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Copepod biodiversity in four different coastal ecosystems along
the Straits of Malacca
F. M. Yusoff & H. Matias-PeraltaF. M. Yusoff & H. Matias-PeraltaInstitute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra
Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, SelangorMalaysia, 43400 Serdang, SelangorJSPS Meeting, Malacca, 19 & 20JSPS Meeting, Malacca, 19 & 20thth May May
20082008JSPS UPM
UPM- JSPS ProjectsUPM- JSPS Projects 2001 – 2005:2001 – 2005:
Copepod biodiversity in an estuarine ecosystem, Copepod biodiversity in an estuarine ecosystem, Langat River, MalaysiaLangat River, Malaysia
2006 – 2010:2006 – 2010:
Copepod species composition & abundance in Copepod species composition & abundance in coastal ecosystems, the Straits of Malacca:coastal ecosystems, the Straits of Malacca:
Sea-grass, cage-culture, off shrimp farm, off Sea-grass, cage-culture, off shrimp farm, off mangrove forest mangrove forest
Copepod composition in polluted vs non-polluted Copepod composition in polluted vs non-polluted environmentenvironment
Monsoon seasons in MalaysiaMonsoon seasons in Malaysia
Monsoon seasonMonsoon season MonthsMonths
NortheastNortheast November to November to FebruaryFebruary
Inter-monsoonInter-monsoon March to AprilMarch to April
SouthwestSouthwest May to AugustMay to August
Inter-monsoonInter-monsoon September to September to OctoberOctober
Source: http://www.met.gov.my/english/publication/mwb.html Malaysian Meteorological Department
1. 03’ 00.665N 101’ 16.267E
2. 03’ 00.634N 101’ 16.274E
3. 03’ 00.607N 101’ 16.259E
Marine Cage Aquaculture
1. N 03°15.105’ E 101°17.790’
2. N 03°15.712’ E 101°16.673’
3. N 03°16.083’ E 101°16.345’
Off shrimp farms
1. N 04°49.246’ E 100°32.976’
2. N 04°49.031’ E 100°32.979’
3. N 04°48.515’ E 100°32.728’
Off mangrove areas
SamplingSampling
• from four ecosystems along the Straits from four ecosystems along the Straits of Malaccaof Malacca
• 3 points in each site; triplicates from 3 points in each site; triplicates from each point each point
• 6X/bi-monthly6X/bi-monthly
• Field preservationField preservation
• Lab. Processes Lab. Processes
• Water quality analysesWater quality analyses
• Identification & enumerationIdentification & enumeration
Sample collectionSample collection
SampleSample EquipmentEquipment MethodMethodCopepodCopepod 100µm mesh size 100µm mesh size
(50cm dia x (50cm dia x 100cm length)100cm length)
Vertical towsVertical tows
Water (D.O., Water (D.O., pH, Temp, Sal. pH, Temp, Sal. Cond. TDS, Cond. TDS, Turb.)Turb.)
Hydrolab Hydrolab Surveyor (4A)Surveyor (4A)
Every 1 meter Every 1 meter depthdepth
Water Water (nutrients: (nutrients: TAN, nitrite-N, TAN, nitrite-N, TN, SRP and TN, SRP and TP)TP)
VanDorn water VanDorn water samplersampler
Pooled sample Pooled sample (Surface & (Surface & bottom) bottom)
5% buffered (pH 5% buffered (pH 8.0-8.2) formalin8.0-8.2) formalin
Copepod Copepod (identification, (identification, enumeration and enumeration and biomass)biomass)
Sample Sample processingprocessing
Samples (3 bottles)
Split samples with Folsom plankton
splitter
sorting, identification &
enumeration
sorting, biomass
Wet weightWet weightDry weightDry weightAsh-free dry Ash-free dry
weightweight
Dissecting microscope Compound microscope
GroupGroup Seagrass Seagrass bedbed
Coastal Coastal waters off a waters off a mangrove mangrove forest reserve forest reserve
Coastal Coastal waters off waters off a shrimp a shrimp farmfarm
Cage Cage culture culture areaarea
CopepodsCopepods 72.2472.24 65.3765.37 63.6263.62 68.4968.49
NaupliiNauplii 7.547.54 8.068.06 7.947.94 10.4810.48
CopepodidsCopepodids 1.751.75 12.8812.88 13.3213.32 12.2912.29
CalanoidsCalanoids 45.8445.84 30.1430.14 29.4829.48 26.1126.11
