89
Copy 3 Copy3 FM 620-1j dEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY FIELD MANUAL FIELD ARTILLERY TACTICS HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY OCTOBER 1961
Copy 3
Copy3 FM 620-1jdEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY FIELD MANUAL
FIELD ARTILLERYTACTICS
HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMYOCTOBER 1961
FM 6-20-1C I
FIELD MANUAL
FIELD ARTILLERY TACTICS
FM 6-20-1 A HEADQUARTERS,DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
CHANGES NO. IJ WASHINGTON 25, D.C., 7 March 1962
FM 6-20-1, 27 October 1961, is changed asfollows.
Figure 1. (Superseded) Field artillery tactical mission.(Located in back of manual)
42. General Areas
a. General. (Superseded) The location of ar-tillery position areas is governed mainly by themission, the terrain, the nature of the tacticaloperation, and the need for dispersion as a de-fensive measure. _Artillery commanders may haveto define areas for the location of the major ele-ments of their commands in order to coordinatethe position areas with the operation. Direct sup-port artillery has priority for positions within thedivision area and division artillery units havepriority over corps artillery units for positionswithin the corps area. Corps artillery units havepriority over army artillery for positions withinthe army area. On the other hand special require-ments may necessitate special priorities.
TAGO 5131C-Marce
79. Nuclear Class V Procedures* * * *
b. (Superseded) A special ammunition load(SAL) is the number of nuclear rounds authorizedto be carried by a fire unit. The force commanderat each echelon will announce the prescribed nu-clear load. The SA may be changed to conformwith the tactical and logistical situation. However,replacement of the SA is not automatic as withnonnuclear ammunition. See FM 101-31 for adetailed discussion of the control of nuclear am-munition.* * * * *
BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF THE ARMY:
G. H. DECKER,General, United States Army.
Official: Chief of Staff.J. C. LAMBERT,
Major General, United States Army.The Adjutant General.
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*FM 6-20-1
FIELD MANUAL HEADQUARTERS,DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
No. 6-20-1 WASHINGTON 25, D.C., 27 October 1961
FIELD ARTILLERY TACTICS
Paragraphs Page
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1-4 3
2. FIELD ARTILLERYCHARACTERISTICS
Section I. Classifications __________… 5, 6 6II. Capabilities and
limitations ____________ 7-9 8
CHAPTER 3. ARTILLERY ORGAN-IZATION AND OR-GANIZATION FORCOMBAT
Section I. Artillery organization ____ 10-16 11II. Organization for combat _ 17-19 13
III. Tactical missions________ 20-23 16
CHAPTER 4. COMMAND, CONTROL,AND COORDINATION
Section I. Command responsibilities _ 24-30 22II. Relationships ___…_______ 31-33 25
III. Control and coordination _ 34-38 27
CHAPTER 5. FUNDAMENTALS OFEMPLOYMENT ______ 39-48 33
*This. manual supersedes so much of FM 6-20, 10 December1958, as pertains to field artillery tactics.
Paragraphs Page
CHAPTER 6. ARTILLERY IN NON-NUCLEAR COMBAT
Section I. Support of the offense ___ 49-55 44II. Support of the defense ___ 56-60 48
III. Retrograde operations ___ 61-64 53
CHAPTER 7. ARTILLERY INNUCLEAR COMBAT
Section I. General __----_____-- ____ 65, 66 56II. Artillery in the nuclear
battle ________________ 67, 68 57III. Employment of artillery
following the nuclearbattle ------__----- ____ 69, 70 62
CHAPTER 8. OPERATIONS UNDERSPECIAL CONDI-TIONS _________-_____ 71, 72 64
9. TARGET INTELLI-GENCE ANDANALYSIS __________ 73-77 66
10. PRINCIPLES OF FIRESUPPORT COORDI-NATION ___________-_ 78 69
11. AMMUNITION SUPPLY_ 79-82 70
APPENDIX I. REFERENCES -----__-- 75
INDEX __---__________----------------- 77
2
CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION
1. Purpose and Scope
a. This manual is a guide for field artillery offi-cers and for force commanders and staffs. Byestablishing the fundamentals of field artillerytactics, the manual provides guidance for the em-ployment of artillery at all levels. The term artil-lery as used in this manual refers to field artillery.The maneuver elements referred to in this manualinclude group, combat command, regiment, bri-gade, or similar organizations.
b. The tactics of artillery in nuclear and non-nuclear warfare differ and this manual outlinesthe differences.
c. For employment of air defense artillery, seeFM 44-1 and other manuals of the FM 44-series.
d. For field artillery techniques, see FM 6-20-2.
e. Users of this manual are encouraged to sub-mit recommended changes or comments to im-prove the manual. Comments should be keyed tothe specific page, paragraph, and line of the textin which the change is recommended. Reasonsshould be provided for each comment to insureunderstanding and complete evaluation. Com-ments should be forwarded direct to Commandant,
3
U.S. Army Artillery and Missile School, Fort Sill,Okla.
2. Mission of Artillery
The mission of the artillery is-
a. To support the ground-gaining arms by fire,give depth to combat by counterbattery fires, at-tack hostile reserves, restrict movement, and dis-rupt command systems and other installations.
b. In nonnuclear combat, to support maneuverelements by destroying or neutralizing those tar-gets most dangerous to the supported arms.
c. In nuclear combat, to attain fire superiorityover the enemy's nuclear artillery and to destroyother major targets which threaten the accom-plishment of the force mission.
3. Artillery Weapons System
The artillery weapons system consists of weap-ons and those elements necessary to obtain thedesired effect on the target. These elements aretarget acquisition; survey; meteorology; com-munications; air and ground transportation; andlogistics. Fire support is the result of the effectiveapplication of the artillery weapons system.
4. General Considerations
The development of nuclear weapons and theirdelivery systems has changed the tactics of in-fantry, armor, and artillery. Even though nuclearweapons may not be employed, they pose a con-stant threat to ground operations. Two possibleconditions are imposed, nuclear and nonnuclear
4
combat. Nonnuclear war will have many of thetraits of nuclear war when the threat of nuclearwar exists.
5
CHAPTER 2FIELID ARTILLERY CHARACTERISTICS
Section I. CLASSIFICATIONS
5. By WeaponArtillery weapons are classified as cannon or
missiles.a. Cannon are classified according to caliber as
light, medium, heavy, and very heavy:(1) Light-120-mm and less.(2) Mledium-Greater than 120-mm, but not
to exceed 160-mm.(3) HIeavy--Greater than 160-mm, but not
to exceed 210-mm.(4) Vlery heavy-Greater than 210-mm.
b. Missiles are weapons which utilize a reactionmotor to provide a propelling force to the payload.Artillery missiles are classified according to typeas rockets and guided missiles.
(1) A rocket is aimed by orienting thelauncher; it cannot be further guidedonce it is fired.
(2) A guided missile's course is subject tocorrection or alteration while in flight.
6. By Transporta. Artillery weapons are further classified ac-
cording to their method of transport:
6
(1) Towed--Cannons and launchers whichare mounted on a carriage designed tobe moved as a trailed (transported) loadby a prime mover. A towed carriagecontains no power source.
(2) Self-propelled (SP) - Cannons andlaunchers which are permanently in-stalled on vehicles which provide auto-motive power for the vehicle and theweapon.
b. An artillery weapon is also classified accord-ing to the method of transportation which can beused to deliver it to a combat area. All artilleryweapons can be transported by road, rail, or ship.Weapons that can be moved by aerial transporta-tion are classified as follows:
(1) Helicopter transportable. Weaponswhich can be carried by rotary wing air-craft and landed sufficiently assembled topermit immediate employment.
(2) Air transportable (par. 3, AR 705-35).(a) Phase I (parachute and assault land-
ing). Weapons transportable in as-sault landing aircraft capable oflanding on unprepared surfaces andminimum criteria airstrips withinenemy territory. All phase I artillerymust be capable of immediate effectiveemployment.
(b) Phase II (initial air landing). Weap-ons transportable in aircraft capableof landing on minimum criteria air-
7
landing facilities held by friendlyforces. Artillery normally moved dur-ing this phase are in the followup ele-ments of the units participating inphase I. All phase II artillery shouldbe capable of effective employmentwithin 1 hour after delivery.
(c) Phase III (heavy air landing). Weap-ons transportable in aircraft capableof landing on prepared air-landing fa-cilities held by friendly forces. Artil-lery normally moved during this phaseare in the followup elements of theunits participating in phases I and II.It is desirable that all phase III artil-lery be capable of effective employmentwithin 6 hours after delivery.
Section II. CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS
7. General
Artillery is the principal Army agency for de-livering indirect fire on ground targets. Artilleryoperations are those combat operations of artilleryunits, trained, equipped, and organized to supportother combat forces by providing neutralizing anddestructive fires. The artillery is prepared to fireunder either nuclear or nonnuclear conditions.
a. In the nonnuclear battle, the artillery pro-vides close continuous support to ground elements.Artillery is ideally suited for the neutralizationand destruction of enemy units.
a
b. In the nuclear battle, artillery's success ismeasured by its ability to establish nuclear firesuperiority while continuing to provide support tomaneuver elements as required. Primary targetsare the enemy's nuclear delivery means. Priorityof position is given to nuclear delivery units; ar-tillery's nuclear delivery units must be preparedto deliver nuclear fire immediately when the tran-sition to nuclear combat is made.
8. Capabilities
The artillery is capable of-
a. Shifting the fire of its weapons rapidly with-in a large area and on a wide front without dis-placing.
b. Massing the fires of many weapons on onetarget or series of targets.
c. Directing fire on targets without exposingthe weapons to direct enemy observation or directcounterbattery fires.
d. Accurately firing ammunition appropriatefor the target under all conditions of visibility,weather, and terrain from weapons emplaced lat-erally and in depth throughout the zone of action.
e. Placing fire on targets in defilade.
f. Delivering fires accurately with or withoutadjustment. The latter method improves the ef-fect of fires by shock and surprise.
g. Displacing rapidly to new positions and em-ploying artillery units to concentrate greater fire-power in important sectors.
9685841 0 - 63 - 2
9. Limitations
The artillery is limited in that-a. It cannot effectively execute its primary mis-
sion when required to engage in close combat withenemy ground forces.
b. Its effectiveness is reduced and its vulnera-bility is increased during displacements.
c. It is vulnerable to enemy air attack and nu-clear fire.
