Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher Alabama High School Graduation Exam Review Social Studies Standards I...

Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher

Alabama High School Alabama High School Graduation Exam ReviewGraduation Exam Review

Social StudiesSocial Studies

Standards I – VIIStandards I – VII


The CrusadesThe CrusadesThey were a series of wars in which They were a series of wars in which European Christians attempted to European Christians attempted to regain control of the holy land from regain control of the holy land from Muslims.Muslims.

People who fought in the war People who fought in the war discovered new goods.discovered new goods.

The Crusades lead people to desire The Crusades lead people to desire these new goods from Asia.these new goods from Asia.

This helped lead to exploration.This helped lead to exploration.


The RenaissanceThe Renaissance

This was a period of renewed This was a period of renewed interest in science and learning in interest in science and learning in the 1300 and 1400s.the 1300 and 1400s.

It helped make people curious It helped make people curious about the world.about the world.

This made people want to explore This made people want to explore the world.the world.


The ReformationThe ReformationThis was a series of religious wars This was a series of religious wars between Protestants and Catholics in between Protestants and Catholics in the 1500s.the 1500s. ProtestantsProtestants were people who were people who protested against the Catholic protested against the Catholic Church.Church.The Reformation led people to want to The Reformation led people to want to live in new places to get away from live in new places to get away from war and practice their religions. war and practice their religions.


The Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian Exchange

This was the exchange of goods, This was the exchange of goods, foods, and other items between foods, and other items between Europe and Africa and the Europe and Africa and the Americas.Americas.

Some of the things that were Some of the things that were brought harmed the New World, brought harmed the New World, like disease.like disease.


ConquistadorsConquistadorsThey were Spanish conquerors who They were Spanish conquerors who defeated Native American tribes and defeated Native American tribes and explored the New World.explored the New World.The following were famous ConquistadorsThe following were famous Conquistadors–ColumbusColumbus – discovered the Americas – discovered the Americas–Cortez Cortez – defeated the Aztecs– defeated the Aztecs–PizaroPizaro – defeated the Incas – defeated the Incas–De SotoDe Soto – explored the Southeast – explored the Southeast

(including Alabama and discovered the (including Alabama and discovered the Mississippi RiverMississippi River


St. AugustineSt. Augustine

This was the first permanent This was the first permanent European settlement in North European settlement in North America.America.

It was a Spanish colony in Florida.It was a Spanish colony in Florida.


JamestownJamestown

This was the first permanent This was the first permanent English colony in North America.English colony in North America.

It was in Virginia.It was in Virginia.

Jamestown was led by Captain Jamestown was led by Captain John SmithJohn Smith..

People in Jamestown did not People in Jamestown did not become successful until they began become successful until they began growing growing tobaccotobacco..


Virginia House of BurgessesVirginia House of Burgesses

This was the first representative This was the first representative government in the New World.government in the New World.

It was the government of the It was the government of the Virginia Colony. Virginia Colony.


The Great AwakeningThe Great Awakening

This was a religious revival This was a religious revival movement that occurred in the movement that occurred in the colonies in the mid 1700s.colonies in the mid 1700s.

It led to greater unity between the It led to greater unity between the colonies.colonies.


French and Indian WarFrench and Indian War

A war between France, France’s A war between France, France’s Indian allies, and Great Britain.Indian allies, and Great Britain.

Great Britain won and gained all Great Britain won and gained all French land in North America.French land in North America.

Britain needed money after the Britain needed money after the war so they began to tax their war so they began to tax their colonies in America.colonies in America.


TaxationTaxation

Taxes made the colonists angry because Taxes made the colonists angry because they did not have any representation in they did not have any representation in the British government (the British government (ParliamentParliament).).

This helped lead colonists in America to This helped lead colonists in America to want independencewant independence

The following were famous taxes:The following were famous taxes:

–The The Stamp ActStamp Act – a tax of paper goods – a tax of paper goods

–The The Tea ActTea Act – a tax on tea – a tax on tea


Lack of Free TradeLack of Free Trade

Great Britain restricted the Great Britain restricted the colonists’ ability to trade.colonists’ ability to trade.They were not allowed to trade They were not allowed to trade with people from other countries.with people from other countries.This helped to lead some This helped to lead some colonists to want independence colonists to want independence from Great Britain.from Great Britain.


The Boston MassacreThe Boston Massacre

In 1770, British soldiers killed five In 1770, British soldiers killed five men in Boston.men in Boston.

The The Sons of LibertySons of Liberty (a group that (a group that wanted independence from wanted independence from Britain) used this event to make Britain) used this event to make other colonists angry at Britain.other colonists angry at Britain.


The Boston Tea PartyThe Boston Tea Party

Members of the Members of the Sons of LibertySons of Liberty threw tea into Boston Harbor as a threw tea into Boston Harbor as a means of protest.means of protest.

They were unhappy about paying They were unhappy about paying the Tea Tax.the Tea Tax.

Britain punished Massachusetts Britain punished Massachusetts and sent troops to enforce laws.and sent troops to enforce laws.


The First Continental CongressThe First Continental Congress

This meeting was called to protest This meeting was called to protest Britain’s punishment of Britain’s punishment of Massachusetts.Massachusetts.


Patrick HenryPatrick Henry

Patrick HenryPatrick Henry gave a speech in gave a speech in the First Continental Congress the First Continental Congress that made many people desire that made many people desire independence.independence.

He said: “Give me liberty, or give He said: “Give me liberty, or give me death.”me death.”


Lexington and ConcordLexington and Concord

This is where the first shots of the This is where the first shots of the American Revolution took place in American Revolution took place in 1775.1775.


The Second Continental Congress The Second Continental Congress

This meeting was called after fighting This meeting was called after fighting began.began.

They created an army called the They created an army called the Continental Army. It was led by Continental Army. It was led by George WashingtonGeorge Washington

This meeting became the government This meeting became the government for the colonies during the Revolution.for the colonies during the Revolution.


Bunker HillBunker Hill

This was this first major battle of This was this first major battle of the Revolutionary War.the Revolutionary War.


The Declaration of IndependenceThe Declaration of Independence

After Bunker Hill, the Second After Bunker Hill, the Second Continental Congress declared its Continental Congress declared its independence from Britain.independence from Britain.

Thomas Jefferson wrote most of Thomas Jefferson wrote most of the the Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence..


Inspirations for the DeclarationInspirations for the Declaration

Magna CartaMagna Carta – a listing of rights that – a listing of rights that English people had.English people had.

John LockeJohn Locke – an English philosopher – an English philosopher who believed all people are born with who believed all people are born with natural rightsnatural rights (life, liberty, and property). (life, liberty, and property).

Also, Locke believed if a government Also, Locke believed if a government does not protect people’s natural rights, does not protect people’s natural rights, then they can get rid of the government then they can get rid of the government (the (the social contract theorysocial contract theory).).


Leaders of the RevolutionLeaders of the Revolution

George WashingtonGeorge Washington – he led the – he led the armyarmy

Samuel AdamsSamuel Adams – he was the – he was the leader of the Sons of Libertyleader of the Sons of Liberty

Paul ReverePaul Revere was a member of the was a member of the Sons of Liberty who warned Sons of Liberty who warned colonists in Lexington that “the colonists in Lexington that “the British are coming.”British are coming.”


Battles of the American RevolutionBattles of the American RevolutionSaratogaSaratoga – after Americans won this – after Americans won this battle the French became allies with battle the French became allies with America. This battle is considered the America. This battle is considered the “turning point” of the war.“turning point” of the war.

Valley ForgeValley Forge – George Washington was – George Washington was able to keep his army together after they able to keep his army together after they nearly froze and starved to death here.nearly froze and starved to death here.

YorktownYorktown – after this battle the British – after this battle the British surrendered and the Revolution ended.surrendered and the Revolution ended.


Treaty of Paris (1783)Treaty of Paris (1783)

This treaty ended the American This treaty ended the American Revolution.Revolution.

The United States was given The United States was given independence.independence.

Its territory was from the Atlantic Its territory was from the Atlantic to the Mississippi River, and from to the Mississippi River, and from Canada to Florida.Canada to Florida.


