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Bluetooth is anopen wireless technology standard for exchanging data over

short distances (using short wavelength radio transmissions) from fixed andmobile devices.

it was originally conceived as a wireless alternative toRS-232 data cables. Itcan connect several devices, overcoming problems of synchronization

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Why is it called BluetoothWhy is it called BluetoothThe developers of this wireless technology first The developers of this wireless technology first used the name "Bluetooth" as a code name, but used the name "Bluetooth" as a code name, but

as time past, the name stuck.as time past, the name stuck.The word "Bluetooth" is taken from the 10thThe word "Bluetooth" is taken from the 10thcentury Danish King Harald Bluetooth. Kingcentury Danish King Harald Bluetooth. KingBluetooth had been influential in unitingBluetooth had been influential in unitingScandinavian Europe during an era when theScandinavian Europe during an era when theregion was torn apart by wars and feudingregion was torn apart by wars and feudingclans.clans.

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A Look at the Basics of Bluetooth A Look at the Basics of BluetoothWireless TechnologyWireless Technology

Bluetooth technology is a short Bluetooth technology is a short- -range communicationsrange communicationstechnology that is simple, secure, and everywhere.technology that is simple, secure, and everywhere.The key features of Bluetooth technology areThe key features of Bluetooth technology are

robustness, low power, and low cost.robustness, low power, and low cost.When two Bluetooth enabled devices connect to eachWhen two Bluetooth enabled devices connect to eachother, this is called pairing.other, this is called pairing.Connections between Bluetooth enabled electronicConnections between Bluetooth enabled electronicdevices allow these devices to communicate wirelesslydevices allow these devices to communicate wirelesslythrough short through short- -range, ad hoc networks known asrange, ad hoc networks known aspiconets.piconets.When different piconets are connected to each other,When different piconets are connected to each other,they form a scaternet.they form a scaternet.

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Scatternet Scatternet

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Bluetooth Core SpecificationBluetooth Core Specification

Unlike other wireless standards, the Bluetooth CoreUnlike other wireless standards, the Bluetooth CoreSpecification provides product developers both link layerSpecification provides product developers both link layerand application layer definitions, which support data andand application layer definitions, which support data andvoice applicationsvoice applications

SpectrumSpectrumBluetooth technology operates in the unlicensed industrial, scientificBluetooth technology operates in the unlicensed industrial, scientificand medical (ISM) band at 2.4 to 2.485 GHz, using a spreadand medical (ISM) band at 2.4 to 2.485 GHz, using a spreadspectrum, frequency hopping, fullspectrum, frequency hopping, full--duplex signal at a nominal rate of duplex signal at a nominal rate of 1600 hops/sec. The 2.4 GHz ISM band is available and unlicensed in1600 hops/sec. The 2.4 GHz ISM band is available and unlicensed inmost countriesmost countries

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Bluetooth RangeBluetooth RangeRange is application specific and although a minimum range isRange is application specific and although a minimum range ismandated by the Core Specification, there is not a limit andmandated by the Core Specification, there is not a limit andmanufacturers can tune their implementation to support the usemanufacturers can tune their implementation to support the usecase they are enabling.case they are enabling.Range may vary depending onRange may vary depending on class of radio used in anclass of radio used in animplementation:implementation:

C lass 3 radiosC lass 3 radios have a range of up to 1 meter or 3 feethave a range of up to 1 meter or 3 feet

C lass 2 radiosC lass 2 radios most commonly found in mobile devicesmost commonly found in mobile devices

have a range of 10 meters or 33 feethave a range of 10 meters or 33 feet

C lass 1 radiosC lass 1 radios used primarily in industrial use casesused primarily in industrial use cases have ahave arange of 100 meters or 300 feetrange of 100 meters or 300 feet

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P owerP ower

The most commonly used radio is Class 2The most commonly used radio is Class 2and uses 2.5 mW of power. Bluetoothand uses 2.5 mW of power. Bluetoothtechnology is designed to have very lowtechnology is designed to have very lowpower consumption. This is reinforced inpower consumption. This is reinforced inthe specification by allowing radios to bethe specification by allowing radios to be

powered down when inactive.powered down when inactive.