10
CHAPTER 3ARTILLERY ORGANIZATION ANDORGANIZATION FOR COMBAT
Section I. ARTILLERY ORGANIZATION
10. General
The general organizational objective of the ar-tillery is to provide, at all times and under allconditions, an organization for combat which canmost effectively and economically support the com-bat forces. The organization includes weapons,associated materiel, personnel, and logistical sup-port. The organization of artillery units and head-quarters is shown in detail in appropriate tablesof organization and equipment.
11. Division Artillery
Division artillery consists of a division artilleryheadquarters and headquarters battery, otherunits organic to division artillery, and units at-tached to the division and placed under the com-mand of the division artillery commander. Thedivision artillery is organized for combat to sup-port the division scheme of maneuver. Flexibilityis achieved through the assignment of suitabletactical missions to the units of the division artil-lery. Additional artillery support is ordinarilyprovided by attaching artillery units to the divi-
11
sion or by reinforcing the fires of the divisionartillery with other artillery.
12. Corps ArtilleryCorps artillery consists of a headquarters and
headquarters battery, other units organic to corpsartillery and such artillery headquarters and unitsas are assigned or attached to the corps artilleryand not further attached to division. Artillerywith the corps includes the corps artillery and theartillery with divisions of the corps.
13. Army ArtilleryArmy artillery consists of units assigned or
attached to the army and retained under commandof the army artillery commander. Artillery withthe army includes the army artillery and the artil-lery with its subordinate corps.
14. Army Group and Theater ArtilleryArtillery representation at these echelons con-
sists only of the artillery staff sections necessaryto fulfill the artillery requirements of these head-quarters. There are usually no artillery units un-der the control of these headquarters.
15. Artillery GroupThe artillery group consists of a headquarters
and headquarters battery and attached units. Itprovides flexibility in organization for combat,since the number, type, and caliber of the attachedunits may be varied to meet the situation. Al-though units attached to a group may be of anycaliber and type, mixed calibers and types permit
12
greater flexibility in employment. The group or-ganization provides centralized training and tacti-cal control as well as a limited degree of adminis-trative and logistical supervision.
16. Artillery Battalion Group
In the absence of a group or other suitabletactical headquarters, one battalion may be at-tached to another battalion, forming a battaliongroup. The battalion group headquarters func-tions only as a tactical headquarters for limitedperiods. The numerical designation of the bat-talion group is that of the battalion providing thegroup commander.
Section II. ORGANIZATION FOR COMBAT
17. Purposes
Artillery is organized for combat primarily toenable it to-
a. Provide all committed maneuver elementsadequate support.
b. Provide massed fires where they are needed.c. Employ all available weapons and exploit
their capabilities.d. Facilitate future operations.
18. Methods
Artillery organization for combat is accom-plished by-
a. Placing each artillery unit in a tactical or-ganization.
13
b. Assigning each unit a tactical mission orattaching it to another artillery unit or othertactical element.
19. Considerationsa. Centralized Versus Decentralized Control.
In organizing artillery for combat, each echelonretains centralized control of subordinate ele-ments to the maximum. Tactical missions or at-tachment are used to regulate the extent of cen-tralization or decentralization.
b. Fundamentals. Fundamentals governingartillery organization for combat are based onthe requirements that it must provide-
(1) Adequate fire support to the committedunits.
(2) In the offense, preponderance of firesupport to the main attack.
(3) In the defense, centralized control is re-tained to the maximum degree feasible.Vulnerable areas are given first consid-eration.
(4) Fire support with which the force com-mander of that echelon can immediatelyinfluence the action.
(5) Adequate fire support for the reserve,when it is committed.
c. Basic Considerations. Basic considerationsin organizing, for combat applicable to all echelonsare-
(1) Mission of the force.(2) Plan of maneuver.
14
(3) Amount and type of artillery unit avail-able.
(4) Capabilities of the weapon system.(5) Availability of suitable position areas.(6) Availability of other fire support agen-
cies.(7) Availability and expected expenditure of
ammunition, particularly nuclear weap-ons.
(8) Enemy intelligence, particularly targetintelligence.
(9) Weather.(10) Terrain.
d. Important considerations applicable to spe-cific echelons are as follows:
(1) Division artillery provides close and con-tinuous support to maneuver elements,counterbattery fire, flak suppression,harassing and interdiction fires, andother programs of fire.
(2) Corps artillery provides depth to com-bat, augments the fire support providedby the division artilleries, and providesthe bulk of fires on hostile cannon, mis-siles, and rockets.
(3) Army artillery provides depth to combatand augments the fire support providedby the artillery with the corps.
(4) Army medium, heavy, and very heavyartillery cannon battalions are usuallyattached to corps and then further at-tached to artillery groups.
15
(5) Army shorter range artillery missilebattalions are usually attached to corps.Short range missile battalions may befurther attached to artillery groups orto a division.
(6) Some longer range artillery missile unitsare retained under Army artillery con-trol.
Section III. TACTICAL MISSIONS
20. Assignment of Tactical Missions
Tactical missions for artillery are assigned bythe force commander on the recommendation ofthe force artillery commander.
a. Authority may be delegated to each artillerycommander to assign tactical missions to the ar-tillery units under his control. Generally, individ-ual missions are not assigned to battalions withina group or to batteries within a battalion. Theartillery commander may, when assigning a tacti-cal mission, direct the subordinate artillery com-mander to reinforce certain artillery unit(s) witha portion of the fires of his unit. In this case,close coordination between the reinforcing and thereinforced artillery commander is essential foraccomplishing the mission. Coordination will in-clude the processing of fire requests.
b. When a battalion of a group is assigned themission of reinforcing, and that mission differsfrom the mission of the group, the battalion is de-tached from the group and placed under the con-
16
trol of the artillery commander assigning themission.
c. Artillery attached to a force is assigned tacti-cal missions and commanded by the force com-mander. Attachment is not a tactical mission; itis a status.
21. Tactical Missionsa. General. A tactical mission is the fire sup-
port responsibility that may be assigned to anartillery unit. Tactical missions are direct sup-port, general support, reinforcing, and generalsupport-reinforcing. They may be assigned tononfiring units as well as to firing units. The re-sponsibilities inherent to each tactical mission aregiven in figure 1.
b. Direct Support. An artillery unit with amission of direct support provides the support toa designated maneuver element. The direct sup-port unit furnishes close and continuous fire sup-port to the maneuver element and must coordinateits fires with those of the supported force. Thedirect support artillery commander maneuvers hisunit to conform with the plans of the commanderof the supported element. When practicable, thesupporting artillery unit is habitually placed indirect support of the same maneuver element inorder to facilitate teamwork. An artillery unitwith a mission of direct support remains underthe command of the higher artillery commander.
c. Reinforcing. An artillery unit assigned themission of reinforcing, augments the fires of an-other artillery unit. The reinforcing unit remains
685841 0 - 63 -3 17
under the command of the higher artillery com-mander, but its fires are planned by the reinforcedunit. A quick fire communications channel is es-tablished between the reinforced and the reinforc-ing unit to facilitate calls for additional fires. Thereinforced unit calls directly upon the reinforcingunit for additional fires.
d. General Support. An artillery unit assignedthe mission of general support furnishes artilleryfires in support of the force as a whole. Unitswith this mission remain under the control of thehigher artillery commander and provide the forcecommander with a means of influencing the ac-tion.
e. General Support-Reinforcing. An artilleryunit, given the mission of general support-rein-forcing fires in support of the force as a wholeand, in addition, reinforces the fires of anotherartillery unit. A unit with this mission remainsunder control of the higher artillery commander.Calls for fire from higher artillery headquarterstake precedence over those of the reinforced unit.
f. Attachment. When the mission of the sup-ported force is such that it is impractical to assignthe artillery a tactical mission, the artillery maybe attached. An artillery unit attached to a ma-neuver element will be assigned a tactical missionby the maneuver element commander.
22. ModificationsTo facilitate operations, it is frequently neces-
sary to change certain designated responsibilitiesof a tactical mission. When any of the responsi-
18
bilities shown in figure 1 are changed, the missionis said to be modified tactical mission. Normally,direct support missions are not modified. Modifi-cations will appear in both the operation ordersand fire support plans.
23. Warning OrdersWarning orders serve to alert units of pending
changes (see AR 320-5 and FM 101-5). Certainphrases can be included in operations orders andfire support plans which also alert units of pend-ing changes. Any foreseeable change in the tacti-cal mission should be included. Example: 1st HowBn, 3d Arty: GS-reinf, 1st How Bn, 5th Arty.On order DS, 1st Brigade.
19
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CHAPTER 4COMMAND, CONTROL, AND COORDINATION
Section II. COMMAND RESPONSIBILITIES
24. Artillery Officer
In theater and army group, the senior artilleryofficer in the artillery staff section is designatedthe artillery officer. He is the special staff officerwho advises the commander on artillery matters.
25. Artillery Commandera. In army, corps, division, or task force, the
senior officer of the artillery headquarters is des-ignated as the artillery commaoder. He commandsartillery units retained under control of the force.He is also the artillery officer of the special staff.He advises the commander and staff on all artil-lery matters and is the fire support coordinatorfor the force.
b. There is no direct chain of artillery com-mand between force artillery echelons (par. 32).
26. Army, Corps, Division, and Task ForceArtillery Commanders
The responsibilities of the artillery commanderof an army, corps, division, or task force are to-
a. Determine the requirements and recommendthe employment of units and the allocation ofmateriel and ammunition.
22
b. Command the assigned and attached artil-lery not reassigned or further attached to sub-ordinate units.
c. Advise the force commander and staff onthe employment of artillery fires.
d. Plan fires in support of the operation toinclude target analysis.
e. Coordinate all fires on terrestrial targets.f. Coordinating all artillery target acquisition
within the commander's zone of responsibility(normally limited to echelons below field army).
g. Collect, process, and distribute artillery in-formation and intelligence, including target intel-ligence.
h. Coordinate artillery survey control.i. Direct the fire of artillery with the force.j. Recommend assignment of artillery person-
nel and estimate replacement requirements forunits.
k. Direct the training of artillery units of theforce.
