Copmuter Controlled Traffic Light

8/10/2019 Copmuter Controlled Traffic Light

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Abstract

Traffic congestion in urban road and freeway networks leads to a strong

degradation of the network infrastructure and accordingly reduced

throughput which can be countered via suitable control measures and

strategies. A concise overview of proposed and implemented control

strategies is provided for this high demanding task: urban road networks,

freeway networks and route guidance. This project work proposes a more

user friendly and versatile approach to meet this task; this approach uses a

computer as the embedded controller to meet this tasking need. For the sake

of clarity this project is tagged Computer Controlled Traffic Light.


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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

For road and highway systems the safe and efficient flow of traffic through

intersections is paramount. Traffic is controlled at the intersection of roads by

traffic lights and traffic signals to ensure there are no accidents or collisions.

In some traffic signal control systems the period of green signals and red

signals can change depending on the time of day and traffic conditions, as can

the duration that pedestrians can cross roads in front of stationary traffic. To

meet all these requirements of a real time interconnected system, the

Computer Controlled Traffic Light is the ideal embedded platform due to

its robust design, compact design factor, reliable high performance processor

and multitude of interfaces for connection to communications equipment and

redundant communications equipment.

The ruggedized compact design makes this scheme suitable to be mounted in

a roadside outdoor cabinet that is exposed to the most extreme weather

conditions. The ultra reliable processor technology provides the stability and


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reliability required for real time traffic signal control and the networking

support to interconnect signals and the traffic control centre.

1.2 Design Considerations

Ruggedized industrial design, wide operating temperature, fanless,

dustproof and suitable for installation in an outdoor roadside cabinet.

Reliable high performance processor with Windows support for

customized real time control and networking applications

Traffic lights, which may also be known as stoplights, traffic lamps, traffic

signals, stop-and-go lights, robots or semaphore, are signaling devices

positioned at road intersections, pedestrian crossings and other locations to

control competing flows of traffic. Traffic lights have been installed in most

cities around the world. They assign the right of way to road users by the use

of lights in standard colors ( red - yellow - green ), using a universal color

code (and a precise sequence to enable comprehension by those who are color

blind). In China, there were unsuccessful attempts to change the meaning of

"red" to "go" during the Cultural Revolution.

Typically, traffic lights consist of a set of three colored lights: red, yellow and

green. In a typical cycle,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red


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Illumination of the green light allows traffic to proceed in the direction

denoted,

Illumination of the yellow light denoting, if safe to do so, prepare to stop

short of the intersection, and

Illumination of the red signal prohibits any traffic from proceeding.

Usually, the red light contains some orange in its hue, and the green light

contains some blue, to provide some support for people with red-green color

blindness. (And indeed, many "green" traffic lights have blue lenses with a

yellowish bulb behind them, the combination yielding a green color.)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_(color)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_(color)


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Fig. 1 .1 The control loop

Figure 1.1 illustrates the basic elements of a control loop. The traffic flow

behavior in the (road or freeway or mixed) traffic network depends on some

external quantities that are classified into two groups: Control inputs that are

directly related to corresponding control devices (actuators), such as traffic

lights, variable message signs, etc.; Disturbances, whose values cannot be

manipulated, but may possibly be measurable (e.g. demand) or detectable


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(e.g. incident) or predictable over a future time horizon. The networks output

or performance is measured via suitable indices, such as the total time spent

by all vehicles in the network over a time horizon. The task of the computer is

to enhance and to extend the information provided by suitable sensors (e.g.

inductive loop detectors) as required by the subsequent control strategy and

the human operators. The relevance and efficiency of the control strategy

largely determines the efficiency of the overall control system. Therefore

control strategies should be designed with care, via application of powerful

and systematic methods of optimization and automatic control, rather than

via questionable heuristics.

