Control Point Ltd Spatial Management
An IrishSpatial Asset Management
Agency
1
Bernard Farrell, Control Point [email protected]
www.controlpoint.ie
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management
“Simple access to geospatial data is the key prerequisite for an efficient and economically
prosperous society”
(Dr. Željko Bačić, head of State Geodetic Authority of Croatia)
2
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management
•International Initiatives•(I)SDI/INSPIRE•Principles•SAMA•Challenges•Future
3
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management
•PSMA Australia http://www.psma.com.au/
•NORWAY DIGITAL http://www.statkart.no/Norge_digitalt/Norsk/Om_oss/
4
International
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management
• PSMA Australia Limited – an unlisted public company limited by shares and owned by the state, territory and Australian governments
• Established to coordinate the collection of fundamental national geospatial datasets and to facilitate access to this data
• Started out as a government consortium, formed in 1993 to create an integrated national digital base-map
• PSMA Australia Limited was incorporated in June 2001
5
PSMA
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management
Objective• The creation of a national asset of comprehensive, quality
and accessible spatial knowledge
• Brings together the supply and demand sides of the market place, which stimulates the private sector and ensures access by the public to geographical information
• PSMA Australia Limited is now a vital component of the spatial information Industry in Australia
6
PSMA
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management
• A board of ten directors, each shareholder (government) can appoint a director
• Company run by a CEO, COO, and a small team
• Governments licence their data to the company
• PSMA Australia facilitates data integration and acts as a ‘wholesaler’to the private sector
• The company id’s datasets to be assembled, defines detailed specifications for assembly and integration of the datasets
• The assembly and maintenance of the datasets is outsourced through competitive tendering to data managers
7
PSMA
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management
• Revenue is generated through data licensing of integrated national datasets and data supply agreements
• Revenue is used to maintain existing datasets and investigate and assemble new national datasets
• Government owned……but not government funded
8
PSMA
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management
• PSMA Australia vision is based on a desire to collaborate to benefit all stakeholders
• Small team of professionals, whose major challenges revolve around relationships building and project management
• Operations are generally outsourced to the private sector
• Technical - this includes dataset assembly, software development, product distribution, dataset management, quality assurance, research and marketing
• Management - includes HR management, finance, audit, building leases, legal services and staff development
9
PSMA
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management
Benefits• Data quality has been improved and passed back
• Technical workshops have been undertaken and knowledge shared
• Technology diffusion has been accelerated
• Software, systems and procedures acquired as a result of creating national datasets have been made available
• Royalties have been returned
• Collaboration between states, territories and the Commonwealth has been enhanced immeasurably
10
PSMA
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management
• PSMA Australia does not generally deal with end users but rather with organisations that develop products and services for end users through a process of value adding
• PSMA Australia does not receive any government funding and is required to ensure that its activities i.e. maintaining existing national datasets and investigating and developing new national datasets, are fully funded from data licensing and data supply contracts.
11
PSMA
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management 12
PSMA• This requires the organisation to define a data access and
pricing policy that sets the data price not to maximise
returns but to cover existing costs and projected future
activities whilst not imposing a barrier to access
• In reality, PSMA Australia’s core business is the management
of relationships - relationships with data custodians,
relationships with data managers, relationships with value
added resellers and relationships with stakeholders
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management
Principles underpinning the Data Access and Pricing Policy are:
• Simplicity of concept
• Equality of access to all users
• Logical structure
• Dual pricing structure including access fees and licence fees
• Supportive of existing revenues of individual member jurisdictions
• Non-exclusivity with respect to VAR agreements
• Protection of IPR of jurisdictions, PSMA Australia and VARs
13
PSMA
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management
• Commercial reality brought a new set of issues to resolve: licensing, pricing, restrictions, data supply, maintenance and so forth
• During the organisation’s establishment phase, these, and a host of other issues were debated vigorously. Some of these issues were:
14
PSMA
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management
• Jurisdictional sovereignty• Costs/price• Agreement content (nine Crown Solicitors had to agree!)• Standards• Definitions• Revenue sharing• Scope of operations, etc.“It is a credit to all members that all issues were resolved
without dishonour or animosity”
15
PSMA
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management 16
PSMA
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
ADDRESSES
LAND PARCELS
TOPOGRAPHY
BOUNDARIES
POI
POSTCODE
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management 17
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
NORGE DIGITALT• SOSI• AREALIS• GEOVESKT• DIGITAL NORWAY (NORGE DIGITALT)
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management 18
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
NORGE DIGITALT• SOSI (Samordnet Opplegg for Stedfestet Informasjon -
Systematic Organization of Spatial Information)• Data format predominantly used for exchange of
geographical information in Norway
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management 19
SOSI• Development began in 1977, as a project under the
Royal Norwegian Ministry of the Environment• First proposal for developing a data transfer standard
was also made in 1977• First complete version ready in 1987• 1991 first feature catalogue was introduced, and has
since then increased from just a few to 37 application domains, such as property, administrative boundaries, roads, utilities, etc.