The Articles of ConfederationThe Articles of Confederation

This was the first government of This was the first government of the United States.the United States.It was a weak government that It was a weak government that could not raise money with taxes.could not raise money with taxes.State governments had more State governments had more power than the government under power than the government under the Articles.the Articles.


The Land OrdinancesThe Land OrdinancesThe Land The Land Ordinance of 1795Ordinance of 1795 established a system for dividing up established a system for dividing up land into small square sections called land into small square sections called townships.townships.

The The Northwest OrdinanceNorthwest Ordinance of 1787 of 1787 divided the Northwest Territory (IN, divided the Northwest Territory (IN, IL, OH, MH, MN, WS) and set up a IL, OH, MH, MN, WS) and set up a system by which territories could system by which territories could become states.become states.


The ConstitutionThe ConstitutionA meeting was held in Philadelphia in A meeting was held in Philadelphia in 1787 to fix the Articles of Confederation.1787 to fix the Articles of Confederation.

They made a new government instead They made a new government instead called the called the ConstitutionConstitution..

The first paragraph of the Constitution is The first paragraph of the Constitution is called the called the PreamblePreamble. It lists the . It lists the purposes of the government.purposes of the government.


The ConstitutionThe Constitution

The Constitution divides the The Constitution divides the government into three branches to government into three branches to separate their power.separate their power.The French philosopher The French philosopher Montesquieu Montesquieu first developed the idea of “separation first developed the idea of “separation of powers.”of powers.”



Under the Under the Great CompromiseGreat Compromise the the legislative branch would have two legislative branch would have two parts. The parts. The House of RepresentativesHouse of Representatives would be based on the number of would be based on the number of people in each state. The people in each state. The Senate Senate would have equal representation from would have equal representation from each state.each state.


The Constitution The Constitution

Under the Under the Three-Fifths CompromiseThree-Fifths Compromise slaves would be counted as 3/5 of a slaves would be counted as 3/5 of a person so Southern states could person so Southern states could count them for representation in the count them for representation in the House.House.

The Constitution created a The Constitution created a federal federal governmentgovernment. This is a government in . This is a government in which the states are under the power which the states are under the power of a national government. of a national government.



The The Elastic ClauseElastic Clause of the Constitution of the Constitution allows the government to change allows the government to change over time. over time.

It is a statement that says the It is a statement that says the government has the right to make government has the right to make new laws that is feels are “necessary new laws that is feels are “necessary and proper.”and proper.”


The Federalist PapersThe Federalist Papers

These were a series of articles These were a series of articles written by Alexander Hamilton, written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison.John Jay, and James Madison.

These articles attempted to These articles attempted to persuade people to ratify (or vote persuade people to ratify (or vote on) the Constitution. on) the Constitution.


The Bill of RightsThe Bill of RightsSome people were afraid the Some people were afraid the government created by the Constitution government created by the Constitution would become to powerful.would become to powerful.

They wanted a They wanted a Bill of RightsBill of Rights. This is a list . This is a list of the basic rights people have.of the basic rights people have.

The Bill of Rights are the first 10 The Bill of Rights are the first 10 amendments.amendments.

The The First AmendmentFirst Amendment protects freedom protects freedom of speech, religion, press, and assembly.of speech, religion, press, and assembly.


Other AmendmentsOther AmendmentsThe The 1313thth Amendment Amendment freed slaves. freed slaves.

The The 1414thth Amendment Amendment guarantees guarantees that all people born in the U.S. are that all people born in the U.S. are citizens and have equal rights with citizens and have equal rights with every other citizen.every other citizen.

The The 1515thth Amendment Amendment granted the granted the right to vote to all men.right to vote to all men.

The The 1919thth Amendment Amendment granted the granted the right to vote to women.right to vote to women.


Effect of Colonial ExperienceEffect of Colonial Experience

The experiences that colonists had The experiences that colonists had with the British before independence with the British before independence effected the development of the Bill effected the development of the Bill of Rights. of Rights.

–Freedoms like speech, weapons, Freedoms like speech, weapons, and privacy were all denied by the and privacy were all denied by the British. Thus they were protected in British. Thus they were protected in the Bill of Rights.the Bill of Rights.


Violations of the Constitution Violations of the Constitution

Black CodesBlack Codes and and Jim Crow Laws Jim Crow Laws were laws written in the South were laws written in the South after the Civil War that restricted after the Civil War that restricted the rights of African Americans.the rights of African Americans.


Washington’s Farewell AddressWashington’s Farewell Address

George Washington, the first George Washington, the first president, made a final statement president, made a final statement as he left the presidency.as he left the presidency.

He believed Americans should He believed Americans should avoid making political parties and avoid making political parties and getting involved in foreign getting involved in foreign problems.problems.


The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase

Napoleon, the leader of France, Napoleon, the leader of France, needed money to fight a war. He sold needed money to fight a war. He sold the Louisiana Territory (1/3 of the the Louisiana Territory (1/3 of the present US – all west of the present US – all west of the Mississippi River) to the United Mississippi River) to the United States.States.

Thomas Jefferson was the president Thomas Jefferson was the president who made the purchase in 1803.who made the purchase in 1803.


Lewis and ClarkLewis and Clark

Jefferson sent two explorers, Jefferson sent two explorers, Lewis Lewis and Clarkand Clark, to explore the Louisiana , to explore the Louisiana Purchase Territory.Purchase Territory.

They traveled making scientific They traveled making scientific observations about plants and observations about plants and animals and the met with the Indian animals and the met with the Indian tribes of the West.tribes of the West.

They traveled for nearly two years They traveled for nearly two years from St. Louis, Missouri to the Pacific from St. Louis, Missouri to the Pacific Ocean and back.Ocean and back.


The Embargo ActThe Embargo ActGreat Britain and France fought a war Great Britain and France fought a war after the American Revolution.after the American Revolution.

Jefferson decided to punish both Jefferson decided to punish both countries for harassing Americans countries for harassing Americans during their war.during their war.

He passed an He passed an embargoembargo. This meant . This meant that the U.S. would not trade with that the U.S. would not trade with either county.either county.

However, it hurt the U.S. more than it However, it hurt the U.S. more than it did them.did them.


The War of 1812The War of 1812

In 1812 the United States and Great In 1812 the United States and Great Britain went to war.Britain went to war.

Americans were upset because Americans were upset because Britain used Britain used impressmentimpressment. This . This meant they kidnapped American meant they kidnapped American sailors and forced them to work in the sailors and forced them to work in the British navy. They also supported British navy. They also supported Indian attacks against the U.S.Indian attacks against the U.S.


The War of 1812The War of 1812Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson defeated the Creek defeated the Creek Indians at Indians at Horseshoe BendHorseshoe Bend in Alabama in Alabama during the War of 1812.during the War of 1812.

At At Ft. McHenryFt. McHenry, Francis Scott Key wrote , Francis Scott Key wrote the the Star-Spangled Banner.Star-Spangled Banner.

Andrew Jackson defeated the British at Andrew Jackson defeated the British at New Orleans.New Orleans.

The War of 1812 ended positively for The War of 1812 ended positively for Americans when the British decided to Americans when the British decided to stop fighting.stop fighting.


Results of the War of 1812Results of the War of 1812Nationalism, Nationalism, pride in one’s country, pride in one’s country, grew after the war.grew after the war.

American industry grew during the American industry grew during the war because Americans could no war because Americans could no longer buy foreign goods.longer buy foreign goods.

The U.S. government passed The U.S. government passed tariffstariffs (taxes on imported goods) to help (taxes on imported goods) to help American businesses. The taxes American businesses. The taxes made foreign goods more expensive.made foreign goods more expensive.


The Era of Good FeelingsThe Era of Good Feelings

After the War of 1812, people After the War of 1812, people were generally happy with the were generally happy with the U.S.U.S.

This period of prosperity was This period of prosperity was called the called the Era of Good Feelings.Era of Good Feelings.


American CultureAmerican CultureDuring the early 1800s, Americans During the early 1800s, Americans started to make their own, distinct started to make their own, distinct culture.culture.

Several writers became well known Several writers became well known during this period.during this period.

–Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Walt Whitman, David Thoreau, Walt Whitman, Edgar Alan Poe, Washington Irving, Edgar Alan Poe, Washington Irving, James Fennimore Cooper, Emily James Fennimore Cooper, Emily DickinsonDickinson


Henry Clay’s American SystemHenry Clay’s American System

Henry Clay, a senator from Henry Clay, a senator from Kentucky, came up with a plan for Kentucky, came up with a plan for the government to build roads and the government to build roads and canals.canals.

He thought it would improve the He thought it would improve the U.S. and its economy.U.S. and its economy.

However, the plan never passed.However, the plan never passed.


AlabamaAlabama

During the Era of Good Feelings, During the Era of Good Feelings, in 1819, Alabama became a state.in 1819, Alabama became a state.


Women’s MovementWomen’s Movement

The The Seneca Fall’s ConventionSeneca Fall’s Convention was was the first major meeting of women the first major meeting of women seeking equal rights like suffrage seeking equal rights like suffrage (the right to vote).(the right to vote).

Elizabeth Cady Stanton Elizabeth Cady Stanton and and Susan Susan B. AnthonyB. Anthony were early leaders of were early leaders of the women’s movement.the women’s movement.


Abolition MovementAbolition MovementThis was the movement to free This was the movement to free slaves.slaves.

Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass was a former was a former slave who published the slave who published the North North StarStar, an anti-slavery newspaper., an anti-slavery newspaper.

William Lloyd Garrison William Lloyd Garrison was a a was a a white abolitionist who published white abolitionist who published the the Liberator.Liberator.


Abolition MovementAbolition Movement

Sojourner Truth Sojourner Truth was a former slave. was a former slave. She was both an abolitionist and a She was both an abolitionist and a women’s rights activist.women’s rights activist.

Harriet TubmanHarriet Tubman was a former slave was a former slave that helped hundreds of slaves that helped hundreds of slaves escape the from the South on the escape the from the South on the Underground RailroadUnderground Railroad..


Reform MovementsReform Movements

The The Temperance MovementTemperance Movement was was the movement to ban the use of the movement to ban the use of alcohol in the United States.alcohol in the United States.

Dorothea Dix Dorothea Dix fought to improve fought to improve conditions in mental institutions conditions in mental institutions and prisons in the U.S.. and prisons in the U.S..


Utopian Communities Utopian Communities

Utopias Utopias are communities that are communities that seek to become perfect societies.seek to become perfect societies.

Several religious groups sought to Several religious groups sought to become utopias. The Shakers become utopias. The Shakers and the Mormons were examples.and the Mormons were examples.


The Missouri CompromiseThe Missouri Compromise

This was an agreement in 1820 This was an agreement in 1820 whereby Missouri was admitted whereby Missouri was admitted as a slave state, Maine was as a slave state, Maine was admitted as a free state, and admitted as a free state, and slavery was forbidden north of the slavery was forbidden north of the 3636°30‘ line of latitude.°30‘ line of latitude.


The Monroe DoctrineThe Monroe Doctrine

An order by President Monroe in An order by President Monroe in 1823 warning European countries 1823 warning European countries against further colonization in against further colonization in North or South America.North or South America.


John MarshallJohn Marshall

Marshall was the Chief Justice of the Marshall was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in the early 1800s.Supreme Court in the early 1800s.

He helped increase the power of the He helped increase the power of the federal government and the Court federal government and the Court system.system.


Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison

In the case of In the case of Marbury v. Madison, Marbury v. Madison, JohnJohn Marshall said federal courts Marshall said federal courts have the right to declare a law have the right to declare a law unconstitutional.unconstitutional.

–This is called This is called judicial review.judicial review.


Gibbons v. OgdenGibbons v. Ogden

This Supreme Court decision This Supreme Court decision states that states cannot interfere states that states cannot interfere with interstate commerce (trade with interstate commerce (trade between states).between states).


Jacksonian DemocracyJacksonian Democracy

Jacksonian Democracy refers to Jacksonian Democracy refers to the growing spirit of democracy in the growing spirit of democracy in the U.S. after Andrew Jackson’s the U.S. after Andrew Jackson’s election as president in 1828.election as president in 1828.


The Common Man IdealThe Common Man Ideal

Part of Jacksonian Democracy was Part of Jacksonian Democracy was the growing power that common the growing power that common people had.people had.Jackson believed that the common Jackson believed that the common man deserved more power in man deserved more power in government and in life.government and in life.During this period state got rid of During this period state got rid of property qualifications for voting.property qualifications for voting.


The Spoils SystemThe Spoils System

The practice of giving government The practice of giving government jobs to political supporters is jobs to political supporters is called the called the spoils systemspoils system. .

Andrew Jackson used this Andrew Jackson used this system.system.


The Nullification CrisisThe Nullification Crisis

South Carolina did not like the tariff South Carolina did not like the tariff on foreign goods.on foreign goods.They decided to They decided to nullify nullify the law. This the law. This means they chose not to follow it. means they chose not to follow it. They also threatened to They also threatened to secede secede or or leave the union.leave the union.A new tariff was passed and South A new tariff was passed and South Carolina took away its threat.Carolina took away its threat.


The Indian Removal ActThe Indian Removal Act

Andrew Jackson decided to remove Andrew Jackson decided to remove all Indian tribes from the Southeast all Indian tribes from the Southeast (including Alabama).(including Alabama).

Indians were moved to Oklahoma Indians were moved to Oklahoma (the Indian Territory).(the Indian Territory).

In the In the Trail of TearsTrail of Tears thousands of thousands of Cherokees Cherokees died as they were forced died as they were forced to move.to move.


Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny After the War of 1812, people began After the War of 1812, people began to move out west.to move out west.

Most Americans believed it was Most Americans believed it was God’s will that Americans live from God’s will that Americans live from sea to sea. This was known as sea to sea. This was known as manifest destiny.manifest destiny.

They moved on a series of trails They moved on a series of trails known as the known as the Santa Fe Trail, the Santa Fe Trail, the Oregon Trail, the Mormon Trail, Oregon Trail, the Mormon Trail, and and the California Trail.the California Trail.


TexasTexas

Texas belonged to Mexico when Texas belonged to Mexico when Americans began to move there.Americans began to move there.

In the 1830s, Texas fought for In the 1830s, Texas fought for independence from Mexico.independence from Mexico.


The Mexican-American WarThe Mexican-American War

In the 1840s, the U.S. gained the In the 1840s, the U.S. gained the Southwestern part of the U.S. by Southwestern part of the U.S. by going to war with Mexico.going to war with Mexico.

These states were collectively These states were collectively known as the known as the Mexican Cession.Mexican Cession.


The Gold RushThe Gold Rush

In 1849 thousands of people began to In 1849 thousands of people began to move to California when gold was move to California when gold was discovered there. This was known as discovered there. This was known as the the gold rush.gold rush.


Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850

This compromise allowed California to This compromise allowed California to become a free state while the New become a free state while the New Mexico territory would be allowed to Mexico territory would be allowed to use popular sovereignty to decide use popular sovereignty to decide about slavery.about slavery.

Popular sovereigntyPopular sovereignty is allowing is allowing people to decide on an issue by people to decide on an issue by votingvoting


The Fugitive Slave ActThe Fugitive Slave Act

This part of the Compromise of This part of the Compromise of 1850 angered many Northerners 1850 angered many Northerners because it said runaway slaves, because it said runaway slaves, who had come North, had to be who had come North, had to be returned to the South.returned to the South.


Kansas-Nebraska ActKansas-Nebraska Act

This act allowed these two This act allowed these two territories to use popular territories to use popular sovereignty to determine if they sovereignty to determine if they wanted slavery.wanted slavery.

It led to several years of violence It led to several years of violence in Kansas. This in Kansas. This period was known period was known asas Bleeding Kansas. Bleeding Kansas.


Dred Scott Decision Dred Scott Decision

In the Supreme Court case of In the Supreme Court case of Dred Scott v. Sanford Dred Scott v. Sanford slaves were slaves were considered property and, thus, considered property and, thus, slavery could not be denied slavery could not be denied anywhere.anywhere.

Also, black persons, free or slave, Also, black persons, free or slave, did not have any rights.did not have any rights.


