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Water cycle

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The water cycle.

The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle, describes the continuousmovement of water on, above and below the surface of theEarth. Since the water cycle istruly a "cycle," there is no beginning or end. Water can change states among liquid,vapor, and ice at various places in the water cycle. Although the balance of water onEarth remains fairly constant over time, individual water molecules can come and go.

Contents 1 Description

o 1.1 Different Processes 2 Residence times 3 Changes over time 4 Effects on climate 5 Effects on biogeochemical cycling 6 See also 7 Notes

8 External links

[edit] Description

The sun, which drives the water cycle, heats water in oceans and seas. Water evaporatesas water vaporinto the air. Ice and snow can sublimate directly into water vapor.Evapotranspirationis watertranspired from plants and evaporated from the soil. Risingair currents take the vapor up into the atmosphere where cooler temperatures cause it to
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condense into clouds. Air currents move water vapor around the globe, cloud particlescollide, grow, and fall out of the sky asprecipitation. Some precipitation falls as snow orhail, and can accumulate as ice caps and glaciers, which can store frozen water forthousands of years. Snowpacks can thaw and melt, and the melted water flows over landas snowmelt. Most water falls back into the oceans or onto land as rain, where the water

flows over the ground as surface runoff. A portion of runoff enters rivers in valleys in thelandscape, with streamflow moving water towards the oceans. Runoff andgroundwaterare stored as freshwater in lakes. Not all runoff flows into rivers, much of it soaks into theground as infiltration. Some water infiltrates deep into the ground and replenishesaquifers, which store freshwater for long periods of time. Some infiltration stays close tothe land surface and can seep back into surface-water bodies (and the ocean) asgroundwater discharge. Some groundwater finds openings in the land surface and comesout as freshwater springs. Over time, the water returns to the ocean, where our watercycle started.

[edit] Different Processes

PrecipitationCondensed water vapor that falls to the Earth's surface. Most precipitation occursas rain, but also includes snow, hail, fog drip, graupel, andsleet.[1] Approximately505,000 km3 (121,000 cu mi) of water fall as precipitation each year, 398,000 km3

(95,000 cu mi) of it over the oceans.[2]Canopy interception

The precipitation that is intercepted by plant foliage and eventually evaporatesback to the atmosphere rather than falling to the ground.

SnowmeltThe runoff produced by melting snow.

RunoffThe variety of ways by which water moves across the land. This includes bothsurface runoffand channel runoff. As it flows, the water may infiltrate into theground, evaporate into the air, become stored in lakes or reservoirs, or beextracted for agricultural or other human uses.

InfiltrationThe flow of water from the ground surface into the ground. Once infiltrated, thewater becomes soil moisture orgroundwater.[3]

Subsurface FlowThe flow of water underground, in the vadose zone and aquifers. Subsurfacewater may return to the surface (e.g. as a spring or by being pumped) or

eventually seep into the oceans. Water returns to the land surface at lowerelevation than where it infiltrated, under the force ofgravity or gravity inducedpressures. Groundwater tends to move slowly, and is replenished slowly, so it canremain in aquifers for thousands of years.

EvaporationThe transformation of water from liquid to gas phases as it moves from theground or bodies of water into the overlying atmosphere.[4] The source of energyfor evaporation is primarily solar radiation. Evaporation often implicitly includes
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transpiration fromplants, though together they are specifically referred to asevapotranspiration. Total annual evapotranspiration amounts to approximately505,000 km3 (121,000 cu mi) of water, 434,000 km3 (104,000 cu mi) of whichevaporates from the oceans.[2]

Sublimation

The state change directly from solid water (snow or ice) to water vapor.[5]

AdvectionThe movement of water in solid, liquid, or vapor states through theatmosphere. Without advection, water that evaporated over the oceans could notprecipitate over land.[6]

CondensationThe transformation of water vapor to liquid water droplets in the air, producingclouds and fog.[7]

TranspirationThe release of watervapor from plants into

the air. Water vapor is agas that cannot be seen.

[edit] Residence

times

The residence timeof areservoir within the hydrologiccycle is the average time awater molecule will spend in

that reservoir (see adjacenttable). It is a measure of the average age of the water in that reservoir.