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
NORGE DIGITALT
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management 20
SOSI• Almost all digital
geographic information is now delivered according to this Standard which, at the same time, has heavily influenced the production environment
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
NORGE DIGITALT
EndonymExonym
endonymexonym
<<CodeList>>
Pronunciation
source[0..1] : CharacterStringstatus[0..1] : PronunciationStatusaudio[0..*] : SoundFiletranscription : IPA
<<DataType>>PlaceNameStatus
ProposedAcceptedAuthorization appealedAuthorized (name element)...Authorized (whole name)RejectedPrivateInternational areaHistorical
<<CodeList>>
PhysicalObject
featureType : FeatureTypegeometry : GM_Object
NameInfo
nameInfoID : Integerlanguage : ISO639userPriority[0..1] : UserPrioritynameType : NameTypeauthority : AuthorityadministrativeArea : AdmArearegistrationDate : DatelastChanged : Date
1..*
1..* +physicalObject
1..*+nameInfo
1..*
NamePresentation
placement : GM_objectadministrativeArea : AdmAreaproduct : ProductproductID[0..1] : IDregistrationDate : DatelastChanged : Date
Onomastic
etymology[0..1] : CharacterStringinhabitantName[0..1] : CharacterStringposessiveAdjective[0..1] : CharacterString...usageArea[0..*] : UsageArea
PlaceName
placeName : PlaceNameStringpronunciation[0..*] : PronunciationnativeValue : EndonymExonymplaceNameStatus : PlaceNameStatusplaceNameStatusDate [0..1] : DateuserPriority[0..1] : UserPrioritysource[0..1] : CharacterStringnote[0..1] : CharacterStringarchiveReference[0..1] : CharacterString...userComment[0..*] : CharacterStringregistrationDate : DatelastChanged : DateusagePeriod[0..1] : TM_Period
SoundsLike(language)
1..*
1
+placeName 1..*
+nameInfo 1
0..*1
+namePresentation
0..*
+placeName
1
0..*
1
+onomastic 0..*
+placeName 1
UsageArea
note : CharacterStringarea : GM_ObjectadministrativeArea : AdmArea
<<Union>>
PronunciationStatus
standardlocalother
<<CodeList>>
Unified Model of Place Names v. ...