John Brown RaidJohn Brown Raid

John Brown was an abolitionist John Brown was an abolitionist who attempted to start a slave who attempted to start a slave rebellion by taking a Federal rebellion by taking a Federal Arsenal at Arsenal at Harper’s FerryHarper’s Ferry Virginia. Virginia.

He tried to arm slaves, but he was He tried to arm slaves, but he was captured before it could work.captured before it could work.


The Election of 1860The Election of 1860

Abraham Lincoln, a Republican Abraham Lincoln, a Republican who was opposed to the who was opposed to the expansion of slavery into the expansion of slavery into the West, was elected as president.West, was elected as president.

His election led several Southern His election led several Southern states to states to secedesecede (leave) the (leave) the union.union.


The Confederate States of America The Confederate States of America

Several Southern states formed a Several Southern states formed a new government after Lincoln’s new government after Lincoln’s election (The CSA).election (The CSA).

The first state to secede was South The first state to secede was South Carolina.Carolina.

Its capital was at first in Montgomery, Its capital was at first in Montgomery, Alabama. It was later moved to Alabama. It was later moved to Richmond, Virginia.Richmond, Virginia.


Ft. Sumter Ft. Sumter

In 1861, at Ft. Sumter South In 1861, at Ft. Sumter South Carolina, the Civil War began Carolina, the Civil War began when Confederate Forces opened when Confederate Forces opened fire on a U.S. (Union) fort.fire on a U.S. (Union) fort.


Northern Goals in the Civil WarNorthern Goals in the Civil WarRestore the Union.Restore the Union.

Preserve the power of the federal Preserve the power of the federal government over the states.government over the states.

End slavery.End slavery.


Southern Goals During the WarSouthern Goals During the WarCreate an independent nation.Create an independent nation.

Preserve the powers of the Preserve the powers of the states.states.

Defend slavery. Defend slavery.


North Alabama During the WarNorth Alabama During the WarWinston CountyWinston County, Alabama and the , Alabama and the western counties of Virginiawestern counties of Virginia seceded from their states seceded from their states because they did not agree with because they did not agree with the Civil War.the Civil War.

The western portion of Virginia The western portion of Virginia became known as West Virginia.became known as West Virginia.


Black Units During the Civil WarBlack Units During the Civil WarDuring the Civil War, blacks During the Civil War, blacks fought for both sides.fought for both sides.

However, most blacks fought for However, most blacks fought for the Union.the Union.

The most famous black military The most famous black military unit during the Civil War was the unit during the Civil War was the 54th Massachusetts54th Massachusetts..


Homestead ActHomestead Act

During the Civil War, Congress During the Civil War, Congress passed this law.passed this law.

It gave free land (160 acres) in It gave free land (160 acres) in the West to people willing to live the West to people willing to live on that land.on that land.


Morrill-Land Grant ActMorrill-Land Grant Act

During the Civil War, Congress During the Civil War, Congress passed this law.passed this law.

Under this law, states were Under this law, states were required to establish colleges, required to establish colleges, called Land Grant Schools, whose called Land Grant Schools, whose purpose it was to teach purpose it was to teach agriculture and mechanical skills agriculture and mechanical skills (a & m’s).(a & m’s).


Draft OppositionDraft Opposition

People in both the North and the People in both the North and the South were often drafted, or South were often drafted, or forced, to serve in the military.forced, to serve in the military.

However, on both sides there However, on both sides there were people who opposed, or were people who opposed, or refused to serve, in the military. refused to serve, in the military.


Emancipation ProclamationEmancipation Proclamation

This proclamation issued by This proclamation issued by Lincoln freed slaves in the Lincoln freed slaves in the Confederate States.Confederate States.


Legal Problems During the WarLegal Problems During the War

Lincoln was sometimes criticized Lincoln was sometimes criticized for breaking Constitutional rights for breaking Constitutional rights during the war.during the war.

In some cases, he denied people In some cases, he denied people arrested a arrested a writ of habeas corpus. writ of habeas corpus. This means they were not informed This means they were not informed of why they were arrested or of why they were arrested or allowed to have a trial.allowed to have a trial.


Battles of the Civil WarBattles of the Civil War

The first major battle of the Civil War The first major battle of the Civil War was was First Bull RunFirst Bull Run (First Manassas). (First Manassas).AntietamAntietam was the bloodiest battle of was the bloodiest battle of the war.the war.The capture of The capture of VicksburgVicksburg on the on the Mississippi River ensured the Union Mississippi River ensured the Union was able to blockade the South. It is was able to blockade the South. It is considered a “turning point in the considered a “turning point in the war”.war”.


Battles of the Civil WarBattles of the Civil War

Robert E. LeeRobert E. Lee (Confederate general) (Confederate general) was defeated in his attempt to invade was defeated in his attempt to invade the North at the North at Gettysburg, Gettysburg, PennsylvaniaPennsylvania. This is also known as . This is also known as one of the “turning points”.one of the “turning points”.Sherman’s MarchSherman’s March to the sea through to the sea through Georgia led to widespread Georgia led to widespread devastation.devastation.


Gettysburg AddressGettysburg Address

After the Battle of Gettysburg, After the Battle of Gettysburg, Lincoln gave a speech to honor Lincoln gave a speech to honor the dead in which he reaffirmed the dead in which he reaffirmed the idea that “all men are created the idea that “all men are created equal.”equal.”


Appomattox CourthouseAppomattox Courthouse

At At Appomattox CourthouseAppomattox Courthouse in in 1865, Virginia, Lee surrendered to 1865, Virginia, Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant (Union Ulysses S. Grant (Union commander).commander).

This was the end of the Civil WarThis was the end of the Civil War


The Results of the WarThe Results of the War

The Civil War was the deadliest The Civil War was the deadliest war in our history. Over 600,000 war in our history. Over 600,000 Americans (on both sides) died.Americans (on both sides) died.

Much of the South was Much of the South was devastated, both economically devastated, both economically and socially.and socially.

Nearly 4 million slaves were now Nearly 4 million slaves were now free.free.


Lincoln’s AssassinationLincoln’s Assassination

After the war ended, President After the war ended, President Lincoln was assassinated.Lincoln was assassinated.

Andrew JohnsonAndrew Johnson became the new became the new president.president.


ReconstructionReconstruction

ReconstructionReconstruction was the attempt to was the attempt to rebuild the South after the Civil rebuild the South after the Civil War.War.

It was also the attempt to correct It was also the attempt to correct the wrongs of the past that had the wrongs of the past that had been done to slaves.been done to slaves.


Lincoln’s PlanLincoln’s Plan

Lincoln wanted Southern states to Lincoln wanted Southern states to abolish slavery and apologize for abolish slavery and apologize for the war.the war.

His plan was considered lenient His plan was considered lenient (easy).(easy).


Congressional ReconstructionCongressional Reconstruction

After Lincoln’s assassination, After Lincoln’s assassination, Congress took control of Congress took control of Reconstruction.Reconstruction.

They wanted to punish the South They wanted to punish the South and make significant changes in and make significant changes in the South.the South.

It is sometimes called It is sometimes called Radical Radical Reconstruction.Reconstruction.


Military ControlMilitary Control

Under Radical Reconstruction, Under Radical Reconstruction, the South would be controlled for the South would be controlled for many years following the war by many years following the war by the Union army.the Union army.

The South was divided into The South was divided into military districts.military districts.


The Black CodesThe Black Codes

Southern states passed strict Southern states passed strict laws to keep blacks from gaining laws to keep blacks from gaining rights during Reconstruction.rights during Reconstruction.

They were called They were called black codesblack codes..


Carpetbaggers & ScalawagsCarpetbaggers & ScalawagsCarpetbaggers Carpetbaggers were northerners were northerners who moved to the South during who moved to the South during Reconstruction to take advantage Reconstruction to take advantage of problems in the period after the of problems in the period after the war.war.

ScalawagsScalawags were Southerners who were Southerners who cooperated with Northern officials cooperated with Northern officials to take advantage of problems in to take advantage of problems in the period after the war.the period after the war.