Groundwater can spend over 10,000 years beneath Earth's surface before leaving.Particularly old groundwater is calledfossil water. Water stored in the soil remains therevery briefly, because it is spread thinly across the Earth, and is readily lost byevaporation, transpiration, stream flow, or groundwater recharge. After evaporating, theresidence time in the atmosphere is about 9 days before condensing and falling to theEarth as precipitation.

The major ice sheets - Antarctica and Greenland- store ice for very long periods. Icefrom Antarctica has been reliably dated to 650,000 years before present, though theaverage residence time is shorter.

In hydrology, residence times can be estimated in two ways. The more common methodrelies on the principle ofconservation of mass and assumes the amount of water in agiven reservoir is roughly constant. With this method, residence times are estimated bydividing the volume of the reservoir by the rate by which water either enters or exits thereservoir. Conceptually, this is equivalent to timing how long it would take the reservoir

Average reservoir residence times[8]

Reservoir Average residence time

Antarctica 20,000 yearsOceans 3,200 yearsGlaciers 20 to 100 yearsSeasonal snow cover 2 to 6 monthsSoil moisture 1 to 2 monthsGroundwater: shallow 100 to 200 yearsGroundwater: deep 10,000 yearsLakes (see lake retention time) 50 to 100 yearsRivers 2 to 6 monthsAtmosphere 9 days
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to become filled from empty if no water were to leave (or how long it would take thereservoir to empty from full if no water were to enter).

An alternative method to estimate residence times, which is gaining in popularity fordating groundwater, is the use ofisotopictechniques. This is done in the subfield of

isotope hydrology.

[edit] Changes over time

The water cycle describes the processes that drive the movement of water throughout thehydrosphere. However, much more water is "in storage" for long periods of time than isactually moving through the cycle. The storehouses for the vast majority of all water onEarth are the oceans. It is estimated that of the 332,500,000 mi3 (1,386,000,000 km3) ofthe world's water supply, about 321,000,000 mi3 (1,338,000,000 km3) is stored in oceans,or about 95%. It is also estimated that the oceans supply about 90% of the evaporatedwater that goes into the water cycle.[9]

During colder climatic periods more ice caps and glaciers form, and enough of the globalwater supply accumulates as ice to lessen the amounts in other parts of the water cycle.The reverse is true during warm periods. During the last ice age glaciers covered almostone-third of Earth's land mass, with the result being that the oceans were about 400 ft(122 m) lower than today. During the last global "warm spell," about 125,000 years ago,the seas were about 18 ft (5.5 m) higher than they are now. About three million years agothe oceans could have been up to 165 ft (50 m) higher.[9]

The scientific consensus expressed in the 2007Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange (IPCC) Summary for Policymakers[10] is for the water cycle to continue to

intensify throughout the 21st century, though this does not mean that precipitation willincrease in all regions. In subtropical land areas places that are already relatively dry precipitation is projected to decrease during the 21st century, increasing theprobability ofdrought. The drying is projected to be strongest near the poleward marginsof the subtropics (for example, the Mediterranean Basin,South Africa, southernAustralia, and the Southwestern United States). Annual precipitation amounts areexpected to increase in near-equatorial regions that tend to be wet in the present climate,and also at high latitudes. These large-scale patterns are present in nearly all of theclimate modelsimulations conducted at several international research centers as part ofthe 4th Assessment of the IPCC.

Glacial retreatis also an example of a changing water cycle, where the supply of water toglaciers from precipitation cannot keep up with the loss of water from melting andsublimation. Glacial retreat since 1850 has been extensive.[11]

Human activities that alter the water cycle include:

agriculture industry
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alteration of the chemical composition of the atmosphere construction ofdams deforestation and afforestation removal of groundwater from wells water abstraction from rivers

urbanization

[edit] Effects on climate

The water cycle is powered from solar energy. 86% of the global evaporation occursfrom the oceans, reducing their temperature by evaporative cooling. Without the cooling,the effect of evaporation on the greenhouse effect would lead to a much higher surfacetemperature of 67 C (153 F), and a warmer planet.[12]

[edit] Effects on biogeochemical cycling

While the water cycle is itself abiogeochemical cycle,[13] flow of water over and beneaththe Earth is a key component of the cycling of other biogeochemicals. Runoff isresponsible for almost all of the transport oferodedsediment andphosphorus[14] fromland to waterbodies. The salinity of the oceans is derived from erosion and transport ofdissolved salts from the land. Cultural eutrophication of lakes is primarily due tophosphorus, applied in excess to agricultural fields in fertilizers, and then transportedoverland and down rivers. Both runoff and groundwater flow play significant roles intransporting nitrogen from the land to waterbodies.[15] The dead zone at the outlet of theMississippi Riveris a consequence ofnitratesfrom fertilizer being carried off agriculturalfields and funnelled down the river system to the Gulf of Mexico. Runoff also plays a

part in the carbon cycle, again through the transport of eroded rock and soil.

