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Creating Multi-Purpose
Coppice Landscapes
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Coppice Landscapes
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Silviculture
The growing and cultivation of treeslate 19th cent.: from French sylviculture, from Latin silva
wood + French culture cultivation.
Both an art and a science. Coppice is one silvicultural practice that
creates and maintains an even-aged standstructure via vegetative reproductionstump sprouts.
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Coppice: from the French couper - to cut
Coppicing is a forestmanagement practice inwhich (mostly) broadleaftrees and shrubs are cut,
allowed to resprout fromthe stump, andsubsequently harvested on1-60 year cycles.
Plants are usually cutduring the dormant/winterseason, but not always.
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Why Coppice Now?From a Hydrocarbon Economy . . .
!
!
!
! !
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Why Coppice Now?From a Hydrocarbon Economy to a Carbohydrate Economy
The real issue of our age is how we make a graceful and
ethical descent from the energy peak.David Holmgren
Growth Tech!
Lifeboats!
Green Tech Stability!
Regenerative!Descent!
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Cordwood
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Charcoal
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Mushrooms
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Fencing
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Dormant buds
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Adventitious buds
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7/27/2019 Coppice Agroforestry
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natural e^eneraf,ionmayoccur*here ghown nevenaqed.May lsobeevenaged
deadtrree
I ,0,,,,,10m
TIOm
ttItIIIIIIIIIIIIII-LIIL-TIII-IrI
newly ut, ehowin7irst' year growhh
mailtre,free-^rownTrw
replacementrtrree,inuardoldpollardrecently cutr37
f
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Diverse Yields fromCoppice with Standards
Nut or timber trees in the overstory (e.g., oak, hickory, walnut).
Coppice on short or medium rotation for fiber or otherproducts in the woody understory (e.g., willow, hazel, etc.).
Perennial veggies, medicinal herbs, fertility plants, mushrooms,small livestock (e.g., poultry, rabbits) in herbaceous layer.
One year after cutting. Five or more years after cutting, ready to recut.
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Winter, just after harvest.
The summer following.
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Cultivating the Meadow in the AirMichael Machatschek, Laubgeschichten, translation by Ian Miller in progress.
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Pollarded Trees & Shrubsin Central Europe
common ash, Fraxinus excelsior Russian & Scots elms, Ulmusglabra, U. laevis
hackberry, Celtis spp.
black and red elderberrySambucus nigra, S. racemosa sycamore maple,
Acer pseudoplatanus
field maple,Acer campestre hazel, Corylus avellana European chestnut,
Castanea sativa
oaks, Quercus spp.
lindens, Tilia spp. black poplar, Populus nigra horse chestnut,
Aesculus hippocastanum
European beech,Fagus sylvatica birches, Betula spp. willows, Salixspp.
green alder,Alnus viridis
common mistletoe,Viscum album
Source: Michael Machatschek, Laubgeschichten, in translation by Ian Miller.
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Shredding
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Why?
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What do you have?
What do you
need?
What does thecommunity
need?
Th Add d V l C i
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The Added-Value ContinuumRaw Material
Fire
wood
Woodc
hips
Ch
arco
al
F
aggo
ts&Fa
scin
es
Mushro
oms
Fen
cing
Stru
ctur
es
Crafts/B
aske
ts
Furni
ture
Art
Low Value/Minimal Processing High Value/High Processing
Fodde
r
Garde
nProd
ucts
H
olid
ayOrn
amen
ts
Foo
d,M
edicin
e,W
ine
Prop
agatio
nSt
ock
Woody
CutS
tem
s
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F l
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Fuel
Hickory- 25 to 28 million BTUs/cord - density 37-58 lbs/ft3
Hard Maple - 25.5 million BTUs/cord - density 42 lbs/ft3
Black Locust - 27 million BTUs/cord - density 43 lbs/ft3
Oak - 24 to 28 million BTUs/cord - density 37-58 lbs/ft3
Osage-Orange - 32.9 million BTUs/cord - 50 lbs/ft3
White Ash - 24 million BTUs/cord - density 43 lbs/ft3
Beech - 24 to 27 million BTUs/cord - density 32-56 lbs/ft3 ???? - What do you have?