UserPriority
majorValueequalValueminorValue
<<CodeList>>
PlaceNameString
prefix [0..*] : CharacterStringnamebody : CharacterStringpostfix [0..*] : CharacterString
<<DataType>>
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management 21
SOSI SOSI -- General Feature CatalogueGeneral Feature CatalogueNATRNATR NaturalNatural resourcesresources, wildlife, etc, wildlife, etc
AREALAREAL OtherOther land land useuse
BYGGBYGG BuldingsBuldings
BYGNANBYGNAN OtherOther buildingbuilding constructionsconstructions
KULTKULT ArchaeologicalArchaeological and architectural and architectural
monuments and sites and monuments and sites and
cultural environmentscultural environments
VBASVBAS RoadRoad datadata
VSITVSIT RoadRoad situationsituation
BANEBANE RailwayRailway
SAMFSAMF General transportGeneral transport
ADRADR AdressesAdresses
LUFTLUFT AirportAirport
LEDNLEDN UtilityUtility
NAVNNAVN Location Location namesnames
PLANPLAN PlanningPlanning
PROSJPROSJ ProjectingProjecting
SKOGSKOG ForestryForestry
BEITEBEITE GrazingGrazing landland
LANDLAND LandscapeLandscape
VERNVERN PreservationPreservation of of naturalnatural resourcesresources
BIOMBIOM BiologicalBiological diversitydiversity
JSPLANJSPLAN Land Land ConsolidationConsolidation PlanningPlanning
SKREDSKRED LandslideLandslide
INNLINNL IntroductionIntroduction
FMFM SurevySurevy Control Control StationsStations
TERRTERR TerrainTerrain
KYSTKYST CoastCoast and sea (S57)and sea (S57)
VANNVANN InlandInland sea, riverssea, rivers
FISKFISK FisheryFishery
OLJEOLJE OilOil
DEKDEK Land Land propertyproperty
SERVSERV Land Land restrictionsrestrictions / / easementseasements
ABASABAS Administrativ and Administrativ and statisticstatistic areasareas
DMKDMK Land typesLand types
LREGLREG Agricultural Property RegisterAgricultural Property Register
JREGJREG Land inventoryLand inventory
DJDDJD SoilSoil--datadata
GEOIGEOI IntroductionIntroduction -- geologygeology
RAASTRAAST Mineral Mineral resourcesresources
BERGBERG Bedrock Bedrock geologygeology
LOESMLOESM SurficialSurficial depositsdeposits
GKJEMGKJEM GeochemicalGeochemical mappingmapping
GFYSGFYS GeophysicalGeophysical mappingmapping
GVERNGVERN GeologicalGeological conservationconservation areas areas
GROTGROT CaveCave mappingmapping (speleologi)(speleologi)
REINREIN ReindeerReindeer managementmanagement
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
NORGE DIGITALT
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management 22
AREALIS • National program initiated by Norwegian Ministry of
Environment. The main objective of the project was to make environmental data and land use information available at national, regional and local level
• The Arealis project achieved considerable success by organizing access to important geographic information and by using the Internet as a main channel for information and dissemination of GI data-sets
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
NORGE DIGITALT
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management 23
GEOVEKST• Norwegian national programme for reference data
cooperation• Geovekst is a nation-wide program for co-operation on
establishing digital geographic data in Norway. The basic concept is pooling of money and other resources in jointly executed projects for establishing, improving and maintaining large-scale digital geographic data
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
NORGE DIGITALT
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management 24
GEOVEKST Participants• Norwegian Mapping Authority• The Road Department• The Electricity companies• The Local Authorities• The National Telecommunication
Department• The State Agriculture Administration
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
NORGE DIGITALT
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management 25
GEOVEKST• The data production is generally put out on tender to
private companies• Core large-scale datasets are updated and maintained
through this process of cooperation• Each partner contributes to the projects with funding
and personnel and the resulting databases are accessible to all participants for joint use
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
NORGE DIGITALT
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management
GEOVEKST – cost-sharing for establishment and updating of GI
Municipalities34%
Mapping Agency 24 %
Telecom 8 %
Agriculture 8 %
Energy companies 9 %
Road Admin. 14 %
Rail + Others 3 %
(adm. units, transport network, land use/ resources, transmission lines, height, conservation areas, cultural heritage sites)•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
NORGE DIGITALT
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management 27
Norway digital public authorities cooperate on data establishment, maintenance and flow of geographical information
National institutions
County-level organisations
Local level - municipalities
Organisations, national, regional, agreements, coordination•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
NORGE DIGITALT
