Convergence Green IT Awareness

Pete Brierley

48 Brierley, Peter24 “Pete” 20 Convergence Technology16 Collin College16 Frisco, TX 16 pgbrierley@ccccd.edu 972-377-1686 16 I teach:

CCNA 1-4Convergence TechnologyVoIP I – IICase Study I SOHOCase Study II Enterprise

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Attendees

• Anita Shellenberger• Aparna Mahadev• Bette Plog• Charulata Trivedi• Dan Heighton • Eliazar Martinez

• Jackie Porter• John Owrey• Karl Dietrich• Nicholas Quach• Pamela Betts• Tom Jones

Message

This track will hopefully cause you to be aware of a very rapidly changing mobile world today:– In the Home– At work– Home computing– Work computing– Adapting to the latest computing technologies is

imperative!!!

Important message on next slide

MUST Upgrade Networking SkillsNOW!!

• New networking skills are needed to compete in today’s job market!

• Network engineering and network administration careers are NOT what they used to be.

• Increasingly, network managers are expected to understand application planning, performance, information security, virtualization, servers, workstations, storage, cloud computing, sustainability, VDI, WAAS, Green IT, and more.

• These mounting demands are creating a deepening skills void in the networking space and savvy networking professionals MUST continually update themselves in order to stay competitive in todays job market.

Intro 1 Cloud Computing Intro 2 Cloud Computing Cloud computing VMWare VDI VDI Florida School

SearchNetworking.com [SearchNetworking@lists.techtarget.com]

Cloud Computing *

• Network security and higher costs• Enterprises are now actively adopting cloud

computing, and networking professionals will have to change the way they think and how they do certain things in order to provide cloud computing networks.

SearchNetworking.com [SearchNetworking@lists.techtarget.com]

Managing Both Cellular Networks and WLANs Managing

• Are we prepared to manage both cellular networks and Voice and Data WANs?

• As mobility via smartphones becoming the preferred mode of communications for enterprise users and consumers alike, network managers will need to boost cellular coverage and security in office buildings and corporate campuses and Data Centers.

SearchNetworking.com [SearchNetworking@lists.techtarget.com]

Data Center Virtualization * Complexity

• DCs can cut network costs considerably by adopting virtualization, but virtualization adds complexity

Virtualization is inevitable, but what do networking professionals really need to know about data center virtualization; virtual server networks, virtual storage…

• With budgets tight all around, network administrators must think long and hard about how virtualization plays into network planning and how soon they will see a return on investment (ROI) from possible purchases.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qWf_WiaFedc

SearchNetworking.com [SearchNetworking@lists.techtarget.com]

Sustainability *

• Environmental & Safety Compliance Solutions protect an organization against “failure to comply with government regulation costs: taxation and penalties.

Global Climate Change (GCC)

Pause

“Bad News”

Global Climate Change

Global warming is the name given by scientists for the gradual increase in temperature of the Earth's surface that has worsened since the industrial revolution.

I choose the term GCC as opposed to Global Warming, since GW is a result of what I consider the prime issue GCC and not the cause. *

© Carbon Footprint Ltd 2009 all rights reserved

Global Climate Change

• Over the past two decades the effect has become more marked.

• Considerable evidence exists that most of this warming has been caused by human activities... that's to say we have altered the chemical composition of the atmosphere through a buildup of greenhouse gases – primarily carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. [CO2, CH4, NO2]

© Carbon Footprint Ltd 2009 all rights reserved

Global Climate Change

What if we do nothing? • Rising global temperatures

– will cause sea level to rise and alter local climate conditions, affecting forests, crop yields, and water supplies.

– It may also affect human health, animals, and many types of ecosystems.

– Deserts may expand and some of our countryside may be permanently altered.

© Carbon Footprint Ltd 2009 all rights reserved

What Will Happen in the Future if we Do Nothing?

• Climate model simulations predict an increase in average surface air temperature of about 2.5°C by the year 2100 (Kattenberg et al., 1996).

• The likelihood of "killer" heat waves during the warm season will increase (Karl et al., 1997)

• The IPCC Second Assessment Report estimates that sea-levels will rise by approximately 49 cm over the next 100 years, with a range of uncertainty of 20-86 cm.

• Sea-level rise will lead to increased coastal flooding through direct inundation and an increase in the base for storm surges, allowing flooding of larger areas and higher elevations.

• Further melting of the Arctic Ice Caps (at the current rate) could be sufficient to turn off the ocean currents that drive the Gulf Stream, which keeps Britain up to 6°C warmer than it would otherwise be.

© Carbon Footprint Ltd 2009 all rights reserved

What is A Carbon Footprint

• A carbon footprint is a measure of the impact our activities have on the environment, and in particular climate change. – It relates to the amount of greenhouse gases

produced in our day-to-day lives through burning fossil fuels for electricity, heating, transportation etc.

• The carbon footprint is a measurement of all greenhouse gases we individually produce and has units of tons (or kg) of carbon dioxide equivalent.

© Carbon Footprint Ltd 2009 all rights reserved

What Makes up a Carbon Footprint

© Carbon Footprint Ltd 2009 all rights reserved

Carbon Footprint Direct and Indirect Emissions

• A carbon footprint is made up of the sum of two parts, the primary footprint (shown by the green slices of the pie chart) and the secondary footprint (shown as the yellow slices).

