ARAB ENVIRONMENT: FOOD SECURITY 189 CONTRIBUTORS DR. AYMAN ABOU HADID Former Minister of Agriculture and Land Reclamation in Egypt for 2 terms. He was Director of the Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate (CLAC) at the Ministry of Agriculture in Cairo. He established the Arid Land Agriculture Re- search Institute at the University of Ain Shams and was the Executive Director of the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency. He has over 250 published papers, and is coordinator of various research projects on agriculture and climate change. FIDELE BYIRINGIRO Economic Affairs Officer at the United Nations Economic and Social Commis- sion for Western Asia (UN-ESCWA), where he specializes in issues related to agriculture, food and rural development, among others. He has worked on these issues for the last 15 years carrying out various assignments in Africa and the Arab regions, producing numerous publications and conference papers. DR. HAFEZ GHANEM Senior fellow in the Global Economy and Development Program project at the Brookings Institution. He worked at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) as the Assistant Director-General responsible for the Economic and Social Development Department. Dr. Ghanem holds a PhD in Economics from the University of California, Davis. He has many publications and was a member of the core team that produced the 1995 World Development Report. DR. SHADI HAMADEH Chairman of the Department of Agriculture at the Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences at the American University of Beirut (AUB). His research has fo- cused on sustainable livestock systems. He leads the Environment and Sustainable Development Unit (ESDU) at AUB, a regional R&D center on rural livelihoods, and serves on the board of the Resource Centers on Urban Agriculture and Food Security Foundation. DR. NADIM KHOURI Deputy Executive Secretary of the United Nations Economic and Social Com- mission for Western Asia (UN-ESCWA). Prior to joining UN-ESCWA, he was the Director of Near East, North Africa and Europe at the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), following over 20 years of career experience at the World Bank. He has a PhD in Agronomy from the University of Massachu- setts at Amherst (USA).
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ContributorS
Dr. aYman aboU HaDiDFormer Minister of Agriculture and Land Reclamation in Egypt for 2 terms. He was Director of the Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate (CLAC) at the Ministry of Agriculture in Cairo. He established the Arid Land Agriculture Re-search Institute at the University of Ain Shams and was the Executive Director of the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency. He has over 250 published papers, and is coordinator of various research projects on agriculture and climate change.
FiDele bYirinGiro Economic Affairs Officer at the United Nations Economic and Social Commis-sion for Western Asia (UN-ESCWA), where he specializes in issues related to agriculture, food and rural development, among others. He has worked on these issues for the last 15 years carrying out various assignments in Africa and the Arab regions, producing numerous publications and conference papers.
Dr. HaFeZ GHanemSenior fellow in the Global Economy and Development Program project at the Brookings Institution. He worked at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) as the Assistant Director-General responsible for the Economic and Social Development Department. Dr. Ghanem holds a PhD in Economics from the University of California, Davis. He has many publications and was a member of the core team that produced the 1995 World Development Report.
Dr. SHaDi HamaDeH Chairman of the Department of Agriculture at the Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences at the American University of Beirut (AUB). His research has fo-cused on sustainable livestock systems. He leads the Environment and Sustainable Development Unit (ESDU) at AUB, a regional R&D center on rural livelihoods, and serves on the board of the Resource Centers on Urban Agriculture and Food Security Foundation.
Dr. naDim KHoUri Deputy Executive Secretary of the United Nations Economic and Social Com-mission for Western Asia (UN-ESCWA). Prior to joining UN-ESCWA, he was the Director of Near East, North Africa and Europe at the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), following over 20 years of career experience at the World Bank. He has a PhD in Agronomy from the University of Massachu-setts at Amherst (USA).
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Dr. aHmeD maZiD As Agricultural Economist at ICARDA, he participated and/or lead multi-disci-plinary team in many research activities on adoption and impact assessment of new agricultural technologies, farming systems analysis, technology generation and evaluation and production economics. Dr. Mazid received a PhD. in Ag-ricultural Economics from the University of Nottingham, UK. He authored or contributed to about 120 publications.
Dr. tHeib Y. oweiSDirector of the Integrated Water and Land Management Program at ICARDA, where he worked since 1991 in several capacities as scientist, principal scientist, team leader and manager. Earlier he taught irrigation and drainage engineering at the University of Jordan. Dr. Oweis received a PhD in Agricultural and Irriga-tion Engineering from Utah State University, USA. Author and co-author of over 200 publications.
naJib SaabSecretary General of the Arab Forum for Environment & Development (AFED) and Editor-in-Chief of Al-Bia Wal-Tanmia (Environment & Development) mag-azine. An architect by training, he is a 2003 recipient of the United Nations En-vironment Program’s Global 500 Award and the 2011 laureate of Sheikh Zayed International Prize for Environment. Co-editor of the series of AFED Annual Reports on the State of Arab Environment.
Dr. abDUl-Karim SaDiKSenior Economic Adviser at Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development for over 25 years, including eight years as Executive Director for the State of Kuwait at the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), and Adviser to Executive Director at the World Bank. He authored and co-authored a number of published papers on various development issues, including on water economics, water problems, water security, and food in Arab countries.
