Window and Frame O/R/E/H A D

Window solar control Solar shading/shutter O/R/E/H D D

Passive solar systems Ventilated solar walls O/R/E/HB D

Sunspace O/R/E/H


Emission retrofitRadiator O/R/E/H D B

Fan-coil O/R/E/H D B



Convector O/R/E/H D D

Wall heating/cooling O/R/E/H C D

Floor heating/cooling O/R/E/H C D

Ceiling heating/cooling O/R/E/H C D

Control retrofitRoom thermostat O/R/E/H D D

Zone thermostat O/R/E/H C C


Pipe insulation O/R/E/H D ADuct insulation O/R/E/H D APump (Variable speed) O/R/E/H D D

Fan (Variable speed) O/R/E/H D C

Storage sub-system retrofit Storage vessel insulation O/R/E/H C B


Low temperature boilerO/R/E/H D C

Condensing boilerO/R/E/H C D

Biomass boilerO/R/E/H C D

Electric boilerO/R/E/H D C

District heatingO/R/E/H A D

Geothermal heating O/R/E/H D D



Air to water heat pumpO/R/E/H D C

Variable Refrigerant Flow systemO/R/E/H D C

Groundwater heat pump (waterto water)

O/R/E/H D D

Geothermal heat pump (water towater)

O/R/E/H D D

Thermal energy from solar Solar collectorsO/R/E/H A C


Building Management System Building Management System O/R/E/H B C


Electrical energy from renewables PV panels O/R/E/H A D

Luminaires installation Fluorescent lamp O/R/E/H A A

LED O/R/E/H A B

Lighting control Daylight control O/R/E/H D C

Occupancy sensor O/R/E D C

Switch programs (time control) O/R/E B B



9.7 APPENDIX-PT


External wall thermal insulation External insulation O / R D D

Internal insulation O / R C C

Internal wall thermal insulation (unheated space) Internal insulation R C C

Roof/last floor thermal insulation External insulation R B B

Attic floor thermal insulation External insulation R B B

Ground/first floor thermal insulationExternal insulation O / R C B

Internal insulation O / R C C

Middle insulation O / R C C

Window thermal insulation Window and Frame O / R C D

Window solar control Solar shading/shutter R D D


Distribution retrofit Pipe insulation R D A

H/C/W generator retrofit Boiler R C B



Condensing boiler R A C

Biomass boiler R A A

Heat pump O / R C D

Thermal energy from solar Solar collectors O / R D C


Electrical energy from renewables PV panels O N/A C

Luminaires installationFluorescent lamp O N/A B

LED O N/A B

Lighting controlDaylight control O N/A A

Switch programs (timecontrol) O N/A A



9.8 APPENDIX-RO


External wall thermal insulation External insulation O/E B D

Cavity wall - - -

Internal wall thermal insulation (unheated space) External insulation O/E D D

Cavity wall - - -

Roof/last floor thermal insulation External insulation O/E D D

Attic floor thermal insulation External insulation O/E D D

Ground/first floor thermal insulation External insulation O/E D D

Window Window and Frame O/E B, C C

Window solar control Solar shading/shutter O/E D D

Passive solar systems Ventilated solar walls O/E C DSunspace O C D




Emission retrofit

Radiator O/E

n.a.

Fan-coil O/EConvector O/EWall heating/cooling OFloor heating/cooling OCeiling heating/cooling O/EPassive chilled beam O/EActive chilled beam O/E

Control retrofit Room thermostat O/E D BZone thermostat O/E D B


Pipe insulation O/E D BDuct insulation O D BPump (Variable speed) O/E D BFan (Variable speed) O/E D B

Storage sub-system retrofit Storage vessel insulation O/E D B


Low temperature boiler O/E C CCondensing boiler O/E C CBiomass boiler O/E C CElectric boiler -District heating O/E n.a.Geothermal heating O/E C DAir to water heat pump O/E B, C CVariable Refrigerant Flow system O/E B, C CGroundwater heat pump (water to water) O/E B, C CGeothermal heat pump (water to water) O/E B, C CGas Absorption heat pump - -Absorption chiller - -

Thermal energy from solar Solar collectors O/E C CThermal weel (in existing AHU) - - -



Run-around coil system (in existing AHU) O/E C CNew AHU with heat recovery O/E C C