CyclopoidsCyclopoids 12.7112.71 11.4911.49 9.239.23 16.3116.31
HarpacticoidsHarpacticoids 3.693.69 2.672.67 2.992.99 2.522.52
PoecilostomatoidsPoecilostomatoids 0.710.71 0.130.13 0.660.66 0.780.78
Non-copepodNon-copepod 27.7627.76 34.6334.63 36.3836.38 31.5131.51
% of copepod and non-copepod groups from different coastal zone ecosystems in the Malacca Straits
Copepod density (x10Copepod density (x1044 ind/m ind/m33) in 4 coastal ecosystems ) in 4 coastal ecosystems along the Malacca Straitsalong the Malacca Straits
0.00
15.00
30.00
45.00
60.00
75.00
90.00
105.00
120.00
135.00
150.00
Coastal w aters off ashrimp aquaculture
farm
Coastal w aters off amangrove forest
reserve
Cage culture area Seagrass area
De
nsi
ty (
x104
ind
v/m
3) a
a
bb
Copepod density (x10Copepod density (x1044 ind/m ind/m33) in 4 coastal ecosystems ) in 4 coastal ecosystems along the Straits of Malacca, in different seasonsalong the Straits of Malacca, in different seasons
0.020.040.060.080.0
100.0120.0140.0160.0180.0200.0
Nov(NE)
Jan(NE)
March(Pre-SW)
May(SW)
July(SW)
Sept(Post-SW)
Den
sity
(x1
04 i
nd
v/m
3 )
Coastal waters off ashrimp aquaculture farm
Coastal waters off amangrove forest reserve
Cage culture area
Seagrass area
Natural ecosystems
Density (x 10Density (x 1044 ind/m ind/m33) of copepod vs non-copepod at ) of copepod vs non-copepod at different monsoon season in the different monsoon season in the seagrass areaseagrass area (significant difference within the seasons)(significant difference within the seasons)
0.05.0
10.015.020.025.030.035.040.045.050.055.060.0
Intermonsoon 1 SW Intermonsoon 2 NE
Monsoon season
De
ns
ity
(x
10
4 ind
/m3 ) Copepod Non-copepods
cb
c
a
c cb
a
Density (x 10Density (x 1033 ind/m ind/m33) of copepods vs non-copepods in ) of copepods vs non-copepods in diff. monsoon seasons in diff. monsoon seasons in cage aquaculture areacage aquaculture area
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
Intermonsoon 1 SW Intermonsoon 2 NE
De
ns
ity
(x1
03 in
dv/
m3 )
Copepod Non-copepods
a
b
aa
b
a
bb
Density (x 10Density (x 1044 ind/m ind/m33) of copepod vs non-copepod ) of copepod vs non-copepod in different monsoon seasons in the coastal in different monsoon seasons in the coastal waters off a waters off a shrimp aquaculture farmshrimp aquaculture farm ( (no significant no significant difference between seasonsdifference between seasons))
0.015.030.045.060.075.090.0
105.0120.0135.0150.0165.0180.0
Intermonsoon1 SW Intermonsoon 2 NE
De
nsi
ty (
x 10
4 ind
v/m
3 )Copepod Non Copepod
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
Density (x 10Density (x 1044 ind/m ind/m33) of copepod vs non-copepod at ) of copepod vs non-copepod at different monsoon season in the coastal waters off different monsoon season in the coastal waters off mangrove area mangrove area
0.025.050.075.0
100.0125.0150.0175.0200.0225.0250.0
Intermonsoon1
SW Intermonsoon2
NE
Monsoon season
Den
sity
(x10
4 ind
/m3 ) Copepod Non Copepod
a
a
aa
b ab
b
Copepod biomass (mg/mCopepod biomass (mg/m33) in 4 different coastal ) in 4 different coastal ecosystems along the Malacca Straitsecosystems along the Malacca Straits
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
Coastal watersoff a shrimpaquaculture
farm
Coastal watersoff a mangroveforest reserved
Cage culturearea
Seagrass area
Bio
mas
s (m
g/m
3) a
b
c c
Copepod biomass (mg/mCopepod biomass (mg/m33) in four different coastal ) in four different coastal ecosystems along the Straits of Malacca in different seasonsecosystems along the Straits of Malacca in different seasons
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
Nov (NE) Jan (NE) March(Pre-SW)
May(SW)
July(SW)
Sept(Post-SW)
Season
Bio
ma
ss (
mg
/m3 )
Coastal waters off ashrimp aquaculture farm