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management
Partners• Municipalities and Counties• Governmental agencies• Existing Geovekst partners• Companies (private) with national interests and
data that will contribute to the national infrastructure
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
NORGE DIGITALT
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
NORGE DIGITALTNorway Digital Concept• Governmental ministries and institutions cooperation• Sharing of all information between partners• Partnership based on co-financing of establishment
and updating of basic reference data• Agreement on standard formats for delivery and
access• Joint technical solutions
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management
• Open access among partnersInternal use + view services
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
NORGE DIGITALT
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management
INSPIRE, Geovekst, Arealis and Norway Digital
Sharing a Vision• Data should be collected once and maintained at the level
where this can be done most effectively• It should be possible to combine seamlessly spatial
information from different sources and share it between many users and application
• It should be possible for information collected at one level to be shared between all the different levels, detailed for detailed investigations, general for strategic purposes
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management
Individual contracts Principal agreement
Technology &framework
Co-financing
Financial model
Enclosures:Enclosures:
Commercial business
Market activities
www:
Each partner’sdata andservices
e t f y r t å r n s p r o s j e k t f o r g e o d a t a p å n e t t
g e o P o r t a l A k t i v i t e t 1 :
R a m m e v e r k o g i n f r a s t r u k t u r
S L U T T R A P P O R T
2 0 0 5 - 0 1 - 0 7
K o m m u n e r
F y l k e r
I n t e r n e t t
K o m m u n e r
F y l k e r
I n t e r n e t t
Temastruktur Datasett Etat Status Informasjon
Natur:
Biologiskmangfold:
Artsforekomster DN
Prioriterte naturtyper DN
Vernet natur Naturvernområder DN
Verneprosess DN
Vassdrag vernet mot kraftutbygging NVE
Natur -hydrologi
Nedbørfelt NVE
Nedbørfelt - Regine NVE
Innsjø NVE
Dybdekart (raster) NVE
Elvenettverk NVE
Natur - geologi Berggrunn N50/N250 NGU
Strukturgeologi N50/N250 NGU
Jordarter - løsmasser NGU
Grus - pukk NGU
Mineralske råstoffer NGU
Grunnvannsbrønner NGU
Landbruk:
Bonitetskart NIJOS
Jordsmonn - dyrkingsklasser NIJOS
Beitelagskart (utmarksbeite?) NIJOS
FinansdepartementetStatistisk Sentralbyrå (SSB)FiskeridepartementetFiskeridirektoratetKystdirektoratet/ KystverketForsvarsdepartementetForsvarets Militærgeografiske tjeneste (FMGT)Justis og politidepartementetPolitidirektoratetDirektoratet for samfunnssikkerhet og beredskapHovedredningssentralenLandbruks og matdepartementetNorsk institutt for jord-og skogkartlegging (NIJOS)ReindriftsforvaltningenStatens landbruksforvaltning (SLF)MattilsynetJordskifteverketStatsskog SFMiljøverndepartementetStatens kartverk (SK)Statens forurensningstilsyn (SFT)Direktoratet for naturforvaltning (DN)Riksantikvaren (RA)Nærings- og handelsdepartementetBergvesenetNorges geologiske undersøkelser (NGU)Olje- og energidepartementetNorges vassdrags- og energidirektorat (NVE)SamferdselsdepartementetVegdirektoratet (Statens vegvesen)AvinorJernbaneverketUtdannings- og forskningsdepartementetHelse og omsorgsdepartementetKultur og kirkedepartementet (KKD)Kommunene FylkeskommuneneModerniseringsdepartementetEnergibedriftenes landsforening (EBL)Telenor Networks as
Rules & Organisation
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
NORGE DIGITALTNorway Digital Contracts and Documentation
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management 33
• Long term standardisation in practise• Long-term collaboration• Joint SDI organisation structure at national and regional level• Respect each others core activities• Joint funding of data/management• Technology interest• Research seed money• Clear governmental policies• Positive attitude• Well prepared to meet INSPIRE obligations
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
NORGE DIGITALT
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management
•ISDI http://www.irishspatialstrategy.ie/isdi/• November 2002 the DEHLG appointed by the
government to take the lead role in developing an Irish Spatial Data Infrastructure (ISDI)
• Work Group established - initially OSi, PRAi, LGCSB, CSO, Dept of the Taoiseach and academics
• Consultation doc published May 2004• Policy and Technical Groups formed• Responsibility for guiding INSPIRE implementation
34
ISDI/INSPIRE
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management
ISDI/INSPIRE• On 1 August 2010, the INSPIRE Directive transposed into
Irish law through SI No. 382 of 2010
• ISDI/INSPIRE Steering Committee was (re?)established
• Policy Implementation Framework is being prepared by the Committee, addressing key strategic and implementation issues
