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Chapter 4

Tissues, Glands, Tissues, Glands, and Membranesand Membranes

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TissuesTissues

Histology is the study of tissues

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Tissue ClassificationTissue Classification

Four main groups of tissues• Epithelial • Connective • Muscle • Nervous tissue

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Epithelial TissueEpithelial Tissue

• Forms a protective covering for the body• Is the main tissue of outer layer of skin• Forms membranes, ducts, and the lining of body

cavities and hollow organs

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Simple epithelial tissues. ZOOMING IN • In how many layers are these epithelial cells?

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Structure of Epithelial Tissue

Classification by shape• Squamous• Cuboidal• Columnar

Classification by arrangement• Simple• Stratified• Pseudostratified

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Special Functions of Epithelial Tissue

• Traps foreign particles• Mucus-secreting (goblet) cells• Cilia

• Self-repairs quickly

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Checkpoint 4-1: Epithelium is classified according to cell shape. What are the three basic shapes?

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Glands

Specialized to produce a substance sent out to other parts of the body• Exocrine glands

• Single cell• Multiple cells

• Endocrine glands

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Checkpoint 4-2: Glands are classified according to whether they secrete through ducts or secrete directly into the bloodstream. What are these two categories of glands?

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Connective TissueConnective Tissue

Categorized by physical properties• Liquid connective tissue• Soft connective tissue• Fibrous connective tissue• Hard connective tissue

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Checkpoint 4-3: Connective tissue varies according to the composition of the material that is between the cells. What is the general name for this intercellular material?

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Soft Connective Tissue

Types of soft connective tissue• Areolar (loose)• Adipose

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Liquid and soft connective tissue. ZOOMING IN • Which of these tissues has the most fibers? Which of these tissues is modified for storage?

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Fibrous Connective Tissue

Types of fibrous connective tissue• Collagen• Membranes• Capsules• Tendons• Ligaments

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Hard Connective TissueHard Connective Tissue

Types of hard connective tissue• Cartilage

• Hyaline cartilage• Fibrocartilage• Elastic cartilage

• Bone• Osseous tissue• Bone marrow

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Fibrous and hard connective tissue.

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Checkpoint 4-4: Connective tissue is the supportive and protective material found throughout the body. What are some examples of liquid, soft, fibrous, and hard connective tissue?

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Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue

Types of muscle tissue• Skeletal muscle

• Voluntary muscle• Striated muscle

• Cardiac muscle (myocardium)• Involuntary muscle• Intercalated disks• Smooth muscle (visceral muscle)

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Muscle tissue.

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Checkpoint 4-5: What are the three types of muscle tissue?

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Nervous TissueNervous Tissue

Body’s communication system is made of nervous tissue• Brain• Nerves• Spinal cord

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Nervous tissue.

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The Neuron

Basic unit of nervous tissue • Nerve cell body• Fibers

• Dendrite• Axon• Nerve

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Neuroglia

Neuroglia (glial cells) protect the brain and the axons.

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Checkpoint 4-6: What is the basic cellular unit of the nervous system and what is its function?Checkpoint 4-7: What are the nonconducting support cells of the nervous system called?

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MembranesMembranes

Thin sheets of tissue• Cover a surface• Serve as a divider• Line a hollow organ or body cavity• Anchor an organ• Contain cells that secrete lubricants

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Epithelial Membranes

Several types• Serous• Mucous• Cutaneous

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Serous Membranes

Three types of serous membranes• Pleurae• Serous pericardium• Peritoneum

Organization of the serous membrane• Parietal layer• Visceral layer

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Mucous Membranes

Vary in structure and function• Trap and remove foreign particles• Protect deeper tissue• Absorb food materials

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Checkpoint 4-8: Epithelial membranes have an outer layer of epithelium. Which are the three types of epithelial membranes?

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Connective Tissue Membranes

Connective tissue without epithelium• Synovial membranes• Meninges

Fibrous bands or sheets that support and hold organs• Superficial (subcutaneous) fascia• Deep fascia

Membranes that support organs• Fibrous pericardium• Periosteum• Perichondrium

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Membranes and Disease

Membranes play a part in disease process• Become inflamed or infected• Act as pathways to spread disease in the body• Targeted by connective tissue or collagen diseases

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Benign and Malignant Benign and Malignant TumorsTumors

Abnormal growth of cells is called a tumor or neoplasm.• Benign • Malignant • Cancer

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Benign Tumors

Do not invade other tissues or spread to other sites• Papilloma• Adenoma• Lipoma• Osteoma• Myoma• Angioma• Nevus• Chondroma

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Malignant Tumors

Classified according to tissues of origin• Carcinoma• Sarcoma

Classified according to cells of origin• Neuroma• Glioma• Lymphoma• Leukemia

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Checkpoint 4-9: What is the difference between a benign and a malignant tumor?

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Symptoms of Cancer

• Unusual bleeding or discharge• Persistent indigestion• Chronic hoarseness or cough• Changes in the color or size of moles• Sore that does not heal• Unusual lump• White patches in mouth or white spots on tongue• Weight loss• Pain

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Diagnosis of Cancer

• Microscopic study of tissue or cells• Radiography• Ultrasound (ultrasonography)• Computed tomography (CT)• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)• Positron emission tomography (PET)• Tumor marker tests• Genetic tests• Staging

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Treatment of Cancer

Treatment methods may be combined• Surgery• Radiation• Chemotherapy• Immunotherapy• Hormone receptor blockers• Angiogenesis blockers

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Checkpoint 4-10: What are the three standard approaches to the treatment of cancer?

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Tissues and AgingTissues and Aging

Tissues lose elasticity as they age• Skin• Blood vessels• Tendons and ligaments• Bones• Muscles