Dr. Kamel H. SHiDeeDAssistant Director General for International Cooperation and Communications at the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICAR-DA), following his service as ICARDA’ Director of s Social, Economic and Policy Research Program. Dr Shideed received a PhD from Mississippi State University, USA in Agricultural Economics. He authored and co-authored over 130 publica-tions.
Dr. maHmoUD el-SolHDirector General of ICARDA. He has over 30 years’ experience in international agriculture research and development in developing countries, particularly in dry areas, with Ford Foundation, the American University of Beirut (AUB) and FAO. Dr. El-Solh holds a PhD in Genetics from the University of California, USA, and has more than 120 publications. His contribution to agricultural research and development has been recognized through several prestigious awards and honors.
maarten van GinKelDeputy Director General for Research at ICARDA. since 2007.Studied plant ge-netics, breeding and pathology in the Netherlands and USA. Worked for 22 years at CIMMYT as wheat breeder, Head Bread Wheat Program and Head Wheat Genebank, in various countries. He (Co-) developed more than 100 adopted
ContribUtorS
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wheat varieties, and published 85 ISI articles on subjects as disease resistance, synthetic wheat, breeding simulation and adaptation.
Dr. tariq mooSa al-ZaDJaliDirector General of the Arab Organization for Agricultural Development (AOAD). He is Chairman of the Steering Committee of the African-Arab Action Plan on Agricultural Development and Food Security, and member of various regional bodies. He holds PhD in agriculture and has many papers on the subject. He was Director General of Agricultural Research at the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries in Oman.
Dr. waleeD KHalil al-ZUbariCoordinator of the Water Resources Management Program at the Arabian Gulf University in Bahrain. He obtained his PhD degree in 1990 from Colorado State University in groundwater mathematical modeling. His research interests include water-energy-food nexus and use of dynamic modeling in planning and manage-ment of water resources systems. He has published more than 90 research papers.
SUPERVISORY COMMITTEEMembers of AFED Board of Trustees
Dr. Mohamed El-Ashry, Senior Fellow at the United Nations Foundation and former CEO and Chairman, Global Environment Facility – GEF.
Dr. Abdulrahman Al-Awadi, Executive Secretary of the Regional Organization for the Protection of Marine Environment (ROPME) and former Minister of Health in Kuwait.
Dr. Adnan Badran, President of Petra University and former Prime Minister of Jordan.
Najib Saab, Secretary General of the Arab Forum for Environment & Development (AFED) and Editor-in-Chief of Al-Bia Wal-Tanmia (Environment & Development) magazine.
Dr. Adnan Shihab-Eldin, Director General, Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science (KFAS).
Dr. Mostafa Kamal Tolba, Former Executive Director of UNEP, Founding Chairman, AFED Board of Trustees.
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reviewerS anD PartiCiPantS in ConSUltation meetinGS on aFeD rePort 2014
(In alphabetical order)
Dr. Ibrahim Abdelgelil (Arabian Gulf University), Dr. Mohamed Abdel-Rahman (Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development, KFAED), Mr. Nur M. Abdi (Islamic Development Bank, IDB), Dr. Tareq Al-Ati (Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, KISR), Mr. Mounir AbouFadel (ESCWA), Rachel Anne Bahn (AUB), Mr. Gregory Barrett (ESCWA), Mr. Jasem Besharah (Kuwait Chamber of Commerce and Industry), Ms. Sawsan Bou Fakhreddine (AFDC), Mr. Fidele Byringiro (ESCWA), Mr. Mohamed Chemingui (ESCWA), Mr. Philippe Chite (ESCWA), Dr. Lamia Fattal (ICARDA), Ms. Raghida Haddad (AFED), Ms. Johaina Al Hamdan (Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences, KFAS), Dr. Shadi Hamadeh (American University of Beirut, AUB), Mr. Ayman Helal (Al Hayat Newspaper), Mr. Fawzi Al Hunaif (KFAED), Dr. Nahla Hwalla (AUB), Mr. Vito Intini (ESCWA), Ms. Samar Jaafar (ESCWA), Ms. Lina Jaber (AUB), Dr. Majd Jamal (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, ICARDA), Mr. Samir Jarrad (KFAED), Ms. Nabilah Al Khalil (Agriculture Affairs & Fish Resources Authority Kuwait), Dr. Nadim Khoury (ESCWA), Ms. Rajita Majumdar (ICARDA), Dr. Samia Al Marsafawy (Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt), Ms. Asya El-Meehy (ESCWA) Ms. Abeer Al Mulaifi (KFAS), Mr. Mohammad Al-Munaifi (Kuwait Investment Authority, KIA), Mr. Kamal Naser (KFAED), Ms. Wijdan Al Oqab (KEPS), Dr. Theib Oweis (ICARDA), Dr. Simon Pearson (Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi), Dr. Khaled Al Rwis (King Saud University), Ms. Anne Saab (London School of Economics), Mr. Mohammed Sadeqi (KFAED), Mr. Abdullah Al Sager (KFAED), Dr. Kamel Shideed (ICARDA), Dr. Ali Al Tokhais (Saudi Shura Council), Mr. Batir Wardam (Consultant), Dr. Waleed Zubari (AGU).