1.3 Problem Statement

The objective of this project is to develop a compact unit that allows for

optimum utilization of the traffic control system by employing a customizable

traffic control system that will meet the test of time. This system will be a

powerful and flexible tool that will offer this service at any time with the

constraints of the technologies being applied.

The proposed approach for designing this system is to implement a Computer

Controlled Traffic Light control module that receives its instructions and


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commands from a host computer serving as the core of the system. The

computer then will carry out the issued commands.


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CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

History

Marshalite traffic signal formerly fitted in various intersections in Melbourne,

Australia, indicating how much time remained before a signal change.

On December 10, 1868, the first traffic lights were installed outside the British

Houses of Parliament in London, by the railway engineer J. P. Knight. They

resembled railway signals of the time, with semaphore arms and red and

green gas lamps for night use. The gas lantern was turned with a lever at its

base so that the appropriate light faced traffic. Unfortunately, it exploded on 2

January 1869, injuring or killing the policeman who was operating it.

Fig 2.0: An LED traffic light (Siemens Helios) in Portsmouth, United Kingdom.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth


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The modern electric traffic light is an American invention. As early as 1912 in

Salt Lake City, Utah, policeman Lester Wire invented the first red-green

electric traffic lights. On 5 August 1914, the American Traffic Signal Company

installed a traffic signal system on the corner of East 105th Street and Euclid

Avenue in Cleveland, Ohio. It had two colors, red and green, and a buzzer,

based on the design of James Hoge, to provide a warning for color changes.

The design by James Hoge allowed police and fire stations to control the

signals in case of emergency. The first four-way, three-color traffic light was

created by police officer William Potts in Detroit, Michigan in 1920. In 1922,

T.E. Hayes patented his "Combination traffic guide and traffic regulating

signal" (Patent # 1447659). Ashville, Ohio claims to be the location of the

oldest working traffic light in the United States, used at an intersection of

public roads until 1982 when it was moved to a local museum.

The first interconnected traffic signal system was installed in Salt Lake City in

1917, with six connected intersections controlled simultaneously from a

manual switch. Automatic control of interconnected traffic lights was

introduced March 1922 in Houston, Texas. The first automatic experimental

traffic lights in England were deployed in Wolverhampton in 1927. In 1923,

Garrett Morgan patented his own version. The Morgan traffic signal was a T-


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shaped pole unit that featured three hand-cranked positions: Stop, in all -

directional stop position. This third position halted traffic in all directions to

allow pedestrians to cross streets more safely. It s one "advantage" over

others of its type was the ability to operate it from a distance using a

mechanical linkage.

The color of the traffic lights representing stop and go might be derived from

those used to identify port (red) and starboard (green) in maritime rules

governing right of way, where the vessel on the left must stop for the one

crossing on the right.

Fig 2.0: Computerized traffic control box Turin


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Timers on traffic lights originated in Taipei, Taiwan, and brought to the US

after an engineer discovered its use. Though uncommon in most American

urban areas, timers are still used in some other Western Hemisphere

countries. Timers are useful for drivers/pedestrians to plan if there is enough

time to attempt to cross the intersection before the light turns red and

conversely, the amount of time before the light turns green.

In the traffic controllers above, the operation is purely static meaning that the

sole control is initiated and governed by the system controller. But here, in

this project, a different approach is adopted; the control in this regards is the

sole responsibility of the computer for ease of control and versatility.

With the introduction of a computer in the design, customizing the operation

of the control will be very easy and will also be easily adopted to suit different

traffic need.


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CHAPTER THREE

COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

RESISTOR

Resistors are one of the most common components in an electronic circuit. The

basic operation is to limit the flow of current in the circuit. Many resistor values

were used in this project. Some of them include 1K, 10k, 100 and the 330

used to limit the current that flows to the seven segment display.