27. Artillery Officers-Theater Army and Army GroupThe duties and responsibilities of the artillery
officer of a theater army or army group are as-signed by the commander. The theater army orarmy group artillery officer is usually assignedthe responsibility for-
a. Determining the number and types of non-organic artillery units required by the forces inthe command, including special equipment forthese units.
23
b. Recommending the allocation of the varioustypes of artillery units to subordinate commands.
c. Recommending assignment of personnel andestimating replacement requirements for theseunits.
d. Supervising the training of units and re-placement personnel within the command and theoperation of artillery schools under the controlof the commander.
e. Publishing information and intelligence ofinterest to the artillery.
f. Planning the reception and processing ofunits within the command.
g. Determining ammunition requirements andrecommending the allocation of available ammu-nition.
h. Exercising, in the commander's name, oper-ational control of those units which have notbeen assigned or attached to subordinate units.
28. Commander, Artillery GroupThe group commander's responsibilities include
the following command functions:a. Coordinating target acquisition and survey
control.b. Planning fires to carry out the mission of
the group.c. Controlling the group fires.d. Directing group training.
29. Commander, Field Artillery Battalion Groupa. The commander of a battalion group is des-
24
ignated by the authority establishing the group.He has similar tactical functions and responsi-bilities as a group commander plus command ofhis own battalion.
b. If a battalion group is formed with onebattalion in direct support of a major combatelement, the commander of the direct supportbattalion will normally command the group (par.45c).
30. Direct Support Artillery CommanderIn this manual, the term "direct support artil-
lery commander" refers to the commander of anartillery unit who is assigned the mission of di-rect support and who is immediately and directlyresponsible to the commander of the supportedforce.
Section II. RELATIONSHIPS
31. Combined Arms Team
Field artillery is a member of the combinedarms team used by the commander to completehis mission. When artillery is assigned or at-tached to the supported unit, the artillery officeris both a subordinate commander and a specialstaff officer of the supported unit commander.When artillery is neither assigned nor attachedto the supported unit, the artillery commander'srelationship to the supported unit commander isthat of an adviser and an independent commanderwho must provide effective fire support in accord-ance with his assigned tactical mission.
685841 0 -63 - 4 25
32. Command Channels
Instructions for the corps artilleries qf .a fieldarmy are issued to the corps commander in then#maof the army commander; in like manner,instructions fdoFthe division artilleries are issuedto the division commander in the name of thecorps commander. This procedure is necessarybecause there is no chain of command betweenthe artilleries of the various echelons. Each artil-lery commander commands only the artillery athis echelon.
33. Liaisona. General. Liaison is established between
units to insure mutual understanding and unityof purpose and action. Liaison is usually carriedout by a unit representative visiting or stayingwith another unit to exchange information.
b. Command Liaison. Through personal con-tact, artillery commanders establish commandliaison with supported and reinforced command-ers. This is the most effective type of liaison.The liaison established by commanders is main-tained by liaison officers furnished by the unitresponsible for its establishment.
c. Liaison Officers. The liaison officer is thecommander's personal representative to the unitwith which liaison is maintained. The principalduties of an artillery liaison officer are listed inFM 6-20-2. Frequent changes of liaison officersare undesirable; however, in situations requiringprolonged absences from his parent unit, it maybe desirable to rotate liaison officers to keep them
26
informed of the current situation, plans, and com-mand policies.
d. Staff Liaison. Liaison is not restricted toliaison officers but may be performed by any staffofficer or other designated officer. Liaison be-tween staff sections of one unit and similar staffsections of an associated unit is desirable forfurther cooperation and coordination, e.g., liaisonmay be established with the engineers in regardto survey control and with the Air Weather Serv-ice in regard to meteorological data.
Section III. CONTROL AND COORDINATION
34. Responsibility for Artillery Estimates
a. The artillery officer of an echelon orderingor conducting an operation is responsible formaking the estimate of artillery requirements.In doing so, he considers the eventual organiza-tion for combat and the practicability of assem-bling the necessary artillery and ammunition atthe time and place desired. Subordinate artillerycommanders may assist in the preparation of theestimate.
b. Artillery estimates are made to determinethe number and types of artillery units required,the amount of ammunition required to supportthe contemplated operation, and the allocations ofunits and ammunition to lower echelons.
35. Basis of Artillery Estimates
a. The minimum requirements are that suffi-cient artillery be available to-
27
(1) Place the required mass of fire on allconfirmed and suspect targets.
(2) Attack effectively all enemy installationsthat will influence planned operationsduring any anticipated phase.
b. The amount and types of artillery requiredfor an offensive operation depend primarily onthe commander's plan and the type of enemyresistance expected. Generally, units makingsecondary efforts will be allowed only limitedamounts of artillery in order to permit the mass-ing of artillery in areas where decisive offensiveaction is contemplated.
c. The amount and types of artillery requiredfor a defense depend primarily on the enemycapabilities, the terrain, and the commander'splans.
36. Estimate of Artillery RequirementsArtillery requirements vary so widely that no
fixed listing can be furnished. FM 101-10 con-tains tables showing basic loads and expenditureof ammunition experience tables which are ofassistance in making artillery estimates for vari-ous types of operations. As a campaign pro-gresses, accurate experience data applicable tolocal conditions should be developed by command-ers as a guide for the conduct of future opera-tions. Factors which must be considered in esti-mating the number and types of artillery unitsand the amount of ammunition required are the-
a. Availability and known or expected use ofartillery units and ammunition.
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b. Type of operation (attack, defense, delay-ing, special operation, etc.) and supporting fires.
c. Availability of reinforcing fires from higherartillery headquarters.
d. Availability and known or expected use ofweapons by air bombardment, naval gunfire, re-inforcing fires by tanks and air defense artillery,or other means of support.
e. Composition, tactics, disposition, and organ-ization of enemy force.
f. Types of enemy fortifications and defensesexpected.
g. Capability of opposing artillery.h. Terrain and weather.
i. Available time and capacity of road net.
j. Front and depth of main and secondaryatta.cks.
k. Allowance for losses during combat:1. Whether the combat is nuclear or nonnu-
clear.
37. Coordinating and Limiting Measures
a. Zones of Fire. Zones of fire are assigned toartillery units for control of fire laterally andin depth to support the action. Lateral limitswithin which a unit must be able to fire are desig-nated by points or lines. Zones in depth may bedesignated by prescribing minimum range linesand lines to be reached by the fires of the unit.Zones of fire are designed with the tactical mis-sion (fig. 1).
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b. Boundaries. In addition to their use in de-fining areas of responsibility, boundaries alsoserve as a measure for coordinating fire support.When nuclear fires employed by one force will.have casualty- or damage-producing effects in thezone of an adjacent force, these fires must becoordinated with, and approved by, the adjacentforce.
c. No-Fire Lines. The no-fire line is a lineshort of which no artillery unit may fire withoutprior clearance from the headquarters which es-tablished it. The location of the no-fire line isestablished by the artillery commander in coordi-nation with the supported unit commander. Eachartillery echelon is kept informed of the locationof and changes to the no-fire line. Division artil-lery consolidates and distributes this informationto subordinate units, to artillery reinforcing thedivision artillery, to adjacent division artilleries,and to corps artillery headquarters. Corps artil-lery headquarters sonsolidates division no-firelines and sends- the location of the corps no-fireline to corps artillery units, to the artillery ofthe divisions of the corps, and to the adjacentcorps. The artillery establishing the no-fire linemay fire short of the no-fire line in its own sector.Other artillery units must obtain clearance fromthe artillery which established the no-fire lineprior to firing short of it.
d. Fire Support Coordination Line (FSCL).The FSCL serves as a no-fire line between corpsand higher echelons and as a bomb line forground and air forces. A FSCL may be estab-
30
lished by the corps commander to insure coordi-nation of those fires delivered by forces not undercontrol of the corps which may affect currenttactical operations. Whenever possible, the FSCLshould be easy to define on the map and easy torecognize from the air.
e. 0-0 Line. The 0-0 line is a line establishedby corps artillery as a means of coordinatingtarget search in depth. Usually, the frontline di-visions conduct target search short of the 0-0line; and corps artillery searches beyond it. Thisarbitrary division does not restrict the zones ofobservation or attack of targets. The 0-0 lineshould be designated by terrain features. Its lo-cation is changed to meet the situation.
f. Nuclear Safety Line (NSL). Nuclear safetylines are selected to follow well-defined terrainfeatures and are used as troop safety measureswhen firing nuclear weapons. The artillery com-mander, as force fire support coordinator, estab-lishes the NSL based on guidance issued by theforce commander. During independent opera-tions, the commander may be required to estab-lish nuclear safety lines for weapons supportinghis unit. A nuclear safety line may be used to-
(1) Designate an area in which our troopsmust observe certain protective meas-ures.
(2) Designate limits to which our troopsmay advance before encountering un-acceptable effects from our nuclearweapons.
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(3) Prescribe limits to which certain effectsof our weapons may be permitted toextend in the direction of our troops.
g. Fire Coordination Line (FCL). The firecoordination line is a line between two convergingforces beyond which fire may not be deliveredwithout coordination with the affected force.
38. Communicationa. Communication facilities of the artillery
provide the commander the means for controllingand coordinating the fires of his subordinateunits. The commander of each echelon is respon-sible for the installation, operation, and mainte-nance of his communication facilities.
b. Artillery communication includes the em-ployment of all means to transmit orders, infor-mation, intelligence, and commands between unitsand to establish liaison with supported, rein-forced, and adjacent units. For details on artil-lery communication, see FM 6-10.
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CHAPTER 5FUNDAMENTALS OF EMPLOYMENT
39. Maneuver of Units
The artillery commander is responsible that hisunits are so maneuvered that they are able to ren-der effective support in any situation. This re-quires-
a. That the mobility of artillery be maintained.b. That all artillery commanders are informed
of the plans of the supported unit and anticipatethe requirements for artillery.
c. The proper organization for combat, neces-sary changes thereto during the operation, anddecentralization of control when appropriate.
d. Coordinated movement of artillery units andproper disposition within march columns.
e. Selection of position areas from which ef-fective fire can be delivered.
f. Continued reconnaissance for position areas,observation posts, and locations for other installa-tions and routes.
g. Timely displacement of artillery units to pro-vide continuity of fire support.
k. Sound procedures for effecting relief of artil-lery units in combat and for receiving attachedartillery.
i. Effective security measures.