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ACronymS And AbbreviAtionS
AAAID Arab Authority for Agricultural Investment and Development ABSP Agricultural Biotechnology Support Programme
AC Air-Conditioning AC Alternating Current
ACSAD Arabic Centre for the Studies of Arid Zones and Drylands ACU Arab Custom Union ADA Arriyadh Development Authority (Riyadh)
ADCO Abu Dhabi Company for Onshore Oil OperationsADEREE The National Agency for Energy Efficiency and the Development of Renewable Energy
ADFD Abu Dhabi Fund for Development ADR Alternative Disputes Resolution
ADWEA Abu Dhabi Water & Electricity Authority AED United Arab Emirates Dirham
BCWUA Branch Canal Water User AssociationBDB Beyond Design Basis BDL Central Bank of Lebanon BGR German Geological Survey BMP Best Management Practices BMZ German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentBNEF Bloomberg New Energy Finance BOD Biological Oxygen Demand boe Barrels of Oil EquivalentBOO Build-Own-Operate
BOOT Build Own Operate TransferBOT Build Operate Transfer
BP British Petroleum BREEAM Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method
BRO Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis BRS ARZ Building Rating System
BU Boston University C&D Construction and Demolition C&I Commercial and Industrial CA Conservation Agriculture
CAB Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate CAIP Cairo Air Improvement Project
CAMP Coastal Area Management Project CAMRE Council of Arab Ministers Responsible for the Environment
CAN Competent National Authority CBC Community-Based Conservation CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CBO Community-Based Organization
CBSE Center for the Study of the Built Environment (Jordan)CCA Climate Change Adaptation
CCGT Combined Cycle Gas TurbineCCS Carbon Capture and Sequestration
CCS Carbon Capture and StorageCCS CO
2Capture and Storage
CD Compact Disk
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CDM Clean Development Mechanism CDRs Certified Emissions Reductions
CEDARE Centre for Environment and Development for the Arab Region and Europe CEDRO Country Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Demonstration Project for the Recovery
of Lebanon CEIT Countries with Economies in TransitionCEO Chief Executive Officer CEP Coefficient of Performance
CERES Coalition for Environmentally Responsible EconomicsCERs Credits CFA Cooperative Framework Agreement CFC Chloro-Fluoro-CarbonCFL Compact Fluorescent Light
CFL Compact Fluorescent Lamp CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research
CH4 Methane CHN Centre Hospitalier du Nord -LebanonCHP Combined Heat and Power
CILSS Permanent Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the SahelCIRAD Agricultural Research for DevelopmentCITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and FloraCIWM Chartered Institution of Wastes Management
ClHEAM International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic StudiesCLO Compost-Like-Output
CLRTAP Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air PollutionCM Carbon ManagementCMI Community Marketing, Inc.
CMS Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild AnimalsCNA Competent National Authority
CNCA Public Agricultural BankCNG (CNS) Compressed Natural Gas
CO Carbon MonoxideCO
2 Carbon Dioxide
CO2e/eq
CO2 equivalent
COD Chemical Oxygen DemandCOP Conference of the PartiesCPB Cartagena Protocol on BiosafetyCPC Calcined Petroleum CokeCRS Center for Remote SensingCSA City Strategic Agenda CSD Commission on Sustainable Development
CSEM Centre Suisse d›Electronique et de MicrotechniqueCSP Concentrated Solar PowerCSR Corporate Social Responsibility
CTAB Technical Center of Organic Agriculturecum Cubic meters
CZIMP Coastal Zone Integrated Management PlanDALYs Disability-Adjusted Life YearsDBFO Design Build Finance OperateDBO Design-Build-Operate
DC Direct currentDED Dubai Economic Department
DEFRA Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (UK)DEM Digital Elevation Model
DESA Department of Economic and Social AffairsDEWA Dubai Electricity and Water Authority
196 aCronYmS anD abbreviationS
DFID UK Department for International DevelopmentDHW Domestic Hot Water
DII DESERTEC Industrial InitiativeDMN Moroccan National Meteorological OfficeDNE Daily News EgyptDOE United States Department of EnergyDRM Disaster Risk ManagementDRR Disaster Risk Reduction
DSIRE Database of State Incentives for Renewables & EfficiencyDTCM Dubai Department for Tourism and Commerce Marketing
DTIE UNEP Division of Technology, Industry, and EconomicsDTO Dublin Transportation Office
DUBAL Dubai Aluminum Company LimitedE3G Third Generation EnvironmentalismEAD Environment Agency AbuDhabiECA Economic Commission for Africa
ECAs Energy Conversion AgreementsECE Economic Commission for EuropeED Electrodialysis
EDCO Electricity Distribution CompanyEDF Environmental Defense FundEDL Electricité du Liban
EE Energy EfficiencyEEAA Egyptian Environmental Affairs AgencyEEHC Egyptian Electricity Holding Company
EF Ecological FootprintEGBC Egyptian Green Building CouncilEGPC Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation
EGS Environmental Goods and ServicesEIA Energy Information AdministrationEIA Environmental Impact AssessmentEITI Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative
EMA Europe, the Middle East, and AfricaEMAL Emirates Aluminium Company LimitedEMAS Eco-Management and Audit Scheme
