Copy of Biofilm Seminar Presentation-- 11-04

8/11/2019 Copy of Biofilm Seminar Presentation-- 11-04

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DREW

INDUSTRIAL

CONTROLLING

MICROBIOLOGICALLYINFLUENCED CORROSION

AND BIOFOULING


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Microbiological Control Is The Key To Success

Or Failure In Cooling Water Treatment Programs


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How Biofilms Form


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Biofilms Must Be Controlled

Will provide insulating barrier andreduce heat transfer rates

Will trap debris and promote plugging

Concentration cell forms beneath and

corrosion accelerates (MIC)

Provides a host for anaerobicbacteria such as SRBs and otheracid formers

How MIC occursHow MIC occurs

Biofilm on exchangerBiofilm on exchanger


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Biofilms Must Be Controlled

Top layer Aerobic bacteria Nitrifying, iron oxidizing and

manganese bacteria aretypical

Middle layer Facultative bacteria

Prefer aerobic, but survive inanaerobic conditions

Denitrifying

Bottom layer Anaerobic SRB, iron reducing

Provides protective barrier for all types of microorganisms and

creates environment to enable all species to flourish


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Pitting

Biofilm provides anaerobic environment for SRB proliferation

SRB attack in anaerobic environments results in pitting in all

metallurgy


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Chlorination

Cl2 +H2O HCl + HOCl

HOCl H+ + OCl-

Lowest cost alternative in right systems-- Narrow pH

range below ~8.5

Uncontaminated systems

Attacks nucleus not slime layer Poor biofilm penetrant

Reacts with organics and loses ability to kill bacteria

Reacts with NH3, forming chloramines


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Chlorine and Ammonia

Cl2 reacts in 10:1 ratio to form

chloramines

Far less effective than HOCl

and OCl-

Initially forms

monochloroamine

Positive FRC reading Significantly lower ORP Much lower killing power

121NH2Cl

412OCl-

200100200HOCl

VirusSporesBacteria

Relative Effectiveness

(Related to Kill Time)

ff f C C


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Effect of Free Chlorine and Chloramines

on ORP (pH = 7.5)

Effect of Free Chlorine and Chloramines

on ORP (pH = 7.5)

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

750

800

0.00 0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 50.00 100.00

Free Available Halogen

ORPm

V

NH2Cl HOCl

Target min ORP Target max ORP

Area of

optimum

kill


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Chloramines Are Very Poor Biocides


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Effects Of Over-Chlorination

Acceleration of corrosion rates

Increased chloride-- SCC of SS

Aggressive to copper

Delignification of wood

Reaction/deactivation of some

inhibitors/ deposit control agents

Lower cycles of concentration when

chloride is limiting factor for COC

Severe delignification


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Bromination

Very effective at pH 8+ in uncontaminated systems

Most economical is to activate a sodium bromidesolution with chlorine source

NaBr + Cl2 + H2O NaCl + HOBr + HCl

At higher pH levels:

HOBr OBr- + H+


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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5 7.7 7.9 8.1 8.3 8.5 8.7 8.9

pH

Percentdissociation

HOCl

HOBr

Br2Better Than Cl2at Higher pHBr2Better Than Cl2at Higher pH

B i H V L H lf Lif d Fl h


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Bromamines Have Very Low Half Life and Flash

Off Over the Tower


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Chlorine Dioxide

Overcomes the Problems

Associated with Chlorine

and Bromine

OO

OO

ClCl

OO

OO

ClCl


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What is Chlorine Dioxide?

Powerful and highly effective oxidizer

Not affected by pH because it is a dissolved gas Wont react with many organic contaminants - including

ammonia compounds

Excellent biofilm removal - rapidly penetrates and oxidizes

biofilms

Can destroy odors caused by microorganisms and organics

Does not form disinfection by-products such as

trihalomethanes and oxidized aromatics


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Why ClO2 Is Effective In Biofilm Removal

ClO2

ClO2

ClO2

ClO2

ClO2

ClO2

ClO2

ClO2

ClO2

ClO2

ClO2

ClO2ClO

2

ClO2

ClO2 enters cells un-depleted & kills from within

Stops protein production by disrupting DNA

Once DNA is disrupted, life ceases

Low O2 pH


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Many Organics Do Not React With ClO2

Ammonia

Ammonium salts

Primary amines

Alkanes

Alkenes

Alcohols

Glycols

Diols

AldehydesKetones

Ethers

Acids

Unsubstituted aromatics


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Non-Oxidizing Biocide Effectiveness

S

accharomyc

escerevisi

n

Staphylococcusaureu

Psue

domones

aeneginone ChlorineDioxid

AcidifiedQuatern

ar

QuaternaryAm

moniu

SodiumHypochlorit

Glutaraldehyde

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Dosage Required For 99.999% Kill (5-Log Reduction) in 60 Seconds


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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5 7.7 7.9 8.1 8.3 8.5 8.7 8.9

pH

Percentdissociation

HOCl

HOBr

ClO2

ClO2 Not pH DependentClO2 Not pH Dependent

Bromine Vs Chlorine Dioxide In Presence of


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Bromine Vs Chlorine Dioxide In Presence ofAmmonia- ORP & Dose Rate Vs % Kill