33685841 0 - 83 -5
40. Marchesa. References. For basic doctrine governing
troop movements, see FM 100-5; for technical andlogistical data and march tables, FM 101-10; formarch orders, FM 101-5; for motor movements,FM 25-10; for marches of field artillery battal-ions, FM 6--20-2; and for protection by air de-fense artillery, FM 44-1.
b. Tactical Marches. When a force is marchingin several march columns, artillery is placed ineach column to insure its availability for earlyand adequate support of the security forces andthe initial action of the main body. Artillery maybe attached to the column during the march.When the rate of march of the column is that ofdismounted troops, the artillery marches bybounds.
c. Air Defense Protection. Continuous air de-fense will be provided, as much as practicable, fora force on the move. Organic firing teams will bedispersed throughout the march columns. Air de-fense artillery units will be deployed so as to pro-vide air defense for march columns.
41. Artillery with Security ForcesA military force in movement protects itself
with reconnaissance and security elements (cover-ing forces) operating in front of the commandand by advance, rear, and flank guards when nec-essary. Self-propelled artillery is desirable forthe support of all security forces.
a. Covering Forces. A covering force should bestrong in artillery. When the covering force has
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no organic artillery, artillery units may be at-tached. Planning and reconnaissance must becontinuous if the artillery is to occupy positionspromptly in support of an action. Artillery witha covering force may be required to displace rap-idly and frequently; it is positioned well forwardto allow it to open fire at long ranges and so thatother elements of the covering force can protectit from surprise attack. To speed the opening offire, radio communications and minimum surveyare used.
b. Advance Guard. Artillery may support theadvance guard by the attachment of, or by assign-ing a direct support mission to, an artilleryunit(s). If the advance guard is small and withinrange, direct support may be furnished by theartillery with the main body. The amount of ar-tillery support depends on the mission and size ofthe advance guard and the expected enemy action.The position of the artillery and the requirementfor rapid entry into action is similar to that forsupport of the covering force. When contact isimminent, the artillery supporting the advanceguard moves by echelon from one firing positionto another.
c. Rear Guard. Artillery may support the rearguard by the attachment of, or by assigning adirect support mission to, an artillery unit(s).The artillery occupies positions close behind eachof the successive rear guard delaying positions.Fire is opened early to force the enemy to deployand thus to delay his advance. Roads, road junc-tions, and key terrain features are placed under
35
interdiction fire. When the rear guard is engaged,the supporting artillery moves by echelon fromone position to another.
d. Flank Guard. Artillery may support theflank guard by attachment of an artillery unit(s)or by direct support artillery with the main body.The employment of artillery attached to the flankguard is similar to that with the advance guard.
42. Position Areas
a. General. The location of artillery positionareas is governed mainly by the mission, the ter-rain, the nature of the tactical operation, and theneed for dispersion as a defensive measure. Artil-lery commanders may have to define areas for thelocation of the major elements of their commandsin order to coordinate the position areas with theoperation. In nuclear combat direct support artil-lery has priority for positions within the divisionarea and division artillery units have priorityover corps artillery units for positions within thecorps area. Corps artillery units have priorityover army artillery for positions within the armyarea. On the other hand special requirements maynecessitate special priorities.
b. Responsibility. Direct support artillery com-manders normally select their own position areassubject to the approval of the next higher head-quarters. Position areas for general support unitsare selected by the force artillery commander andmay be selected for reinforcing artillery units byeither the force artillery commander or by thecommander of the reinforced unit. Corps and
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army artillery position areas within the divisionarea are coordinated with the division artillerycommander concerned; army artillery positionareas within the corps area are coordinated withthe corps artillery commander concerned. Allartillery commanders should be aggressive insearching for position areas and should be pre-pared to make recommendations to tire com-mander responsible for the selection.
43. DisplacementsTimely and rapid displacements of artillery
units are necessary to deliver continuous fire sup-port. Fire support is maintained during displace-ments by displacing units by echelon or by usingother artillery units to answer calls for fire. Dis-placements are completed as rapidly as possible sothat fire can be resumed with minimum delay andto lessen the probability of enemy detection andattack during displacement. If possible, commandposts are displaced by echelon to insure continuityof control. Communications are installed and op-erations are begun at the new command post loca-tion before the old command post displaces. Ifpossible, survey should be completed before dis-placement is begun. Units may displace to posi-tion during darkness or reduced visibility to avoidenemy detection. Many considerations such as theimmediate situation, overall plan of operations,effective range of weapons, terrain, difficulty inmaintaining communication, and availability ofposition areas and routes, will influence each dis-placement. Authority for displacement of artil-
37
lery units varies with the assigned tactical mission(fig 1).
44. Relief in Combata. General. Relief in combat is of two general
types: relief' in place and passage of lines. Dur-ing the relief, the artillery maintains its normalfires. When possible, relief is made at night or byechelon to maintain secrecy.
b. Warning Orders. When a relief in place isto be accomplished, warning orders are issued bythe commanders of the next higher headquarters,the relieving unit, and the unit to be relieved.Warning orders should include the time of themovement, road priority, the zone of operation ofthe relieving unit, the time the fire support re-sponsibilities pass to the relieving unit, and anycontrol measures required to maintain secrecy(par. 23).
c. Responsibilities. The unit being relieved isresponsible for furnishing the relieving unit anyof the following information that is needed:
(1) Friendly situation, to include unit andinstallation, locations, no-fire line, 0-0line, and observation posts.
(2) All available information of the enemy.(3) Route information and, if needed, road
guides.(4) Survey information.(5) Location of supply installations.(6) Location of other artillery within sup-
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porting range and means of communicat-ing with them.
(7) Fire or movement restrictions.(8) Existing wire circuits and wire line route
maps.(9) Information necessary for fire control
including fire plans, situation maps, andother information pertinent to the opera-tion.
(10) Location of minefields.(11) Other pertinent information.
d. Command. The principle of one responsiblecommander must be adhered to during the execu-tion of a relief in place.
(1) When a relief in place occurs and boththe artillery and the supported unit arerelieved at the same time, the artillerycommand passes from the relieved artil-lery commander to the relieving artillerycommander at the same time as the pas-sage of command from the relieved sup-ported unit commander to the relievingsupported unit commander. When theartillery and the supported unit are re-lieved at separate times, the artillerycommand passes from the relieved artil-lery commander to the relieving artillerycommander as determined by agreementbetween the two commanders, unless di-rected by higher headquarters.
(2) When a relief by passage of lines occurs,the artillery command passes to the re-
39
lieving artillery commander before thepassage of lines begins. The relievedartillery may be attached to the relievingartillery or may be ordered to reinforcefrom its original positions until the forcesupported by the relieving artillerypasses beyond range.
45. Receiving Attached Artillery
a. General. The presence of additional artilleryin a combat area could be an indication of moreactive operations. Artillery supporting a combatarea should move in with utmost secrecy and dur-ing periods of reduced visibility.
b. Attachment to Other Artillery Headquarters.Artillery units (e.g., battery, battalion, group, ordivision artillery) may be attached to other artil-lery headquarters. The attached units are givenorders similar to those given to assigned units,stating their mission, position areas, and routes.
c. Attachment to Division Artillery Battalion.When a nondivisional battalion is attached to adivision artillery battalion, the commander of thedivisional artillery unit is designated as the bat-talion group commander. He is responsible thatcomplete preparations are made for the receptionof the attached battalion. The battalion groupcommander is responsible that command guidanceand control is furnished the attached battalion tothe same degree that he would for his own units(par. 29b).
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46. Security
a. General. Imagination and initiative in theemployment of security measures are necessary tomaintain effective fire against an enemy strong inartillery and tactical air or skilled in infiltrationand guerrilla tactics. Deception contributes toeffective security. Deceiving the enemy as to theamount of artillery, gives the commander the ad-vantage of surprise in launching an attack. Foractive and passive defense measures of artillerybattalions and batteries in position and during themarch, see FM 6-20-2 and FM 6-140.
b. Movements. Secrecy in moving artillery intoposition is gained by night marches and infiltra--tion. To avoid confusion and delay, detailed staffplanning and coordination are necessary.
c. Deceptive Measures. Deceptive measuresmust conform to the mission and counterintelli-gence plan of the force commander.
(1) Dummy positions are used to deceive theenemy as to the location of artilleryunits. These positions are constructed toappear as realistic as possible. Logs,captured weapons, and pneumatic de-vices may be used to simulate artilleryweapons. Marks of digging, vehicletracks in and around the position, andactual or simulated firing add to realism.
(2) Many other deceptive measures may betaken. Artillery may occupy supple-mentary positions, fire from them for ashort period, and return to their pri-
41
mary positions. Registration, interdic-tion, or harassing fires by roving gunsfrom surveyed positions are effective.Simultaneous firing by several units in-creases the enemy's difficulty in locatingindividual positions. Reduction of fires,elimination of artillery preparations, re-strictions on registrations, and radiosilence or other restrictions on radiooperation all help to conceal the presenceof artillery.
47. Auxiliary Weapons
a. When directed, the fires of auxiliary·-weap-ons are used to supplement artillery fires. Weap-ons which may be used as artillery are tanks, airdefense artillery, and armored amphibians.
b. The employment of auxiliary weapons asartillery is facilitated by assigning the unit amission of reinforcing an artillery battalion.
c. Units furnishing auxiliary fires usually re-main under the command of the unit of assign-ment or attachment.
d. The reinforcing unit will usually be respon-sible for the following:
(1) Establishing communication and liaisonwith the reinforced artillery.
(2) Providing its own logistical support.
48. Army Aviation
a. Army aircraft are utilized to expedite andimprove the Army's ground combat capabilities
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and logistics. For a detailed discussion of Armyaviation, see FM 1-100.
b. When available to artillery, Army aircraftare used in performing the following tasks:
(1) Target acquisition.(2) Conduct of artillery fire.(3) Observation.(4) Photography.(5) Route reconnaissance.(6) Wire laying and radio relay and mes-
sage delivery.(7) Inspection of camouflage.(8) Survey assistance.(9) March column control.
(10) Movement of artillery weapons, crews,and supplies.