• 1. The primary footprint is a measure of our direct emissions of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels including domestic energy consumption and transportation (e.g. car and plane). We have direct control of these.

• 2. The secondary footprint is a measure of the indirect CO2 emissions from the whole lifecycle of products we use - those associated with their manufacture and eventual breakdown. To put it very simply – the more we buy the more emissions will be caused on our behalf.

© Carbon Footprint Ltd 2009 all rights reserved

What is Carbon Footprint

© Carbon Footprint Ltd 2009 all rights reserved

Did you know?

• Each person emits 94 pounds of carbon dioxide each day.

• It takes 4 trees to absorb one human’s carbon dioxide per month.

• Cow farts emit so much MH2 into the air that some countries like Great Britain are considering charging a Carbon tax on dairy and beef farmers. *

Global Climate Change (GCC)

The Silver Lining

Global Climate Change is

“GOOD”!!!

Global Climate Change is “GOOD”!!

• How can you say that???• Conservativeness has been rapidly eroding from massive

disconcert with regard to wasting our natural resources• GCC has recently made the world much more aware of

this declining shift in attitude “a wake up call”• GCC has reintroduced us to something called necessity• Necessity is the “Mother of Invention”• Consequently GCC has rekindled our innovativeness • This is good!!

Welcome to Green

survey

“It’s Not Easy Being Green”

Why is it Not Easy Being Green?

Overcome Habits• “that’s the way my grandfather did it”• Leaving the TV on, “no big deal”• Leaving lights on, “What’s the fuss?• leaving your car running while pumping gas??• Leaving you computer on 24/7• …

All these cost money that could be better spent on buying an iPod or a number of other mobile devices and services like; Blackberries, iPhones, iTunes, Apple Apps…

Working ConnectionsGreen IT

• Objectives– Define and practice “Green”– Understand energy sources and how much it takes

to support various IT and home appliances– How to assess Green with “No cost Low cost”

alternatives– Distribute and Develop practical student labs on

Green Awareness

Working ConnectionsGreen IT

• Overview:– Review the pre session survey– Introduce a definition of “Green”– Explore what is carbon footprint?– Understand energy sources and CO2 emissions– Calculating “Green”– Examples of Green efforts today – How to address Green in Information Technology– Sustainability with “No cost low cost”– Define and design in class student labs geared toward Green

awareness

Al Gore• “We must now lift our nation to reach another goal that will change

history. Our entire civilization depends upon us now embarking on a new journey of exploration and discovery. Our success depends on our willingness as a people to undertake this journey and to complete it within 10 years. Once again, we have an opportunity to take a giant leap for humankind.“

• “when we look at all three of these seemingly intractable challenges at the same time, we can see the common thread running through them, deeply ironic in its simplicity: our dangerous over-reliance on carbon-based fuels is at the core of all three of these challenges - the economic, environmental and national security crises”.

• “We're borrowing money from China to buy oil from the Persian Gulf to burn it in ways that destroy the planet. Every bit of that's got to change”.

Al Gore• What if we could use fuels that are not expensive, don't cause pollution

and are abundantly available right here at home?• We have such fuels. Scientists have confirmed that enough solar energy

falls on the surface of the earth every 40 minutes to meet 100 percent of the entire world's energy needs for a full year. Tapping just a small portion of this solar energy could provide all of the electricity America uses.

• And enough wind power blows through the Midwest corridor every day to also meet 100 percent of US electricity demand. Geothermal energy, similarly, is capable of providing enormous supplies of electricity for America.

• The quickest, cheapest and best way to start using all this renewable energy is in the production of electricity. In fact, we can start right now using solar power, wind power and geothermal power to make electricity for our homes and businesses.

Al Gore• And as the demand for renewable energy grows, the costs will

continue to fall. Let me give you one revealing example: the price of the specialized silicon used to make solar cells was recently as high as $300 per kilogram. But the newest contracts have prices as low as $50 a kilogram.

• You know, the same thing happened with computer chips - also made out of silicon. The price paid for the same performance came down by 50 percent every 18 months - year after year, and that's what's happened for 40 years in a row. Side bar HD storage

• When we send money to foreign countries to buy nearly 70 percent of the oil we use every day, they build new skyscrapers and we lose jobs. When we spend that money building solar arrays and windmills, we build competitive industries and gain jobs here at home.

Al Gore• Of course there are those who will tell us this can't be done. Some of the

voices we hear are the defenders of the status quo - the ones with a vested interest in perpetuating the current system, no matter how high a price the rest of us will have to pay. But even those who reap the profits of the carbon age have to recognize the inevitability of its demise. As one OPEC oil minister observed, "The Stone Age didn't end because of a shortage of stones.“

• I for one do not believe our country can withstand 10 more years of the status quo. Our families cannot stand 10 more years of gas price increases. Our workers cannot stand 10 more years of job losses and outsourcing of factories. Our economy cannot stand 10 more years of sending $2 billion every 24 hours to foreign countries for oil. And our soldiers and their families cannot take another 10 years of repeated troop deployments to dangerous regions that just happen to have large oil supplies.