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http://forestry.about.com/od/firewood/a/firewood_chart.htm
http://forestry.about.com/od/firewood/a/firewood_chart.htmhttp://forestry.about.com/od/firewood/a/firewood_chart.htmhttp://forestry.about.com/od/firewood/a/firewood_chart.htm7/27/2019 Coppice Agroforestry
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Fodder
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Possible Woody Leaf Crops alfalfa hay 13% 50-55% TDN fresh: 20% CP wh. mulberry 15-28% 78-95% TDN well-studied (tropics), need ferts black locust 17-24% 53-66% IVDMD good potential; toxic to horses mimosa 17% 68-77% IVDMD low yielding? honeylocust 11-13% 63% TDN appears low yielding (lvs) red alder 14-16% fall leaves lower phenolics black alder 19% not much data sourwood 10-13% fall leaves nutritious! poplar 19% need more data Kermes oak 7-15% need more data manna oak 12% need more data acorns 3% aspen 17% high phenolics?; mixed results mesquite 16-20% high phenolics, indigestible
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Vigorous coppicer, pollarder. Zone 5 hardy. Also produces great fruit in
quantity.
Fallen leaves in autumn also used tofeed livestock on some farms.
Several otherMorus spp., includingM. rubra, a N. American spp! Havenot found data on them yet.
***Absorbs
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Leaves nutritious and highlypalatable to cattle, sheep, goats,pigs, rabbits, chickens, silkworms.
High yielding in tropics:8,000-11,000 lb/ac leaves DM(hi: 35k lb/ac???)
Only 3% drop in cow milk yieldat 75% WM:25% concentrate. Pigs: 15% WM optimal wt. gain. Rabbits: 85% WM: reduced wt.
gain 25% but cut production
costs by 50%. Better egg color, larger egg size,
more egg production with
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Max yield: 5,300 kg/ha=4,700 lb/ac, Aug.
CP: 1724%; drops by 1/3 thru season;still + 20% CP in Aug. at highest biomass.
In Vitro Dry Matter Digestibility (cattle):53-66%; hi-medium-& up; 56% in August
PollardedBlack Locust Foliage
15,000 trees/ha = 6,000 trees/ac*; 100 cm hi cuts
Burner, Pote & Ares. 2005. Management effects on biomass and foliar nutritive value ofRobinia pseudoacacia and
Gleditsia triacanthos f. inermis in Arkansas, USA. Agroforestry Systems 65:207-214. * 32 or +80 cm o.c.
Red Alder (Alnus rubra) Defies Convention
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15.62&
14.68&
14.08&
12.68&
14.20&
11&
11.5&
12&
12.5&
13&
13.5&
14&
14.5&
15&
15.5&
16&
Spring& Summer& Fall&
Crudeprotein(percentdryweig
ht)
Season&
Crude&protein&of&red&alder&(Alnus&rubra)&leaves&through&
&the&growing&season&in&the&Pacific&Northwest,&USA.&&&Data&from&GonzalezHernandez,&et&al,&2000.&&Seasonal&variaon&in&concentraons&of&
fiber,&crude&protein,&and&phenolic&compounds&in&leaves&of&red&alder:&Nutrional&
implicaons&for&cervids.&&Journal&of&Chemical&Ecology&26(1):293301.&
Green&leaves & Abscised& leaves &
CP only drops 10% thru season; abscised leaves have equal CP!! Phenolic content drops over summer: cond. tannins, astringcy: -60%, Oregonin -50%!Protein becomes more available as the season goes on, in contrast to other browse spp. Even fallen leaves can be a key source of nutrition for browsers in the autumn!!!Charts by Dave Jacke using data from: Gonzalez-Hernandez, Starkey & Karchesy. 2000. Seasonal variations in concentrations of fiber, crude protein,and phenolic compounds in leaves of red alder (Alnus rubra): Nutritional implications for cervids. Journal of Chemical Ecology26(1):293-301.
Red Alder (Alnus rubra) Defies Convention
Red Alder (Alnus rubra) Defies Convention
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0.00#
50.00#
100.00#
150.00#
200.00#
250.00#
Spring# Summer# Fall#
Phenoliccontentinmg/gdryweig
ht.
Season)
Phenolic)content)of)green)and)abscised)leaves)of))
red)alder)through)the)growing)season.)
Condensed#Tannins,#
Green#
Astringency,#Green#
Oregonin,#Green#
All#Phenolics,#Green#
All#Phenolics,#Abscised#
15.62&
14.68&
14.08&
12.68&
14.20&
11&
11.5&
12&
12.5&
13&
13.5&
14&
14.5&
15&
15.5&
16&
Spring& Summer& Fall&
Crudeprotein(percentdryweig
ht)
Season&
Crude&protein&of&red&alder&(Alnus&rubra)&leaves&through&
&the&growing&season&in&the&Pacific&Northwest,&USA.&&&Data&from&GonzalezHernandez,&et&al,&2000.&&Seasonal&variaon&in&concentraons&of&
fiber,&crude&protein,&and&phenolic&compounds&in&leaves&of&red&alder:&Nutrional&
implicaons&for&cervids.&&Journal&of&Chemical&Ecology&26(1):293301.&
Green&leaves & Abscised& leaves &
CP only drops 10% thru season; abscised leaves have equal CP!! Phenolic content drops over summer: cond. tannins, astringcy: -60%, Oregonin -50%!Protein becomes more available as the season goes on, in contrast to other browse spp. Even fallen leaves can be a key source of nutrition for browsers in the autumn!!!Charts by Dave Jacke using data from: Gonzalez-Hernandez, Starkey & Karchesy. 2000. Seasonal variations in concentrations of fiber, crude protein,and phenolic compounds in leaves of red alder (Alnus rubra): Nutritional implications for cervids. Journal of Chemical Ecology26(1):293-301.