How to read Resistor Color Codes

Black Brown Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Grey White

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

First find the tolerance band, it will typically be gold (5%) and sometimes silver

(10%). Starting from the other end, identify the first band - write down the

number associated with that color; in this case Brown is 1. Now 'read' the next

color, here it is Black so write down a '0' next to the six. (You should have '10' so

far.) Now read the third or 'multiplier exponent' band and write down that as the

Fig 1.4 Resistor color code


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number of zeros. In this example it is two so we get '1000'. If the 'multiplier

exponent' band is Black (for zero) don't write any zeros down.

If the 'multiplier exponent' band is Gold move the decimal point one to the left. If

the 'multiplier exponent' band is Silver move the decimal point two places to the

left. If the resistor has one more band past the tolerance band it is a quality band.

BS 1852 Coding for resistor values

The letter R is used for Ohms and K for Kohms M for Megohms and placed where

the decimal point would go.

At the end is a letter that represents tolerance Where M=20%, K=10%, J=5%,

G=2%, and F=1% D=.5% C=.25 B=.1%

CAPACITOR

Capacitors store electric charge. They are used with resistors in timing circuitsbecause it takes time for a capacitor to fill with charge. They are used to smooth

varying DC supplies by acting as a reservoir of charge. They are also used in filter

circuits because capacitors easily pass AC (changing) signals but they block DC

(constant) signals. There are many types of capacitor but they can be split into

two groups, polarized and unpolarised. Each group has its own circuit symbol.

Electrolytic Capacitors


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Electrolytic capacitors are polarized and they must be connected the correct way

round, at least one of their leads will be marked + or -. They are not damaged by

heat when soldering.

There are two designs of electrolytic capacitors; axial where the leads are

attached to each end (220F in picture) and radial where both leads are at the

same end (10F in picture). Radial capacitors tend to be a little smaller and they

stand upright on the circuit board. It is easy to find the value of electrolytic

capacitors because they are clearly printed with their capacitance and voltage

rating. The voltage rating can be quite low (6V for example) and it should always

be checked when selecting an electrolytic capacitor.

Non-polarized capacitors

Small value capacitors are non-polarized and may be connected either way round.

They are not damaged by heat when soldering, except for one unusual type

(polystyrene). They have high voltage ratings of at least 50V, usually 250V or so. It

can be difficult to find the values of these small capacitors because there are

many types of them and several different labeling systems!

Fi 1.5 Electrol tic Ca acitors


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Many small value capacitors have their value printed but without a multiplier, so

you need to use experience to work out what the multiplier should be.

TRANSISTORS

Transistors are made from semiconductors. These are materials, such as silicon or

germanium, that are doped (have minute amounts of foreign elements added)

so that either an abundance or a lack of free electrons exists. In the former case,

the semiconductor is called n-type, and in the latter case, p-type. By combining n-

type and p-type materials, a diode can be produced. When this diode is

connected to a battery so that the p-type material is positive and the n-type

negative, electrons are repelled from the negative battery terminal and pass

unimpeded to the p-region, which lacks electrons. With battery reversed, the

electrons arriving in the p-material can pass only with difficulty to the n-material,

which is already filled with free electrons, and the current is almost zero.

The bipolar transistor was invented in 1948 as a replacement for the triode

vacuum tube. It consists of three layers of doped material, forming two p-n

(bipolar) junctions with configurations of p-n-p or n-p-n. One junction is

connected to a battery so as to allow current flow (forward bias), and the other

junction has a battery connected in the opposite direction (reverse bias). If the

current in the forward-biased junction is varied by the addition of a signal, the

current in the reverse-biased junction of the transistor will vary accordingly. The

principle can be used to construct amplifiers in which a small signal applied to the


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received radio signal was detected by means of a germanium crystal and a fine,

pointed wire that rested on it. In modern germanium (or silicon) point-contact

diodes, the wire and a tiny crystal plate are mounted inside a small glass tube and

connected to two wires that are fused into the ends of the tube.

BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

MICROCONTROLLER UNIT (MCU)

The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with

8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured

using Atmels high -density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with

the industry- standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows

the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional

nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a

powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective

solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the

following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines,

Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-

level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clockcircuitry.