EMS Environmental Management SystemENEC Emirates Nuclear Energy CorporationENPI European Neighborhood and Partnership Instrument
ENSO El Niño-Southern OscillationEOR Enhanced Oil RecoveryEPA US Environmental Protection AgencyEPC Engineering Procurement and ConstructionEPD European Patent Office
EPDRB Environmental Program for the Danube River BasinEPI Environment Performance Index
EPSA Exploration and Production Sharing AgreementESAUN Department of Economic and Social AffairsESBM Ecosystem-Based Management
ESCOs Energy Service CompaniesESCWA United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia
ESDU Environment and Sustainable Development UnitESI Environment Sustainability Index
ESMAP World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance ProgramETM Enhanced Thematic Mapper
EU European UnionEU ETS European Union Emission Trading System
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EVI Environmental Vulnerability IndexEWRA Egyptian Water Regulatory Agency
EWS Emirates Wildlife SocietyFACE Free Air Carbon EnrichmentFANR The Federal Authority for Nuclear Regulation (UAE)
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsFDI Foreign Direct Investment
FEMIP Facility for Euro-Mediterranean Investment and PartnershipFFEM French Fund for Global EnvironmentFiBL Research Institute of Organic AgricultureFIFA Fédération Internationale de Football AssociationFIT Feed-in-Tariff
FOEME Friends of the Earth Middle EastFSU Former Soviet UnionF-T Fischer-Tropsch process
FTIAB Packaging and Newspaper Collection Service (Sweden)G7 Group of Seven: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, United StatesG8 Group of Eight: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russian Federation,United Kingdom,
United StatesGAM Greater Amman Municipality GAPs Good Agricultural PracticesGAS Guarani Aquifer System
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeGBC Green Building CouncilGBIF Global Biodiversity Information FacilityGCC Gulf Cooperation CouncilGCM General Circulation Model
GCOS Global Climate Observing SystemGDP Gross Domestic Product
GE General ElectricGECF Gas Exporting Countries Forum
GEF Global Environment FacilityGEMS Global Environment Monitoring System
GEO Global Environment OutlookGERD Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and DevelopmentGFEI Global Fuel Economy InitiativeGFU Global Facilitation Unit for Underutilized SpeciesGha Global hectare
GHGs Greenhouse GasesGIPB Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building
GIS Geographical Information SystemsGIWA Global International Waters Assessment
GJ GigaJouleGLASOD Global Assessment of Soil Degradation
GLCA Global Leadership for Climate ActionGM Genetically Modified
GME Gazoduc Maghreb EuropeGMEF Global Ministerial Environment ForumGMO Genetically Modified OrganismGMP Green Moroccan PlanGNI Gross National Income
GNP Gross National ProductGPC Green petroleum Coke
GPRS Green Pyramid Rating SystemGRI Global Reporting Initiative
GRID Global Resource Information Database
198 aCronYmS anD abbreviationS
GSDP General Secretariat for Development planning-QatarGSI IISD Global Subsidies InitiativeGSLAS General Secretariat of League of Arab States
GSR Global Status ReportGt Gigaton
GTZ German Technical Cooperation (Gesellschaft für Technische Zusamm)GVC Civil Volunteers’ Group (Italy)GW Gigawatt GW Greywater
GWe
Gigawatt electricalGWI Global Water Intelligence
GWP Global Warming PotentialGWP Global Water PartnershipGW
thGigawatt-thermal
ha HectaresHACCP Hazardous Analysis and Critical Control Points
HDI Human Development IndexHFA Hyogo Framework for Action
HFCs HydrofluorocarbonsHFO Heavy Fuel OilHIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HLW High Level WasteHNWI High Net Worth IndividualsHVAC Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning
I/M Inspection and MaintenanceIAASTD International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge Science and Technology for Development
IAEA International Atomic Energy AgencyIAS Irrigation Advisory ServiceIC Irrigation Council
ICAM Integrated Coastal Area ManagementICARDA International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas
ICBA International Center for Biosaline AgricultureICC International Chamber of Commerce
ICGEB International Center for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyICLDC Imperial College London Diabetes Centre
ICM Integrated Coastal ManagementICPDR International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River
ICT Information and Communication TechnologyICZM Integrated Coastal Zone Management
IDA International Desalination AssociationIDB Islamic Development Bank
IDECO Irbid District Electricity CompanyIDRC International Development Research CenterIDSC Information and Decision Support Center
IEA International Energy AgencyIEADSM International Energy Agency Demand-side Management
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic EngineersIFA International Fertilizer Industry Association
IFAD International Fund for Agricultural DevelopmentIFOAM International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements
IFPRI International Food Policy Research InstituteIGCC Integrated Gasifier Combined Cycle
IHP International Hydrology ProgramIIED International Institute for Environment and DevelopmentIIIEE Lund University International Institute for Industrial Environmental EconomicsIIIP Integrated Irrigation Improvement Project