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[edit] See also

Water portal

Flood Drought Rain

[edit] Notes

1. ^ Arctic Climatology and Meteorology. Precipitation. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.2. ^ ab Dr. Art's Guide to Planet Earth. The Water Cycle. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.3. ^National Weather Service Northwest River Forecast Center. Hydrologic Cycle.

Retrieved on 2006-10-24.4. ^ Arctic Climatology and Meteorology. Evaporation. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.5. ^ Arctic Climatology and Meteorology. Sublimation. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afforestationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_wellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_abstractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_cycle&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporative_coolinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_cycle&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeochemical_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterbodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrophicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_(agriculture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_cycle&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droughthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_cycle&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-0http://nsidc.org/arcticmet/glossary/precipitation.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-The_Water_Cycle_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-The_Water_Cycle_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-The_Water_Cycle_1-1http://www.planetguide.net/book/chapter_2/water_cycle.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-2http://www.nwrfc.noaa.gov/info/water_cycle/hydrology.cgihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-3http://nsidc.org/arcticmet/glossary/evaporation.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-4http://nsidc.org/arcticmet/glossary/sublimation.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afforestationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_wellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_abstractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_cycle&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporative_coolinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_cycle&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeochemical_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterbodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrophicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_(agriculture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_cycle&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droughthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_cycle&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-0http://nsidc.org/arcticmet/glossary/precipitation.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-The_Water_Cycle_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-The_Water_Cycle_1-1http://www.planetguide.net/book/chapter_2/water_cycle.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-2http://www.nwrfc.noaa.gov/info/water_cycle/hydrology.cgihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-3http://nsidc.org/arcticmet/glossary/evaporation.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-4http://nsidc.org/arcticmet/glossary/sublimation.html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6. ^ Arctic Climatology and Meteorology. Advection.Retrieved on 2006-10-24.7. ^ Arctic Climatology and Meteorology. Condensation.Retrieved on 2006-10-24.8. ^ PhysicalGeography.net. CHAPTER 8: Introduction to the Hydrosphere.

Retrieved on 2006-10-24.9. ^ abhttp://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycleoceans.htmlUSGS, The Water Cycle:

Water Storage in Oceans - Retrieved on 2008-05-1410. ^ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate Change 2007: ThePhysical Science Basis, WG1 Summary for Policymakers

11. ^ U.S. Geologic Survey. GLACIER RETREAT IN GLACIER NATIONALPARK, MONTANA. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.

12. ^ "Water Cycle - Science Mission Directorate". http://nasascience.nasa.gov/earth-science/oceanography/ocean-earth-system/ocean-water-cycle. Retrieved 7 January2009.

13. ^ The Environmental Literacy Council. Biogeochemical Cycles. Retrieved on2006-10-24.

14. ^ The Environmental Literacy Council. Phosphorus Cycle. Retrieved on 2006-10-

24.15. ^ Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet.Nitrogen and the HydrologicCycle. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.

16. ^NASA's Earth Observatory. The Carbon Cycle. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.

[edit] External links

The Water Cycle, United States Geological Survey The water cycle, fromDr. Art's Guide to the Planet. Water cycle slideshow, 1 Mb Flash multilingual animation highlighting the often-

overlooked evaporation from bare soil, from managingwholes.com. Will the wet get wetter and the dry drier? - Climate research summary from

NOAAGeophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory including text, graphics andanimations

vde

Biogeochemical cycles

Carbon cycle- Hydrogen cycle -Nitrogen cycle -Oxygen cycle - Phosphorus cycle-Sulfur cycle - Water cycle - Mercury cycleRetrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle"Categories: Hydrology | Water| Forms of water|Soil physics

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Water cycle

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The water cycle.

