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Controlling Woman: Winnie Mandela and the 1976 Soweto UprisingAuthor(s): Helena Pohlandt-McCormickSource: The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol. 33, No. 3 (2000), pp. 585-
614Published by: Boston University African Studies CenterStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3097436Accessed: 10-03-2016 18:08 UTC
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T h n r n o n J ou rn o f Af r c n H o r c S u d V o 3 3 No 3 2 0 00 5 85
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O v r T m b o h p r c on f r nc o n A pr 1 3 19 92 T h p r o n n d d n d v or c n M r c h
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586HELENA POHLANDTMCCORMCK
m n h h n d o f h S ou h Af rc n u h or N ow h r w m uc hm or
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r d h ugh y ou p ok n h d rong nd m b o u h h d n v r h b n
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n d hr ch r m h d m d h r n o p ow rf u y mb o T h v o n c n d
b r y of h p f f n y r c of h n odoub
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r r ch n o h o r g n o f h S ow o U p r n g o f 19 76 f ou nd v d n c h h
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592HELENA POHLANDTMCCORMCK
b o u 9 15 p m n d fo un d h r r d n g o c oo gy c u r W w r
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594HELENA POHLANDTMCCORMCK
x c p h M or ob d d dS h M b uk o o h o fp r c p n N oo n
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CONTROLLNG WOMAN595
h k n ow h ow n d n f u n c f ro m W nn M n d o h r d o ng 3 8 n h
own mony Z w S n o y n o hng bou p r c p ng n or h r ng
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M nd nd Dr H M o n h p r on o whom r f rnc w m d n h
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596HELENA POHLANDTMCCORMCK
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n c on h m n w ho co ud n p k Z u u Y ou u rv v d h m d dn
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CONTROLLNG WOMAN597
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598HELENA POHLANDTMCCORMCK
B o D d you r n r rog o r h ow n y p r c u r n r n Mr
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g n w ho o o k h f f o ow d m on h o f o r y co nf n m n
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nd wro v ry h ng h kn w n d h n g v o h m T hn w
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o wr h m n r n gfrom 8 oc ock n h morn ng un 2
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k n g n 54
f h f d o m p c W nn M n d o r rfu d p r o f h m n h d d
no gr w h or h dno m d h d n w r c d b y phy c or ur 55
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600HELENA POHLANDTMCCORMCK
A nd w h r o w ou d y ou p y n h ? T h y wo u d ob v ou y m k m
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CONTROLLNGWOMAN 601
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CONTROLLNGWOMAN 603
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606HELENA POHLANDTMCCORMCK
