Copyright © 2007, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Endocrine...

Copyright © 2007, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

1

Endocrine Endocrine SystemSystem

Chapter 16Chapter 16


2

IntroductionEndocrine system encompasses

the production and secretion of hormones from glands

Orme: means “to excite” Hormones: activate (or excite) a

specific target cells, causing a response


3

Endocrine AnatomyThree glands in head:

Pituitary produces hormones that affect other glands & target organs

Hypothalamus produces hormones that affect the pituitary gland.

Pineal is below hypothalamus & responsible for controlling circadian rhythms, sexual growth, other body functions


4

Pituitary Gland Master Gland

Posterior Pituitary glands secretes: Hormones regulate kidneys via reabsorption (ADH) Oxytocin: uterine contractions during labor;

lactation in pregnant women

Anterior Pituitary Gland secretes: ACTH – stimulates adrenal gland Thyroid Stimulating Hormone – thyroid gland Growth Hormone Prolactin – stimulates mammary gland, make milk Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing

Hormone – stimulates ovary


5

Functions of the Endocrine Glands

Hypothalamus: In brain, below thalamus glandLinks nervous system to endocrine

systemRegulates water balance, metabolism of

fats and carbohydrates, body temperature, appetite, emotions


6

Pineal GlandProduces and secretes melatonin

Melatonin: helps to regulate sleep-wake cycle; affected by light; linked to puberty and menstrual cycle


7

Thyroid GlandLocation: base of neckProduces and secretes three hormones:

thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), calcitonin Iodine necessary to synthesize T4, T3Trigger rate of metabolism

of proteins, fats (lipids), sugars (carbohydrates) throughout body

Important for growth and homeostasis of body


8

Parathyroid Glands

Para—“across”Two sets of secreting glandsMain regulators of calcium levels in bloodDraw calcium out of bones to increase it in extracellular fluidLowers concentration of phosphates


9

Adrenal GlandsMedulla - synthesizes and

secretes catecholamines: norepinephrine/epinephrine

Cortex - three types of hormones:Glucocorticoids: reduce inflammation,

increase capacity to deal with stressful situations

Mineralocorticoids: regulate secretion of both water and salt in kidney

Sex hormones: androgens or estrogens


10

Endocrine Anatomy (Continued)

Pancreas - largest gland; produces and secretes:digestive juicestwo hormones

Insulin Glucagon


11

Endocrine AnatomyReproduction:

Ovaries (female): progesterone, estrogen

Males: testosterone Responsible for gender characteristics

Anterior pituitary gland releases FSH increases estrogen causes LH to be secreted ovulation


12

Description of Hormones (Continued)

Glands: two mechanisms of action (exocrine or endocrine)

Endocrine glands: enter bloodstream to get to target cells

Exocrine glands: sent to target organ or tissue via tube or duct (skin -> duct -> sweat gland)


13

Conditions of the Pituitary and Hypothalamus Gland & Their

TreatmentsHyperfunction of pituitary gland -

caused by tumor growthsIncrease of growth hormone (GH):

Giantism - present in children (elongated bones, height of 8 ft)

Acromegaly - present in adults (increased size of head, tongue, nose, hands, feet, toes)


14

Hypofunction of pituitary gland - decrease in hormones

Dwarfism: congenital defectSimmonds’ disease: adults; lack of

menstruation in women; impotence in menLack of ADH (from lesions, tumors, infections);

infection in or on hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland

Treated with medication for life

Conditions of the Pituitary and Hypothalamus Gland and Their

Treatments (Cont)


15

Conditions of the Thyroid and Their

TreatmentsHyperthyroidism: excess of thyroid

hormoneCauses: Graves’

disease (autoimmunity), goiter

Radioactive iodine decreases nodules in goiters

Radiation destroys part of thyroid gland


16

Osteoporosis Management and Treatment

Treatment for osteoporosis: Fosamax, Calcimar

Prevention of osteoporosis: must be started early in life - lifestyle changes, exercise, diet, smoking cessation

Exercise, calcium, vitamin D: increase bone density

Medications like Fosamax increase bone density

Long-term use of corticosteroids, medroxyprogesterone, excessive thyroid hormones promote osteoporosis


17

Conditions of the Pancreas Gland and Their Treatments

Two categories of diabetes mellitus: Insulin-dependent or Type 1

Requires SC injections of insulin for rest of life Non–insulin-dependent or Type 2

Treatment: lifestyle changes; oral medications Causes of diabetes:

Inability of pancreas to secrete insulin Resistance to insulin that affects the levels of

glucose (results in hyperglycemia) Can lead to renal disease, blindness, gangrene

(leads to amputation of extremities)


18

Conditions of the Pancreas Gland and Their Treatments

(Continued)Two main types of insulin for insulin

dependent:Natural insulin - taken from animals

(pigs, cows)Synthesized human insulin Fast Acting Intermediate

Acting


19

New Combination Agents

Therapy for Type 2 diabetes: multiple drug therapy

Four new combinations for NIDDM:Glucovance (metformin/glyburide)Metaglip (glipizide/metformin)Avandamet (rosiglitazone/metformin)Actoplus Met (pioglitazonel/metformin)

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