The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle, describes the continuousmovement of water on, above and below the surface of theEarth. Since the water cycle istruly a "cycle," there is no beginning or end. Water can change states among liquid,vapor, and ice at various places in the water cycle. Although the balance of water onEarth remains fairly constant over time, individual water molecules can come and go.

Contents

1 Descriptiono 1.1 Different Processes

2 Residence times
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3 Changes over time 4 Effects on climate 5 Effects on biogeochemical cycling 6 See also 7 Notes

8 External links

[edit] Description

The sun, which drives the water cycle, heats water in oceans and seas. Water evaporatesas water vaporinto the air. Ice and snow can sublimate directly into water vapor.Evapotranspirationis watertranspired from plants and evaporated from the soil. Risingair currents take the vapor up into the atmosphere where cooler temperatures cause it tocondense into clouds. Air currents move water vapor around the globe, cloud particlescollide, grow, and fall out of the sky asprecipitation. Some precipitation falls as snow or

hail, and can accumulate as ice caps and glaciers, which can store frozen water forthousands of years. Snowpacks can thaw and melt, and the melted water flows over landas snowmelt. Most water falls back into the oceans or onto land as rain, where the waterflows over the ground as surface runoff. A portion of runoff enters rivers in valleys in thelandscape, with streamflow moving water towards the oceans. Runoff andgroundwaterare stored as freshwater in lakes. Not all runoff flows into rivers, much of it soaks into theground as infiltration. Some water infiltrates deep into the ground and replenishesaquifers, which store freshwater for long periods of time. Some infiltration stays close tothe land surface and can seep back into surface-water bodies (and the ocean) asgroundwater discharge. Some groundwater finds openings in the land surface and comesout as freshwater springs. Over time, the water returns to the ocean, where our water

cycle started.

[edit] Different Processes

PrecipitationCondensed water vapor that falls to the Earth's surface. Most precipitation occursas rain, but also includes snow, hail, fog drip, graupel, andsleet.[1] Approximately505,000 km3 (121,000 cu mi) of water fall as precipitation each year, 398,000 km3

(95,000 cu mi) of it over the oceans.[2]Canopy interception

The precipitation that is intercepted by plant foliage and eventually evaporates

back to the atmosphere rather than falling to the ground.Snowmelt

The runoff produced by melting snow.Runoff

The variety of ways by which water moves across the land. This includes bothsurface runoffand channel runoff. As it flows, the water may infiltrate into theground, evaporate into the air, become stored in lakes or reservoirs, or beextracted for agricultural or other human uses.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#Changes_over_timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#Effects_on_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#Effects_on_biogeochemical_cyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_cycle&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vaporhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimation_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evapotranspirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evapotranspirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowmelthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_runoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_runoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquiferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_cycle&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graupelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_pelletshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_pelletshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_kilometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_kilometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_kilometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_milehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-The_Water_Cycle-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interception_(water)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowmelthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runoff_(hydrology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_runoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_runoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_runoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#Changes_over_timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#Effects_on_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#Effects_on_biogeochemical_cyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_cycle&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vaporhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimation_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evapotranspirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowmelthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_runoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquiferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_cycle&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graupelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_pelletshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_kilometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_milehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-The_Water_Cycle-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interception_(water)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowmelthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runoff_(hydrology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_runoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_runoff


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InfiltrationThe flow of water from the ground surface into the ground. Once infiltrated, thewater becomes soil moisture orgroundwater.[3]

Subsurface FlowThe flow of water underground, in the vadose zone and aquifers. Subsurface

water may return to the surface (e.g. as a spring or by being pumped) oreventually seep into the oceans. Water returns to the land surface at lowerelevation than where it infiltrated, under the force ofgravity or gravity inducedpressures. Groundwater tends to move slowly, and is replenished slowly, so it canremain in aquifers for thousands of years.

EvaporationThe transformation of water from liquid to gas phases as it moves from theground or bodies of water into the overlying atmosphere.[4] The source of energyfor evaporation is primarily solar radiation. Evaporation often implicitly includestranspiration fromplants, though together they are specifically referred to asevapotranspiration. Total annual evapotranspiration amounts to approximately

505,000 km

3

(121,000 cu mi) of water, 434,000 km

3

(104,000 cu mi) of whichevaporates from the oceans.[2]Sublimation

The state change directly from solid water (snow or ice) to water vapor.[5]Advection

The movement of water in solid, liquid, or vapor states through theatmosphere. Without advection, water that evaporated over the oceans could notprecipitate over land.[6]

CondensationThe transformation of water vapor to liquid water droplets in the air, producingclouds and fog.[7]

TranspirationThe release of watervapor from plants intothe air. Water vapor is agas that cannot be seen.