In this design the microcontroller forms the core of the system, meaning that all

mathematical and logical operation of the system is executed from within it.


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Microcontroller's Pins

Pins 1-8: Port 1 Each of these pins can be configured as input or output.

Pin 9: RS Logical one on this pin stops microcontrollers operating and erases the

contents of most registers. By applying logical zero to this pin, the program starts

execution from the beginning. In other words, a positive voltage pulse on this pin

resets the microcontroller.

Pins10-17: Port 3 Similar to port 1, each of these pins can serve as universal input

or output. Besides, all of them have alternative functions:

(T2) P1.0(T2 EX) P1.1P1.2P1.3P1.4(MOSI) P1.5(MISO) P1.6(SCK) P1.7RST(RXD)P3.0(TXD) P3.1(INT0) P3.2(INT1) P3.3(T0) P3.4(T1) P3.5(WR)P3.6(RD) P3.7

XTAL2XTAL1GND

VCCP0.0 (AD0)P0.1 (AD1)P0.2 (AD2)P0.3 (AD3)

P0.4 (AD4)P0.5 (AD5)P0.6 (AD6)P0.7 (AD7)EA/VPPALE/PROGPSENP2.7 (A15)P2.6 (A14)P2.5 (A13)P2.4 (A12)P2.3 (A11)P2.2 (A10)P2.1 (A9)P2.0 (A8)

Pin Configuration of Atmel 89s52 Microcontroller


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Pin 10: RXD Serial asynchronous communication input or Serial synchronous

communication output.

Pin 11: TXD Serial asynchronous communication output or Serial synchronous

communication clock output.

Pin 12: INT0 Interrupt 0 input

Pin 13: INT1 Interrupt 1 input

Pin 14: T0 Counter 0 clock input

Pin 15: T1 Counter 1 clock input

Pin 16: WR Signal for writing to external (additional) RAM

Pin 17: RD Signal for reading from external RAM

Pin 18, 19: X2 X1 Internal oscillator input and output. A quartz crystal which

determines operating frequency is usually connected to these pins. Instead of

quartz crystal, the miniature ceramics resonators can be also used for frequency

stabilization. Later versions of the microcontrollers operate at a frequency of 0 Hz

up to over 50 Hz.

Pin 20: GND Ground

Pin 21-28: Port 2 If there is no intention to use external memory then these port

pins are configured as universal inputs/outputs. In case external memory is used

then the higher address byte, i.e. addresses A8-A15 will appear on this port.

Pin 29: PSEN if external ROM is used for storing program then it has a logic-0

value every time the microcontroller reads a byte from memory.


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Pin 30: ALE Prior to each reading from external memory, the microcontroller will

set the lower address byte (A0-A7) on P0 and immediately after that activates the

output ALE.

Pin 31: EA By applying logic zero to this pin, P2 and P3 are used for data and

address transmission with no regard to whether there is internal memory or not.

That means that even there is a program written to the microcontroller, it will not

be executed, the program written to external ROM will be used instead.

Otherwise, by applying logic one to the EA pin, the microcontroller will use both

memories, first internal and afterwards external (if it exists), up to end of address

space.

Pin 32-39: Port 0 Similar to port 2, if external memory is not used, these pins can

be used as universal inputs or outputs.

Pin 40: VCC Power supply +5V

POWER SUPPLY UNIT

the power supply ection is built around a conventional components and also run

directly from a 6VDC that is stabilised down to 5VDC for proper operation of the

microcontroller. Below is the power supply circuit when running from the utility

supply.


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As seen on the above figure, in order to enable microcontroller to operate

properly it is necessary to provide:

Power supply

Reset signal

Clock signal

Obviously, all this is about very simple circuits, but it does not have to be always

like that. If device is used for handling expensive machines or for maintaining vital

functions, everything becomes more and more complicated! This kind of solution

is quite enough for the time being. The circuit, shown on the figure above, uses

cheap voltage stabilisator LM7805 and provides high-quality voltage level and

quite enough current to enable microcontroller and peripheral electronics to

operate (sufficient current in this case amounts to 1A)!