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M h r m ony p ro vd d o m o f h m or o u r g ou x m p o f h k n d
o f n fo rm o n h S c ur y P o c r d o m p r u po n h p u b c r c or d h ro ug h
h v o c o f h o h y h d co rc d by h m o b ru m h od
Th c o n h n r uck m om h n g h h d ong b n p n n d nd
r d h h c v round Wnn M n d hou dur ng h p r
vou d y w h u d n c on frm d m y u p c on h om o f h u d n
d r M o p n y n n d Zw n d o h r w ho m d o n o k no w g o h
k no w h ow f ro mW n n M n d A ub r y M ok o n n d D r M o n
On gn f cn h ng b ou h m r ch by h ud n w h v ry m
c h dr n w r n f ron d ng h m rc h wh h b g g r on w r
h b c k n d ou o f d n g r y ou ng c h d r n c v r y br v y n d co u d
do n y h ng h h y w r o d o d o h nc h on h ro wn g nd d m
g ng h c r P u n g yo un g ch d r n n f r on k no wn c c b y
c om mu n 85
H v ng h u d f c d h r o wn cu p b y n o h c ow rd y h nd o f h
o rg n r w ho w r u pp o d o h v p u hd h c h dr n o h f ron p ro c
o n h w r o n roduc n v nmor n d ou n rpr on h h
c h d r n w r p u h d n f ro n b y h p n n r o h h o u r g / ou c ry w ou d b
o mu ch gr r g n h c o nof h po c f h y d d hoo
B o w o b o how h h r hd r r b n uch mp o
f r m W nn M nd nd o b h h rh nd n p n nng h m rch w
h r c on n c o n o h S ou h A fr c n S u d n M ov m n F or x m p o m k
h r c v n r on g r f r p n n g uc h nf or m o n w h v r ou n dv du
d n h S c ur y P o c b rou gh M oko n n o r oo m o m w h K n n h
R h d n dT nd w M buko o r c onc h d f fr n v r o n h h y
h d g v n h p o c b o u c r n v n 8 6A cc or dng o M ok on h m
n g o o k p c o n 26 N o v mb r 1 9 76 n n o ff c o n h 2 nd f o o r of J oh n Vo r r
S qu r p o c h d qu r r n J oh n n b ur g n h p r n c o f C p n A br
L u n n v n N k rk n dS rg n P rn
u dn o r g n h po c w h on h row ng n d h n h r of v n h
d o h h oo ng of H cor P r on w h ud n ck on h p o c w h o n h
h d com f r nd w h r for h p r cp ng f c or h h r o f h c onf c S H n
P o h n d M cC or m ck S w N g h m r D o ng V o n c o M m or y So w o J u n 1 6
1 97 6 P hD h U nv r y of M nn o 1 999 C h 7 T r g T h r r n um r ou
ccoun of on hrow ng g n h p o c n h m on h d ng up o h u pr ng S o
G b y T h L d y 1 05 1 06
8 4 M m b m on y F b r u r y 4 86 1 4 86 5 M r c h 6 68 5 6 70 5
8 5 M h r m on y 7 F b r u r y 1 97 7 4 7 37 3 8
8 6 SA B K3 45 V o u m 1 5 1 F 2 /3 P r 2 6 C omm o n Vo u m 1 3 6 6 64 3
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D p h r vu nr b p o o n d n h y rfu d o conf rm h
ho m n r r u n f c nd u f b m n o b u d n h
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h y w r no b o g o h po n w h r h y c ou d prov h ud n h d
b n n c d by W nn M nd 8 7
How v r nform W nn r on h pm y h v b n w h h u
d n nd un 16 Jun h h d b n m or o f n d v r h n n c v
p r c p n n h d y mm d y fo ow ng h r o h r r o
x p nd d W h h f ou nd o nof h B c k P r n A oc on W nn
b c m o ff c y n vo v d 8 8
Som wh r n h r h r ru h on h p rh p w r m n u v Th
po b y rm n h m ng dd nd d k p c W nn M nd
ho u h h p rov d d h v n u p r h p om d vc nd n c ou r g m n
v n f h n v n d h p nn ng wr h ud n Th r doub
h h v n of Ju n 16 f gu r v y n d po b y r y u rn d r ou nd W nn