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IIP Irrigation Improvement ProjectIISD International Institute for Sustainable DevelopmentILO International Labour OrganizationILW Intermediate Level wasteIMC Istituto Mediterraneo Di CertificazioneIMF International Monetary FundIMO International Maritime Organization
InWEnt Capacity Building International-GermanyIO Input-Output
IOC International Oil CompaniesIPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPF Intergovernmental Panel on ForestsIPM Integrated Pest ManagementIPP Independent Power Producer IPR Intellectual Property Rights
IPTRID International Program for Technology and Research in Irrigation and DrainageIRENA International Renewable Energy Agency
IRESEN Institut de Recherche en Energie Solaire et en Energies Nouvelles IRR Internal Rate Of Return
ISCC Integrated Solar Combined CycleISESCO Islamic Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
ISIC UN International Standard Industrial ClassificationISO International Organization for Standardization
ISWM Integrated Solid Waste ManagementITC Integrated Tourism CentersITC International Trade Center
ITSAM Integrated Transport System in the Arab MashreqIUCN International Union for Conservation of NatureIUCN World Conservation Union (International Union for the Conservation of Nature and
Natural Resources)IWMI International Water Management InstituteIWPP Independent Water And Power ProducerIWRB International Waterfowl and Wetlands Research BureauIWRM Integrated Water Resources ManagementJAEC Jordan Atomic Energy Commission JBAW Jordan Business Alliance on Water
JD Jordanian DinarJEPCO Jordan Electric Power Company
JI Joint ImplementationJMWI Jordan Ministry for Water and IrrigationJNRC Jordan Nuclear Regulatory Commission
JVA Jordan Valley AuthorityKA-CARE King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy
KACST King Abdulaziz City for Science and TechnologyKAUST King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyKEPCO Korea Electric Power CorporationKFAED Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic DevelopmentKFUPM King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
KfW German Development BankKISR Kuwait Institute for Scientific ResearchKSA Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaKW Kilowatt
kWh Kilowatt-hour LADA Land Degradation Assessment of Drylands
LAS League of Arab StatesLATA Lebanese Appropriate Technology Association
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LAU Lebanese American UniversityLBNL Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryLCC Life Cycle Costing
LCEC Lebanese Center for Energy ConservationLCOE Levelized Costs of Electricity LDCs Least Developed CountriesLED Light-Emitted Diode
LEED Leadership in Environmental DesignLEMA Suez Lyonnaise des Eaux, Montgomery Watson and Arabtech Jardaneh
LEU Low-enriched UraniumLGBC Lebanon Green Building Council
LLW Low Level WasteLMBAs Land and Marine Based Activities
LMEs Large Marine EcosystemsLMG Like Minded GroupLMO Living Modified OrganismLNG Liquefied Natural Gas
LV Low VoltageMAAR Syrian Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian ReformMAD Moroccan Dirham
MALR Ministry of Agriculture and Land ReclamationMAP UNEP Mediterranean Action Plan
MARPOL International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from ShipsMASEN Moroccan Agency for Solar Electricity
mb/d million barrels per dayMBT Mechanical-biological treatment
MCM Million Cubic MetersMD Membrane Distillation
MDGs Millennium Development GoalsMEA Multilateral Environmental Agreement
MECTAT Middle East Centre for the Transfer of Appropriate TechnologyMED Multiple-Effect Distillation
MED WWR WG Mediterranean Wastewater Reuse Working GroupMED-ENEC Energy Efficiency in the Construction Sector in the Mediterranean
MEES Middle East Economic SurveyMEMAC Marine Emergency Mutual Aid Centre
MENA Middle East and North AfricaMEPS Minimum Energy Performance Standards
METAP UNEP Mediterranean Environmental Technical Assistance ProgramMEW Lebanese Ministry of Energy and WaterMGD Million Gallon per DayMHT Mechanical Heat TreatmentMICE Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, And EventsMIST Masdar Institute of Science and Technology
MMBTU One Million British Thermal UnitsMMCP Making the Most of Commodities Programme
MNA Multinational Approaches MOQ Maersk Oil QatarMOU Memorandum of UnderstandingMOX Mixed-OxideMPA Marine Protected Area
MPAP Multi-Stakeholder Policy Formulation and Action Planning MSF Multi-Stage Flash
aCronYmS anD abbreviationS
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MSF Multi-Stakeholder ForumMSP Mediterranean Solar Plan
MSW Municipal Solid WasteMt Metric tonsMT Million tonMt Megatons
MtCO2
Million tons of CO2
Mtoe Million tons of oil equivalent MTPY Metric Tons Per Year
MV Medium VoltageMW Megawatt
MWh
Megawatt-hourMW
pMegawatt-peak
MWRI Ministry of Water Resources and IrrigationMW
thMegawatt-thermal
N2O Nitrous Oxide
NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation ActionsNARI National Agricultural Research Institutes
NARS National Agricultural Research SystemsNASA National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNBC National Biosafety Committee
NBDF Nile Basin Discourse ForumNBF National Biosafety FrameworkNBI Nile Basin Initiative
NBM Nile Basin ManagementNC National Communication