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VISUAL DISPLAY UNIT

The visual display unit is used to show the current value of calculated

instantaneous voltage of the battery. It is built around the microcontroller whichserves as the core for the system by outputting the desired values of information

unto the display and a multiplexed seven segment display. Basically, LED displays

are nothing else but several LEDs molded in the same plastic case. Diodes are

arranged so that different marks-commonly digits: 0, 1, and 2...9 are displayed by

activating them. There are many types of displays composed of several dozens of

built in diodes which can display different symbols.

The most commonly used are so called 7-segment displays. They are composed of

8 LEDs, 7 segments are arranged as a rectangle for symbol displaying and there is

additional segment for decimal point displaying. In order to simplify connecting,

anodes and cathodes of all diodes are connected to the common pin so that there

are common cathode displays and common anode displays. Segments are marked

with the litters A to G as shown on the figure on the left. When connecting, each

diode is treated independently, which means that each must have its own

conductor for current limitation.

When connecting displays to the microcontroller, the greatest problem is a great

deal of valuable I/O pins which they occupy, especially if it is needed to display


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several-digit numbers. Problem is more than obvious if for example it is needed to

display two 6-digit numbers (a simple calculation shows that 96 output pins are

needed)!The solution on this problem is called MULTIPLEXING . This is how optical

illusion based on the same operating principle as film camera occurs. The

principle is that only one digit is active but by quick changing one gets impression

that all digits of a number are active at the same time.

DC MOTOR

In general, DC motors are similar to DC generators in construction. They may, in

fact, be described as generators run backwards. When c urrent is passed

through the armature of a DC motor, a torque is generated by magnetic reaction,

and the armature revolves. The action of the commutator and the connections of

the field coils of motors are precisely the same as those used for generators. The

revolution of the armature induces a voltage in the armature windings. Thisinduced voltage is opposite in direction to the outside voltage applied to the

armature, and hence is called back voltage or counter electromotive force (emf).

As the motor rotates more rapidly, the back voltage rises until it is almost equal to

the applied voltage. The current is then small, and the speed of the motor will

remain constant as long as the motor is not under load and is performing no

mechanical work except that required to turn the armature. Under load thearmature turns more slowly, reducing the back voltage and permitting a larger

current to flow in the armature. The motor is thus able to receive more electric

power from the source supplying it and to do more mechanical work.


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CHAPTER FOUR

3. SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

3.1. Traffic Controller Hardware

The traffic controller hardware is developed using ATmega128 128Kbyte

microcontroller. The microcontroller has 32 pins I/O ports. The ports will be

used to drive 10 phases traffic light system. Since a phase has three lights,

which are green, amber and red light, and each light is driven by a relay

switch, then the I/O ports will be used to drive 30 relay units. The I/O ports


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will also be used to drive 1 unit of character LCD, 30 LEDs to control the ports

status, communicate with an industrial computer through serial

communication and communicate with the Real Time Clock (RTC). In order to

perform all of the tasks, about 40 pins are required; 30 pins used to drive the

relays and the LEDs, 6 pins used to drive the character LCD, 2 pins to

communicate with the industrial computer and 2 pins to perform serial

communication. Hence, several manipulation techniques are needed to save

the use of the microcontrollers ports.

3.1.2. PROCESSOR PROGRAMS

The microcontroller as the processor needs to be programmed to work

smartly with perfect communication with the computer. The controller

system is designed to be able to optimize the traffic flow using 3 kinds of

strategies, which are green time split and time slot, green time extension, and

offset optimization strategy. In order to execute the entire strategies, except

the time slot strategy, the controller must be integrated with the industrial


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computer. The time slot strategy is the backup strategy when the industrial

computer.