• ISDI/INSPIRE Technical Sub-committee providing input into the technical issues arising in the draft Implementing Rules and also preparing technical guidance for national implementation
http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu/index.cfm/pageid/182/list/indicators/y/2010/sel/2•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management
ISDI/INSPIRE
• ISDE Discovery Service now hooked up to the INSPIRE Geoportal. Protected Sites Pilot project metadata and services are the first to be published.(more to follow)
• Recommendations from the pilot has led to proposal for Shared/Managed Services for publishing Irish INSPIRE theme data. DECLG /OSI early discussions to provide an INSPIRE publishing opt-in service for Irish public authorities
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management
ISDI/INSPIRE• Technical Committee is also supporting data providers that
want to publish their INSPIRE data themselves, and will be encouraging collaboration on software solutions within ISDI
• Looking to publish INSPIRE data as Open Linked data and to align efforts with the Open Data actions in the E-Government Strategy:
• Data sets and services are being published under the terms of the Irish PSI Licence; and are looking at URI sets for spatial object and thematic identifiers for ISDI.
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management
SAMA
38
• A cooperative organisation of public-sector, local and national government departments and agencies
• Furthering the acquisition/creation, management, maintenance and use of the most detailed national core reference data
• Public-sector management of the private-sector acquisition of reference data
• Relationship manager for all stakeholders – contributors, standards, public and private sector
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management
SAMA
39
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
Sharing a Vision• Data should be collected once and maintained at the level
where this can be done most effectively
• It should be possible to combine seamlessly spatial information from different sources and share it between many users and application
• It should be possible for information collected at one level to be shared between all the different levels, detailed for detailed investigations, general for strategic purposes
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management
SAMA
40
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
• National and Local Government Departments and Agencies cooperation
• Sharing of all information between partners• Partnership based on co-financing of establishment
and updating of basic/core reference data• Agreement on standard formats for delivery and
access• Joint technical solutions, including National Feature
Catalogue, Core Capture Specifications and Exchange Format
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management
SAMA
41
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
• Data access and pricing policy that sets the data price not to
maximise returns but to cover existing costs and projected
future activities whilst not imposing a barrier to access
• The creation of a national asset of comprehensive, quality
and accessible spatial knowledge
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management
SAMA
42
• Formal, contractual relationships
• Public-sector Board
• Private-sector Operations
• Self-financing
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management
Capture Once, Use many
43
SAMA
Accessibility
Ireland Inc needs
As cheap as possible .........free at point of use to public sector
Public ownership ....................... Private operation
CooperativeRelationship builder
Shared Vision
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
Principles
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management 44
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
SAMAChallenges
• ‘Herding cats’ - attempting to align all stakeholders
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management 45
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
SAMAChallenges
• Engaging the ‘right’ people
• Reaching consensus
• Convincing them of the national benefits from cooperation
• Different priorities
• High level of ownership and protectiveness of data
• Differing levels of quality coverage
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management 46
Challenges
• Business models
• Availability of data
• Enthusiasm
• Finance
• Personnel
• ‘Headless chicken’
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
SAMA
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management 47
• Kate Mann, Communications Manager PSMA• A Concise History of PSMA Australia Ltd from Collaboration
to Success, 1992- 2005 © PSMA Australia Limited 2009• Secretariat, Norge Digitalt• IRLOGI• ISDI @ DECLG
Thanks
• And of course, to you, for listening!
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future
Control Point Ltd Spatial Management 48
•International Initiatives •(I)SDI/INSPIRE •Principles •SAMA •Challenges •Future