(11) Radiological survey.(12) Damage assessment.
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CHAPTER 6ARTILLERY IN NONNUCLEAR COMBAT
Section I. SUPPORT OF THE OFFENSE
49. GeneralThe purpose of offensive action is the destruc-
tion of the enemy's armed forces, the impositionof the commander's will on the enemy, or theseizure of territory to further operations. For acomplete discussion of offensive action, see FM100-5.
50. Missions and RequirementsArtillery must be deployed and organized to
provide supporting fires to the attack, furnishcontinuous support during the action, and protectthe attacking force during reorganization. Theweight of artillery firepower and priority of firesis normally given to the main attack. Prior tothe attack, control is centralized. As the attackdevelops or the exploitation begins, however, con-trol may be decentralized.
51. Artillery Positions in the OffenseArtillery position areas in the offense are lo-
cated-a. As far forward as practicable to exploit the
range of the weapons and to facilitate liaison,and communications.
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b. To avoid interference with other units.
c. To maintain adequate separation betweenunits consistent with their mission.
d. To give priority of position to units in directsupport of elements in contact.
512. Preparing to Support the Attack
a. Registration increases the accuracy of fires,permits placing unobserved fires close to friendlytroops, and saves ammunition. Unrestricted reg-istration discloses artillery positions and therebyindicates strength and deployment, signifies thecommander's intentions, and invites neutraliza-tion. These disadvantages can be minimizedby-
(1) Using special registration positions.(2) Keeping the number of registering bat-
teries to a minimum.
(3) Registering as late as possible beforethe attack.
(4) Registering several units simultane-ously.
(5) Employing meteorology plus velocityerror (VE) techniques to reduce theneed for registration.
(6) Using accurate survey and current me-teorological data.
b. The force commander decides whether reg-istration will be restricted or prohibited. Whenconditions indicate a need to restrict registration,the force commander coordinates registration.
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c. Actions of artillery before the attack in-clude
(1) Development of an organization forcombat and preparation of fire plans.
(2) Reconnaissance, selection, and occupa-tion of firing positions.
(3) Completion of the communication sys-tem.
(4) Provision of a common grid for firingunits and target acquisition installa-tions.
(5) Organization and coordination of ob-servation.
(6) Assembly of supplies and equipment inforward areas.
(7) Establishment of liaison.(8) Registration in accordance with the in-
structions or policy of the commander.
53. Meeting Engagementsa. A meeting engagement is the combat action
which occurs when a moving force, incompletelydeployed for battle, engages an enemy force. Theaction ceases to be a meeting engagement whenthe enemy's situation has been developed and op-erations, planned and coordinated for the specificsituation, are undertaken.
b. The artillery must be sufficiently far for-ward in the formation to support the action fromthe start. When the advance guard deploys, sup-porting artillery occupies positions at once to sup-port it.
46
c. Artillery support is not limited to plannedfires. The timely delivery of fire is given firstconsideration. The artillery moving to positionsshould be given road priority.
d. The advance guard and main body containmedium and heavy artillery, interspersedthroughout columns, capable of giving reinforc-ing and general support fires at the earlieststages.
54. Exploitation and EncirclementsArtillery with an exploiting or encircling force
is normally attached. Mobility and the capabilityof quick delivery of fire is essential to the artil-lery attached to these forces. It may be necessaryto provide additional logistical support.
55. Fires in Support of the Offense
a. Before the Preparation. Fires before thepreparation usually consist of registrations, fireson targets of opportunity, and fires covering thedeployment and movement of the attacking troopsinto position. Interdiction fires may be employedto restrict enemy operations, disrupt communica-tions, and prevent the movement of enemy re-serves.
b. Preparation. The force commander decideswhether a preparation is to be fired and its dura-tion. The time length of the preparation mayvary from a few minutes to several hours, de-pending on the degree of surprise required, theamount of ammunition available, and the extentto which the enemy position is organized. The
47
preparation may or may not be divided intophases. In general, any division of a preparationinto phases should provide for gaining fire supe-riority over hostile artillery in the early phases,neutralization of hostile artillery throughout thepreparation and delivery of massed fires on en-emy forward elements in the final phase. Thesephases allow the artillery to attack, in succession,various types of targets according to priority.
c. During the Attack. Fires during the attackare delivered to assist the advance of the sup-ported unit. All types of firepower are employed.Successive concentrations on known (real) orsuspect (possible) enemy locations may be pre-arranged. Fires must be planned on phase linesor objectives to protect the attacking unit duringits reorganization.
Section II. SUPPORT OF THE DEFENSE
56. General
The defense is the employment of all meansand methods available to prevent, resist, or de-stroy an enemy attack. The defensive is thatattitude or condition of a force when it standsready to protect itself against enemy attack. Fora complete discussion of defensive action, see FM100-5.
57. Missions and Requirements
Artillery must be prepared to support allphases of defensive action. It must be capableof massing fires on critical localities and on
48
ground that is lightly held or beyond the rangeof other supporting weapons. The artillery mustbe prepared to fire in any area by rapidly shiftingits direction of fire or by occupying alternate orsupplementary positions. It augments the defen-sive fires of the supported force with barragesand other prearranged fires.
58. Artillery Positions in the Defense
a. General. Since the rapid concentration ofartillery fire is essential to a successful defense,centralized control is desired. Every effort ismade to meet the main attack with a mass ofartillery fire. Deception is employed to misleadthe enemy as to artillery numbers and locations.Position areas are selected to provide continuousand effective fire support throughout the action.Organization of position, target acquisition, sur-vey, communication, and fire planning are ascomplete as time and the situation will permit.Artillery movements are coordinated with eachother and with other forces to insure the mosteffective support.
b. Position Areas. In the defense, artillery ispositioned so that-
(1) It is echeloned in depth to insure con-tinuous fire support can be deliveredwithin the battle area.
(2) All division artillery can fire immedi-ately in front of the forward edge ofthe battle area.
(3) Some artillery units are placed in for-ward positions to perform counterbat-
49
tery and longer range harassing andinterdiction fire.
(4) Advantage of terrain defensive features,of incidental protection afforded by thereserve, and access to route of with-drawal, are all considered.
(5) Priority of positions if given to unitsproviding close support for elements incontact.
(6) Every effort is made to position artilleryin the zone or area of responsibility ofthe supported unit and to avoid inter-ference with other units.
(7) Positions are selected to facilitate or-ganization, camouflage, and defense.Camouflage is stressed. All units pre-pare their positions for defense againstground and airborne attack.
c. Alternate and Supplementary Positions. Allartillery commanders are responsible that thenecessary alternate and supplementary positionsare selected and prepared to the extent possible.
(1) Alternate positions are those from whichthe mission can be continued. These areusually occupied only when the primaryposition becomes untenable.
(2) Supplementary positions are those usedto attack targets which cannot be firedupon from the primary or alternatepositions. A supplementary position isusually occupied only after approval bythe commander of the supported force.
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59. Defensive Fires
a. Fire Planning. Detailed fire planning is es-sential to effective artillery support of defensiveoperations. Defensive fires are planned to-
(1) Delay and disorganize the enemy's ap-proach.
(2) Disrupt the enemy's attack preparationby counter preparation fire.
(3) Impede the enemy's attack with closedefensive fires in width and depththroughout the sector.
(4) Break up the enemy's assault by finalprotective concentrations and barrages.
(5) Limit penetration with on-call fires with-in friendly lines.
(6) Support the counterattack and associatedlimited offensive actions.
b. Fires Delivered Before the Enemy Forms forthe Attack. These include interdiction and harass-ing fires which will force the enemy into earlydeployment and fires in support of security forces.
(1) Harassing and interdiction fires areusually planned by division, corps, andarmy artilleries.
(2) Fires in support of a covering force areusually planned by the highest artilleryechelon with that force. Additional firesupport by the artillery with the generaloutpost force and with the main defen-sive force is planned to cover the with-drawal of the covering force.
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(3) Fires in support of the general outpostforce are usually planned by the artillerywith that force. Additional fires by theartillery with the main defensive forcemay be planned in support of the generaloutpost force and will be planned tocover its withdrawal.
(4) Artillery supporting a covering force orgeneral outpost force will usually firefrom supplementary positions to avoiddisclosing the artillery positions pre-pared for use in support of the battlearea.
(5) Time of opening fire, is decided by theforce commander. Premature firing mayexpose the artillery to neutralization andreveal the plans of the defending force.Firing is usually confined to the attackof dangerous or highly profitable targets.
(6) Harassing and interdiction fires areplanned fires. Planning is based onstudies of maps, terrain, road nets avail-able to the enemy, and all target intelli-gence. Targets suitable for harassingfires are enemy batteries, industrial sites,assembly areas, observation posts, com-munication centers, command posts, andleading enemy elements. Interdictionfires on communication centers, harbors,command posts, road junctions, bridges,and crossroads are profitable. Harassingand interdiction fires are irregularly
52
timed to prevent the enemy from deter-mining their pattern.
60. The Counterpreparation
a. A counterpreparation consists of plannedfires designed to disrupt the enemy's attack prep-arations; it is delivered only on order of the forcecommander. A counterpreparation includes fireon command posts, observation posts, assemblyareas, lines of communication, weapons, and allother known targets.
b. Premature firing provides the enemy withcounterfire data for his artillery preparation, in-dicates to him the areas to be avoided in formingfor the attack, and expends ammunition that maybe irreplaceable.
Section Ill. RETROGRADE OPERATIONS
61. General
a. A retrograde movement is any movement ofa command to the rear or away from the enemy.Retrograde movements are further classified intowithdrawal from action, delaying action and re-tirement.
b. In retrograde movements the mission of theartillery is to neutralize the enemy artillery, todelay the enemy advance, and to assist the infan-try or armor in disengaging from action. In theevent the force commander launches a limitedcounterattack to assist the disengagement ofunits, the artillery must be prepared to supportthe counterattack with the preponderance of avail-
53
able fire power. The air defense of elements mov-ing to the rear and of critical points along theroute is of primary consideration. It is essentialthat the leading elements are not stopped andwithdrawal routes are not blocked.