[edit] Residence

times

The residence timeof areservoir within the hydrologiccycle is the average time awater molecule will spend inthat reservoir (see adjacenttable). It is a measure of the average age of the water in that reservoir.

Groundwater can spend over 10,000 years beneath Earth's surface before leaving.Particularly old groundwater is calledfossil water. Water stored in the soil remains there

Average reservoir residence times[8]

Reservoir Average residence time

Antarctica 20,000 yearsOceans 3,200 yearsGlaciers 20 to 100 yearsSeasonal snow cover 2 to 6 monthsSoil moisture 1 to 2 monthsGroundwater: shallow 100 to 200 yearsGroundwater: deep 10,000 years

Lakes (see lake retention time) 50 to 100 yearsRivers 2 to 6 monthsAtmosphere 9 days
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_moisturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsurface_Flow_(hydrology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadose_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evapotranspirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-The_Water_Cycle-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimation_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_cycle&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residence_timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residence_timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-PHYS-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_retention_timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_moisturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsurface_Flow_(hydrology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadose_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evapotranspirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-The_Water_Cycle-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimation_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_cycle&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-PHYS-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_retention_timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residence_timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_water


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very briefly, because it is spread thinly across the Earth, and is readily lost byevaporation, transpiration, stream flow, or groundwater recharge. After evaporating, theresidence time in the atmosphere is about 9 days before condensing and falling to theEarth as precipitation.

The major ice sheets - Antarctica and Greenland- store ice for very long periods. Icefrom Antarctica has been reliably dated to 650,000 years before present, though theaverage residence time is shorter.

In hydrology, residence times can be estimated in two ways. The more common methodrelies on the principle ofconservation of mass and assumes the amount of water in agiven reservoir is roughly constant. With this method, residence times are estimated bydividing the volume of the reservoir by the rate by which water either enters or exits thereservoir. Conceptually, this is equivalent to timing how long it would take the reservoirto become filled from empty if no water were to leave (or how long it would take thereservoir to empty from full if no water were to enter).

An alternative method to estimate residence times, which is gaining in popularity fordating groundwater, is the use ofisotopictechniques. This is done in the subfield ofisotope hydrology.

[edit] Changes over time

The water cycle describes the processes that drive the movement of water throughout thehydrosphere. However, much more water is "in storage" for long periods of time than isactually moving through the cycle. The storehouses for the vast majority of all water onEarth are the oceans. It is estimated that of the 332,500,000 mi3 (1,386,000,000 km3) of

the world's water supply, about 321,000,000 mi3 (1,338,000,000 km3) is stored in oceans,or about 95%. It is also estimated that the oceans supply about 90% of the evaporatedwater that goes into the water cycle.[9]

During colder climatic periods more ice caps and glaciers form, and enough of the globalwater supply accumulates as ice to lessen the amounts in other parts of the water cycle.The reverse is true during warm periods. During the last ice age glaciers covered almostone-third of Earth's land mass, with the result being that the oceans were about 400 ft(122 m) lower than today. During the last global "warm spell," about 125,000 years ago,the seas were about 18 ft (5.5 m) higher than they are now. About three million years agothe oceans could have been up to 165 ft (50 m) higher.[9]

The scientific consensus expressed in the 2007Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange (IPCC) Summary for Policymakers[10] is for the water cycle to continue tointensify throughout the 21st century, though this does not mean that precipitation willincrease in all regions. In subtropical land areas places that are already relatively dry precipitation is projected to decrease during the 21st century, increasing theprobability ofdrought. The drying is projected to be strongest near the poleward marginsof the subtropics (for example, the Mediterranean Basin,South Africa, southern
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarcticahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope_hydrologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_cycle&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-USGS-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-USGS-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droughthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Basinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarcticahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope_hydrologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_cycle&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-USGS-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-USGS-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droughthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Basinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa


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Australia, and the Southwestern United States). Annual precipitation amounts areexpected to increase in near-equatorial regions that tend to be wet in the present climate,and also at high latitudes. These large-scale patterns are present in nearly all of theclimate modelsimulations conducted at several international research centers as part ofthe 4th Assessment of the IPCC.