M n d Gu d h r n dN on M nd m br ck hou n Or n do W
o d y pr ou d y po n o u h b u h o n h b r ck f r om p o c f r d ur n g h
upr n g nd r h ud n f ng h p o c h d n h hou Th h ou
f h rd y b o ck from h p o wh r H c or P r n h f r v c m of
p o c g un ho o n h m orn ng of Ju n 16 f d d Th p o b y
r m n h ow v r r mo h M ok o n n d M m b m n mu mc ou d b
r d up on b yB o o r c n h r mony o p ro c h r wh n b c m
c r h h g ov rnm n w p n nng o y h b m f or h u pr n g h r
f nd h rough h r ho of h ANC
A h m no v ryon n h r nc hough h h u pr n g w
g oo d h n g n d o m c on d r d h p r c n d h o o hg h 89 T h A NC h d b n
c u gh o f f gu r d n d co u d f fo rd o p p r o u o f co n ro o f h u o n n or
cou d fford r n g d d r oc o y oc d w h N o n
M nd w f G org B o h m f h b n r uc n o comm h m f
h r w y p r f rr ng n d o h w kn own m h od o f h p r h d g ov
rnm n p k f or h m v Th C omm on w b ng u d o m gn p o
p n o b fo r 9 ?M ok on v d nc b ou W n n M n d w p ub h d
h d y f r w g v n ncour A R nd D y M d or xpr d cr
c m o f h p ro c u o n for d ng h v d nc n do f h u dg f or o wng
h ou h p op hu mp c d b ng pr n T h u dg r g r r r d
T m Ayob h M n d orn y o h m know h h ud g wou d rc
8 7 T m on y M ur ph y Mo ro b T ru h n d R c on c o n Co mm o n H u m n R g h
V o o n S ub m o n Q u o n A nd A n w r D 2 30 71 99 6 N m M ur ph y Mo ro b
C Sow o D y 2
8 G b y T h L d y 1 08
89 S T hom G K r n dG M G r h r F rom Pr o o Ch n g A D oc um n r y
H o ry o f A fr c n P o c n S ou h A f r c V N d r n d R u rg n c 1 96 4 1 97 9 B o om n g o n
n d n 1 99 3 1 7 0
9 0 G or g B o n r v w w h h u h or n o J oh n n b ur g A pr 2 6 1 99 5
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608HELENAPOHLANDTMCCORMCK
w n A h ou gh Ju dg C h d no pow r h c ou d r por v d nc o h
or n yg n r n d h d v on of pu b c pr o cu or f h d r mn d h h
v dnc g n W nn M nd ood A h m B o d W nn M nd
m rror d h M nd m g h w no h o ny b u n m por n f c or
h h p r o f r nc w no d d From h po n of v w of h g ov rn
m n wh b r pr cou d h r b o b b o how h wh pp r d
pon n o u w ou d hv b n h work of n n g o r w p r o f h
y m h m o produc f v dnc nd o h ow h h db n h
wo rk of g or h p r v n d h m f ro mb rn gn g bou h u cc o f h
oc xp r m n of p r h d 9 1 Yu r k nw h v d nc w f wh n h
d ccord ng o B o H w n n hu c p oog for h p r h d
y m w h m c ou r k o h m A h nd of Moko n cond
m on y for x m p h c m o W nn M nd wh ow p r n n co ur
nd k d h ow d r N o n W nn ? A cc or dn g o B o h u rn d o h m
nd pu h m q u r y n h p c H Mr nd m Mr M n d o you 9 2
R c ng h hr w n m y o hv b n c on cou d c o n o
cr fc h r p u on o fc r n w n o pro c W nn M nd nd Dr
M o n d c o n h m y r f c o m of h ch m b w n h ANC nd
h B c k Con c ou n M ov m n n wh ch Mok on w c v n d d on
B o p o b y x p o d c r n x ng c h m nd p r on conf c n h c ho c
f pop o rc o undo h d m g of h f r m n mp c ng Wnn
Th r much v d nc o f h p r on n mo b w n c r n c or p r
cu r y M h r Moko n M o n nd W nn M nd 93
mony b ou uch n o n w h n r nc o rg n on p r c u ry
h o w h d r c r f rnc o W nn M nd w qu prob m c nd on