62. Withdrawal from Actiona. A withdrawal from action is an operation in
which all or a part of a deployed force disengagesfrom the enemy. Its purpose is to regain or pre-serve freedom of action. It may be followed by aretirement, a delaying action, or the defense ofanother position. Enemy contact is maintainedby frontline units and reconnaissance or securityforces. Whenever possible, withdrawals fromaction are accomplished at night or during periodsof reduced visibility to avoid enemy detection.
b. The appearance of normal artillery fire ismaintained with the security force by retaininga minimum number of units, calibers, and typesof artillery representative of all artillery with theforce. Deceptive measures are employed duringthe withdrawal.
63. Delaying ActionsThe use of self-propelled artillery in the delay-
ing action is particularly effective. Employmentof artillery during a delaying action is similar tothat with a rear guard. Artillery is usually at-tached to the delaying force.
64. RetirementsStrong artillery support is provided the security
forces. Artillery is used to force the enemy's early
54
deployment and permit the security force to re-tain flexibility. Artillery is positioned throughoutthe columns to support the main body or furnishadditional support to the security force.
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CHAPTER 7ARTILLERY IN NUCLEAR COMBAT
Section I. GENERAL
65. Scope
a. This chapter establishes the fundamentalsfor employment of artillery in nuclear combat. Itincludes a description of the nuclear battle andexplains the role of artillery in nuclear warfareand the exploitation of nuclear fire superiority.
b. Emphasis is placed on the differences be-tween nuclear and nonnuclear combat.
66. Character of the Nuclear Battle
a. Dominance of Nuclear Firepower. The de-velopment of nuclear weapons and nuclear artil-lery has reached the stage where their dominationof the battlefield is unquestioned. Hence, the firsttask in nuclear combat is to gain fire superiorityover the enemy's nuclear artillery. Simultane-ously, the combat arms position their major ele-ments to acquire nuclear targets, to maintain theintegrity of the battle position and to protectthemselves against nuclear attack through disper-sion, concealment, and deception.
b. Nuclear Superiority. When the bulk of theenemy's nuclear capability has been destroyed orneutralized, we have attained nuclear superiority.
56
Depending on the degree of success attained inthe nuclear battle, the succeeding phase(s) maytake the form of a battle of maneuver or infantryand armor may immediately exploit nuclear su-periority. In either case, artillery will supportmaneuver elements, delivering either nuclear ornonnuclear fires as required.
c. Acquiring Nuclear Targets.(1) The primary task of counterbattery ar-
tillery weapons in the nuclear battleis the destruction of enemy nuclearartillery. Accordingly, the location ofhostile nuclear artillery is of primaryconcern.
(2) The target acquisition effort will exploitfully all means available to locate nucleartargets. At division and corps level thesemeans will include ground and air ob-servers, electronic and mechanicalmeans, and reconnaissance and intelli-gence agencies such as patrols and stay-behind elements.
Section II. ARTILLERY IN THE NUCLEAR BATTLE
67. Artillery in Transition from Nonnuclear Combata. General. A major problem confronting artil-
lery in nuclear warfare is the transition of theforce from a nonnuclear to a nuclear posture.When the necessity for this action occurs, themovement and poistioning of artillery will be gov-erned by-
(1) The mission of the force.
57
(2) The mission of the force artillery-therequirement to provide continuous sup-port throughout the operation.
(3) Movement of major maneuver elements.(4) Position areas.(5) Enemy capabilities.
b. Operations During Transition.(1) In general, the initial disposition of our
forces, upon completion of the transition,will be in considerable depth. When themission and the tactical situation permit,boundaries may be adjusted and unitsdisplaced to provide greater separation,laterally and in depth. Logistical ele-ments must be kept to the rear and dis-placed as required on a schedule whichwill avoid conflict with the movement oftactical units.
(2) The movements of artillery are governedby its mission. In general, longer rangeartillery will displace first. Artillerysupporting maneuver elements (directsupport and reinforcing artillery) dis-places by echelon to insure continuoussupport.
(3) When limited objective attacks are madeto cover the movement of the force, artil-lery will provide the necessary support.
68. Employment of Artillery During the Nuclear Battlea. General.
(1) This phase of combat is the battle for nu-
58
clear superiority. The principal weaponis the missile.
(2) Since a static position cannot survive anuclear attack, nuclear artillery unitswill prepare and use numerous alternateand supplementary positions. Conse-quently, the maneuver of artillery unitswill be required throughout the battleconsistent with their missions.
(3) Although centralized control may be de-sirable, distances and deployments maydictate decentralization. In that case,artillery will usually be attached to lowerechelons.
(4) The bulk of artillery units not involvedin the nuclear battle will be disposed indepth to-
(a) Support infantry and armor in actionagainst enemy penetration or infiltra-tion.
(b) Provide dispersion as a passive meas-ure against nuclear attack.
(c) Provide for artillery unit replacement.(d) Support infantry and armor in subse-
quent phases.
b. Army and Corps Artillery.
(1) The bulk of the missile units required tofight the nuclear battle are found atarmy and corps artillery levels. In viewof the formidable nuclear delivery ca-pability of potential enemies, every
59
nuclear delivery means in the field armywill be needed to win the nuclear battle.
(2) The limited ranges of certain nuclearartillery and employment over extendeddistances may dictate attachment ofarmy artillery units to corps. Also, corpsmay attach cannon and missile units todivision.
(3) Cannon artillery, with the exception ofsome dual-capable units, will be posi-tioned in considerable depth for the pur-poses stated in a(4) above. Some cannonartillery units may be out of range ofthe line of contact or forward edge ofthe battle area and are positioned tosupport units deployed at relativelygreat depths.
(4) Shorter range nuclear artillery will re-quire firing positions relatively near theline of contact. Each of these units willmaintain supplementary firing positionsin the forward area. In addition, theseunits will require assembly areas andfiring positions deeper in the zone. Thedensity of nuclear artillery units in theforward area at any one time should notpresent lucrative target complexes to theenemy. Artillery not employed in thenuclear battle will be positioned to sup-port the force throughout the sector.
(5) Missile units will be positioned any-where in the field army sector requiredto accomplish their mission(s). There-
60
fore first priority for positions must begiven to missile artillery. Centralizedcontrol of nuclear artillery will be main-tained consistent with the force fire sup-port requirements and ability of thehigher artillery commander to controlthe unit. When control must be decen-tralized, these units may be attachedeither to corps artillery groups or todivisions.
(6) In addition to its tasks during the nu-clear battle, nuclear artillery will attacktargets which can prevent or definitelyhinder the accomplishment of the forcemission. Examples of such targets aremajor penetrations and preemptive orspoiling attacks.
c. Division Artillery. Since division artilleryweapons consist of cannon and missiles, the gen-eral considerations outlined for corps artilleryweapons of similar type will apply equally todivision artillery. Considerations concerning em-ployment of the division artillery in nuclear com-bat are-
(1) Direct support battalions will normallybe attached to mayor combat elements.Therefore, their position areas will bedetermined by the deployment of theseelements and may be out of range of theline of contact.
(2) The nuclear artillery of the divisionswith the corps is employed by the divi-sion commander in a manner to assure
61
maximum participation in the nuclearbattle consistent with the capabilities ofhis weapons. Missile units will preparenumerous supplementary positions inthe forward area and to a lesser degreein depth. In general, nuclear cannon ar-tillery will be employed throughout thedepth of the zone. In the event of con-flict with corps nuclear artillery posi-tions, corps artillery will coordinateposition areas.
Section III. EMPLOYMENT OF ARTILLERYFOLLOWING THE NUCLEAR BATTLE
69. Generala. In the phases succeeding the battle for nu-
clear superiority, artillery supports the maneuverof infantry and armor with nuclear and non-nuclear fires.
b. Artillery continues to maintain nuclear su-periority over enemy nuclear artillery.
70. Major Considerationsa. The fluid nature of nuclear operations will
require continuous artillery support at all levels.The outcome of the battle will frequently dependon the speed and responsiveness of artillery sup-port.
b. Since many artillery headquarters and unitswill have been subjected to nuclear attack, in-creasing demands will be placed upon artillerycommanders and staffs as they seek to accomplish
62
their missions. In general, they must continue toprovide fire support under a variety of adverseconditions. In so doing, they will be requiredto-
(1) Decentralize control to the degree whichthe situation dictates.
(2) Operate with limited logistical support.(3) Improvise command and administrative
structures.(4) Replace or reconstitute ineffective units.
c. Artillery must be prepared to support mobileforces, both airmobile and ground. When em-ployed in such a role, artillery will be attached, ifcontrol cannot be maintained by the artillerycommander while satisfying the supported ele-ment's requirements for fires. As operations as-sume an increasingly fluid character, the artillerymust be capable of operation with any type ofmarch column, rapid occupation of position, andimmediate response to fire requests.
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CHAPTER 8OPERATIONS UNDER SPECIAL CONDITIONS
71. GeneralOperations under special conditions are those
where the terrain, weather, or nature of the opera-tion itself create the necessity for special meas-ures to meet the situation. Operations underspecial conditions include night attacks, raids,river crossings, defense of a river line and moun-tain, jungle, desert, guerrilla, antiguerrilla, andarctic operations. The discussion in this sectionis limited to general considerations in planningfor operations under special conditions. Tech-niques modified to specific types of operations arediscussed in FM 6-20-2.
72. Plans and Estimates
The artillery commander at each echelon is re-sponsible for providing adequate fire support tothe maneuvering force. Commanders must assurethemselves that personnel of their staffs aretrained in detailed planning for operations underspecial conditions when such operations are con-templated.
a. Information and intelligence on which esti-mates are based will often come from other agen-cies. In some operations, it is impossible to verifythe information received because of the distance
64
or the inaccessibility of the area of operation.Plans developed from estimates based on such in-formation must be extremely flexible, so they canbe adjusted to unforeseen situations in the combatarea.
b. Artillery plans for operations under specialconditions include considerations of-
(1) Liaison and coordination with appropri-ate arms and services of the forces con-cerned.
(2) Acquisition, evaluation, and analysis oftargets.
(3) Coordination of fire support.(4) Amounts and types of artillery and am-
munition required during various stagesof the operation.
(5) Organization for combat.(6) Special equipment, clothing, and training
required by units.(7) Details of employment of artillery units
to include movement into selected posi-tion areas, registration, fire plans, andsurvey.
(8) Special communication equipment andprocedures.