The Ku Klux KlanThe Ku Klux Klan

The Klan was organized to resist The Klan was organized to resist the social changes that occurred the social changes that occurred during Reconstruction.during Reconstruction.

They attempted to frighten blacks They attempted to frighten blacks from practicing their rights (like from practicing their rights (like the right to vote).the right to vote).


U.S. GrantU.S. Grant

GrantGrant was president during much was president during much of the Reconstruction period.of the Reconstruction period.

His presidency was marked by His presidency was marked by numerous political scandals.numerous political scandals.

The most famous scandal was the The most famous scandal was the Credit Moblier Scandal.Credit Moblier Scandal.


The Compromise of 1877The Compromise of 1877The election of 1876 ended with a The election of 1876 ended with a dispute as to who won.dispute as to who won.

A compromise was made that A compromise was made that allowed Rutherford B. Hayes to allowed Rutherford B. Hayes to become president.become president.

In return, Reconstruction in the In return, Reconstruction in the South ended.South ended.

This Compromise marks the end of This Compromise marks the end of Reconstruction.Reconstruction.


The New South The New South

In the late 1800s, many In the late 1800s, many Southerners wanted to make a Southerners wanted to make a “New South”.“New South”.

This meant they wanted to bring This meant they wanted to bring industry and education to the industry and education to the South.South.


Race RelationsRace Relations

During the late 1800s, race During the late 1800s, race relations deteriorated in the relations deteriorated in the South.South.

Southerners practiced Southerners practiced segregation and other forms of segregation and other forms of legal racial discrimination. These legal racial discrimination. These laws were known as laws were known as Jim Crow Jim Crow Laws.Laws.


Black Cultural ChangesBlack Cultural Changes

After the Civil War, black After the Civil War, black communities were created communities were created throughout the South.throughout the South.

Segregated churches and schools Segregated churches and schools led to a close knit society for led to a close knit society for blacks.blacks.


Problems With Indian Tribes Problems With Indian Tribes

As Americans moved west, more As Americans moved west, more conflict began with Indian tribes.conflict began with Indian tribes.

The Sioux Indians fought several The Sioux Indians fought several times with the U.S. military.times with the U.S. military.

At At Little Big Horn Little Big Horn the U.S. military the U.S. military led by led by Gen. George Armstrong Gen. George Armstrong Custer Custer was defeated by a Sioux was defeated by a Sioux chief named chief named Sitting BullSitting Bull


The BuffaloThe BuffaloOne of the biggest problems One of the biggest problems Indians on the Great Plains Indians on the Great Plains faced was the near faced was the near annihilation annihilation (destruction) of the buffalo (destruction) of the buffalo herds by over hunting by herds by over hunting by whites.whites.

Plains Indians used buffalos for Plains Indians used buffalos for food, clothing, to make tent food, clothing, to make tent materials, etc….materials, etc….


Innovations That Effected the WestInnovations That Effected the WestSteel plow: made it easier for farmers to Steel plow: made it easier for farmers to plow their fields.plow their fields.

Windmill: allowed farmers to use wind power Windmill: allowed farmers to use wind power to run machinery and generate electrical to run machinery and generate electrical power.power.

barbed wire: allowed farmers to mark off their barbed wire: allowed farmers to mark off their property and keep their animals on the property and keep their animals on the property.property.

railroads: (most important innovation) railroads: (most important innovation) allowed people to easily move west; town allowed people to easily move west; town developed around the rail lines.developed around the rail lines.


AgrarianAgrarian

This term refers to agriculture or a This term refers to agriculture or a rural way of life.rural way of life.


The GrangeThe Grange

The The GrangeGrange was an organization was an organization that helped farmers gain influence that helped farmers gain influence in the government; they fought for in the government; they fought for the rights of farmers.the rights of farmers.


Farmers’ AllianceFarmers’ Alliance

This was another organization This was another organization that fought for the rights of that fought for the rights of farmers.farmers.


Populist MovementPopulist Movement

This was a political movement This was a political movement by farmers that fought for:by farmers that fought for:–direct election of senators; direct election of senators;

government control of utilities; government control of utilities; regulation of railroads; silver as the regulation of railroads; silver as the currency instead of goldcurrency instead of gold

William Jennings Bryan and James William Jennings Bryan and James Weaver were leading Populists.Weaver were leading Populists.


IndustrializationIndustrialization

Several factors that led to industry Several factors that led to industry developing in the late 1800s were:developing in the late 1800s were:–abundance of natural resources; abundance of natural resources;

rivers; large workforce because of rivers; large workforce because of immigrationimmigration


New Sources of PowerNew Sources of Power

Oil and electricity started to be Oil and electricity started to be new sources of power in the late new sources of power in the late 1800s.1800s.


Communication ChangesCommunication Changes

In the late 1800s and early 1900s In the late 1800s and early 1900s several new communication several new communication systems were created.systems were created.–phonographphonograph

–the telephonethe telephone

–transatlantic cabletransatlantic cable

–radioradio


Alabama IndustryAlabama IndustryIron, Iron, steel,steel, and coal all became and coal all became leading industries in Alabama in leading industries in Alabama in the late 1800s.the late 1800s.

Birmingham became a leader in Birmingham became a leader in iron and steel.iron and steel.

Lumber, shipping, and textiles also Lumber, shipping, and textiles also became important industries in became important industries in Alabama. Alabama.


MonopoliesMonopolies

A A monopoly monopoly (or trust) is when one (or trust) is when one company has total control of all company has total control of all the companies that make a the companies that make a certain product.certain product.

People thought they were unfair People thought they were unfair because they kept prices high.because they kept prices high.


Robber BaronsRobber Barons

Robber BaronsRobber Barons were industry were industry leaders who became powerful leaders who became powerful by running their competition out by running their competition out of business.of business.

Rockefeller Rockefeller became the leader became the leader in the oil business.in the oil business.

Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie became the became the leader in the steel industry.leader in the steel industry.


Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism

Theory that society should do as Theory that society should do as little as possible to interfere with little as possible to interfere with people’s pursuit of success.people’s pursuit of success.

This theory was strongly This theory was strongly advocated during the late 1800s.advocated during the late 1800s.


Gospel of WealthGospel of Wealth

This was the belief that people This was the belief that people should give back part of their should give back part of their wealth to the community.wealth to the community.


Horatio AlgerHoratio Alger

Alger was an author who wrote Alger was an author who wrote “rags to riches” novels.“rags to riches” novels.

He became popular in the late He became popular in the late 1800s.1800s.

Many people saw his stories as a Many people saw his stories as a “role model.”“role model.”


City (Urban) Growth City (Urban) Growth

Cities grew dramatically in the late Cities grew dramatically in the late 1800s.1800s.

Reasons for this were:Reasons for this were:–immigration; plentiful jobs; growth of immigration; plentiful jobs; growth of

industryindustry


Urban ProblemsUrban Problems

Overcrowding in the cities.Overcrowding in the cities.

Poverty levels were high.Poverty levels were high.


Work ProblemsWork Problems

Immigrants were often faced Immigrants were often faced discrimination in the workplace.discrimination in the workplace.

Children often worked long hours Children often worked long hours in dangerous locations.in dangerous locations.

Women were paid less that men Women were paid less that men and had no opportunity for and had no opportunity for advancement in the workplace.advancement in the workplace.


Labor UnionsLabor Unions

Labor unionsLabor unions grew rapidly in the grew rapidly in the late 1800s because of problems late 1800s because of problems in the workplace.in the workplace.

A union is a group that works for A union is a group that works for workers’ rights.workers’ rights.

Strikes became a common form Strikes became a common form of protests.of protests.


Immigration RestrictionsImmigration RestrictionsSome people did not like the Some people did not like the rapid growth of immigration in rapid growth of immigration in the late 1800s.the late 1800s.

Some sought to restrict Some sought to restrict immigration to the U.S.immigration to the U.S.

For example, in the late 1800s, For example, in the late 1800s, all Chinese immigration to the all Chinese immigration to the U.S. was stopped.U.S. was stopped.


The Progressive MovementThe Progressive Movement

In the early 1900s (20th Century), In the early 1900s (20th Century), the the Progressive MovementProgressive Movement attempted to fix the problems attempted to fix the problems caused by urbanization and caused by urbanization and industrialization.industrialization.


