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CONTROLLERS WORKSHOP6 October 2011 Canberra
THE ORIENTEERING COURSE MAP
1 Introduction2 General requirements of a map3 Map specifications4 Explanation of symbols5 Field checking6 Checklist for controlling the map making process7 Map deviations8 Other considerations9 Summary10 Tasks
Controllers Workshop - The orienteering course map
1 Introduction
1.1 Fairness
A standardised map is the basis for orienteering as an international event
a map with deviations = unfair competition
“It’s important to maintain the integrity and credibility of the sport and it’s based on rules”
Nick Davies, Director IAAF, in reference to Usain Bolt being disqualified for a false start in the 100m final at the World Athletics Championships, August 2011
Controllers Workshop - The orienteering course map
1 Introduction
1.2 Rules applying to orienteering maps
International RulesCompetition Rules for IOF Foot orienteering Events 2011
Section 15. MapsAppendix 6. Competition Format - Map scales
International Specifications for Orienteering Maps 2000 (ISOM2000)International Specifications for Sprint Orienteering Maps 2007 (ISSOM2007)International Specifications for Mountain Bike Orienteering Maps 2010 (ISMTBOM2010)International Specifications for Ski Orienteering Maps 2009 (ISSkiOM2009)Check list for controlling the map making of major IOF eventsGuidelines for using non-offset printed maps in World Ranking EventsIOF PrintTech test sheet – spot colour, off set printed test sheetIOF Control Descriptions 2004Guidelines for World Ranking Events
Section 10. Model EventSection 11. Map
Controllers Workshop - The orienteering course map
1 Introduction
1.2 Rules applying to orienteering maps
Australian Rules
Competition Rules for Orienteering Australia Foot Orienteering Events
Section 15. Maps
Section 17. Restricted areas and routes
Section 18. Control descriptions
OA Operational Manual
Section 2.9. Mapping of Rock Features
Section 2.10. Mapping - Digital Printing Policy
Controllers Workshop - The orienteering course map
1 Introduction1.3 Development of ‘O maps’ and influencing technology1897 First public event, in Norway1900-1950 Small scale topographic maps used, 1:100,000 to 1:50,000 1928 Invention of orienteering compass 1948 Maps drawn specifically for orienteering1960 1:25,0001960’s Photocopiers1969 ISOM69 1:25000, use of standard symbols1972 Concept of ‘runability’1975 ISOM75 1: 200001970’s Laser printers and copiers 1978 First contour base map in Aust using a stereoplotter / analog machine1982 ISOM82 1: 150001988 Inkjet printer $10001990 ISOM90 1:150001990’s Digital cartography ie OCAD, colour photocopiers & printers, Laser jet printer
(600dpi)2000 ISOM2000 1:15000, 1:10000 for non elites, Sprint O at 1:5000, MTBO2000’s Digital photogrammetry, digital aerial photography2005 GPS, Airborne Laser Scanning (LIDAR), Google Earth (aerial and satellite
photographs)2007 ISSOM2007 1:5000/40002008 ‘Nearmap’ – high resolution (to 2cm) digital aerial photographs2010 ISMBTOM2010The future? Automatic derivation of symbols from laser scanning? 3-D maps?
Controllers Workshop - The orienteering course map
1 Introduction1.3 Development of ‘O maps’ and influencing technology
Controllers Workshop - The orienteering course map
2 General requirements
2.1 Orienteering and the map‒ The map must give a picture of the terrain
Controllers Workshop - The orienteering course map
2 General requirements
2.2 Content‒ The map must contain features which:
• are obvious on the ground to a competitor at speed and,• features that influence route choice
‘running navigation’
Controllers Workshop - The orienteering course map
2 General requirements2.3 Accuracy
‒ a competitor should not perceive any inaccuracy in the map‒ spatial and height accuracy‒ relative and absolute accuracy‒ maps should now be georeferenced
normally World Geocentric System 1984 which is virtually identical to Geocentric Datum of Aust 1994
Control 24?Correct location on mapCorrect location in fieldMap distortionRelative locationAbsolute location
GPS tracking now requiresa higher level of map accuracy
Controllers Workshop - The orienteering course map
2 General requirements
2.4 Generalisation and legibiltiy– The Controller may need to advise the level of detail to be mapped– The map must be legible and easy to interpret at running speed
The need for GENERALISATION to aid map LEGIBILITY:
“a few well drawn features are better than a lot of small detail that may clutter the map or disguise the
shape of the landform”
Eduard Imhof, Swiss cartographer
Controllers Workshop - The orienteering course map
2 General requirements
2.4 Generalisation and legibiltiy‒ There are two phases of generalisation
(1) Selective generalisation – ‘what is to be mapped’
“Maps get more and more detailed. I don’t know if this is the right way to go, but it is a fact.” Thierry Gueorgiou Dec 2007
Controllers Workshop - The orienteering course map
2 General requirements
2.4 Generalisation and legibiltiy
(2) Graphic generalisation – ‘how it is to be drawn’
Controllers Workshop - The orienteering course map
2 General requirements
2.4 Generalisation and legibiltiy‒ Generalisation or ‘smoothing’ of LIDAR contours in the field by the mapper is
essential
Controllers Workshop - The orienteering course map
3 Map specifications
3.1 Scale‒ Terrain that cannot be legibly presented at a scale of 1:15000 is not
suitable for foot orienteering
Long distance 1:15000, 1:10000* with approval** for elites 1:10000* for < M/W16 and >M/W40
Middle distance 1:15000, 1:10000*
Relay 1:15000, 1:10000*
Sprint 1: 5000 or 4000
*A 1:10000 map is a strict enlargement of a 1:15000 map
**Approval is needed for M/W Elite junior & senior and M/W 17-39A in the Australian Championships to use a scale other than 1:15000
Controllers Workshop - The orienteering course map
3 Map specifications
3.2 Contour interval– Standard is 5m interval. In flat terrain 2.5m may be used.– Form lines:
only one form line between contours
there is a tendency to over use form lines
Controllers Workshop - The orienteering course map
3 Map specifications3.3 Dimensions of map symbols
– Certain minimum dimensions must be respected to aid legibility
Controllers Workshop - The orienteering course map
3 Map specifications3.3 Dimensions of map symbols
– Certain minimum dimensions must be respected to aid legibility
Controllers Workshop - The orienteering course map
3 Map specifications3.3 Dimensions of map symbols
– OCAD can measure areas & lengths– Controller can easily check compliance to minimum dimensions
Controllers Workshop - The orienteering course map
3 Map specifications3.4 Enlargement of maps
– A 1:10000 scale map is a strict enlargement of a 1:15000 scale map
Why? 1:15000 considered a good compromise between the conflicting requirements of map reading for fine navigation & for route choice.
Larger map scales will lead to more map detail (ie less generalisation) and larger size maps for Long distance races. More detail requires more simplification by the orienteer and will slow down the running speed.
Standard scales are 1:15000 and 1:5000/4000.
Controllers Workshop - The orienteering course map