(9) Artillery training for operations underspecial conditions including-
(a) Use of special equipment.(b) Operation, care, and maintenance of
equipment under expected terrain andweather conditions.
(c) Special techniques required to applythe basic artillery combat principles.
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CHAPTER 9TARGET INTELLIGENCE AND ANALYSIS
73. ScopeIn this chapter, target intelligence, target
acquisition, counterbattery fires, and targetanalysis are explained in general terms. For moredetailed guidance, see FM 6-121.
74. Collection of Target InformationTarget information is collected through the con-
tinuous planning and systematic direction of thetarget acquisition effort. To make the most effec-tive use of the target acquisition sources andagencies available to the artillery, the artillery S2must have a complete knowledge of their capabili-ties and limitations.
75. Coordination of Target Acquisition
a. Target acquisition is that part of the combatintelligence function which involves the detection,identification, and accurate three-dimensionallocation of a target in sufficient detail to permittarget analysis and effective employment ofweapons.
b. Artillery intelligence agencies are part ofthe intelligence gathering agencies of the wholeforce. The force G2 or S2, in developing his col-lection plan, makes full use of artillery agencies in
66
producing combat intelligence. The discharge ofthis additional responsibility is furthered by theartillery's efficient communication system, specialtarget acquisiton equipment, and ability to co-ordinate numbers of observers.
c. Coordination of target acquisition activitiesmust be continuous at all levels of command toinsure complete coverage of the zone of opera-tions. The artillery S2 (S3 in the target acquisi-tion battalion) coordinates all information fromthe target acquisition sources available to his com-mander. The target acquisition plan is preparedconcurrently at all levels.
76. Target AnalysisTarget analysis, a responsibility of the artillery
commander, is the examination of the characteris-tics of a target to determine its vulnerability andthe relative suitability of available weapons sys-tems for its attack. An analysis may be either arapid mental calculation for tactical planning or adetailed and written calculation for execution.
77. Counterbattery Activities
a. The term counterbattery includes fires onmortars, cannon, rockets, and missile positionsand units.
b. Division artillery is responsible for supervi-sion of counterbattery functions within the divi-son zone of action.
c. Corps artillery is responsible for counterbat-tery functions within the corps zone of action.
67
d. Army artillery is responsible for counterbat-tery activities within its zone of action.
e. The zone of action-(1) Is determined by the commanders plan
of maneuver commensurate with thecapabilities of his command.
(2) Will include the objective and, wherepossible, important terrain features andapproaches thereto.
(3) Is defined by its lateral boundaries whichare easily identifiable on the ground.
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CHAPTER 10PRINCIPLES OF FIRE SUPPORT COORDINATION
78. Generala. Fire support is the most flexible and one of
the principal means available to the commanderfor influencing an action. The effectiveness withwhich he uses it in support of his plan of actioncan be a decisive factor in battle.
*b. The force commander through his artilleryofficer makes detailed plans for the use of theartillery under his direct control; in addition, hemakes general plans for the coordinated employ-ment of all artillery with the force. In subordinateechelons the same methods apply. Plans may beimplemented in combat orders, policies, prioritiesor individual decisions.
c. Coordination of fire support is usually ac-complished at the force headquarters. The artil-lery officer at each echelon is the fire supportcoordinator.
d. Techniques of fire support coordination arediscussed in FM 6-20-2.
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CHAPTER 1 1AMMUNITION SUPPLY
79. Nuclear Class V Proceduresa. A nuclear allocation is the number of nuclear
weapons, by yield, type, and delivery means whicha commander is permitted to use during a speci-fied period of time or -for a given operation.Nuclear weapons allocated to a commander areusually divided into three categories--those wea-pons or fires held in reserve, those planned foremployment as directed by the commander havingthe allocation, and those allocated to subordinateunits. Nuclear allocations are made after con-sidering missions, nuclear weapons available, de-livery units available, characteristics of deliverymeans, and capability of subordinate units toacquire targets, exploit effects of nuclear wea-pons, and to coordinate the planned effects.
b. A prescribed nuclear load (PNL) is thenumber of nuclear rounds authorized to be carriedby a fire unit. The force commander at eachechelon will announce the prescribed nuclear load.The PNL may be changed to conform with thetactical and logistical situation. However, replace-ment of the PNL is not automatic as with non-nuclear ammunition. See FM 101-31 for adetailed discussion of the control of nuclear am-munition.
70
c. Administrative orders will designate specialammunition supply points (SASP) or depotsfrom which nuclear ammunition will be drawn.
80. The Ammunition Supply System
Class V supplies (ammunition) directly in-fluence tactical operations and are controlled byeach commander in the tactical chain of command.The ammunition supply system is designed forfast and informal resupply. This system, which isknown as the continuous refill system, is based onpossession by the using units of a fixed basic loadof ammunition which will be replenished as used.
a. Units replenish their basic loads from desig-nated ammunition supply points on presentationof an authenticated ammunition requisition bear-ing the statement, "Required to replenish basicload. Expenditures are within authorized avail-able supply rate." Replenishing the basic load inan active situation may be done at the time of,in expectation of, or after its expenditure.
b. A division preparing to defend against anattack may stock-pile ammunition at weapon posi-tions and draw ammunition from the ammunitionsupply point on the basis that it is needed forimmediate use. A unit may draw in excess of itsbasic loads, ammunition that is "required for im-mediate consumption." Immediate consumptionis interpreted to mean that the ammunition willbe expended within 24 hours.
c. The amount of ammunition in a unit's pos-session may exceed the basic load for a short time.
71
A unit drawing ammunition on the basis that it isneeded for immediate use is in effect, drawingammunition in expectation of a future require-ment. This temporary overage may be frequentand normal during continued fighting. When itoccurs, it will not be reported as an overage un-less it is excessive and is held for a period longerthan 24 hours. Commanders must prevent am-munition overages from becoming excessive orprolonged.
81. Maintenance of the Basic LoadA basic load of ammunition is the quantity of
ammunition which a unit is authorized to have inits possession. It is carried by organic equipmentand personnel. Each commander must insure thathis basic load is maintained at the prescribedlevel.
82. Class V Nonnuclear Proceduresa. Required Supply Rate. A required supply
rate is the amount of ammunition for each typeof weapon, expressed in rounds per weapon perday, required to sustain unrestricted operationsof a force. Artillery commanders at division,corps, and army, working with the force G3 andG4, recommend to the force commander thequantity of artillery ammunition needed to sup-port future tactical operations. These estimatesare based on the mission, experience data, thetheater, knowledge of the enemy, and the plan ofoperation. The quantity of ammunition requestedby each echelon is reviewed, evaluated, and con-
72
solidated at the next higher echelon. Final deter-mination of nonnuclear ammunition distributionis made at theater level. Consideration is givento the mission, plan of operation, available wea-pons and units, and other fire support means todetermine a required supply rate.
b. Available Supply Rate (ASR). The avail-able supply rate, for artillery weapons, is the rateof consumption of ammunition expressed inrounds per weapon per day, that can be sustainedwith available supplies, announced by each com-mander and applicable within his command. TheASR is announced by the army commander for aspecific period. This rate is based on credit alloca-tions from higher headquarters and the tacticalrequirement of corps and other elements of theArmy. The corps commander announces a detailedallocation of artillery ammunition to the corpsartillery units and the divisions of the corps,based on recommendations of the corps artillerycommander. Ammunition at division level issimilarly allocated. The ASR among units of thesame type often varies with the mission, availabletargets, and plan of the supported unit. Authorityfrom the next higher commander is required be-fore a unit may exceed its available supply rate.The ASR is published in~the administrative orderand paragraph 4 of the fire support plan annexto the operation order or as a fragmentary order.
c. Tactical Savings. Within the available sup-ply rate set by a higher headquarters, subordinateheadquarters may establish ammunition rates for
73
their units to meet particular tactical situations,In this manner they may acquire tactical savingsof ammunition by reducing the allocations to theirunits. Division is the lowest echelon which maydevelop a tactical saving of ammunition.
74
APPENDIX IREFERENCES
AR 320-5 Dictionary of United StatesArmy Terms.
AR 705-35 Criteria for Air Transportabil-ity and Air Delivery ofMateriel.
FM 1-100 Army Aviation.
FM 6-10 Field Artillery Communica-tions.
FM 6-20-2 Field Artillery Techniques.
FM 6-121 Field Artillery Target Acquisi-tion.
FM 25-10 Motor Transportation, Opera-tions.
FM 30-5 Combat Intelligence.
FM 44-1 Air Defense Artillery Employ-ment.
FM 44-1A Air Defense Artillery Employ-ment (U).
FM 100-5 Field Service Regulations; Op-erations.
FM 101-5 Staff Officers' Field Manual;Staff Organization and Pro-cedure.
75
FM 101-1.0, Staff Officers' Field Manual:Part I. Organization, Technical and'
Logistical Data. Part I. Un-classified Data.
FM 101-10, Staff Officers' Field Manual:Part III. Organization, Technical, and
Logistical Data. Part III.Classified Data (U).
FM 101-31 Staff Officer's Field Manual:Nuclear Weapons Employ-ment (U).
TM 23-200 Capabilities of Atomic Wea-pons (U).