MuckrakersMuckrakers

Muckrakers Muckrakers were writers who were writers who exposed corruption and problems exposed corruption and problems in society.in society.

They wrote about these problems They wrote about these problems in an attempt to get people to deal in an attempt to get people to deal with the problems.with the problems.


The JungleThe Jungle

This was a book by This was a book by Upton SinclairUpton Sinclair that exposed the terrible that exposed the terrible conditions in the meat industry.conditions in the meat industry.

His book led to the His book led to the Pure Food and Pure Food and Drug ActDrug Act and the and the Meat Inspection Meat Inspection Act.Act.


Women in the Progressive Women in the Progressive MovementMovement

Women were some of the leaders Women were some of the leaders of this movement for change.of this movement for change.

Jane AddamsJane Addams attempted to help attempted to help new immigrants to the U.S.new immigrants to the U.S.

Ida TarbellIda Tarbell, a muckraker, fought , a muckraker, fought against the corruption in the Oil against the corruption in the Oil business.business.


The Niagara MovementThe Niagara Movement

This was a movement to gain political This was a movement to gain political and social rights for African and social rights for African Americans.Americans.

It was begun by It was begun by W.E.B. DuboisW.E.B. Dubois..

The The National Association for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored PeopleAdvancement of Colored People (NAACP) came out of this movement.(NAACP) came out of this movement.


Atlanta Exposition Atlanta Exposition (Compromise)(Compromise)

Booker T. Washington’sBooker T. Washington’s statement of belief that African statement of belief that African Americans needed to gain Americans needed to gain economic rights before being economic rights before being concerned with gaining political concerned with gaining political rights.rights.


Tuskegee Institute Tuskegee Institute

Booker T. Washington formed this Booker T. Washington formed this school in Alabama to help African school in Alabama to help African Americans gain work skills.Americans gain work skills.

George Washington CarverGeorge Washington Carver was a was a scientist at scientist at TuskegeeTuskegee who who developed uses and encourage developed uses and encourage the growth of peanuts.the growth of peanuts.


Plessey v. FergusonPlessey v. Ferguson

This Supreme Court case in the This Supreme Court case in the 1890s stated that segregation in 1890s stated that segregation in the U.S. was legal.the U.S. was legal.

This led to Southern states This led to Southern states beginning to segregate their beginning to segregate their society even more than before.society even more than before.


Alabama’s 1901 ConstitutionAlabama’s 1901 Constitution

In 1901 Alabama rewrote their In 1901 Alabama rewrote their constitution.constitution.

It has been widely criticized It has been widely criticized because it took rights away from because it took rights away from African Americans.African Americans.


Progressive AmendmentsProgressive Amendments

16th: the federal income tax16th: the federal income tax

17th: the direct election of 17th: the direct election of senators by the peoplesenators by the people

18th: prohibition of alcohol18th: prohibition of alcohol

19th: women’s suffrage rights19th: women’s suffrage rights


Progressive PresidentsProgressive Presidents

Theodore Roosevelt: enforced Theodore Roosevelt: enforced antitrust laws (anti-monopoly). antitrust laws (anti-monopoly). He also attempted to protect the He also attempted to protect the environment.environment.

Woodrow Wilson: created the Woodrow Wilson: created the Clayton Antitrust ActClayton Antitrust Act and the and the Federal Trade CommissionFederal Trade Commission (it (it monitors business practices)monitors business practices)


The Federal Reserve ActThe Federal Reserve Act

This progressive act by Wilson This progressive act by Wilson restructured the banking system restructured the banking system in America.in America.

It attempted to control the flow of It attempted to control the flow of money in the United States.money in the United States.


The Election of 1912The Election of 1912

Four Candidates:Four Candidates:–Democrat: Woodrow WilsonDemocrat: Woodrow Wilson

–Republican: William Howard TaftRepublican: William Howard Taft

–Progressive (Bull Moose Party): Progressive (Bull Moose Party): RooseveltRoosevelt

–Socialist: Eugene V. DebsSocialist: Eugene V. Debs

Wilson won the electionWilson won the election


ImperialismImperialism

In the late 1800s and early 1900s In the late 1800s and early 1900s the U.S. became an imperialist the U.S. became an imperialist nation.nation.

This means that countries This means that countries attempted to dominate weaker attempted to dominate weaker countries.countries.


Reasons for ImperialismReasons for Imperialism

Search for raw materialsSearch for raw materials

to become a world powerto become a world power

create a market in which a nation create a market in which a nation can sell its goods.can sell its goods.


HawaiiHawaii

In the early 1890s, American In the early 1890s, American citizens overthrew the citizens overthrew the government of government of Hawaii.Hawaii.

In the late 1890s, the U.S. In the late 1890s, the U.S. annexed (added to) Hawaii.annexed (added to) Hawaii.

The U.S. wanted it for a naval The U.S. wanted it for a naval base.base.


The Spanish-American WarThe Spanish-American War

The Spanish colony of The Spanish colony of Cuba Cuba rebelled in the late 1890s.rebelled in the late 1890s.

The U.S. supported Cuba.The U.S. supported Cuba.

The war with Spain began after a The war with Spain began after a US battleship, US battleship, The MaineThe Maine, was , was sunk.sunk.


The Spanish-American WarThe Spanish-American War

Yellow PressYellow Press (the exaggeration of news (the exaggeration of news stories) helped lead to the war.stories) helped lead to the war.

Theodore Roosevelt led his unit, Theodore Roosevelt led his unit, the the Rough RidersRough Riders, in a battle in Cuba called , in a battle in Cuba called San Juan Hill.San Juan Hill.

The U.S gained The U.S gained Puerto Rico, the Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and GuamPhilippines, and Guam from the war. from the war.

CubaCuba gained its independence, but the gained its independence, but the U.S. held power over them.U.S. held power over them.


The Open-Door PolicyThe Open-Door Policy

The U.S. wanted European The U.S. wanted European nations to allow for free trade in nations to allow for free trade in China.China.


The Panama CanalThe Panama Canal

Roosevelt began the construction Roosevelt began the construction of the canal through Panama.of the canal through Panama.

Dr. William GorgasDr. William Gorgas (of Alabama) (of Alabama) helped wipe out yellow fever in helped wipe out yellow fever in Panama so that workers on the Panama so that workers on the canal could work.canal could work.


Roosevelt CorollaryRoosevelt Corollary

This was Roosevelt’s addition to This was Roosevelt’s addition to the Monroe Doctrine that stated the Monroe Doctrine that stated the U.S. had the right to intervene the U.S. had the right to intervene in South American nations to stop in South American nations to stop problems.problems.


Four Long Term Causes of Four Long Term Causes of WWIWWI

The The MAINMAIN causes: causes:– MMilitarism: the aggressive build up of a nations ilitarism: the aggressive build up of a nations

armed forces in preparation for war.armed forces in preparation for war.– AAlliances: a system of alliances in Europe bound lliances: a system of alliances in Europe bound

these countries to come to each others aid in these countries to come to each others aid in case of attack.case of attack.

– IImperialism: European countries competed with mperialism: European countries competed with each other for land around the world.each other for land around the world.

– NNationalism: a.)some countries worked for their ationalism: a.)some countries worked for their own national interests, b.) while some countries own national interests, b.) while some countries were divided by ethnic groups that wanted their were divided by ethnic groups that wanted their own nation..own nation..


The Immediate Cause of WWIThe Immediate Cause of WWI

The event that sparked WWI into The event that sparked WWI into beginning was the assassination of beginning was the assassination of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary.Austria-Hungary.

His death sparked a conflict which His death sparked a conflict which quickly spread into war, but the four quickly spread into war, but the four MAIN causes were the real reason MAIN causes were the real reason of the war.of the war.


The Western FrontThe Western Front

The war between Germany and The war between Germany and France, Great Britain, and, later France, Great Britain, and, later the U.S., took place in the the U.S., took place in the Western part of Europe.Western part of Europe.

Most of the war was fought in Most of the war was fought in horrible conditions in trenches.horrible conditions in trenches.