Al Gore• To be sure, reaching the goal of 100 percent renewable and truly clean electricity

within 10 years will require us to overcome many obstacles. At present, for example, we do not have a unified national grid that is sufficiently advanced to link the areas where the sun shines and the wind blows to the cities in the East and the West that need the electricity. Our national electric grid is critical infrastructure, as vital to the health and security of our economy as our highways and telecommunication networks. Today, our grids are antiquated, fragile, and vulnerable to cascading failure. Power outages and defects in the current grid system cost US businesses more than $120 billion dollars a year. It has to be upgraded anyway.

• We could further increase the value and efficiency of a Unified National Grid by helping our struggling auto giants switch to the manufacture of plug-in electric cars. An electric vehicle fleet would sharply reduce the cost of driving a car, reduce pollution, and increase the flexibility of our electricity grid.

• At the same time, of course, we need to greatly improve our commitment to efficiency and conservation. That's the best investment we can make. Improved use of our Telecommunication broadband to improve our energy.

Global Climate Change (GCC)

• Energy and Information Technology– electricity

• heaviest users– Data Centers

» What devices are of most concern? *• Switches• Servers• Routers• Air conditioning• …

Are there GCC Issues?

• Scientific• Political• Social

What to Approach First

• “No cost Low cost” scenarios *– Energy efficiency– Alternate energy sources– Greenhouse gas reduction– Reduction of waste– Clean H2O– Clean air– Sustainability

*Sudhakar Kesanan, CEO, ICF International

Go Green Revolution

• Start– Identify projects

• Build– Develop green expectation

• Reclaim– Make old new again *– Sustain – Stay ahead of the curve on New Technologies

*Wesco – member of US Green Building Council

Data Center Cost Savings• Compare 10 G electronics: copper vs. fiber (cost savings)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………….. = 1 line card - 48 ports

Optical fiberCopper

Port Count 48 96 144 192 240 288

Auto CO2 emissions (288 ports)99 vehicles (Cu)14 vehicles (Optical fiber)

Home Electric consumption72 homes (Cu)10 homes (Optical fiber) Switch Switch

Data Center Cost

NOTE:Data Centers and the airlines presently are rapidly:

– Escalating energy costs– Contributing to Green House Gas (GHG) emissions

*McKinsey & Co., Uptime Institute symposium, Revolutionizing Data Center Effeciency

2007 Report –”Uptime Institute Opinion on EPA Report”

• For every 2.2kW power delivered to the DC building 1kW delivered runs the IT equipment

• The DC power that actually drives the IT LOAD is 45% of the total power delivered to the DC.

• The balance 55% powers the DC air handling and other equipment

DC Air Handling• Every kilowatt (kW) burned by a server requires another 1 kW to 1.5 kW to

cool and support it. • The Uptime Institute claims that 90% of corporate data centers have far

more cooling capacity than they need. • Data centers examined by Uptime Institute analysts had an average of 2.6

times the amount of cooling equipment they needed but still had hot spots covering 10% of their total floor space. Even with the use of fans, temperatures of 100°F were not uncommon.

• Such high temperatures can dramatically reduce the life span of the hardware in the data center, and decrease its reliability.

• Each 18-degree increment above 70°F reduces the total reliability of an average server by 50%, according to the Uptime report.

• Bad climate control is the main cause of such overheating.

Kevin Fogarty, “The Greening of the Data Center,” eWeek, 21 August 2006.

DC Air Handling• Many data centers suffer from energy leaks. • Data from the Uptime Institute shows that an average of 72% of the

cooling capacity of major data centers bypasses the computing equipment entirely.

• More than half of that cold air in the centers escaped through unsealed cable holes and conduits; an additional 14% was misrouted because the perforated floor plates that were supposed to direct the airflow were pointing in the wrong direction – sometimes out of the data center entirely under a raised floor or over a suspended ceiling..

• The following list highlights seven of the most common causes of data center energy leaks.

Kevin Fogarty, “The Greening of the Data Center,” eWeek, 21 August 2006.

DC Air Handling

Seven Common Causes of Data Center Energy Leaks

• 1. Ducts and coils that are dirty or blocked• 2. Thermostats and humidity meters installed where they cannot

monitor effectively• 3. Sensors that do not work or that deliver erroneous data• 4. Supply and return pipes that are reversed• 5. Valves that are partially closed, unintentionally• 6. Solenoid-operated valves that fail due to high system pressure• 7. Pumping systems that cannot deliver the volume of cooling

necessary

Kevin Fogarty, “The Greening of the Data Center,” eWeek, 21 August 2006.

Data Center Strategies Needed

Data Center built in last 10-15 years– Reached premature End of Life (EoL)– Were not built to support ACTUAL growth

• Limited by:– Space– Power (local grid can’t handle growth ) must move $$$– Cooling capacity– Lack of flexibility

• Impacts business agility– Outdated– Inefficient

New strategies can provide the opportunity for developing “Green” environments with cost savings

Sun Systems

• Capitalizing on :– Optimizing power– Restructuring DC space

Sun Systems Optimizing Power

• Replacing aging equipment• Incorporating virtualization• Addressing cooling efficiency

Sun SystemsRestructuring CD Space

• Modularize flexible design to support– Growth– Efficiency in handling

• Equipment churn

Sun Claims Reductions

• DC real estate 66%• DC Operating costs 30%• DC New space avoidance

Choices

• Just build more DCs– Not a responsible choice

• Adds to IT cost• Negative ecologically

Choices

• Optimizing power is a responsible choice– Servers

• Replace aging servers(less energy, less footprint)• Decommission dead IT services; servers, workstations…• Consolidate work loads (virtualization)• Deploy modern storage systems (removable data space)• Evaluate and improve cooling systems• Evaluate redundancies

Definitions

• Heat available from a fuel source depends on the BTUs available from the fuel source and the heating systems efficiency.