Coastal waters off amangrove forest reserved
Cage culture area
Seagrass area
Abundance (x 10Abundance (x 1044 ind/m ind/m33) of common copepod species in ) of common copepod species in different size fractions (mm) in 4 coastal ecosystems along different size fractions (mm) in 4 coastal ecosystems along Malacca StraitsMalacca Straits
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
Coastal w aters off a shrimpaquacuture farm
Coastal w aters off amangrove forest reserve
Cage culture area Seagrass area
Coastal ecosystems
De
ns
ity
(x10
4 in
d/m
3)
< 0.5 0.5 - 1.0 > 1.0
aa
b
aa
b a a a aa b
Abundance of common copepod species (x 10Abundance of common copepod species (x 1033 ind/m ind/m33) ) in different size fractions (mm) in diff. monsoon seasons in different size fractions (mm) in diff. monsoon seasons in in seagrass areaseagrass area
0.025.050.075.0
100.0125.0150.0175.0200.0225.0250.0275.0300.0
Intermonsoon 1 SW Intermonsoon 2 NE
Monsoon season
De
ns
ity
(x1
03 in
d/m
3 )
< 0.5 0.5 - 1.0 > 1.0
a aa a
b a a
a
a
b
Abundance of common copepod species (x 10Abundance of common copepod species (x 1033 ind/mind/m33) in different size fractions (mm)in different ) in different size fractions (mm)in different monsoon seasons in the cage aquaculture area monsoon seasons in the cage aquaculture area (significant difference within size fractions exist (significant difference within size fractions exist depending on the season)depending on the season)
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
Intermonsoon 1 SW Intermonsoon 2 NE
Monsoon season
De
ns
ity
(x1
03 in
dv/
m3 )
< 0.5 0.5 - 1.0 > 1.0
a
b
c
a a
a
a
b
c
a
a
b
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
Intermonsoon 1 SW Intermonsoon 2 NE
Monsoon season
De
ns
ity
(x1
04 i
nd
v/m
3 )< 0.5 0.5 - 1.0 > 1.0
Abundance of common copepod species (x 10Abundance of common copepod species (x 104 4 ind/mind/m33) ) in different size fractions (mm) in diff. seasons in waters in different size fractions (mm) in diff. seasons in waters off a shrimp aquaculture farm.off a shrimp aquaculture farm.
a a
b
a a
b
a a
b
a
a
b
Copepod densityCopepod density (x 10(x 1033 ind/m ind/m33) in different size ) in different size fractions (mm) in diff. monsoon seasons in fractions (mm) in diff. monsoon seasons in coastal waters off mangrove forest (lowest coastal waters off mangrove forest (lowest (p<0.05) density for bigger size copepod)(p<0.05) density for bigger size copepod)
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
Intermonsoon 1 SW Intermonsoon 2 NE
Monsoon season
De
ns
ity
(x1
04 i
nd
/m3 )
< 0.5 0.5 - 1.0 > 1.0
a
a
b
a a
b
a
a
b
aa
b
Copepod species in different size fractions (mm)Copepod species in different size fractions (mm)
Size category (mm)
<0.50 0.5-1.0 >1.0
Nauplii,
copepodites,
Oithona rigida
O.simplex
Euterpina
acutifrons
Oncaea sp.
Clausocalanus
minor
Paracalanus aculateus, P. crassirostris, P. elegans, P. parvus, Acartia pacifica,
Acartia sp 1,
Acrocalanus gibber,
Oithona sp.1,
Microsetella norwegica
Nannocalanus sp., Acartia erythraea, Candacia discauda,
Candacia catula, Tortanus forcipatus,
Tortanus sp.1
Centropages furcatus
Eucalanus crassus E. subcrassus,
E. subtenuis,
Labidocera acuta
Tortanus barbatus
Temora stylifera
Temora turbinate
Species diversity index (H’), evenness (J’) and Species diversity index (H’), evenness (J’) and species richness in 4 ecosystems in Malacca species richness in 4 ecosystems in Malacca Straits in diff. seasonsStraits in diff. seasons
IndexIndex Seagrass Seagrass bedbed
Coastal Coastal waters off a waters off a mangrove mangrove forest reserve forest reserve
Coastal Coastal waters off waters off a shrimp a shrimp farmfarm
Cage Cage culture culture areaarea