NCSR Lebanese National Council of Scientific ResearchND Neighborhood Development
NDW Moroccan National Drought WatchNEA Nuclear Energy Agency
NEAP National Environmental Action PlanNEEAP National Energy Efficiency Action Plan
NEEP National Energy Efficiency ProgramNEEREA National Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Action (Lebanon)
NERC National Energy Research CentreNF Nano-Filtration
NFC Nile Forecast CenterNFP National Focal Point
NGCCs Natural-Gas-Fired Combined CyclesNGO Non-Governmental OrganizationNGV Natural Gas Vehicles
NGWA Northern Governorates Water Authority (Jordan)NIF Neighborhood Investment Facility
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationNOC National Oil Company
NOEC Net Oil Exporting Countries NOGA National Oil and Gas Authority (Bahrain)NOIC Net Oil Importing Countries
NORDEN Nordic Council of MinistersNOx Nitrogen OxidesNPK Nitrogen, Phosphates and PotashNPP Nuclear Power PlantNPP Net Primary Productivity
NPPA Nuclear Power Plant AuthorityNPT Non-Proliferation treaty of nuclear weaponsNRC National Research Council
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NREL National Renewable Energy LaboratoryNRW Non-Revenue WaterNSAS Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System
NSR North-South Railway projectNUS Neglected and underutilized species
NWRC National Water Research Center (Egypt)NWSAS North Western Sahara Aquifer System
O&M Operation and MaintenanceOAPEC Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
OAU Organization for African UnityODA Official Development AssistanceODS Ozone-Depleting Substance
OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development OFID OPEC Fund for International DevelopmentOIES Oxford Institute for Energy StudiesOME Observatoire Méditerranéen de l’Energie
OMW Olive Mills WastewaterONA Omnium Nord-AfricainONE National Electricity Office
ONEP National Office of Potable WaterOPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
OSS Sahara and Sahel Observatory (Observatoire du Sahara et du Sahel)PACD Plan of Action to Combat Desertification
PC Personal ComputerPCB Polychlorinated Biphenyls
PCFPI Per Capita Food Production IndexPCFV Partnership for Clean Fuels and VehiclesPEA Palestinian Energy and Natural Resources Authority
PERG Global Rural Electrification Program PERSGA Protection of the Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden
PFCs PerfluorocarbonsPICs Pacific Island CountriesPIM Participatory Irrigation ManagementPM Particulate Matter
PMU Program Management UnitPNA Palestinian National Authority
PNEEI Tunisian National Program of Irrigation Water ConservationPOPs Persistent Organic Pollutants
PPA Power Purchase AgreementPPIAF Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory FacilityPPM Parts Per MillionPPM Process and Production MethodsPPP Public-Private Partnership PPP Purchasing Power ParityPPP Public-Private PartnershipPRM Persons with Reduced MobilityPRY Potential Researcher Year
PTSs Persistent Toxic SubstancesPV Photovoltaic
PWA Palestinian Water AuthorityQNFSP Qatar National Food Security Programme
QP Qatar PetroleumQSAS Qatar Sustainable Assessment SystemR&D Research and Development
RA Risk AssessmentRADEEMA Régie autonome de distribution de l’eau et de l’électricité de Marrakech
aCronYmS anD abbreviationS
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RBO River Basin OrganizationRBP Restrictive Business PracticesRCM Regional Circulation Model
RCREEE Regional Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency RDF Refuse Derived Fuel
RE Renewable Energy REC Renewable Energy Credits
REMPEC Regional Marine Pollution Emergency Response Centre for the Mediterranean SeaREN21 Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century
Rep RepublicRM Risk ManagementRO Reverse Osmosis
ROPME Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the sea area surrounded by Bahrain, I.R. Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates
RPS Renewable Portfolio StandardRSA ROPME Sea AreaRSC Royal Society of Chemistry (UK)
RSCN Royal Society for the Conservation of NatureRSGA Red Sea and Gulf of AdenRUAF Resource Centers Network on Urban Agriculture and Food SecurityS&T Science and TechnologySAIC Science Applications International CorporationSAP Strategic Action ProgramSCP Sustainable Consumption and ProductionSCPI Sustainable Crop Production Intensification
SD Sustainable DevelopmentSEA Strategic Environmental Assessment SFD Saudi Fund for DevelopmentSHS Solar Home System SIR Shuttle Imaging Radar
SIWI Stockholm International Water InstituteSL Syrian Pound
SLR Sea Level RiseSME Small and Medium-Size EnterprisesSMS Short Messaging ServiceSoE State of the Environment
SONEDE Société Nationale d’Exploitation et de Distribution des EauxSOx Sulfur OxidesSPD Sozialdemokratische Partei DeutschlandsSPM Suspended Particulate Matter
SRES Special Report on Emission ScenariosSRTM Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
SSA Sub-Saharan AfricaSSR Self-Sufficiency Ratio
SWCC Saline Water Conversion CorporationSWH Solar Water Heating
SWRO Seawater Reverse OsmosisT&D Transmission and DistributionTAC Technical Advisory CommitteeTAR Third Assessment ReportTcm Trillion cubic metersTDM Transportation Demand ManagementTDS Total Dissolved SolidsTES Thermal Energy StorageTFP Total Factor ProductivityTIES The International Ecotourism Society
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TII Thermal Insulation ImplementationToe Tons of Oil Equivalent