Glacial retreatis also an example of a changing water cycle, where the supply of water toglaciers from precipitation cannot keep up with the loss of water from melting andsublimation. Glacial retreat since 1850 has been extensive.[11]

Human activities that alter the water cycle include:

agriculture industry alteration of the chemical composition of the atmosphere construction ofdams

deforestation and afforestation removal of groundwater from wells water abstraction from rivers urbanization

[edit] Effects on climate

The water cycle is powered from solar energy. 86% of the global evaporation occursfrom the oceans, reducing their temperature by evaporative cooling. Without the cooling,the effect of evaporation on the greenhouse effect would lead to a much higher surfacetemperature of 67 C (153 F), and a warmer planet.[12]

[edit] Effects on biogeochemical cycling

While the water cycle is itself abiogeochemical cycle,[13] flow of water over and beneaththe Earth is a key component of the cycling of other biogeochemicals. Runoff isresponsible for almost all of the transport oferodedsediment andphosphorus[14] fromland to waterbodies. The salinity of the oceans is derived from erosion and transport ofdissolved salts from the land. Cultural eutrophication of lakes is primarily due tophosphorus, applied in excess to agricultural fields in fertilizers, and then transportedoverland and down rivers. Both runoff and groundwater flow play significant roles in

transporting nitrogen from the land to waterbodies.

[15]

The dead zone at the outlet of theMississippi Riveris a consequence ofnitratesfrom fertilizer being carried off agriculturalfields and funnelled down the river system to the Gulf of Mexico. Runoff also plays apart in the carbon cycle, again through the transport of eroded rock and soil.[16]

[edit] See also
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial_retreathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial_retreathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afforestationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_wellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_abstractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_cycle&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporative_coolinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_cycle&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeochemical_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterbodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrophicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_(agriculture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_cycle&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial_retreathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afforestationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_wellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_abstractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_cycle&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporative_coolinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_cycle&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeochemical_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterbodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrophicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_(agriculture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_cycle&action=edit&section=7


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Water portal

Flood Drought Rain

[edit] Notes

1. ^ Arctic Climatology and Meteorology. Precipitation. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.2. ^ ab Dr. Art's Guide to Planet Earth. The Water Cycle. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.3. ^National Weather Service Northwest River Forecast Center. Hydrologic Cycle.

Retrieved on 2006-10-24.4. ^ Arctic Climatology and Meteorology. Evaporation. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.5. ^ Arctic Climatology and Meteorology. Sublimation. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.6. ^ Arctic Climatology and Meteorology. Advection.Retrieved on 2006-10-24.

7. ^ Arctic Climatology and Meteorology. Condensation.Retrieved on 2006-10-24.8. ^ PhysicalGeography.net. CHAPTER 8: Introduction to the Hydrosphere.Retrieved on 2006-10-24.

9. ^ abhttp://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycleoceans.htmlUSGS, The Water Cycle:Water Storage in Oceans - Retrieved on 2008-05-14

10. ^ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate Change 2007: ThePhysical Science Basis, WG1 Summary for Policymakers

11. ^ U.S. Geologic Survey. GLACIER RETREAT IN GLACIER NATIONALPARK, MONTANA. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.

12. ^ "Water Cycle - Science Mission Directorate". http://nasascience.nasa.gov/earth-science/oceanography/ocean-earth-system/ocean-water-cycle. Retrieved 7 January

2009.13. ^ The Environmental Literacy Council. Biogeochemical Cycles. Retrieved on2006-10-24.

14. ^ The Environmental Literacy Council. Phosphorus Cycle. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.

15. ^ Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet.Nitrogen and the HydrologicCycle. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.

16. ^NASA's Earth Observatory. The Carbon Cycle. Retrieved on 2006-10-24.