m p d o c h k u p o n o h r nd r c m p by h g ov r nm n o x p o
M ok o n o n h 1 8 J u y 1 9 76 w n o c h ck o n Dr M h r
h w u nw n dd r ou O n rr v ng h ho u f ou nd Mr
M nd on h p rm n h h ou who hd b n c d r r b yDr
M h r hou k p r Mr M nd w n r g f r Dr M h r
h d o d h rh w nv d by c r n Wh m n c d S rfon n o
d nn r b u h c ou d no nd do no k now h m u w h r ng
h n m for h f r m nd Dr M h r w n o w h w u
d r ou wh n h d Dr M h r w p pro ch d by h S cur y
Po c w h o o d hm h S rfo n n w n c v A NC m mb r n d h
9 1 M ur ph y Mo ro b x pr d m r h o ug h d ur n g h m on y b fo r h T RC
h nk wh h pp n d w h w h n h d o b u d c p go for h r o wn n p u d
h nd n g h u o non Ju n 16 h T h y hd o f n d c p g o o ch rg u n d o do h h y
h d o g o n d un co v r n o dc h rg T h yu d h c h rg o f d o n g n u n d h y bu
up h ch rg o h w h d o b r h r pon b y of h h ng h h pp n d n h
o wn h p M or ob m on y b fo r h T ru h n d R co nc o n Co mm o n 1 99 6
9 2 G or g B o n r v w w h h u h or n o J oh n n b ur g A pr 2 6 19 95
9 3S o P H op kn nd H n Gr ng Th R oc ky R o r T r g Sh ow T h n d
S o ry o f h 1 9 76 S ow o U pr n g C p T o wn 2 0 01 1 03 W h ou r b u n g o ur c h
ccoun o m ph h c n r y of W nn M nd ro n h upr n g 8 284
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CONTROLLNG WOMAN609
S rfon n w o n o v w h Mr M n d Th p o c h r u pon
w rn d M h r o b c r fu o fMr M nd Dr M h r h n d h
w g on g o r g nfr om h BP A B c k P rn A o c o n b c u h
cou d no h v burd n n d r g y du o h h h Mr M n d
nd p r u d dh m no o r g n Dr M h r d d n f c r r g n
rom h BP Afo ow ng h pr m n b yh m h h h d m d n
h n m o f h B P A co n r ry o o u r r o u o n h o n y Dr M n
B u h wou dm k pr m n 94
N or n c mov m n m mu n o u ch c h m n dd ff r nc of op n on
Th y u u y r f c d u o fp ow r n dc on f c w o f n x p r n c d n d
xpr d h m o p r on v Such f u n w r x po d by h nf
r o r n d p ro vo c u r h h S ou h A f r c n g ov r n m n c o mm on y u d
g n h n p r h dmov m n
o m po r n o c on d r h o d o n n v o c n o rd r o c u rr y fr om
h m f r h r on for h d on nc nd h w y r f c d d ff r nc n
h A f r c n co mm un y n d c on d h w y h y r v h m h od b y wh c h h
r d o m po c r n k nd o f n r pr on nd m n ng o n h v n
n d x p r n c o f h u pr n g A h o ug h w p ub c k n ow d g n h A fr c n
c ommun y h h C omm on r pr n d h g ov rnm n nd h m n
b for w r co rc d f on y bc u h r u d n g v h c v
w n cho c h conc p of h ou w rr b yp rv v nd
hr n ng T h w hown by h f c h f w ud n or v n d u m mb r
of h A fr c n c om mu n y w n g y c m f or w rd o f y b fo r T ho w ho
d d fo rwh v r p r on or po c r o n c n on y h v c rf c d h r cr d
b y n d n dn g n h c om mu n y u d gng b y h v r y o f h r c o n o h
m on y of o m o n k C r d o Mu w w ho c on r v m n d r d o n
po n of v w h m qu r y g n h B c k Con c ou n Mov m n nd
oh r group h r d p r h d n h d y f o ow ng h m ony h hou
w b ur nd d ow n nd n h r o h C om m on h r c ou n d h v o n
ncoun r w h ud n w ho r c d h pp o op h r c v 95
W nn M nd h w y b n h b o v d d r of h you h m or r d
c h n h g n r on b f or h m h mp c on o f h c on n ung r on