The Two Sides in WWIThe Two Sides in WWI

The The Central PowersCentral Powers

–Germany, Ottoman Empire, Germany, Ottoman Empire, Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary

The The Allied PowersAllied Powers

–France, United States, Russia, France, United States, Russia, Great Britain Great Britain


U.S. Entry into WWIU.S. Entry into WWI

The German practice of The German practice of unrestricted submarine warfare unrestricted submarine warfare was one cause of the U.S.’s entry was one cause of the U.S.’s entry

into WWIinto WWI..–Example: The sinking of the Example: The sinking of the

LusitaniaLusitania


U.S. Entry into WWIU.S. Entry into WWI

The Zimmerman Note (Telegram) The Zimmerman Note (Telegram) was one of the causes.was one of the causes.

The Germans attempted to get The Germans attempted to get the Mexicans to go to war with the the Mexicans to go to war with the U.S. to keep us from fighting U.S. to keep us from fighting Germany.Germany.


MobilizationMobilization

The U.S. began to ready troops The U.S. began to ready troops for war following these events.for war following these events.


America’s Military RoleAmerica’s Military Role

The U.S. entered WWI near the The U.S. entered WWI near the end of the war.end of the war.

The U.S. provided fresh troops, The U.S. provided fresh troops, supplies, and a boost in morale.supplies, and a boost in morale.


The Homefront during WWIThe Homefront during WWI

The U.S. had to raise money for The U.S. had to raise money for the war by selling the war by selling liberty bondsliberty bonds..

The government began to The government began to organize corporations for the organize corporations for the purpose of preparing for war.purpose of preparing for war.


The Homefront during WWIThe Homefront during WWI

Hatred of foreigners, especially Hatred of foreigners, especially Germans, increased during WWI.Germans, increased during WWI.

This is known as This is known as nativismnativism..

During the war, the government During the war, the government banned criticism of the war with banned criticism of the war with the the Espionage and Sedition ActsEspionage and Sedition Acts..


Technological Innovations Technological Innovations

During the war several During the war several innovations occurred:innovations occurred:–airplanesairplanes

–machine gunsmachine guns

–tankstanks

–submarinessubmarines

–poison gaspoison gas


Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of VersaillesThis treaty ended WWIThis treaty ended WWI

In this treaty, Germany lost all its In this treaty, Germany lost all its colonies, its military, had to make colonies, its military, had to make reparations of over $30 billion, and reparations of over $30 billion, and had to accept a war-guilt clause.had to accept a war-guilt clause.– this meant they had to accept blame for this meant they had to accept blame for

the warthe war

This treaty also created a This treaty also created a League League of Nations.of Nations.


The Treaty of VersaillesThe Treaty of Versailles

President Wilson wanted the U.S. President Wilson wanted the U.S. to become a member of the to become a member of the League and sign the treaty.League and sign the treaty.

The U.S. did not become a The U.S. did not become a member of the League or did it member of the League or did it sign the Treaty of Versailles.sign the Treaty of Versailles.

Congress rejected the treaty.Congress rejected the treaty.


The Treaty of VersaillesThe Treaty of Versailles

This treaty was so hated in This treaty was so hated in Germany that it would be one of Germany that it would be one of the leading factors leading into the leading factors leading into WWII.WWII.


The Roaring TwentiesThe Roaring Twenties

This term refers to the period of This term refers to the period of rapid development and change rapid development and change that occurred in the 1920s.that occurred in the 1920s.


The Lost GenerationThe Lost Generation

A group of writers who shared the A group of writers who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral materialistic world that lacked moral values.values.

Some of these writers were F. Scott Some of these writers were F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernst Hemingway.Fitzgerald and Ernst Hemingway.


The Harlem RenaissanceThe Harlem Renaissance

The African American literary The African American literary movement centered in Harlem (in movement centered in Harlem (in New York City) during the 1920s.New York City) during the 1920s.

Some of the writers were Zora Some of the writers were Zora Neale Hurston, Claude McKay, Neale Hurston, Claude McKay, Countee Cullen, Langston Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes.Hughes.


Jazz AgeJazz Age

This refers to the rise in This refers to the rise in popularity of jazz music in the popularity of jazz music in the 1920s.1920s.

W.C. HandyW.C. Handy (from Alabama) (from Alabama) becomes one of the leaders of becomes one of the leaders of this new musical style.this new musical style.


Mass EntertainmentMass Entertainment

The development of the radio The development of the radio and the film industry led to the and the film industry led to the rise of a national culture.rise of a national culture.


Underside of the 1920sUnderside of the 1920s

Poverty, an unorganized labor Poverty, an unorganized labor force, racism, crime due to force, racism, crime due to prohibition, and a decline in farm prohibition, and a decline in farm prices were all problems faced in prices were all problems faced in the 1920s.the 1920s.


ProhibitionProhibition

The The 18th Amendment18th Amendment banned banned alcohol.alcohol.

It had the undesirable effect of It had the undesirable effect of causing a rise in crime in the causing a rise in crime in the U.S.U.S.

Crime bosses, like Crime bosses, like Al CaponeAl Capone, , became rich selling alcohol.became rich selling alcohol.


Women’s IssuesWomen’s Issues

Women gained the right to Women gained the right to vote in the 1920s with the vote in the 1920s with the passage of the 19th passage of the 19th Amendment.Amendment.

Margaret SangerMargaret Sanger became an became an advocate for birth control rights advocate for birth control rights for women.for women.


Racial ProblemsRacial Problems

In the 1920s, the In the 1920s, the Ku Klux KlanKu Klux Klan rose in power.rose in power.

As the As the Great MigrationGreat Migration of African of African Americans from the South to the Americans from the South to the North occurred, racial problems, North occurred, racial problems, like riots, in Northern cities grew.like riots, in Northern cities grew.

In the South, lynching (hangings) In the South, lynching (hangings) became commonplace. became commonplace.


Ethnic ConflictsEthnic Conflicts

Fear of different ethnic and Fear of different ethnic and foreign groups grew following foreign groups grew following WWI.WWI.

The The Red ScareRed Scare (a fear of (a fear of communism) developed because communism) developed because many saw it as a foreign plot to many saw it as a foreign plot to destroy America.destroy America.


Ethnic ConflictEthnic Conflict

Sacco and VanzettiSacco and Vanzetti were Italian were Italian immigrants who were executed immigrants who were executed for murder, but who were most for murder, but who were most likely innocent.likely innocent.

The trial became a symbol for The trial became a symbol for the fear of foreigners and radical the fear of foreigners and radical beliefs that developed in the beliefs that developed in the 1920s.1920s.


Ethnic ProblemsEthnic Problems

Immigration laws were Immigration laws were changed during the 1920s to changed during the 1920s to make it more difficult for make it more difficult for foreigners to move to the U.S..foreigners to move to the U.S..


Underlying Causes of the Great Underlying Causes of the Great DepressionDepression

Disparity of income – great differences Disparity of income – great differences between the poor and the richbetween the poor and the richStock market speculation – too many Stock market speculation – too many people were investing in stocks who people were investing in stocks who could not afford it and the value of could not afford it and the value of stocks were overrated.stocks were overrated.Collapse of the farm economy – Collapse of the farm economy – farmers were suffering in the 1920s farmers were suffering in the 1920s due to overproduction and low prices due to overproduction and low prices for their goodsfor their goods


The Wall Street CrashThe Wall Street Crash

In 1929, the value of all stocks in In 1929, the value of all stocks in America fell dramatically.America fell dramatically.

This “crash” in value is the event This “crash” in value is the event that sparked the that sparked the Great Great Depression.Depression.


Problems in the DepressionProblems in the Depression

Many people became Many people became unemployed, homeless, and unemployed, homeless, and malnourished. malnourished.


Relief From the DepressionRelief From the Depression

Movies and radio programs Movies and radio programs allowed people to escape some of allowed people to escape some of the problems of the Great the problems of the Great Depression.Depression.


The Dust BowlThe Dust Bowl

In western states like Kansas and In western states like Kansas and Oklahoma, severe dust storms Oklahoma, severe dust storms added to the problems caused by added to the problems caused by the Great Depression.the Great Depression.