• A BTU, or British Thermal Unit, is scientifically defined as the amount of energy needed to raise * the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit.

• The BTU is a nationally accepted standard of measuring the heat from fuel.

University of Illinois

Consider• It’s not easy being green – Kermit the frog• Greenwash• No cost-Low cost• Data Centers caught in a green bind

– Need more bandwidth NOW– Can’t respond to DEMAND

• “Free energy” political <red/blue> why not green• Climate change - Warmer weather means more electricity needed• What about DC power grid vs AC power grid (AC standard was set in

1880)• The efficiency of electrical generation varies widely with the technology

used. In a traditional coal plant, for example, only about 30-35% of the energy in the coal ends up as electricity on the other end of the generator.

Geothermal

– Laser Technologies 1

– Laser Technologies 2

Biocrude• Ethanol has a major drawback: It corrodes pipes and picks up water, so it

cannot be transported through pipelines. – Wouldn’t it be better if biofuels were more like gasoline and diesel? – Then there would be no need to transform our vehicles or our fuel distribution

systems. • Based on this insight, several start-ups are trying to engineer microbes to

make such fuels. – LS9, a privately held San Francisco start-up that calls itself the “renewable

petroleum company,” has modified bacterial metabolic pathways so that E. coli can eat cellulose and excrete hydrocarbons almost indistinguishable from diesel.

• In October the company hired a veteran oilman as CEO, and it is now seeking $100 million to build a pilot plant. – The facility aims to produce 2.5 million barrels per year by the end of 2010. Its

break-even oil price is $50 a barrel.

A 42 – US Gallon Barrel of crude oil

• Provides slightly more than 44 gallons of petroleum products. This gain from processing the crude oil is similar to what happens to popcorn, it gets bigger after it is popped.

• One barrel of crude oil, when refined, produces about 19 gallons of finished engine gasoline,

• 9 gallons of diesel, as well as other petroleum products. – Most of the petroleum products are used to produce energy.

• propane to heat their homes and fuel their cars.

– Other products made from petroleum include: • ink, crayons, bubble gum, dishwashing liquids, deodorant, eyeglasses,

records, tires, ammonia, and heart valves.

EIA – Energy Information Agency

iStockphoto.com

"Green IT"

• Refers to the idea that IT organizations can and should implement practices that are environmentally friendly.

• IT organizations' increased attention to green IT has resulted from a number of factors, including: – Rising energy costs, – increased publicity regarding climate change, and– Meaningful green legislation.

December 17, 2008 — Network World

• Economic recession is causing many companies to ramp up the speed of green IT initiatives, while a much smaller number of companies have decided to slow down their green activities.

• The lion's share of more than 1,000 companies surveyed by Forrester Research are not making any changes to their green programs. Among those who will, however, the number of companies accelerating green IT is twice as high as the number slowing down.

• "The data is counterintuitive only at first glance," Forrester analyst Christopher Mines writes in a report released this week. "Companies are realizing that 'green means green' -- more sustainable computing operations are also more efficient and less costly.“

http://www.google.com/search?q=wiki%3A+usgbc&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-an

Green Certification Organizations• In 1992, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency launched Energy Star, a

voluntary labeling program which is designed to promote and recognize energy-efficiency in monitors, climate control equipment, and other technologies.

• This resulted in the widespread adoption of sleep mode among consumer electronics. The term "green computing" was probably coined shortly after the Energy Star program began; there are several USENET posts dating back to 1992 which use the term in this manner.

• Concurrently, the Swedish organization TCO Development launched the TCO Certification program to promote low magnetic and electrical emissions from CRT-based computer displays; this program was later expanded to include criteria on energy consumption, ergonomics, and the use of hazardous materials in construction.

http://www.google.com/search?q=wiki%3A+usgbc&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-an

Green Certification Organizations

• The U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), founded in 1993, is a non-profit trade organization that promotes sustainability in how buildings are designed, built and operated.

• The USGBC is best known for the development of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system and Greenbuild, a green building conference that promotes the green building industry, including environmentally responsible materials, sustainable architecture techniques and public policy.

Lets Save energy

CFLs - Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs

• CFLs generally use less power, have a longer rated life, but a higher purchase price.

• Energy Star qualified CFLs use at least two-thirds less energy than standard incandescent bulbs and last up to 10 times longer (average lifespan of a CFL is five years).

• CFLs save $30 or more in energy costs over each bulb's lifetime.

• CFLs generate 70 percent less heat, making them safer to operate.

• iStockphoto.com

According to the federal government

• If every American home replaced just one light bulb with an Energy Star approved compact fluorescent bulb (CFL), the United States would: – save enough energy to light more than 2.5 million

homes for a year, and – prevent greenhouse gases equivalent to the

emissions of nearly 800,000 cars.

• iStockphoto.com

Is this the greatest thing since sliced bread???

13 Watt CFL equivalent to 60 watt incandescent lamp

BUT ARE YOU AWARE???

• iStockphoto.com

CFL Bulbs Have One HitchToxic Mercury

• The bulbs contain small amounts of mercury, a neurotoxin, and the companies and federal government haven't come up with effective ways to get Americans to recycle them.