Free cooling With the chiller, without using the compressor ofthe chiller O/E D C


Building Management System Building Management System O/E D C

Operational measures Set-points, time-schedules O/E D A


Electrical energy from renewables PV panels O/E D D

Luminaires installationFluorescent lamp O/E D C

LED O/E D C

Lighting control Daylight control O/E D D



9.9 APPENDIX-SI


External wall thermal insulation External insulation O/E/H/R C DInternal wall thermal insulation(unheated space) External insulation O/E/H/R D D

Roof/last floor thermal insulation External insulation O/E/H/R D D

Attic floor thermal insulation External insulation O/E/H/R D DGround/first floor thermalinsulation External insulation O/E/H/R D D

Door Replacement O/E/H/R D D

Window thermal insulation Window and Frame O/E/H/R C D

Window solar control Solar shading/shutter O/E/H/R C D


Emission retrofit

Radiator O/E/H/R

The energy saving depends onthe type of the energy

production system.

Fan-coil O

Convector O

Wall heating/cooling O/R




Ceiling heating/cooling O



Control retrofitRoom thermostat O/E/H/R D B

Zone thermostat O/E/H/R D B


Pipe insulation O/E/H/R D CDuct insulation O/E/H/R D CPump (Variable speed) O/E/H/R D CFan (Variable speed) O/E/H/R D CInstallation of thermostatic valves O/E/H/R D B

Storage sub-system retrofit Storage vessel insulation O/E/H/R D C


Condensing boiler O/E/H/R C C

Biomass boiler O/E/H/R C D

District heating O/E/H/R

The saving depends on thecondition of the district heating

system (energy source,insulation of pipes, etc.)

Geothermal heating O/E/H/R B C

Air to water heat pump O/E/H/R C D



Groundwater heat pump (water to water) O/E/H/R B D

Geothermal heat pump (water to water) O/E/H/R B D

Gas Absorption heat pump O/E/H/R C D

Cogeneration O/E/H/R B D

Thermal energy from solar Solar collectors H/R C D


Plate heat exchanger (in existing AHU)O/E/H/R

C C

Thermal weel (in existing AHU) O/E/H/R C C

Run-around coil system (in existing AHU) O/E/H/R C C

New AHU with heat recovery O/E/H/R C D

Free cooling With the chiller, without using the compressorof the chiller O D C



With the air handling unit, using the outdoorair O/E/H/R D C


Building Management System Building Management System O/E/H/R D C


Electrical energy from renewables PV panels O/E/H/R D D

Luminaires installation

Linear fluorescent lamps O/E/H/R C B

Circular fluorescent lamps O/E/H/R C B

Integrated compact fluorescentlamps

Non-Integrated compactfluorescent lamps

O/E/H/R

O/E/H/R

C

C

B

B

LED Lamps O/E/H/R C BLED tubular lamps O/E/H/R C B



9.10 APPENDIX-ES


External wall thermal insulation External insulationR/E/O/S/C/H C D

Cavity wall R/E/O/S/C/H C D

Internal wall thermal insulation(unheated space)

External insulation R/E/O/S/C/H D D

Cavity wall R/E/O/S/C/H D D

Roof/last floor thermal insulation External insulation R/E/O/S/C/H D D

Ground/first floor thermal insulation External insulation E/O/S/C/H D D

Window thermal insulation Window and Frame E/O/S/C/H D D

Window solar control Solar shading/shutter R/O/C/H D D

Ventilated facade External insulation E/O/S/C/H C D


Fan-coil O/HThe energy saving depends on

the type of the energyproduction system.