hp on m k m po b o g nor h p o b y of h r nvo v m n
W nn M nd h r f g v wo c cou n o f h r p r c p o n n h u pr n g
Wnn M nd 1985 w h r mong h m w wh h pp n d
Th c h dr n pck d up on h y u d du b n d h d nd
m rc h d ow rd m c h n g un no h h y don k now h h
wh m n h v y rm d h y m r ch d g n h v y m ch n gun f r
Y ou c ou d m g un f r v r yw h r C h d r n w r d y n g n h n h
9 4 Mo ko n m on y 8 F b r u r y 19 77 S A B K 34 5 V o u m 1 48 C o mm o n Vo u m
1014833
9 5 Vu m u u C r d o Pu m o M u w b y p ro f o n w c hd oc o r n d wr r u h or o f
n d b M y Ch d r n 1 96 4 n d A fr c m y W n 1 96 6 v o un r d o g v v d n c b f o r
h C o mm o n T m on y S p m b r 2 2 1 97 6 S AB K 34 5 V o u m 1 1
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610HELENA POHLANDTMCCORMCK
r n d h y w r d y ng h o h r m r ch d for wr df c ng gu n
No on h v r und r m d h pow r of h n my W k now h h
rm d o h h Bu h d rm n o n h h r f or fr d om n ch
dr n h r w uch h h y wr p rp r d of c h o m c hn
gu n w h o n T h w h h p p n w h n yo u hu ng r f or f r d om
wh n you w n o br k ho c h n o fo pp r o n No h ng m o
m r 96
f h c cou n n 1 985 w c n h h d y n gu g o f fr d om n d cou r g
h r c co un n 1 98 9 w c o n d r b y m or d r m c n d g r ph c
W nn M nd 1989 w pr n w h n r d T h c h dr n w r
c on gr g d h c hoo u w ob oc k w y f rom h r w
Th r w n ng p o c mn n gh h m b u h yw r c d
o h c n W h n h y f r d v m mu n o n on h c hoo ch d r n
wh n H c or P r on w v y r o dch d w r pp d o p c h
bow d ng ng n h r w h h h r n y r od r cr m ng
n d ry ng o g h r up h r m n of h r br oh r b od y no n g
c h d h dp ck d up v n p c of o o f ng h p o c T h po c
h o n d c rm n y k ng w o v r h ou n d ch d r n 97
Qu d f rom h obv ou m k G b y h p o n d ou h W nn
M nd y r r bo h x gg r d h rro nd h of h m cr
wh pro ng h gov rnm n nf d d of wh h h d don 98
W nn M nd 19 89 B f or h S ow o u pr n g w v r y nv ov d
n or g n n g h p o p n dc on c n n g h m b ou h x r m y d n
g ro u u on h w d v o p ng T h gov r nm n r g r d d m
h v ng p y d m o r ro n h f or m o n of h o rg n o n n d n
g n r y n cour g ng h ud n m ncy o w rd h A h ough
w ou d b w on d rf u o m g n h h v u ch org n o n p ow r
w m d n o h nk w r p on b for h h ng 9
Wh v r h ru h of h ory w f r h S ow o u pr n g o nM y 16
1977 h W nn M nd w onc g n d n d n d h n b n h d o h
m owno fB r ndf o r f o ur h o ur wyf r omJ o hnnbur g
C o n cuo n
M ny n rr v h v b n co n ru c d r ou nd W nn M nd Ou o f h
cc op hon yo fd c or d n m g on h ng m r g c r y h n h o rc
cor c n r o h off c m mory n d h c o c v m mory of r
nc h r f m ou h u b n d
9 6 M nd M y So u 1 14
9 7 D n E H R u L v o f Co ur g W om n f or N w S ou h A fr c N w Y or k 1 98 9
102
8 G b y T h L d y 1 12
9 9R u L v o fCo ur g 1 02
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CONTROLLNGWOMAN 611
Th r r r kng m r b w n h v n n 1976 nd h o ur
round ng h c v of h M nd Un d Foo b C ub no h h p r
on who r y c m o W nn M nd d f n o n bo h occ on w
G o rg B o w k no wn w y rwh oh d r pr n d h M n d f m y o n
o h r o c c o n