76
INDEX
Paragraphs PageActivities:
Counterbattery ____----- _--------- 77 67Advance guard __-----_--------------- 53 46Aerial:
Observation _______-- __----------- 48 42Photography -_____---- __--------- 48 42Reconnaissance ____-----_--------- 48 42
Agencies collecting target information --__ 74, 75 66Aircraft:
Army ________-____--____--------- 48 42Wire laying _--------------------- 48 42
Air-transportable artillery --___-------- 6 6Alternate positions:
During nuclear battle _____-- ____-- 68 58During nonnuclear battle __--____-- 58 49
Ammunition:Authorized excess __-----__-------- 82 72Available supply rate -----_-------- 82 72Basic load _________…____________-- 81 72For immediate consumption --____-- 82 72Nuclear allocations _---____--- ___-- 79 70Overages ____-- ____------- -__ ___-- 82 72Prescribed nuclear load -___-----_-- 79 70Required supply rate -------------- 82 72Special ammunition supply points ___ 79 70Tactical savings ___-----__----___- 82 72
Antiguerrilla _________________--____-- 71 64Arctic operations ---- __-----__-----_-- 71 64Armored amphibians employed as field
artillery ________-__--_____---____-- 47 42Army artillery:
Commander ---------------------- 25, 32 22,26
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Paragraphs Page'
Composition ---------------------- 13 12Organization for combat ----------- 19 14
Army aviation ------------------------ 48 42Army group artillery ------------------ 27 23Artillery:
Assignment of tactical missions to __ 20 16Battalion group ------------------- 29 24Cannon, dual-capable -------------- 68 58Capabilities ---------------------- 8 9Chain of command ---------------- 25, 32 22,26Characteristics ------------------- 5-9 6Classification --------------------- 5, 6 6Commander ----------------- 25, 26, 28-30 22, 24Coordinating and limiting measures_ 37 29Counterbattery activities ----------- 77 67Countermortar activities ----------- 77 67Estimates ------------------------ 34-36 27Fire support coordination --------- 78 69Group -_------------------------- 28 24Maneuver of units ---------------- 39 33Missiles -------------------------- 5 6Missions ------------------------- 21 17Officer --------------------------- 24 22Requirements, estimate ------------ 36 28
Assignment:Fire mission _--------------------- 21 17Position areas -------------------- 21 17Tactical missions ----------------- 20, 21 16, 17Zones of fire ---------------------- 21 17
Attached artillery --------------------- 21 17Auxiliary weapons employed as field
artillery --------------------------- 47 42Available supply rate ----------------- 82 72Aviation, Army, (See Army Aviation)
Basic load of ammunition -------------- 81 72Battalion group ----------------------- 29 24
Cannon, dual-capable ------------------ 68 58Capabilities, artillery ----______-------- 8 9
78
Paragraphs Page
Centralized control ----------------- 19, 50, 68 14,44,58
Class V supplies ---------------------- 79-82 70Classification of artillery -…------------ 5, 6 6Collection of target information -------- 74 66Command:
Liaison -------------------------- 33 26Relationships --------------------- ?5-33 22
Commander:Army artillery -------------------- 32 26Artillery:
Artillery group --------------- 15 12Attached artillery ------------- 21 17Battalion group --------------- 16 13Corps artillery ---------------- 32 26Division artillery -------------- 32 26Force ------------------------ 25 22
Communications ----------------------- 38 32Control and coordination --------------- 34-38 27Coordinating and limiting measures ---- 37 29Coordination:
Control and ----------------------- 34-38 27Fire planning _____---------------- 21 17Fire support ---------------------- 21, 78 17, 69
Coordinator, fire support. (See Fire Sup-port Coordinator.)
Corps:Artillery ------------------------- 12 12Commander -------------------- 25, 26, 32 22, 26Counterbattery functions ---------- 77 67Observation functions ------------- 37 29
Counterattack, fires in support of ------- 59 51Counterbattery activities --------------- 77 67Countermortar ------------------------ 77 67Counterpreparation ------------------- 60 53
Decentralized control, nuclear battle ----- 68, 70 58, 62Defensive combat; Artillery:
Counterpreparation --------------- 60 53
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Paragraphs Page
Delaying actions ------------------ 63 54Missions and requirements _------- 57 48Positions, artillery in the defense ___ 58 49Retirements _______________--____- 64 54Support of -___------------------- 59 51Withdrawals ________--______-_-__ 62 54
Delaying actions ------ ___-----_------- 63 54Desert operations --------------------- 71 64Direct support artillery:
Commander -__--____----------- _- 30 25Coordinating and limiting measures__ 37 29Position areas _----__----__------- 21 17Tactical mission _…___-_____---___- 21 17
Displacement _________________________ 21, 67 17, 57Division artillery:
Commander ---__--___----_----- -_ 32 26Countermortar functions ----------- 77 67Observation functions _______…____- 37 29
Duties:Army, corps, division and force
artillery commander ______…______ 25, 26 2232 26
Battalion group commander -------- 29 24Group commander _________-______- 28 24Liaison officer __-----_----- -__-_-__ 33 26Theater army and army group
artillery officers ----------------- 24 22
Encircling force ---------------------- 54 47Estimate:
Artillery requirements --_--_----_-- 35, 36 27, 28
Fire planning responsibilities ---------- 21 17Force:
Commander ___-----_------_----- _ 26 22Encircling ----------------------_- 54 47
Formation of tactical groupings _---_-_- 20-22 16
General support artillery ------------_- 21 17
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Paragraphs Page
Group:Artillery _________________________ 27, 28 23, 24Commander ----------_----------- 28 24
Guerrilla. (See Antiguerrilla.)Guided missiles. (See Missiles.)
Harassing fire -------------_---------- 59 51Heavy field artillery --_-----____-- __--- 5 6
Information, collection of target -------- 74 66Intelligence:
Counterbattery -----------_---_---- 77 67Countermortar ______-___________-- 77 67Target --------_-__------_-------- 73, 74 66
Interdiction fire ----------------------- 55 47
Jungle operations --------------------- 71 64
Liaison ---------- ____________--_----- 33 26Light artillery -----_------------------ 5 6Limitations, artillery ------------------ 8 9Limiting and coordinating measures ----- 37 29Line (s):
Fire coordination ------------------ 37 29Fire support coordination ---------- 37 29No-fire --------------------------- 37 29Nuclear safety -------------------- 37 290-0 -___----_--------------------- 37 29
Location:Fire coordination line -------------- 37 29Fire support coordination line ------ 37 29No-Fire line ---------------------- 37 29Nuclear safety line ---------------- 37 290-0 line -------------------------- 37 29Position areas -------------------- 21,39, 17, 33,
46, 51, 41,44,53, 58, 46,49,
64,66-68 54,56
Marches, tactical ---------------------- 40 34Medium artillery ---------------------- 5 6
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Paragraphs Page
Meeting engagements ---------_________ 53 46Missiles ------ __________________ 5, 6,68,20-22 6,58, 16Missions ------ _______________________ 17-19 13.Mobility -_____________________________ 6 6Modifications of tactical missions ------- 22 18Mountain operations ------------------ _ 71 64Movements --------________------------ 39, 40 33, 34
No-Fire line -- …_______________________ 37 29Nuclear:
Ammunition supply procedures ----- 79 70Safety measures ------------------ 37 29Tactics ------------____ ________ 2, 4, 65-70 4, 56
Observation:Aerial ------ _____________________ 48 42Coordination -_----________________ 37 29
Offensive combat:Artillery support ----- _____________ 49-55 44
0-0 line ---------_____________________ 37 29Operation (s):
Antiguerrilla --------------------- 71 64Arctic -------- …--.---___ _________ 71 64Defensive. (See Defensive combat.)Desert --------------_------______ 71 64Jungle ---__________ ______________ 71 64Mountain ----_-----___________ ___ 71 64Special, conditions under ----------- 71, 72 64
Organization for combat ----------__--- 10-23 11Outpost:
Combat -------------------------- 59 51Fires in support of ---------------- 59 51
Passage of lines ---------------------- _ 45 40Plan, collection ---------______________ 75 66Position:
Alternate and supplementary ------- 58 49Areas. (See Location, position area.)Dummy -__--____________________ 46 41
Preparation fires -------.-- _----------_ 55 47
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Paragraphs Page
Registration, precautions -------------- 52, 55 45, 47Reinforcing mission ------------------- 21 17Relief in combat ---------------------- 44 38Reorganization, planning fires
to protect -------------------------- 50 44Required supply rate ------------------ 82 72Retirement --------------------------- 62, 64 54Rockets. (See Missiles.)Route reconnaissance ------------------ 39 33
S2 …______.-------------- 74 66Safety measures ---------------------- 37 29Security forces, artillery with ---------- 41 34Self-propelled artilllery:
Definition -__--------------------- 6 6In delaying actions ---------------- 63 54
Special operations, conditions under ----- 71,72 64Supplementary positions --------------- 58 49Surprise ----------------------------- 55 47
Tactical:Groupings, formation -------------- 16-20 13Marches -------------------------- 40 34Missions ------------------------- 21, 22 17, 18
Tanks used as field artillery ----------- 47 42Target acquisition:
Aerial observation ---------------- 48 42Definition ------------------------ 75 66Observation functions ------------- 37 29Countermortar -------------------- 77 67Counterbattery activities ----------- 77 67Collection of target information ---- 74 66Target intelligence ---------------- 73-75 660-0 Line ------------------------- 37 29
Target analysis ----------------------- 76 67Task force artillery commander -------- 26 22Theater army artillery officer ---------- 24 22Towed artillery ----------------------- 6 6
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Paragraphs Page
Very heavy field artillery -------------- 5 6
Warning orders ----------------------- 23 19Weapons system, artillery ------------- 3 4Withdrawal from action --------------- 62 54
Zone of action ------------------------ 77 67Zone of fire --------------------------- 37 29
BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF THE ARMY:
G. H. DECKER,General, United States Army,
Official: Chief of Staff.
J. C. LAMBERT,Major General, United States Army,
The Adjutant General.
Distribution:
Active Army:
DSCPER (2) ARADCOM Rgn (1)ACSI (2) Armies (25)DCSOPS (10) Corps (15)DCSLOG (2) Corps Arty (10)ACSRC (2) Div (10)CRD (1) Div Arty (10)
COA (1) Combat Arms BdeCINFO (1) (5)TIG (1) Inf Regt (1)
TJAG (1) FA Gp (5)TPMG (1)Tech Stf, DA (1) Div Bns (1) exceptTech Stf, DA (1)USCONARC (20) FA Bn (5)OS Maj Comd (20) Div Co/Trp (1)LOGCOMD (1) Btry (5)ARADCOM (1) CDEC (5)
84
USMA (5) USAAVNS (2)USACGSC (3775) USAINTC (5)USAAMS (2500) PMS Sr Div Units (1)US ARADSCH (300) PMS Mil Sch Div UnitsUSAARMS (1250) (1)USAIS (36) MAAG (5)USASCS (7) Mil Msn (5)USACMLCSCH (10) Units org under folUSAES (12) TOE: 17-22 (2)
NG: State AG (3); units-same as Active Army ex-cept allowance is two copies to each unit.
USAR: Same as Active Army except allowance is onecopy to each unit.
For explanation of abbreviations used, see AR 320-50.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1963 O -685841
85