• "The problem with the bulbs is that they'll break before they get to the landfill.

• They'll break in containers, or they'll break in a dumpster or they'll break in the trucks.

• Workers may be exposed to very high levels of mercury when that happens," says John Skinner, executive director of the Solid Waste Association of North America, the trade group for the people who handle trash and recycling.

• E:\iTunes\NPR\All Things Considered

iStockphoto.com

Let’s Check the Advantage

How the CFL worksComparisons incandescent vs CFL

The Green Data Center

The Green DC is an ecosystem committed to high density and energy efficient computing where:– The physical plant is engineered for highest energy

efficiency– Software technologies are used to contain data

growth and minimize demand for capacity– An energy-efficient computing infrastructure

operating at optimal performance levels– Managers use SLAs to manage and control energy

usageThe TANEJA Group, Inc

Saving DC Energy

Storage Consolidation– SATA– Tape– Spinning Down Idle Drives *

Cutting Conversions

The TANEJA Group, Inc

Carbon and Storage Devices• Carbon neutrality impacts the data center because storage alone is

responsible for emitting many millions of tons of carbon emissions into the air worldwide.

• Exact calculations vary, but a typical equation would be 60 watts of power to spin and cool a disk in an average rack power density. Multiply this by the number of hours in a year to come out with 525.6 kilowatts of power per disk per year.

• Now multiply this by a close estimate of the amount of disk used across the world per year say 100,000,000, which is a conservative figure.

• This results in 52 billion kilowatts generated per year by spinning drives. • The United States government estimates that each kilowatt yields 1.55

pounds of CO2 emissions, for a grand total of over 80 billion pounds of carbon emissions, or 40 million tons.

The TANEJA Group, Inc

Not a Simple Matter• Power usage in a DC environment is not a simple matter of

measuring wattage and BTUs, but of comparing these measurements against individual IT equipment performance, capacity, availability, and purpose.

• For example, drawing meaningful measurement from switches is different than from servers, which is different from storage and so on.

• Even more complex, measuring different storage devices will take different metrics depending on the storage devices purpose, settings, and output.

• Only when IT can take meaningful measurements across a variety of computing equipment, will they be able to maintain reasonable energy usage SLAs throughout the overal infrastructure.

The TANEJA Group, Inc

Worried about power costs in your data center? Are you losing sleep?

In 2007 Gartner analyst Michael Bell outlined a few data center tips and factoids worth considering. At the Gartner Symposium/ITxpo:

• By 2008, half of the current data centers won't have the power or cooling capacity to deal with their equipment. Translation: You're toast.

• In 2009, power and cooling will be your second biggest data center cost. Most of you are there already and for companies like Google power costs are the top expense.

• But by 2011, technology–primarily better cooling strategies, more efficient chips, DC power, in-server cooling and real-time monitoring–will ride to the rescue at least to the point where you'll be able to sleep.

The TANEJA Group, Inc

Reasons for Adopting Green Solutions

an InfoWorld Research Report conducted by IDG Research Services Group, November 21, 2007, InfoWorld)

How to GREEN

1. Buy energy efficient products2. Automate more processes3. Adopt energy efficient behavior4. Recycle5. Green your data center6. Green your commute7. Green your building

1. Buy Energy Efficient Products

• Light bulbs• Appliances• Multifunction devices• Avoid printing blank pages

2. Automate More Processes

• Pay bills electronically

3. Adopt Energy Efficient Behavior

• We have lots of automation – USE IT– Shut down appliances not in use

• Buy recycled paper• Buy earth friendly ink• Print 2 sided even 2 up 2 sided• Use vegetable based ink (no petroleum based ink)

– Avoid metalic and warm red inks• Contain barium, copper, zinc

4. Recycle

• Paper • ink cartridges• batteries• computers• electronic equipment

5. Green Your Data Center

• Concentrate on energy bills• Power management• Virtualization

– Servers– workstations– storage

• Programming coding standards• Welcome cloud computing

6. Green Your Commute

• Telecommute• “Think outside the gas tank”

– Walk– Bike– Car pool– Hybrid car

7. Green Your Building

• CFLs• Turn out lights• Power off appliances• High efficiency air handling• Water efficient appliances• Reuse older material/appliances when

possible

I can’t afford one but I want an iPhone *

• It will cost $65 per month for service totaling $780/year

• Is it possible?• What energy savings will achieve that goal?

1. .2. .3. .4. .5. …

Energy From Coal

Cost of Coal

2009 July 02

How Much for That Kilowatt-Hour? • A kilowatt-hour of electricity is the amount of energy it takes to

run 10 light bulbs of 100 watts for one hour. • In 2007, according to the Energy Information Administration,

monthly residential electricity consumption averaged 936 kilowatt-hours per household.

• The average price of a kilowatt- hour, adjusted to 2009 dollars, has fluctuated over the years, ranging from about nine cents in the 1970s up to 13 cents in the 1980s; it was 9.6 cents in December 2008.

• Prices vary considerably by state, depending on the local regulations and sources of supply. Residents of Connecticut pay nearly 20 cents per kilowatt-hour, for example, while Idahoans pay only 7.5 cents.