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

750

800

0.0 1.4 2.7 5.4 6.8 8.1 13.5 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0

ORPmV

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

ATP:%

kill

Bromine ORP ClO2 ORP

Target min ORP Target max ORP

Bromine % kill ClO2 % kill

Oxidizing Biocide Requirements in


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Oxidizing Biocide Requirements in

Contaminated Systems

Demand (mg/l) Refinery(with minor

leaks)

Petrochemical(hydrocarbon

leakage)

Fertilizer (~5mg/l NH3)

Grain Processing (highorganic loading in recycle

water used as MU)

Chlorine 1.0 15.5 23.8 280.0Bromine - 5.5 12.4 88.0

Chlorine Dioxide 0.2 2.1 2.8 1.5

Demand in mg/l


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Gaseous Chlorine Generation

2NaClO2 + Cl2 2ClO2 + 2NaCl

Sodium Chlorine Chlorine Sodium

Chlorite Dioxide Chloride


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Bleach Generation

GENEROX III

2NaClO2

+ NaOCl + 2HCl 2ClO2

+ 3NaCl + H2O

Sodium Sodium Hydrochloric Chlorine Sodium Water

Chlorite Hypochlorite Acid Dioxide Chloride


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Advantages Of Chlorine Dioxide

Remains gas in water--no hydrolyzation

Wont react with NH3 or

organics

Better MB control

Not as corrosive as Cl2

Effective over wide pH ranges

Lower dosage, less SCC

problems, no chance of

delignification, more effective

than chlorine

Excellent on algae, SRB, other

anaerobes and slime


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Advantages Of Chlorine Dioxide

Safe to operate and use

Completely

environmentally friendly

and safe

50 years of experience

Built in safety features

Extensively used in drinking

water and food processingapplications

No THM & AOX formation

No harmful by-products

No air emissions


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Biodispersants Effectively Penetrate Biofilm

Biodispersants are molecules with surface acting properties

Enhance ability of biocides to better penetrate biofilm

Important to use when applying chlorine and bromine

May not be required with ClO2 programs


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DREW

INDUSTRIAL

The Next

Generation of

Microbiological andBiofilm Control

Ultrasonic Microbial ControlUltrasonic Microbial Control


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No chemical biocide usageNo chemical biocide usage

Superior microbial controlSuperior microbial control

Excellent Legionella controlExcellent Legionella control Improved heat transferImproved heat transfer

Reduced maintenanceReduced maintenance

Ultrasonic Microbial ControlUltrasonic Microbial Control

SONOXIDE Ultrasonic Treatment


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SONOXIDE Ultrasonic Treatment

Development

Initial work and patent

for the application of

ultrasound in medical research

In 1999, discovered effectiveness on algae andbacteria in water systems

bles


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SONOXIDETechnology Highly

RecognizedMedicine honors

Apoptosis workMIT Professor among those

honoredThreescientistsreceivedthe2002NobelThreescientistsreceivedthe2002NobelPrizeforMedicinePrizeforMedicine

fordeterminingthatorganismsdevelopand

fordeterminingthatorganismsdevelopandmaintainmaintain------

Quorumsensing

enables

bacteriatocoord

inatetheir

behavior

Programmedcelldeathhasallowed

expertstounderstandthemechanismsat

playwithvirusesandbacteria

Chemical & Engineering News/Science Weekly Archive/Microbe Warfare: Bacterial Communication


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SONOXIDE Ultrasonic System

Patented

Low-powerHigh-frequency

Special orientation

Air microbubbles

System water Air Bubbles

Emitters


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The SONOXIDE Unit

Ultrasonic

Treatment

Cell

Venturi

air inlet

Water inlet

(Tower sump)

Water outlet

(Opposite

side of inlet)

Sonoxiderecirculating

pump

Electrical

& controls

panel

Transparent

pipe showing

air bubbles


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Cavitation

Intense bubbleformation and collapse

Necrosis Immediate destruction of cell

Apoptosis Programmed cell death

Inability to reproduce Produces signaling proteins

SONOXIDE Bio Control Mechanisms

Healthy cells before treatmentHealthy cells before treatment

Sick cells after treatmentSick cells after treatment


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Healthy Cell

Programmed Cell Death is

triggered by low energy high

frequency ultrasound Signaling molecules are released

which affects healthy cells and

removes biofilm in remote areas

of water system (QuorumSensing)

Treated Cell

SONOXIDE

Low powerHigh frequency ultrasound

+ microaeration

Initiates PCD

Signaling Molecules

Healthy Cell Biofilm

Quorum Sensing

Sonoxide: Mechanism - Apoptosis

A t i


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System water Air Bubbles

Apoptosis

Healthy bacterial cells exposed to: Frequency, Power Ultrasound

Micro bubble aeration

Bacterial cell is genetically altered

Apoptotic cells exit chamber

Biofilm cells subjected to programmed celldeath

Ultrasonic

Treatment

Chamber


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Total Bacteria Control

Total Bacterial Counts

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

12/2 12/12 12/22 1/1 1/11 1/21

Start SONOXIDE

Sonoxide Effect on Green Algae


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0

2

4

6

8

10

0 1 2 3 4 5Days

Algaeco

ncentration

(106)