H’ (species H’ (species diversity indexdiversity index
3.24± 0.03
2.82±0.02
2.90± 0.03
3.49 ±0.02
J’ Species J’ Species evennessevenness
0.90 ±0.01
0.83±0.01
0.81± 0.01
0.88 ±0.01
d (species d (species richness)richness)
4.97 ±0.1
3.45±0.06
4.15± 0.06
7.64 ±0.26
Copepod diversity indices from different coastal zone ecosystems in the Malacca Straits
# Genera # Species H’
30 67
Seagrass 20 48 3.24± 0.03
Cage Aquac 24 59 3.49 ±0.02
Shrimp farm
16 44 2.90± 0.03
Mangroves
14 35 2.82±0.02
Non-metric multi-dimensional scaling of four different coastal ecosystems along Malacca Straits
Shrimp FShrimp Farm
Seagrass Bed
Cage Aquac
Mangroves
Seagrass Seagrass bedbed
MangroveMangrove Shrimp Shrimp farmfarm
CageCage
Temp (ºC)Temp (ºC) 29.88±0.2129.88±0.21 29.92±0.2229.92±0.22 29.94±0.2529.94±0.25 30.06±0.3630.06±0.36
Salinity (ppt)Salinity (ppt) 30.86±0.5930.86±0.59 30.79±0.6430.79±0.64 30.79±0.6430.79±0.64 30.68±0.7130.68±0.71
pHpH 7.88±0.057.88±0.05 7.83±0.047.83±0.04 7.84± 0.047.84± 0.04 7.88± 0.017.88± 0.01
Diss.ODiss.O22 (mg/L) (mg/L) 4.68±0.264.68±0.26 4.73±0.294.73±0.29 4.96±0.274.96±0.27 4.48±0.184.48±0.18
Conductivity Conductivity (µS/cm)(µS/cm)
47.32±0.8047.32±0.80 47.27±0.8047.27±0.80 47.32±0.8347.32±0.83 47.08±0.9747.08±0.97
Turbidity Turbidity (NTU)(NTU)
11.58±2.6511.58±2.65 13.52±3.7113.52±3.71 16.05±2.9416.05±2.94 9.12±0.619.12±0.61
TDS (mg/L)TDS (mg/L) 30.36±0.5630.36±0.56 29.28±0.9929.28±0.99 30.34±0.5030.34±0.50 30.13±0.6230.13±0.62
In situ water quality parameter in different coastal zone ecosystems in the Malacca Straits.
Changes in SRP concentrations (µg/L) in 4 coastal Changes in SRP concentrations (µg/L) in 4 coastal ecosystems along the Straits of Malacca in diff. seasonsecosystems along the Straits of Malacca in diff. seasons
0.025.050.075.0
100.0125.0150.0175.0200.0225.0250.0
Nov (NE) Jan (NE) March (Pre-SW)
May (SW) July (SW) Sept (Post-SW)
Season
Cage culture area
coastal waters off a shrimp aquaculture farm
Seagrass area
coastal waters off a mangrove forest reserve
SR
P c
on
ce
ntr
ati
on
s (
µg
/L)
Changes in Total P conc.(µg/L) in 4 coastal ecosystems Changes in Total P conc.(µg/L) in 4 coastal ecosystems
along the Straits of Malacca in diff. seasonsalong the Straits of Malacca in diff. seasons
50.0
75.0
100.0
125.0
150.0
175.0
200.0
225.0
250.0
Nov (NE) Jan (NE) March(Pre-SW)
May (SW) July (SW) Sept (Post-SW)
Cage culture area
coastal waters off a shrimp aquaculture farm
Seagrass area
coastal waters off a mangrove forest reserve
To
tal
P c
on
ce
ntr
ati
on
s (
µg
/L)
Changes in total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentrations Changes in total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentrations (µg/L) in 4 coastal ecosystems along the Straits of Malacca (µg/L) in 4 coastal ecosystems along the Straits of Malacca
in diff. seasonsin diff. seasons
0.010.020.030.040.050.060.070.080.090.0
100.0110.0120.0
Nov (NE) Jan (NE) March (Pre-SW)
May (SW) July (SW) Sept (Post-SW)
Cage culture area
coastal waters off a shrimp aquaculture farm
Seagrass area
coastal waters off a mangrove forest reserve
TA
N c
on
ce
ntr
ati
on
s (
µg
/L)
Changes in nitrite nitrogen concentrations (µg/L) in 4 Changes in nitrite nitrogen concentrations (µg/L) in 4
ecosystems along the Straits of Malacca in diff. seasonsecosystems along the Straits of Malacca in diff. seasons
0.0012.0024.0036.0048.0060.0072.0084.0096.00
108.00120.00
Nov (NE) Jan (NE) March (Pre-SW)
May (SW) July (SW) Sept (Post-SW)
Cage culture area
coastal waters off a shrimp aquaculture farm
Seagrass area
coastal waters off a mangrove forest reserve
Nit
rite
-N c
on
ce
ntr
ati
on
s (
µg
/L)
Changes in total nitrogen concentrations (µg/L) in 4 coastal Changes in total nitrogen concentrations (µg/L) in 4 coastal