Basically, there are three main tasks that must be handled by the processor,

which are clock and time slot data reading, timing and incoming data

monitoring all these via the industrial computer. The first task is performed at

the beginning of every traffic cycle while the last two tasks must be handled in

real time. In order to handle the real time tasks, the internal timer

interruption of the processor needs to be activated. In the proposed traffic

controller hardware, the timer interruption will be set to 250 ms, it means the

timing and data monitoring process will be executed 4 times per second. It

will allow the tasks to be carried out thoroughly. By using this technique, the

processor will have a very high probability of capturing the serial data fromthe computer successfully.

3.1.3 THE SOFTWARE

Flow Chart


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Fig 3.0: Flow chart of the system program

Actually, the controller hardware can work independently, without the need

for integration with the software. Since it optimizes the traffic flow using

traffic sensor, the interface software is needed. The software has the


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In this device, an automated camera is connected to the triggering mechanism

for the corresponding traffic light, which is targeted to monitoring the lanes.

In some countries such as United States, private companies have been

contracted to operate traffic-related cameras and in turn receive a portion of

the resulting revenues. In some cases red light cameras have been abused by

local governments, where vehicle operators have been fined as a result of

traffic systems that have been improperly modified.

This device uses a CCTV Closed Circuit TV camera. This offers a real time

video streaming and monitors the congestion rate in the lanes. The image

below shows a typical CCTV camera.

Fig 3.3 CCTV Camera


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Solar energy radiation is produced by nuclear fusion reactions deep in the

Suns core. The Sun provide s almost all the heat and light Earth receives and

therefore sustains every living being.

Solar cells called photovoltaics made from thin slices of crystalline silicon,

gallium arsenide, or other semiconductor materials convert solar radiation

directly into electricity. Cells with conversion efficiencies greater than 30

percent are now available. By connecting large numbers of these cells into

modules, the cost of photovoltaic electricity has been reduced to 20 to 30

cents per kilowatt-hour. Solar power used in this device supplies constant

electric power to the computer, cameras and traffic lighting system. An image

describing the real- time implementation of solar powered traffic light is

shown below.

Fig 3.4 Image, Real Time Implementation of Solar Traffic Light


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PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

The principle of operation of this traffic control device can well be explained

by the use of the block diagram shown below.


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Fig Block Diagram, Solar Powered, Computer Controlled Real

Time Traffic Light with Camera

From the diagram above it can be seen that there are four Cameras, each is

mounted on the four lanes to monitor the movement of cars and pedestrians.

The cameras are all connected to a hub like in computer network. The hub

then sends video signal to the computer which uses it to determine the action

to take based on the pre-written program (software) controlling the

computer.

The solar energy power in diagram powers the whole system while the traffic

massage display displays information such as the maximum speed limit and


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road directions. It can also be used to give traffic warning such as Bumps

Ahead , Sharp Bend, Rail Way Crossing etc.

The traffic lights as we all know gives road users information on when to

move or stop in a junction. The traffic light convention is maintained in the

design of this work. This goes like this;

Red ---------------------- Stop

Green ---------------------- Go

Red + Amber ------------- Get ready to stop

Green + Amber ---------- Get ready to go


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CHAPTER FIVE

4.1 CONCLUSION

This project shows the development of the smart traffic controller system. The

use of a computer instead of other controllers is far preferred to the use of

Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). This design makes the smart traffic

controller hardware a low cost system. The proposed manipulations

techniques are to save enhance system implemented. A program downloaded

into the microcontroller enables it to establish a high accuracy timing, high

consistently in performing data interchange with the industrial computer. The

developed software also works well as the interface between the traffic

controller hardware with the traffic sensors and the traffic expert. The

software can be used to perform traffic data interchange and it enables the

proposed system to realize several traffic flow optimization strategies at a

single or network junctions.


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Copmuter Controlled Traffic Light

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