TPES Total Primary Energy Supply TRAFFIC Trade Records Analysis for Flora and Fauna in International Commerce
TRI Toxics Release InventoryTRIPs Trade-Related Aspects of International Property Rights
TRMM Tropical Rainfall Measuring MissiontU tones of Uranium
TWh Terawatt-hour UA Urban Agriculture
UAE United Arab EmiratesUCLA University of California at Los AngelesUCS Union of Concerned Scientists
UF UltrafiltrationUfM Union for the Mediterranean
UHCPV Ultra-High Concentration Photovoltaic UHI Urban Heat IslandUIS UNESCO Institute for StatisticsUK United Kingdom
UMA Union du Maghreb Arabe (Arab Maghreb Union)UN United Nations
UNCBD United Nations Convention on Biological DiversityUNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat DesertificationUNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and DevelopmentUNCHS United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (now UN-Habitat)
UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the SeaUNCOD United Nations Conference on Desertification
UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentUNDAF United Nations Development Assistance FrameworkUNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeUNEP United Nations Environment Programme
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural OrganizationUNESCO-ROSTAS UNESCO Regional Office for Science and Technology for the Arab States
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFPA United Nations Population FundUNHCR United Nations High Commission for RefugeesUNICE United Nations Children’s FundUNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization
UNISDR United Nations International Strategy for Disaster ReductionUNWTO United Nations World Tourism Organization
UPC Abu Dhabi Urban Planning CouncilUPI United Press International
USA United States of AmericaUSAID United States Agency for International Development
USCCSP United States Climate Change Science ProgramUSEK Université Saint-Esprit De Kaslik
USEPA United States Environmental Protection AgencyUSJ Saint Joseph University
USPTO United States Patent and Trademark OfficeUV Ultraviolet (A and B)
VAT Value-Added TaxVC Vapor Compression
VCM Volatile Combustible MatterVMT Vehicle Miles TraveledVOC Volatile Organic CompoundVRS Vapor Recovery System
aCronYmS anD abbreviationS
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WACC Weighted Average Cost of CapitalWaDImena Water Demand Initiative for the Middle East and North Africa
WAJ Water Authority of JordanWALIR Water Law and Indigenous RightsWANA West Asia and North Africa Region
WB West BankWBCSD World Business Council for Sustainable Development
WBGU German Advisory Council on Global ChangeWCD World Commission on Dams
WCED World Commission on Environment and DevelopmentWCMC UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Center
WCP World Climate ProgrammeWCS World Conservation StrategyWDM Water Demand Management
WDPA World Database on Protected AreasWEEE Waste of Electronic and Electrical EquipmentWEF World Economic ForumWEI Water Exploitation Index
WETC Wind Energy Technology CentreWF Water Footprint
WFN Water Footprint NetworkWFP World Food Programme
WGP-AS Water Governance Program in the Arab StatesWHO World Health OrganizationWIPP Waste Isolation Pilot PlantWMO World Meteorological OrganizationWNA World Nuclear Association
Wp Watt-peakWRI World Resources Institute
WSSCC Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative CouncilWSSD World Summit on Sustainable Development
WTO World Trade OrganizationWTTC World Travel and Tourism CouncilWUA Water User AssociationWUE WUE Water Use Efficiency
WWAP World Water Assessment ProgramWWC World Water CouncilWWF World Wide Fund for NatureWWF World Water ForumWWI First World WarWWII Second World War
YASAD Yemenite Association for Sustainable Agriculture and Development
YR Year
Impact of Climate Change on the Arab Countries is the second of a series of annual reports produced by the Arab Forum for Environment and Development (AFED). The report has been designed to provide information to governments, business, academia and the public about the impact of climate change on the Arab countries, and encourage concrete action to face the challenge. The report analyzes the Arab response to the urgent need for adaptation measures, and uses the latest research findings to describe the vulnerabilities of natural and human systems in the Arab world to climate change and the impacts on different sectors. In an attempt to help shape adequate policies, the report discusses options for a post-Kyoto regime and outlines the state of international negotiations in this regard.
For the first time, a comprehensive independent expert report on Arab environment is released for public debate. Entitled Arab Environment: Future Challenges, this ground-breaking report has been commissioned by Arab Forum for Environment and Development (AFED), and written by some of the most prominent Arab experts, including authors, researchers and reviewers. Beyond appraising the state of the environment, based on the most recent data, the policy-oriented report also evaluates the progress towards the realization of sustainable development targets, assesses current policies and examines Arab contribution to global environmental endeavors. Ultimately, the report proposes alternative policies and remedial action.