ecosystems along the Straits of Malacca in diff. seasonsecosystems along the Straits of Malacca in diff. seasons
140.0
170.0
200.0
230.0
260.0
290.0
320.0
Nov (NE) Jan (NE) March (Pre-SW)
May (SW) July (SW) Sept (Post-SW)
Cage culture area
coastal waters off a shrimp aquaculture farm
Seagrass area
coastal waters off a mangrove forest reserve
To
tal
nit
rog
en
co
nc
en
tra
tio
ns
(µ
g/L
)
GroupsGroups Seagrass Seagrass areaarea
Cage culture Cage culture areaarea
Coastal Coastal waters off a waters off a shrimp aqua shrimp aqua farmfarm
Coastal Coastal waters off waters off mangrovesmangroves
CalanoidsCalanoids Paracalanus Paracalanus sppspp
Paracalanus Paracalanus sppspp
ParacalanusParacalanus sppspp
Paracalanus Paracalanus sppspp
ClausocalanusClausocalanus sppspp
AcartiaAcartia spp spp AcartiaAcartia spp spp
AcartiaAcartia spp spp
CyclopoidsCyclopoids OithonaOithona spp spp
The most dominant copepod genera from different coastal zone ecosystems along the Malacca Straits
OithonaOithona spp sppOithonaOithona spp spp
List of copepod species from 4 ecosystems (seagrass = S; coastal List of copepod species from 4 ecosystems (seagrass = S; coastal waters off a mangrove forest reserve = M; coastal waters off a waters off a mangrove forest reserve = M; coastal waters off a shrimp aquaculture farm = SF and cage culture area = C) in the shrimp aquaculture farm = SF and cage culture area = C) in the Straits of Malacca. Straits of Malacca.
Group/Family Genera Number of species
S M SF C
Calanoid
Acartidae Acartia 3 3 3 3
Calanidae Canthocalanus 1 - - 1
Nannocalanus 1 - - 1
Undinula 1 - - -
Candacidae Candacia - - 3 3
Centropagidae Centropages 4 - - 4
Clausocalanus 3 - 3 3
Eucalanidae Eucalanus - 3 3 3
Euchaetidae Euchaeta - - - 2
Group/Family Genera No. of species
S M SF C
Calanoid
Metridinidae Pleuromamma - - - 1
Pontellidae Calanopia - - - 3
Labidocera 6 6 6 6
Pontella - - - 1
Pontellopsis 1 - - -
Paracalanidae Acrocalanus 3 2 3 3
Paracalanus 4 4 4 4
Pseudodiaptomidae Pseudodiaptomus - - 2 -
Temoridae Temora 3 3 3 2
Tortaridae Tortanus 3 3 3 3
Sub-Total 33 24 33 43
Cyclopoid
Oithonidae Oithona 4 6 5 6
Sub-Total 4 6 5 6
Family Genera Number of species
S M SF C
Harpacticoid
Clytemnestridae Clytemnestra 1 1 - 1
Ectinosomatidae Microsetella 1 1 1 1
Euterpinidae Euterpina 1 1 1 1
Miraciidae Macrosetella - - 1 -
Miracia 1 - - -
Sub-Total 4 3 3 3
Poecilostomatoid
Corycaecidae Corycaeus 4 - 2 4
Oncaeidae Oncaea 1 1 1 1
Sapphirinidae Copilia 2 1 - 2
Sub-Total 7 2 3 7
Grand Total 48 35 44 59
Conclusions• Dominance
– Copepods dominated: ~70% vs. 30%
– Amongst copepods:
•Calanoid dominated: 26-46%, followed by cyclopoids
• Densities & Biomass
– Coastal waters (mangroves & shrimps) higher than specific areas (sea-grass beds & cages); both densities & biomass
– Higher densities during NE monsoon in sea-grass & off-mangrove areas
– Biomass relatively constant throughout
Conclusions - Cont• Size distribution
– All ecosystems dominated by small-medium species; <1.0 mm
– Similar trends throughout seasons, small % of big copepods, >1.0 mm
– In sea-grass area, higher density of medium sized copepods (0.5 – 1.0 mm), esp. in NE monsoon
– In other areas, small copepods (<0.5 mm) dominate
• Clustering
– 2 distinct areas:
•off-shore mangroves and shrimp farm areas
•In specific areas: seagrass & cages: with high fish larvae – high predation? – difficult without adequate data
Conclusions - Cont• Species Diversity
– Higher species diversity in areas in sea-grass bed & cage culture area (in low density areas)
– Mainly due to differences in richness
Controlling factor?– medium predation? Keep density low, and Biodiversity high
Higher nutrients in shrimp and mangrove areas – higher density
More datasets required to explain observations