7
God, Naturalism, and the Foundations of Morality
first
Second
Future_Body 2PP.indd 141 7/24/08 3:34:38 PM
order of knowingorder of being
be
Third Fourth
Finally
The Proper Basicality of Moral Values
not
Future_Body 2PP.indd 142 7/24/08 3:34:38 PM
sense reasoning moral
unless
noninferential directly apprehended firmcomprehensible
pretheoretical
Future_Body 2PP.indd 144 7/24/08 3:34:38 PM
not
Knowing versus Being, Metaphysical Contexts, and Choosing the Better Alternative
Knowing versus Being
no reason at all
Future_Body 2PP.indd 145 7/24/08 3:34:38 PM
bothand
know knowing being
Epistemologicallyall
Ontologically
actual ground basis
ab
knowbe
The Metaphysical Context
created moral constitution
Future_Body 2PP.indd 146 7/24/08 3:34:38 PM
implicity: a
b
symmetrical Necessity:
osmic Coincidence (or Arbitrariness :
moral factsmorally responsible agents
anticipating
once
nature
Future_Body 2PP.indd 148 7/24/08 3:34:38 PM
arbitrari-ness
ccounting for Human Value:
Deciding between Naturalism and Theism
We should prefer the theory that affords the more natural (that is, less ad hoc) transition from the overall theory to the entity in question
We should prefer a worldview that is a kind of grand unifying factor for a wide range of features
Future_Body 2PP.indd 149 7/24/08 3:34:38 PM
We should prefer a hypothesis/worldview whose relevant features are deeper or more basic than those in alternative worldviews
step further
The Inadequacy of Various Naturalistic Moral Systems
a intellectualergon
telos b
c
Future_Body 2PP.indd 150 7/24/08 3:34:38 PM
presupposes posits
recognize
Naturalistic Evolutionary Ethics
think illusion
because we think it has an objective status corporate illusion
naturalistic Origin of Species
Origin
Future_Body 2PP.indd 151 7/24/08 3:34:39 PM
Arbitrary Morality?
A Natural History of Rape
is ought
ought
begins
Future_Body 2PP.indd 152 7/24/08 3:34:39 PM
Skepticism about Ethics
true are
Can we even trust our minds if we are nothing more than the products of naturalistic evolution trying to fight, feed, flee, and repro-duce?
objective moralityrational thought survive
truemay believe
could well helpcompletely false
truth-status
Future_Body 2PP.indd 153 7/24/08 3:34:39 PM
still
And
beliefs
have
know
Naturalism’s Undermining of Ethics
Future_Body 2PP.indd 154 7/24/08 3:34:39 PM
Moral Values Defy Physical Description
background contextual
Goodness Is Scientifically Superfluous
descriptions
ought
Future_Body 2PP.indd 155 7/24/08 3:34:39 PM
isnon
necessary
relevantexplain
Naturalists Themselves Confess . . .
Future_Body 2PP.indd 156 7/24/08 3:34:39 PM
Naturalism May Undercut Moral Motivation
The Euthyphro Problem
Calvin and Hobbes
Future_Body 2PP.indd 157 7/24/08 3:34:39 PM
Euthyphro
arbitrary becauseshall
autonomous moral standard
God’s good character nature
Future_Body 2PP.indd 158 7/24/08 3:34:39 PM
commands of God naturecharacter
knowconstitution
pro nobis
with
character
mutatis mutandis
they
Future_Body 2PP.indd 159 7/24/08 3:34:39 PM