Red Alder (Alnus rubra) Defies Convention
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Getting Started
Princi les
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Princi les
Optimize light!!!
Identify contiguous stands (orother patterns).
Develop convenient access. Harvest during dormancy. Cut low.
Keep stands dense.
Diversify! Add value.
Protect from browse.
A Coppice Pattern Language
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A Coppice Pattern Language Lone Stool
Swale Alley
Successional Shelterbelt
Pasture and Pollards (withStandards)
Chop and Drop
Nite(rogen) Nurse
Shredded Succession
Hedgerow
Backyard Buffer/Fedge
Copses in Clumps
Sucessional Suntrap
Grown in Graywater
Decorative Deer Fence
Pollarded Posts
Ripe-arian Buffer Contour Cants
Salad Stool
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There are two ways to start
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Planting
- Requires time, money andenergy to establish (esp.appropriate site prep).
- Wait 5-8 years beforeharvest.
- Protect trees from browse.- Manage herbaceous
competition.
- Irrigate if necessary.
+ Provides an optimally-spaced stand of desirablespecies.
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Forest Renovation
- Requires time and energy toestablish.
- May result in less-than-optimalspacing and/or species mix.
- Still requires protection from
browse and some herbaceouscontrol.
+ Once cut, established trees
coppice immediately, producinga crop of poles much morequickly than newly plantedindividuals.
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Which stand proves more promising?
Spacing
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Spacing
Optimal spacing depends on rotation length. Short rotation coppice can be very closely
spaced.
Basket willow, annually cut - 1 centers. Longer rotation - aim for 6-8, up to 11.
Stand Improvement
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Stand Improvement
When planting, you determine the spacing. When renovating existing forest stands, youll
need (aka want) to fill in gaps.
You have at least three options: 1 - plant.
2 - layer coppice shoots into gaps.
3 - plan a selective seed tree/shelterwood cutand use natural regeneration to fill in theunderstory.
Cant Layout
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Identify stands based on similar characteristics: Species, age, slope, soils, etc.
Use access patterns to help define the cants:
Good access is crucial to good management. Balance available land base with annual needs and projected yields todetermine cant size:
Aim to maintain clear cuts at least 1/4 acre in size (100x100) toensure adequate light for regrowth.
Minimize edges to simplify browse protection.
Cant Layout
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Species, Uses,
Tolerances andFunctions
D bili
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Durability
Catalpa Chestnut
Black Locust
Red Mulberry White Oaks
Osage-orange Sassafras
Polewood
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Polewood
Ash
Birch Black Locust
Red/Sugar Maple Hickory Tulip Poplar
Sycamore Elm
Poplar
Weavin
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Weavin
Willow Hazel
Dogwood
Viburnums Alder
Ash White Oak (splits)
H d
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Hedges Hawthorn
Ash Hazel
Wild Plum/Pear/
Crabapple
Black Locust Osage-orange
Honey Locust
Mulberry
Holly Hickory
Walnut
Oak Basswood
Poplar
Biomass
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Biomass Willow
Poplar/Cottonwood Black Birch Boxelder
Silver/Red Maple Alder Pawlonia**
Ailanthus**
Black locust
Siberian Pea Shrub Ceanothus Sweetgum
Sycamore Sumac Elderberry
Nitrogen
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Nitrogen
Black Locust Alder Siberian Pea Shrub
Sea Berry/Buckthorn Buffaloberry Honey Locust?
Elaeagnus spp. Ceanothus spp. Kentucky Coffee Tree
Wet Sites
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Wet Sites
Willow
Swamp White Oak Dogwood
Viburnum Cottonwood Mulberry
Poplar/Aspen
Red/Silver Maple Wet-adapted
Hickories
Tupelo Elm
D Si
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Dry Sites
Oak Chestnut
Hickory
Hazelnut Black Locust
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http://www.coppiceagroforest.com/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.coppiceagroforest.com/http://www.keylinevermont.com/http://www.keylinevermont.com/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]