Passive chilled beam O/HThe energy saving depends on




Active chilled beam O/HThe energy saving depends on


Control retrofit

Room thermostat

E/O/S/C/H C CZone thermostat

Condensing boiler R/E/S/H B C

Biomass boiler E/S/HD D

Biomass boiler E/S/H D D

District heating O/R/E/HR**

Air to water heat pump O B C

Variable Refrigerant Flow system O/HR* D D

Geothermal heat pump (water to water) O/H* B D

Gas Absorption heat pump S/H B C

Absorption chiller S/H B C



Micro- cogeneration S/H B C

Thermal energy from solar Solar collectors R/H/HR/WR C B


Plate heat exchanger (in existing AHU) O/E/H/HR B

New AHU with heat recovery O/E/H/HR B

Free cooling

With the chiller, without using thecompressor of the chiller O/E/S/WR B B

With the air handling unit, using theoutdoor air O/E/S/WR B B

* Historic buildings** Connection with exixting disctric heating


Building Management System Building Management System E/O/S/C/H D B


Electrical energy from renewables PV panels E/O/S/C/H C C

Luminaires installationFluorescent lamp (high efficient energy) E/O/H C B

LED E/O/S/C/H D C

Lighting control Daylight control E/O/H/WR C C



Occupancy sensor E/O/S/C/H/HR D CSwitch programs (time control)



9.11 APPENDIX-UK


External wall thermal insulation External insulation O, R, E, H, HR, WR D na

Cavity wall O, R, E, H, HR, WR D C

Internal wall thermal insulation(unheated space)

External insulation O, R, E, H, HR, WR D na

Cavity wall O, R, E, H, HR, WR D na

Roof/last floor thermal insulation External insulation O, R, E, H, HR, WR D D

Attic floor thermal insulation External insulation O, R, E, H, HR, WR D naGround/first floor thermalinsulation External insulation O, R, E, H, HR, WR D na

Window thermal insulation Window and Frame O, R, E, H, HR, WR D C

D C

Window solar control Solar shading/shutter O, R, E, H, HR, WRD BD BD na

Passive solar systems Ventilated solar walls O, R, E, H, HR, WR D naSunspace O, R, E, H, HR, WR D na


Emission retrofitRadiator O, R, E, H, HR, WR D na

Fan-coilO, R, E, H, HR, WR D na



ConvectorO, R, E, H, HR, WR D na

Wall heating/coolingO, R, E, H, HR, WR D na

Floor heating/coolingO, R, E, H, HR, WR D na

Ceiling heating/coolingO, R, E, H, HR, WR D na

Passive chilled beamO, E, H, HR, WR D na

Active chilled beamO, E, H, HR, WR D na

Control retrofitRoom thermostat O, R, E, H, HR, WR D B/C

Zone thermostat O, R, E, H, HR, WR D B/C


Pipe insulation O, R, E, H, HR, WR D CDuct insulation O, R, E, H, HR, WR D CPump (Variable speed) O, R, E, H, HR, WR D naFan (Variable speed) O, R, E, H, HR, WR D na

Storage sub-system retrofit Storage vessel insulation O, R, E, H, HR, WR D na


Low temperature boilerO, R, E, H, HR, WR D C

Condensing boilerO, R, E, H, HR, WR D C

Biomass boilerO, E, H, HR, WR C na

Electric boilerO, R, E, H, HR, WR D na



District heatingO, R, E, H, HR, WR C na

Geothermal heatingO, R, E, H, HR, WR D na

Air to water heat pumpO, R, E, H, HR, WR C C

Variable Refrigerant Flow systemO, R, E, H, HR, WR D na

Groundwater heat pump (water to water)O, R, E, H, HR, WR C C

Geothermal heat pump (water to water)O, R, E, H, HR, WR C C

Gas Absorption heat pumpO, E, H, HR, WR D na

Absorption chillerO, E, H, HR, WR D na

Thermal energy from solar Solar collectorsO, R, E, H, HR, WR D C


Plate heat exchanger (in existing AHU)O, E, H, HR, WR D na

Thermal weel (in existing AHU)O, E, H, HR, WR D na




O, E, H, HR, WR D na


O, E, H, HR, WR D na

Free cooling

With the chiller, without using thecompressor of the chiller O, E, H, HR, WR D naWith the air handling unit, using theoutdoor air O, E, H, HR, WR D na


Building Management System Building Management System O, E, H, HR, WR C na


Electrical energy from renewables PV panels O, R, E, H, HR, WR C C

Luminaires installationFluorescent lamp O, R, E, H, HR, WR D B/CLED O, R, E, H, HR, WR D C

Lighting controlDaylight control

O, E, H, HR, WR D COccupancy sensor O, R, E, H, HR, WR D BSwitch programs (time control) O, R, E, H, HR, WR D B

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CONTRACT N°: IEE/13/886/SI2.674899 · PDF fileLulin Radulov Black See Energy Research...

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