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Low EnergyLow Energy

Bluetooth low energy technology will enable a plethora of newBluetooth low energy technology will enable a plethora of newapplicationsapplications - - some not even possible or imagined todaysome not even possible or imagined today

Bluetooth low energy technology featuresBluetooth low energy technology features

UltraUltra--low peak, average and idle mode power consumptionlow peak, average and idle mode power consumption Ability to run for years on standard, coin Ability to run for years on standard, coin--cell batteriescell batteriesLow costLow costEnhanced rangeEnhanced range

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Bluetooth ApplicationsBluetooth ApplicationsThe Bluetooth applications in short to mediumThe Bluetooth applications in short to mediumrange(1mrange(1m- -100m) are:100m) are:

Stereo headsets and speakers.Stereo headsets and speakers. Audio players and P ortable Media P layers ( P MP ). Audio players and P ortable Media P layers ( P MP ).P rinters, scanners and multifunctional devices.P rinters, scanners and multifunctional devices.Keyboards, mice and videogame controllers.Keyboards, mice and videogame controllers.Mobile phones, desktops, laptops and ultraMobile phones, desktops, laptops and ultra- -portables.portables.

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Bluetooth SecurityBluetooth Security

Bluetooth implementsBluetooth implementsconfidentialityconfidentiality,, authenticationauthenticationandandkeykey derivation with custom algorithms based on thederivation with custom algorithms based on the

SAFER+SAFER+ block cipher block cipher . Bluetooth key generation is. Bluetooth key generation isgenerally based on a Bluetooth PIN, which must be enteredgenerally based on a Bluetooth PIN, which must be enteredinto both devicesinto both devices..

During pairing, an initialization key or master key isDuring pairing, an initialization key or master key isgenerated, using the E22 algorithmgenerated, using the E22 algorithm

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BluejackingBluejacking

Bluejacking is the sending of either a picture or a message from oneBluejacking is the sending of either a picture or a message from oneuser to an unsuspecting user throughuser to an unsuspecting user through BluetoothBluetooth wireless technology.wireless technology.Common applications include short messagesCommon applications include short messages..

Bluejacking does not involve the removal or alteration of Bluejacking does not involve the removal or alteration of any data from the device. Bluejacking can also involveany data from the device. Bluejacking can also involvetaking control of a mobile wirelessly and phoning ataking control of a mobile wirelessly and phoning apremium rate line, owned by the bluejacker.premium rate line, owned by the bluejacker.

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Bluetooth Data RatesBluetooth Data RatesBluetooth also comes in two v ersions .

Version 1 (usually you see 1.1 or 1.2) has data rates upto 723 kb/s.

Version 2 (aka EDR or Extended Data Rate) triples thedata rate up to about 2 Mb/s.

Bluetooth shares the 2.4GHz spectrum with WiFi(802.11a,b,g etc.).

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BluetoothBluetooth--toto--phonephoneTo call out from a sensor using a Bluetooth cell phone, it may only be necessary to use the phone s D UN (DialupNetworking) profile. The sensor becomes the master of the connection. No code needed on the phone!

Otherwise there are several programming platformsavailable for phones: Java, BREW, Symbian. BREW is theprogramming environment for CDMA phones(Qualcomm, Sprint, Verizon, ). Fast and flexible, but you need another expensive development environment (for ARM processors).

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Bluetooth P rofilesBluetooth P rofilesOne of the most useful innovations in theBluetooth standard is the use of d e v ice profiles .

A profile is an abstract device spec. that has to besupported at both ends of a connection.If you like, it s the kind of cable(s) that that Bluetooth connection supports. Each connectioncan support several profiles at once.

.

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Health concernsHealth concerns

Bluetooth uses theBluetooth uses the microwavemicrowave radio frequencyradio frequency spectrumspectrumin the 2.402in the 2.402 GHz to 2.480GHz to 2.480 GHz range.GHz range.Maximum power output from a Bluetooth radio isMaximum power output from a Bluetooth radio is100100 mW, 2.5mW, 2.5 mW, and 1mW, and 1 mW for Class 1, Class 2, andmW for Class 1, Class 2, and

Class 3 devices respectively, which puts Class 1 at Class 3 devices respectively, which puts Class 1 at roughly the same level as mobile phones, and the otherroughly the same level as mobile phones, and the othertwo classes much lower.two classes much lower.

Accordingly, Class 2 and Class 3 Bluetooth devices are Accordingly, Class 2 and Class 3 Bluetooth devices areconsidered less of a potential hazard than mobileconsidered less of a potential hazard than mobile

phones, and Class 1 may be comparable to that of phones, and Class 1 may be comparable to that of mobile phonesmobile phones : the maximum for a Class 1 is 100: the maximum for a Class 1 is 100 mWmWfor Bluetooth but 250for Bluetooth but 250 mW formW for UMTSUMTS WW--CDMACDMA, 1, 1 W forW forGSM1800/1900GSM1800/1900 and 2and 2 W forW for GSM850/900GSM850/900 for instancfor instanc

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