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Chapter 5 Skeletal Physiology Chapter 5 Skeletal Physiology I.I.

•Skeletal Overview• Tissues:

Cartilage & Bone

Bone Function

Classification of Bones

Long Bone Structure

Microscopic View of Bone

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CartilageCartilage

• Location and basic structure

• Found throughout adult body

•Ear and nose

•Articular cartilages and costal cartilage

•Larynx and epiglottis

•Intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis

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CartilageCartilage

• Is abundant in embryo

• Is surrounded by perichondrium

• Consists primarily of water

• Resilient tissue – springs back to original shape

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Types of CartilageTypes of Cartilage

• Hyaline cartilage – (glass) – most abundant cartilage

• Provides support through flexibility

• Elastic cartilage – contains many elastic fibers

• Able to tolerate repeated bending

• Fibrocartilage – resists strong compression and strong tension

• An intermediate between hyaline and elastic cartilage

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Cartilages in the Adult BodyCartilages in the Adult Body

Figure 6.1

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Growth of CartilageGrowth of Cartilage

• Appositional growth

• Chondroblasts in surrounding perichondrium produce new cartilage

• Interstitial growth

• Chondrocytes within cartilage divide and secrete new matrix

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BonesBones

• Organs that contain several types of tissues

• Dominated by bone connective tissue

• Contain nervous tissue and blood tissue

• Contain cartilage in articular cartilages

• Contain epithelial tissue lining blood vessels

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Function of BonesFunction of Bones

• Support – provides hard framework

• Protection of underlying organs

• Movement – skeletal muscles use bones as levers

• Mineral storage – reservoir for important minerals

• Hemopoiesis- Blood-cell formation – bone contains red marrow

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Classification of BonesClassification of Bones

• Long bones – longer than wide – a shaft plus ends

• Short bones – roughly cube-shaped

• Flat bones – thin and flattened, usually curved

• Irregular bones – various shapes, do not fit into other categories

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Classification of BonesClassification of Bones

Figure 6.2

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Gross Anatomy of BonesGross Anatomy of Bones

• Compact bone – dense outer layer of bone

• Spongy (cancellous) bone – internal network of bone

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Structure of a Typical Long Bone F. Structure of a Typical Long Bone F. 5-15-1

• Diaphysis – “shaft” of a bone

• Epiphysis – ends of a bone

• Blood vessels – well vascularized

• Medullary cavity – hollow cavity – filled with marrow

• Membranes – periosteum and endosteum

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Structure of a Long BoneStructure of a Long Bone

Figure 6.3a-c

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Structure of Short, Irregular, and Structure of Short, Irregular, and Flat BonesFlat Bones

Figure 6.4

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Gross Anatomy of BonesGross Anatomy of Bones

• Bone design and stress

• Anatomy of a bone reflects stresses

• Compression and tension greatest at external surfaces

Figure 6.5a

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Microscopic Structure of Compact Microscopic Structure of Compact BonesBonesF. 5-2 & 5-3F. 5-2 & 5-3

Figure 6.6a, b