Water: Sustainable Management of a Scarce Resource is the third of a series of annual reports produced by the Arab Forum for Environment and Development (AFED). It follows the publication of two reports, Arab Environment: Future Challenges in 2008 and Impact of Climate Change on Arab countries in 2009.The 2010 report is designed to contribute to the discourse on the sustainable management of water resources in the arab world and provides critical understanding of water in the region without being overly technical or academic in nature.The unifying theme is presenting reforms in policies and management to develop a sustainable water sector in Arab countries. Case studies, with stories of successes and failures, are highlighted to disseminate learning. This report contributes to the ongoing dialogue on the future of water and catalyzes institutional reforms, leading to determined action for sustainable water policies in Arab countries.
Arab Environment: Climate Change2009 Report
of the Arab Forum for Environment and Development
Arab Environment: Future Challenges2008 Report
of the Arab Forum for Environment and Development
Arab Environment: Water2010 Report
of the Arab Forum for Environment and Development
• Water Sector Overview• Water Resources and Climate Change• State of Freshwater Ecosystems• Agricultural Water Management• Municipal and Industrial Water Management• Integrated Water Resources Management
Wastewater Treatment and ReuseDesalinationWater Laws and Customary Water ArrangementsTrans-Boundary Water Resources Water GovernanceLinking Water Research and Policy
SPECIAL STUDY Remote Sensing: Generating Knowledge about Groundwater
• • • • • •
•
Arab Forum for Environmentand Development (AFED) is a not-for-profit international organization, which brings the business community together with experts, civil society and media, to promote prudent environmental policies and programmes across the Arab region.
Established in Beirut in 2006, AFED has subsequently gained the status of an international organization with privileges and immunities, and has been accredited as observer member to the League of Arab States (LAS) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), alongside other regional and international organizations.
The main product of AFED is a periodic expert report on Arab environment, tracking develop-ments and proposing policy measures. Other initiatives include a regional Corporate Environmental Responsibility (CER) program, capacity building for Arab civil society organiza-tions, public awareness and environmental education.
WATER: SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF A SCARCE RESOURCE is the third of a seriesof annual reports produced by the Arab Forum for Environment and Development (AFED). It follows the publication of two reports, Arab Environment: Future Challenges in 2008 and Impact of Climate Change on Arab Countries in 2009.
The 2010 report is designed to contribute to the discourse on the sustainable management of water resources in the Arab world and provides criticalunderstanding of water in the region without being overly technical oracademic in nature.
The unifying theme is presenting reforms in policies and management to develop a sustainable water sector in Arab countries. Case studies, with stories of successes and failures, are highlighted to disseminate learning.
This report contributes to the ongoing dialogue on the future of water and catalyzes institutional reforms, leading to determined action for sustainable water policies in Arab countries.
ARAB ENVIRONMENT WATER2010 Report of the Arab Forum for Environment and Development
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2010
SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF A SCARCE RESOURCE
ARAB ENVIRONMENT2010 Report of the Arab Forum for Environment and Development
WATEREDITED BY: MOHAMED EL-ASHRY
NAJIB SAABBASHAR ZEITOON
Survival Options-Ecological Footprint of Arab Countries is the fifth in the series of annual reports produced by the Arab Forum for Environment and Development (AFED) on the state of the Arab environment. It examines sustainability choices in Arab countries, based on a survey of people’s demand of natural capital and available supply. The report discusses potential paths to sustainability based on ecological constraints. As a basis for the analysis, AFED has commissioned the Global Footprint Network, the world leader in this field, to produce an Arab Ecological Footprint and Biocapacity Atlas using the most recent data available. The Atlas covers the 22 members of the League of Arab States, as region, sub-regions and individual countries. The analysis focuses on the challenges posed by the state of food security, water and energy, while considering main drivers such as population and patterns of production and consumption. Ultimately, it prescribes regional cooperation and sound management of resources as the main options for survival in a region characterized by stark variations in ecological footprint, natural resources and income.
Sustainable Energy is the sixth in the series of annual reports produced by the Arab Forum for Environment and Development (AFED) on the state of Arab environment. The report highlights the need for more efficient management of the energy sector, in view of enhancing its contribution to sustainable development in the Arab region.The AFED 2013 report aims at: presenting a situational analysis of the current state of energy in the Arab region, shedding light on major challenges, discussing different policy options and, ultimately, recommending alternative courses of action to help facilitate the transition to a sustainable energy future.To achieve its goals, the AFED 2013 report addresses the following issues: oil and beyond, natural gas as a transition fuel to cleaner energy, renewable energy prospects, the nuclear option, energy efficiency, the energy-water-food nexus, mitigation options of climate change, resilience of the energy sector to climate risk, and the role of the private sector in financing sustainable energy.
Green Economy: Sustainable Transition in a Changing Arab World is the fourth of a series of annual reports on the state of Arab environment, produced by the Arab Forum for Environment and Development (AFED). This report on options of green economy in Arab countries represents the first phase of the AFED green economy initiative. Over one hundred experts have contributed to the report, and discussed its drafts in a series of consultation meetings.The report is intended to motivate and as-sist governments and businesses in making a transition to the green economy. It articulates enabling public policies, business models, green investment opportunities, innovative ap-proaches, and case studies, and addresses eight sectors: agriculture, water, energy, industry, cities and buildings, transportation, tourism, and waste management.