Alabama’s EconomyAlabama’s Economy

Poor Alabamians suffered Poor Alabamians suffered tremendously during the tremendously during the Depression.Depression.Those who were especially hurt Those who were especially hurt were poor farmers in the were poor farmers in the Tennessee River Valley and in Tennessee River Valley and in the Appalachian Mountain region.the Appalachian Mountain region.


President HooverPresident Hoover

Hoover, a Republican, was president Hoover, a Republican, was president when the Great Depression beganwhen the Great Depression began

He believed the government should not He believed the government should not get involved with the economy.get involved with the economy.

–This belief is known as This belief is known as laissez-faire.laissez-faire.

He believed the economy, if left alone, He believed the economy, if left alone, would correct itself.would correct itself.


FDRFDR

Franklin Delano RooseveltFranklin Delano Roosevelt, a , a Democrat, was elected because Democrat, was elected because he said the government should he said the government should help the economy improve.help the economy improve.

His plan to end the depression His plan to end the depression was called the was called the New DealNew Deal


Fireside ChatsFireside Chats

Franklin Roosevelt used Franklin Roosevelt used speeches on the radio to reassure speeches on the radio to reassure Americans during the Depression. Americans during the Depression.

These speeches were known as These speeches were known as fireside chatsfireside chats..


The New Deal: FDICThe New Deal: FDIC

One of the first parts of FDR’s One of the first parts of FDR’s plan was the plan was the Federal Deposit Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).Insurance Corporation (FDIC).

It insures people’s bank accounts. It insures people’s bank accounts.


The New Deal: Social SecurityThe New Deal: Social Security

Social SecuritySocial Security provides pension provides pension plans to workers when they retire.plans to workers when they retire.

It also provides aid to those who It also provides aid to those who are unemployed or disabled.are unemployed or disabled.


The New Deal: WPAThe New Deal: WPA

The The Works Progress Works Progress AdministrationAdministration put unemployed put unemployed people to work in construction people to work in construction projects as well as other types of projects as well as other types of work.work.


The New Deal: TVAThe New Deal: TVA

The The Tennessee Valley Authority Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) put people to work in (TVA) put people to work in Tennessee and Alabama building Tennessee and Alabama building hydroelectric plants, dams, and hydroelectric plants, dams, and parks.parks.


The New Deal: CCCThe New Deal: CCC

The The Civilian Conservation CorpsCivilian Conservation Corps (CCC) put young men to work (CCC) put young men to work building parks and roads.building parks and roads.


The New Deal: NLRBThe New Deal: NLRB

The The National Labor Relations National Labor Relations BoardBoard helped solve problems helped solve problems between workers and employers.between workers and employers.


The New Deal: Fair Labor The New Deal: Fair Labor Standards ActStandards Act

This act helped create the This act helped create the minimum wage.minimum wage.


The New Deal: Criticisms The New Deal: Criticisms

The New Deal was sometimes The New Deal was sometimes criticized for being expensive and criticized for being expensive and giving the government more giving the government more power.power.


Cultural Changes During the New Cultural Changes During the New DealDeal

Movies and radio programs Movies and radio programs became a way to escape the became a way to escape the problems of the Depressionproblems of the Depression

FDR spoke on the radio to FDR spoke on the radio to Americans to lift their spirits.Americans to lift their spirits.

–These talks were known as These talks were known as fireside chats.fireside chats.


Causes of WWIICauses of WWII

In Europe the Causes of WWII were:In Europe the Causes of WWII were:

–The The Munich ConferenceMunich Conference – this meeting – this meeting allowed Germany to annex the allowed Germany to annex the Sudetenland.Sudetenland. They promised not to They promised not to take anything else. They lied.take anything else. They lied.

–Invasion of Invasion of Poland Poland – in 1939 Germany – in 1939 Germany invaded Poland. Britain and France invaded Poland. Britain and France declared war.declared war.


Causes of WWIICauses of WWIIIn Asia the Causes of WWII were:In Asia the Causes of WWII were:–Japanese expansion – the Japanese expansion – the

Japanese expanded their empire Japanese expanded their empire into other nations in Asia. The into other nations in Asia. The U.S. was unhappy about this.U.S. was unhappy about this.

–Pearl HarborPearl Harbor – the Japanese – the Japanese attacked a U.S. Naval base in attacked a U.S. Naval base in Hawaii in Dec of 1941. This led Hawaii in Dec of 1941. This led the U.S. to declare war on Japan.the U.S. to declare war on Japan.


The Two Sides in WWIIThe Two Sides in WWII

The The Axis PowersAxis Powers were: were:–Japan, Italy, and GermanyJapan, Italy, and GermanyThe The Allied PowersAllied Powers were: were:–Great Britain, France, the Soviet Great Britain, France, the Soviet

Union (USSR), China, andUnion (USSR), China, and United StatesUnited States


The Leaders in WWIIThe Leaders in WWII

FDR: president of the United StatesFDR: president of the United States

Stalin: leader of the Soviet UnionStalin: leader of the Soviet Union

Churchill: Prime Minister of Great Churchill: Prime Minister of Great BritainBritain

Hitler: leader of Germany; leader of Hitler: leader of Germany; leader of the Nazi partythe Nazi party

Mussolini: leader of ItalyMussolini: leader of Italy


Women in the WarWomen in the War

In the United States during WWII, In the United States during WWII, women got new rights:women got new rights:

–Women served in the military as Women served in the military as support personnel support personnel

–More importantly, women More importantly, women worked in factories taking the worked in factories taking the place of men who were fightingplace of men who were fighting


Life on the HomefrontLife on the Homefront

Goods were rationed during the Goods were rationed during the war.war.

–This meant that goods were This meant that goods were limited to the amount you could limited to the amount you could purchase so that there was purchase so that there was enough for the soldiers.enough for the soldiers.

The government sold war bonds The government sold war bonds to raise money for the war.to raise money for the war.


StalingradStalingrad

Germany’s Nazi army was Germany’s Nazi army was defeated by the Soviet army at defeated by the Soviet army at StalingradStalingrad..

This battle marked the “turning This battle marked the “turning point” of World War II in Europe.point” of World War II in Europe.


MidwayMidway

The Japanese defeat at The Japanese defeat at Midway Midway Island by American forces marked Island by American forces marked the “turning point” of World War II the “turning point” of World War II in Asia. in Asia.


North AfricaNorth Africa

Dwight D. EisenhowerDwight D. Eisenhower led the first led the first major invasion by American major invasion by American forces in World War II in North forces in World War II in North Africa.Africa.

The invasion led to German and The invasion led to German and Italian troops being driven out of Italian troops being driven out of Africa.Africa.


Military Leaders of World War IIMilitary Leaders of World War II

Eisenhower led U.S. forces in Eisenhower led U.S. forces in Europe.Europe.

Douglas MacArthurDouglas MacArthur led U.S. led U.S. forces against Japan.forces against Japan.


The HolocaustThe Holocaust

During WWII Hitler ordered that the During WWII Hitler ordered that the Jews of Europe be killed.Jews of Europe be killed.

The genocide (mass murder) of the The genocide (mass murder) of the Jews is called the Jews is called the HolocaustHolocaust..

Six million Jews were killed.Six million Jews were killed.

American troops helped to liberate American troops helped to liberate (free) the Concentration Camps that (free) the Concentration Camps that held Jews who were still alive.held Jews who were still alive.


The Atomic BombThe Atomic BombThe The Manhattan ProjectManhattan Project was the name was the name of the secret plan to build an atomic of the secret plan to build an atomic bomb in the United States.bomb in the United States.

The first bomb was dropped on The first bomb was dropped on HiroshimaHiroshima, Japan., Japan.

The second bomb was dropped on The second bomb was dropped on NagasakiNagasaki, Japan., Japan.

The Japanese surrendered after the The Japanese surrendered after the bombs were used.bombs were used.


WWI & WWII ComparedWWI & WWII Compared

The U.S. in both wars was at first The U.S. in both wars was at first neutral.neutral.

In both wars the U.S. fought In both wars the U.S. fought Germany.Germany.

In both wars the U.S. fought to In both wars the U.S. fought to help spread democracy.help spread democracy.

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