Facts

• 1 cubic foot of coal = 50 lbs• 1 lb of coal to generate 1 kWh of electricity

Provided by National Energy Foundation

How Much Coal to run a 100 Watt Light bulb 24/7/365

• 365 days x 24 hours = 8760 hrs/yr• 100 Watt ( .1 kWhrs) x (8760 hrs/yr) = (876 kWhrs/yr)• Thermal energy content of coal is (6150 kWhrs/ton)• Efficiency factor to produce electricity = 40% = .40 • Therefore: ( .40 x 6150 kWhrs )= (2460 kWhrs/ton)• (100 W light bulb) = (876kWhrs) / (2460kWhrs/ton) = (.357 tons of coal)• 2000 lbs = 1 ton• (2000 lbs/ton) x (.357 tons) = (714 lbs of coal)• (714 lbs of coal) / (2000 lbs/ton) = (0.357 tons) x ( $50/ton to produce) = ($17.85/ton to

produce)• (714 lbs of coal) x (1kWhr/lb) = (714 kWhrs)• (714 kWhrs/yr) x ($.13/kWhr) = ($92.82/year) of one 100 watt light bulb

• (800kWh/month) x ($.13/kWh) = ($114/month) x (12months) = ($1,368/year)• (800 lbs of coal/month) x (12 months) = (9600 lbs of coal) / (50 lbs/cubic foot 192 cubic feet

Typical 500 Meg Watt coal plant produces 3.5B kWh/year– Enough for 4M 100 W bulbs for one year = 1.43 tons of coal

One Cubic Foot Coal = 50 PoundsOne pound of coal = one kWhr

Coal to Electricity Table for AppliancesEstimated Pounds

Avg Avg of Coal Consumed Wattage KW Annually

Dishwasher 1,201 1.20 363Microwave 1,450 1.45 190Range 12,200 12.20 730Clothes Dryer 4,856 4.86 993Iron 1,100 1.10 60Washing Machine 512 0.51 103Refrigerators/Freezers 2,250 2.25 1,500Hair Dryer 600 0.60 25B/W Television 45 0.05 100Color Television 145 0.14 320Clock 2 0.01 320Vacuum Cleaner 630 0.63 46

Provided by National Energy Foundation

Solve This Issue *

• You utilize a monthly average of 1400kWhrs from your electrical energy service.

• Using info provide earlier plus Internet searches, research those appliances not listed.

Questions:

1. Construct a bar graph that indicates the amount of coal required to run each of the following appliances for one hour.

– dishwasher – clothes dryer – microwave – water heater – range – color TV

Provided by National Energy Foundation

Questions:

2. How many pounds of coal would be needed to operate a color TV for

– 8 hours? – 16 hours? – 24 hours?

Provided by National Energy Foundation

Questions:

3. How many hours of electricity annually do the following appliances consume based upon the "Coal to Electricity" table?

– Color TV? – Water Heater? – Dishwasher? – Clock?

Provided by National Energy Foundation

Questions:

4. How much more coal is needed to run a color TV for one hour than to run a B/W TV?

Provided by National Energy Foundation

Questions:

5. A 100 watt light bulb uses 1 kW of electricity per hour. How many pounds of coal are needed to run one 100 watt light bulb for:

– 6 hours? – 8 hours? – 10 hours?

Provided by National Energy Foundation

Questions – with answers:

1. Construct a bar graph that indicates the amount of coal (lbs) required to run each of the following appliances for one year.

Annual One Hour

– dishwasher ||| 363 ____– clothes dryer ||||||||| 993 ____– microwave || 190 ____– water heater |||||||||||||||||| 3260 ____– range ||||||| 730 ____– color TV ||| 320 ____

Answers May vary

Provided by National Energy Foundation

Questions – with answers:

2. How many pounds of coal would be needed to operate a color TV for

– 8 hours? 1.12 pounds – 16 hours? 2.24 pounds – 24 hours? 3.36 pounds

Provided by National Energy Foundation

Questions – with answers:

3. How many hours of electricity annually do the following appliances consume based upon the "Coal to Electricity" table?

– Color TV? 320 kwh– Water Heater? 4,219 kwh– Dishwasher? 363 kwh– Clock? 320 kwh

Provided by National Energy Foundation

Questions – with answers:

4. How much more coal is needed to run a color TV for one hour than to run a B/W TV?

– 0.09 pounds per hour

Provided by National Energy Foundation

Questions – with answers:

5. A 100 watt light bulb uses 1 kW of electricity per hour. How many pounds of coal are needed to run one 100 watt light bulb for:

– 6 hours? 0.6 pounds – 8 hours? 0.8 pounds– 10 hours? 1.0 pound

Provided by National Energy Foundation

Vehicle – Energy Savings

• Gasoline (too low octane-ping)• Accelerate Slowly• Remove all unneeded Weight• Filters change regular• Tire inflation (5-10%) gas mileage loss)• Wheel alignment (.5 mpg loss)• Consider Hybrid• …

WESCO Distribution

Renewable Energy Sources• Biomass *• Hydrogen *• Hydropower *

– Thermal– Mechanical– Ocean Wave Energy– Ocean current Energy

• Solar– Photovoltaic (solar cells)– Concentrated solar power (mirrors)

• Wind Turbines *• Geothermal heat pumps• Geothermal *

TAX CREDITS

WESCO Distribution

Non-renewable Energy

• Coal• Oil *• Natural gas *

They are a finite sourceScarcity drives up priceProcess environmentally damaging

Time to Measure Watts

• Kill-A-Watt *

A Green DATA CENTER

• The table following lists and describes hardware strategy that IT organizations can use to make their data center more environmentally friendly.