No Treatment Under Sonoxide Treatment

Sonoxide Effect on Green Algae

Bi fil d Al C t l


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Biofilm and Algae Control

Before SONOXIDE treatmentBefore SONOXIDE treatment 3 week of SONOXIDE treatment3 week of SONOXIDE treatment

No evidence of biofilm or algaeVisible biofilm & algae


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SONOXIDE T t t Bi fil C St d


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SONOXIDE Treatment Biofilm Coupon Study

Condition of biofilm coupon upon start-up of

SONOXIDE system. Biofilm is evident.

Condition of biofilm coupon upon start-up of

SONOXIDE system. Biofilm is evident.Same biofilm coupon removed after 4 months

of SONOXIDE operation. No evidence of slime.

Same biofilm coupon removed after 4 months

of SONOXIDE operation. No evidence of slime.

Biofouling study using biofilm coupons. Biofilm coupon was examined prior

to SONOXIDE start-up and re-examined after 4 months of SONOXIDE

operation. All biofilm was cleaned up and no evidence of slime exists.

S S


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ST Microelectronics, Singapore

Wafer fab plant

Chiller tower system

RR = 1,400 m3

/yr V = 43 m3

SONOXIDE replaced program

comprised of continuous bleachaddition with intermittent feed of

non-oxidizing biocide

Unit installed on tower without any

precleaning

ST Mi l t i Si


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ST Microelectronics, SingaporeTo tal B acteria C ou nt R ead ing s D ur ing S ON OX ID E App lication

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

25/3/04

8/4/04

20/4/04

29/4/04

13/5/04

19/5/04

3/6/04

17/6/04

30/6/04

14/7/04

28/7/04

11/8/04

18/8/04

1/9/04

15/9/04

6/10/04

20/10/04

Date

TBC(cfu/ml) SONOXIDE Commissioned

Legionella Bacteria Counts

82

31 36

2 7 1 00

20

40

60

80

100

14/5/04 6/3/04 30/6/04 7/7/04 21/7/04 1/9/04 6/10/04

Date

LBCount(c

fu/ml)

SONOXIDE S t Ad t


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Performance Improvements Reduction in bacteria counts No visible biofilm Improved corrosion rates

Improved heat transfer Control of algae Reduced maintenance costs Potential to increase COC

Quality Improvements Eliminate biocide Improved reliability Reduced corrosion potential

EH&S Benefits Better Legionella compliance Eliminate biocide discharge issues

Improved risk management Improved personnel safety

SONOXIDE System Advantages

Some of Our Many Customers Who Have


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yBenefited From SONOXIDE

Ford Motor

Bridgestone Firestone

AGA Gases

Kodak

Hines Properties

Cummins Engine

Ashland Chemical

Bayer

Procter and Gamble

Roche

Sasol Wax

MIT

BMW

Schiphol Airport

Alcoa

Daimler Chrysler

Kraft Foods

Superfos

BASF

Owens Corning

Use Of ORP To Enhance Control Of


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Oxidizing Biocides

What Is ORP?


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What Is ORP?

Measures the oxidizing or

reducing ability of a solution

Correlates death rate of

organisms

All systems are different-- Must

relate ORP vs. bacterial countsfor specific cooling system

Why Use ORP Technology?


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Why Use ORP Technology?

ORP allows you to achieve optimum MB control

ORP allows you to continuously control halogenfeed

ORP responds to changes in system conditions pH, demand, sunlight, etc. contribute to higherMB loading

Prevents under and overdosing

ORP allows you to find system leaks

Simple to Automate and ControlSimple to Automate and Control


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Simple to Automate and ControlSimple to Automate and Control

Output &

control of

halogen

Controllerwith ORP

ORP probe

ORP Controls Biofouling


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ORP Controls Biofouling

300.00

350.00

400.00

450.00

500.00

550.00

600.00

650.00

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Time

OR

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

10 0

15 0

200

ORP

FOULING

Effect Of pH on ORP in Chlorinated


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440.00

450.00

460.00

470.00

480.00

490.00

500.00

510.00

520.00

530.00

ORP

6.60

6.65

6.70

6.75

6.80

6.85

6.90

6.95

7.00

pH

ORP

PH

p

Systems

ORP Allows Better Control At Reduced Cost And


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Chemical Usage

Halogen fed onHalogen fed ondemanddemand

Tight ORP ControlTight ORP Control

Examples of ORP Control Systems


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Examples of ORP Control Systems

Summary


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Summary

Microbiological control is the key to success in cooling water

treatment programs

Classical oxidizing biocides (i.e., Cl2 and Br2) work well in theright types of systems

Unique chemical technology ClO2 provides excellentmicrobial control in high pH and contaminated systems

New SONOXIDE ultrasonic treatment controls

microorganisms without the use of chemicals

Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP) is an excellent tool to

control feed of oxidizing biocides


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DREW

INDUSTRIAL

ThankYou

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