W h r n 1976 n 1991 po b y h h w x rm y
c u o u w h n d n g w h 1 00 W nn M n d ? T h r r oo m fo r do ub T h r
m yh v b n om r uh n h g o n g n h r Th qu on h n
why dd h b ck off mpor r y n d n h n d m py b n h
h r o B r nd fo r ? m po r n o co n d r h A N C r o F or x m p
po b h h r b n hm n o Br ndfor rv d bo h h nd h ANC
m u p p urp o W h ou d r oy ng h r r nd r d h r n f f c v n d
r m ov d h r fr om h c n r o f r n c F rom h A NC p r p c v m n
n d h r m r yr m g w h k p ng h r ou o f pr o n An c do v d nc h
h v n n x n 1976 h A NC f r d h r vo y n d n ub ord n
po c T h TRC 1 998 r on h r g cd c o n w hr g rd o h
nv g on n d pro c u on of M dk M nd pp r o h v b n n f u
nc d rong y by h po c c rcum nc nd n v of h p r od 0 1
m u dd n y ppropr o o h 1970
N o nM nd 1994 ugg on h h p r h d h d wg d
c on n uo u c mp g n o c om pr om h w f 02 m y no h v b n h f r
f c h d T h w n x r o rd n ry mo m n n S ou h Afr c h o ry D K r k
r pr n n g h N on P r y n d h p r h d g ov rnm n w n go ng
w h N on M nd h d r of h A fr c n N o n P r y S ou h Af rc
m o p o w rf u r n c o rg n o n f or h r n f r o f po w r n d d mo cr
o no fSo u hA fr c W h n pu b c bo h d r w r k ng p o c o u
o n n h r h A NC nor h N o n P r y h d com p y b n do n d m ry
ou o n n d c hor g n o nw n n on k p n g up h p r u r o n n go
o n by c on n u ng m o y c ov r m r y r g y A h nc b c om b un
d n y c r f ro m h v d n c b f o r h T ru h n d R co nc o n Co mm o n
h g ov r nm n h d n f r d h r n c w h n fo rm r nd c o b or o r o
f ur h r u nd r m n h A N C r o v S uc h n fo rm r w r o f n c r f c d wh n
h y w r f ound ou r m n po b y h r for h h k dn pp ng b
n g n d mu rd r of S om p S p n do h r w r p r o f c om p c d p o o
u nd r mn n o o n yW nn M nd r p u on b u o h o f h A NC
u nb o con ro h r nd N on M nd h m f H ow v r v o nc p c y
v g n r r b u v v o nc g n g d n form r nd co b or o r h d
b c om n d mc n h ow nh p 1 03 no dou b p r y n r p on o y r o f
n u on d v o nc on h p r of h nd g n hu q u y
po b h h h d nd d o con ro nd conf rm h po b y
100TRC Report 578
1 01 b d
10 2 M n d L on gW k 5 84
03Th ere w ere 400n ec k ace k n gb e t we en 1984and 1987G b e yTh e L ady 146
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612HELENA POHLANDTMCCORMCK
r p or d b y h W k y M & Gu r d n n 19 97 h h r h d b n c ov r up
g o ng o h g h v o f h g o v rn m n n d po b y n v o vn g co u o n b w n
h A NC n d h cur y forc n h p r h d r 104
A n 1 97 6 w h n h A N C w b n n d n d x c p f or f w u nd r gr ou nd
c no p r n c n h c oun ry W nn M nd w on h rown h m b y
c ho c S h d d n o f h r f c cou n b o n y of h n r n c om mu n y or
po c ruc ur h m Sh gnor d or r pud d r p d f for by h
M nd C r C om m n d oh r com mu n y d r o br ng h r n o n 1 05
n 1 97 6 h A NC p r n c n h o wn h p w r g y y m bo c M ur ph y
M or ob p k o f w o o d r A NC c v o w ho m h y ou h u rn d f or d v c
H o p k o f c r n w r n of h ANC w hc hw c r n y hor d up
b yR d o Fr d om br od c n o So u hA fr c o wh ch c hoo u d n n d
n cr nd o of n w r n of h n d o k p h ng g ong Bu m
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