• The table is divided into server, storage, and other strategies.

Server Strategies

• Virtualization • Enable organizations to be environmentally friendly by increasing the

utilization rate and availability of servers and thus, energy efficiency.

• Able to run the same number of tasks on fewer servers, using less electricity and requiring less cooling, resulting in decreased emissions and costs.41

• Depreciation Schedules

• Eliminate the common practice of three-year (or more) depreciation schedules for servers. Server technology is a rapidly changing area, and older servers are much less energy efficient than new servers.42

Storage Strategies

• Tiering  Utilize the largest capacity drive that your application’s availability

and performance requirements will permit; a modern 500GB drive is more than twice as energy efficient as a 250GB drive.43

The larger the drive, the more efficient it is, in terms of watts per terabyte stored.

Move less critical or under-used data to a lower storage tier.44

Consolidation

• Consolidate storage infrastructure by replacing under-utilized, direct attached drives with efficient or virtualized arrays.45

Storage Strategies

• Capacity Management • Conduct a “backup audit’ to identify where information is stored, where

redundancies are consuming excess storage capacity, and opportunities for information consolidation.

• Use incremental backups, snapshots, and other technologies to decrease the amount of data the organization is storing and protecting.46

• Single-Instance Archiving

• Use advanced disk-based archiving platforms to pull inactive data from e-mail environments, files, systems, and databases, and store it on low cost and energy-efficient media.47

Storage Strategies

• Data De-Duplication • Eliminate redundant copies of stored data, enabling up to a

300% reduction in data for backup and storage applications.48

• Open Storage Infrastructure

• Ensure your organization has an open storage infrastructure to allow applications to share storage devices.

• Make use of all existing space.49

Storage Strategies

• Spinning Disks

• Reduce the data on spinning disks and take it offline to tape, optical disk, removable disk, or a Massive Array of Idle Disks (MAID).

• Set up archiving rules to move everything off primary storage that is old and infrequently accessed (e.g. older than 6 months and not accessed in the last 3 months).50

• Transparent Access

• Provide users, whenever possible, with transparent access directly into the archive to avoid leaving stubs on primary storage.51

Other Strategies

Rightsizing of UPS

• Use new best-in-class UPS systems that have 70% less energy loss than legacy UPS at typical loads. Average “light” load efficiency is a key parameter.52

• 41 James Murray, “Virtually Green,” IT Week, 7 August 2006.• 42 Chuck Hollis, “How Green is Your Data Center,” EMC2, 6 February 2007.• 43 ibid.• 44 Bob Wambach, “Green Storage: Strategies for Enhancing Energy Efficiency,” Computer Technology

Review,• Spring 2007.• 45 ibid.• 46 Chuck Hollis, “How Green is Your Data Center,” EMC2, 6 February 2007.• 47 ibid.• 48 Bob Wambach, “Green Storage: Strategies for Enhancing Energy Efficiency,” Computer Technology

Review,• Spring 2007.• 49 Tony Cotterill, “Seven Top Green Storage Tips for Being a More Carbon Neutral Shop,” The Data

Center• Journal, 7 March 2007.ITIATIVES PAGE 16• 50 ibid.• 51 ibid.• 52 “Guidelines for Energy-Efficient Datacenters,” The Green Grid, 16 February 2007.

What about Auto Fuel Efficiency?

• You can use energy more wisely if you remember CAMS:– Combine trips– Accelerate smoothly– maintain your vehicle– Slow down

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What’s the single best thing I can do to save gasoline?

• Combine trips. • Plan well and be sensible about how much

you drive. • Conserve by avoiding unnecessary trips,

combining errands, and carpooling.

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When I am behind the wheel, how can I get more miles per gallon?

•Accelerate smoothly. Jackrabbit starts consume twice the fuel as gradual starts

• Pace your driving. Staying at a constant speed is better than continuously speeding up and slowing down. Slow down.

• The faster you drive, the more gasoline your car uses. Driving at 65 miles per hour instead of 55 miles per hour reduces fuel economy by about two miles per gallon.

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Besides changing driving habits, what can I do to improve vehicle fuel efficiency?

• Maintain your vehicle– Have your car tuned regularly and keep tires

properly inflated. – An engine tune-up can improve car fuel economy

by an average of one mile per gallon; • under-inflated tires can reduce it by that amount.

• less use of your air conditioner can improve fuel economy by as much as two miles per gallon.

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Does it make a difference what car I drive?

• More fuel-efficient vehicles can save gasoline– A highly fuel-efficient vehicle could potentially cut

gasoline use in half or more How much depends on the vehicle and driving habits and needs

– If a less fuel-efficient car requires 20 gallons of gasoline a week compared with 10 gallons for a highly fuel-efficient vehicle, more than 500 gallons of gasoline could be saved annually.

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What about ethanol?

• Ethanol, which is often blended in gasoline, contains less energy per gallon than gasoline– However, a 10-percent or less ethanol blend

would have only a slight impact on fuel efficiency– According to U.S. Department of Energy and U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency fuel economy guidelines, E-85 (85 percent ethanol/15 percent gasoline blend) may reduce fuel efficiency by 26 percent.