[edit] External links

The Water Cycle, United States Geological Survey The water cycle, fromDr. Art's Guide to the Planet. Water cycle slideshow, 1 Mb Flash multilingual animation highlighting the often-

overlooked evaporation from bare soil, from managingwholes.com. Will the wet get wetter and the dry drier? - Climate research summary from

NOAAGeophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory including text, graphics andanimations
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droughthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_cycle&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-0http://nsidc.org/arcticmet/glossary/precipitation.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-The_Water_Cycle_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-The_Water_Cycle_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-The_Water_Cycle_1-1http://www.planetguide.net/book/chapter_2/water_cycle.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-2http://www.nwrfc.noaa.gov/info/water_cycle/hydrology.cgihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-3http://nsidc.org/arcticmet/glossary/evaporation.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-4http://nsidc.org/arcticmet/glossary/sublimation.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-5http://nsidc.org/arcticmet/glossary/advection.htmlhttp://nsidc.org/arcticmet/glossary/advection.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-6http://nsidc.org/arcticmet/glossary/condensation.htmlhttp://nsidc.org/arcticmet/glossary/condensation.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-PHYS_7-0http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8b.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-USGS_8-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-USGS_8-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-USGS_8-1http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycleoceans.htmlhttp://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycleoceans.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-9http://www.ipcc.ch/SPM2feb07.pdfhttp://www.ipcc.ch/SPM2feb07.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-10http://nrmsc.usgs.gov/research/glacier_retreat.htmhttp://nrmsc.usgs.gov/research/glacier_retreat.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-11http://nasascience.nasa.gov/earth-science/oceanography/ocean-earth-system/ocean-water-cyclehttp://nasascience.nasa.gov/earth-science/oceanography/ocean-earth-system/ocean-water-cyclehttp://nasascience.nasa.gov/earth-science/oceanography/ocean-earth-system/ocean-water-cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-12http://www.enviroliteracy.org/subcategory.php/198.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-13http://www.enviroliteracy.org/article.php/480.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-14http://ohioline.osu.edu/aex-fact/0463.htmlhttp://ohioline.osu.edu/aex-fact/0463.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-15http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/CarbonCycle/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_cycle&action=edit&section=9http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycle.htmlhttp://www.planetguide.net/book/chapter_2/water_cycle.htmlhttp://managingwholes.com/flash/wcSlideshow.htmhttp://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/research/climate/highlights/index.html#preciphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophysical_Fluid_Dynamics_Laboratoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droughthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_cycle&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-0http://nsidc.org/arcticmet/glossary/precipitation.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-The_Water_Cycle_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-The_Water_Cycle_1-1http://www.planetguide.net/book/chapter_2/water_cycle.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-2http://www.nwrfc.noaa.gov/info/water_cycle/hydrology.cgihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-3http://nsidc.org/arcticmet/glossary/evaporation.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-4http://nsidc.org/arcticmet/glossary/sublimation.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-5http://nsidc.org/arcticmet/glossary/advection.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-6http://nsidc.org/arcticmet/glossary/condensation.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-PHYS_7-0http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8b.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-USGS_8-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-USGS_8-1http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycleoceans.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-9http://www.ipcc.ch/SPM2feb07.pdfhttp://www.ipcc.ch/SPM2feb07.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-10http://nrmsc.usgs.gov/research/glacier_retreat.htmhttp://nrmsc.usgs.gov/research/glacier_retreat.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-11http://nasascience.nasa.gov/earth-science/oceanography/ocean-earth-system/ocean-water-cyclehttp://nasascience.nasa.gov/earth-science/oceanography/ocean-earth-system/ocean-water-cyclehttp://nasascience.nasa.gov/earth-science/oceanography/ocean-earth-system/ocean-water-cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-12http://www.enviroliteracy.org/subcategory.php/198.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-13http://www.enviroliteracy.org/article.php/480.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-14http://ohioline.osu.edu/aex-fact/0463.htmlhttp://ohioline.osu.edu/aex-fact/0463.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle#cite_ref-15http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/CarbonCycle/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_cycle&action=edit&section=9http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycle.htmlhttp://www.planetguide.net/book/chapter_2/water_cycle.htmlhttp://managingwholes.com/flash/wcSlideshow.htmhttp://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/research/climate/highlights/index.html#preciphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophysical_Fluid_Dynamics_Laboratory


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Biogeochemical cycles

Carbon cycle- Hydrogen cycle -Nitrogen cycle -Oxygen cycle - Phosphorus cycle-Sulfur cycle - Water cycle - Mercury cycle

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle"Categories: Hydrology | Water| Forms of water|Soil physics

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