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Can I avoid fuel evaporation and loss by keeping my tank almost full?

• It shouldn't be a concern. Technical changes to vehicle fuel systems have virtually eliminated fuel evaporation losses.

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Does it help to fill up in the morning when fuel is cool?

• Very little– While it’s true that gasoline expands as it gets

hotter (reducing the energy content in a given volume), the expansion is only about one percent for every 15 degrees F.

– Moreover, storage tanks at gasoline stations are buried several feet underground, helping to insulate fuel and keep temperature relatively constant.

– The benefits, if any, of filling up in the morning versus the evening would be hard to notice.

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Fuel Facts

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Gasoline

• Gasoline helps power the American dream, giving us the freedom to travel where we want and when we want -- for work, for school or for recreation.

• A steady supply of clean-burning gasoline is central to our nation's economy.

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Diesel

• Seventy percent of the nation's goods are transported in diesel-powered vehicles, helping to make it America's primary commercial fuel.

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Natural gas

• Many Americans rely on safe, efficient and clean burning natural gas to heat and cool their homes.

• Natural gas fuels many manufacturing and electricity generation plants, and is a key ingredient in products that we use every day.

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Heating Oil

• 8.5 million American households, mostly in the Northeastern states, rely on heating oil to keep warm in winter.

Copyright 2009 - API. All rights reserved

Emerging Energy Technologies

• To help meet projected U.S. energy demand growth, the oil and gas companies invested $98 billion from 2000 through 2005 on emerging energy technologies in the North American Market.

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Green END-USER COMPUTING

• End-User Computing Practices Allow for Energy Savings and Decreased GHG Emissions at Three Levels

– While much of the attention surrounding green IT focuses on the data center, end-user computing practices also offer ample room for energy savings and decreased GHG emissions at three levels:

http://hosteddocs.ittoolbox.com/greenit.pdfwww.cio.executiveboard.com

Green END-USER COMPUTING

• Asset Selection: Refers to the selection of IT assets that are energy efficient, including laptops, LCD monitors for desktop computers, and thin clients.

• Asset Usage: Refers to the idea that asset management practices can reduce the amount of electricity consumed by IT assets.

• Asset Disposal and Recycling: Refers to environmentally friendly methods of IT waste disposal and recycling. This is the issue garnering the most attention in the end-user computing space.http://hosteddocs.ittoolbox.com/greenit.pdf

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Green END-USER COMPUTING• Asset Selection Modifications Can Impact Organizational Energy

Consumption

• Changing IT asset selection strategies can have a large impact on the energy consumption of an entire organization, and in turn, affect electricity costs and GHG emissions.

• IT organizations can utilize one or more of the following four asset selection strategies:

• 1. Refurbish old IT equipment• 2. Buy IT equipment with low power features• 3. Purchase laptops and LCD screens• 4. Use thin clientshttp://hosteddocs.ittoolbox.com/greenit.pdf

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Recycle

• Recycle:– Paper– Aluminum – Glass– Steel– plastic

One ton of recycled paper saves

• 3,700 pounds of lumber.• 463 gallons of oil.• 3.06 cubic yards of landfill space.

Each ton of recycled paper uses:

• *64% less energy • (saves 4,077 kilowatts of energy)• *58% less water • (saves 6,953 gallons of water)• *74% less air pollution • (one tree filters up to 60 pounds of pollutants

from the air each year-587 pounds of air pollution)

• *saves 17 trees

Recycling one kilogram of aluminum can save

• *8 kilograms of bauxite• *4 kilograms of chemical products• *14 kilowatt hours of electricity

A single aluminum can weighs approximately ½ ounce. In 1996, 31.92 cans weigh one pound.

Recycling one aluminum can saves enough energy to run a TV set for 3 hours or to light a 100 watt bulb for 20 hours

You can make 20 cans out of recycled material with the same amount of energy it takes to make one new one

One ton of recycled glass saves over a ton of resources

*1,330 pounds of sand*433 pounds of soda ash*433 pounds of limestone*151 pounds of feldspar

• A ton of glass produced from raw materials creates 384 pounds of mining waste, recycled glass cuts this by 75%

• For every ton of new glass produced, we get 27.8 pounds of air pollution. • Recycling glass reduces that pollution by 14 to 20%• .• Recycling glass saves 25 to 32% of the energy used to make glass.• Every ton of glass recycled saves 9 gallons of fuel oil• • Recycling one glass bottle saves enough electricity to light a 100 watt bulb for

four hours

Every ton of steel recycled saves 5,400 BTU’s of energy

Every time a ton of steel is recycled it preserves• *2500 pounds of iron ore• *1000 pounds of coal• *40 pounds of limestone

• Recycling steel and tin cans saves 74% of the energy used to produce them from raw materials.

• For every pound of steel that is recycled, enough energy is saved to light a 60 watt bulb for a day

5 recycled plastic bottles make enough fiberfill to stuff a ski jacket

• 9 two-liter soft drink bottles in a pound of PET poly(ethylene terephthalate)

• One gallon of used oil provides the same 2.5 quarts of high quality lubricating oil as 42 gallons of crude oil.

• Americans throw away enough used motor oil every year to fill 120 supertankers

• Used oil form a single oil change (approx. one gallon) can ruin a million gallons of fresh water – a year’s supply for 50 people.

• Recycling used oil would save the U.S. 1.3 million barrels of oil per day