Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 5-1Chapter 5 Hand Tools and Shop...

Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 5-1Chapter 5

Hand Tools Hand Tools and Shop and Shop EquipmentEquipment

55


ObjectivesObjectives

• List the basic units of measure in two measuring systems (Metric and Imperial)

• Describe the different types of fasteners

• List the various measuring tools used in the automotive shop.

• Describe the proper procedure for measuring with a micrometer.

continued…


ObjectivesObjectives

• List some of the hand tools used in auto repair.

• Describe the use of common pneumatic, electrical, and hydraulic power tools

• Describe the different sources for service information that are available to technicians.


Units of MeasureUnits of Measure

• Metric– Linear examples: metre, centimetre, kilometre– Weight examples: grams, kilograms– Temperature example: Celsius– Pressure examples: kilogram per square

centimetre, bar– Torque example: Newton metres


Units of MeasureUnits of Measure

• Imperial or United States Customary (USC) – Linear examples: inch, foot, yard, mile– Weight examples: ounce, pound, ton– Temperature example: Fahrenheit– Pressure examples: pounds per square inch (psi)– Torque example: foot pounds, inch pounds

continued…


Bolt IdentificationBolt Identification

• Diameter– Measured across the threaded area

• Thread pitch (metric system)– The distance in millimetres between two

adjacent threads

• Thread pitch (English system)– The number of threads per inch

continued…


Bolt IdentificationBolt Identification


Bolt Grade MarkingsBolt Grade Markings

• Metric bolts– Identification class numbers correspond to bolt

strength.– Increasing numbers represent increasing strength.

• Imperial or Customary (inch) bolts– Identification marks correspond to bolt strength.– Increasing numbers represent increasing strength.


Grade MarkingsGrade Markings

continued…


Metric Size Bolt Identification ExampleMetric Size Bolt Identification Example

• A metric size bolt that is identified as: 6mm × 30mm × 1.25mm

– Has a shank diameter of 6 millimetres.– Is 30 millimetres long from the bottom of the head

to the end of the shank.– Has a distance of 1.25 millimetres between its

threads.


Imperial Size Bolt Identification Imperial Size Bolt Identification ExampleExample

• An Imperial size bolt that is identified as: 3/8" × 2" × 24– Has a shank diameter of 3/8 inch.– Is 2 inches long from the bottom of the head to the

end of the shank.– Has 24 threads per inch.


Measuring DevicesMeasuring Devices

• Machinist’s rule– Is usually used to

measure items that don’t require extremely close tolerances, such as bolt lengths.

continued…



• Vernier caliper– Is usually used to measure items that

require a closer degree of accuracy, such as shim thickness. This tool can be used for inside, outside and depth measurements.

continued…



• Dial caliper– Is a version of

a vernier caliper that incorporates a dial for easier reading.

continued…



• Micrometer– Is used for

measuring items that require very close tolerances, such as shaft thickness and bearing diameter.

continued…



• Depth Micrometer– Used to measure

hole depth, counter-bores, and distances from one surface to another.


Reading a Metric MicrometerReading a Metric Micrometer

Add: Full millimetres

10.00 mm

+

½ millimetres

(2 × 0.50) 1.00 mm

+

Thimble reading

0.00 mm

Final Reading 11.00 mm11.00 mm


Reading an Imperial MicrometerReading an Imperial Micrometer

Add: (0 to 1 inch micrometer) 0.100 inch increments 0.200 inch

+0.025 inch increments (3 × 0.025) 0.075 inch

+Thimble reading

0.000 inch Final Reading 0.275 inch0.275 inch


Using a MicrometerUsing a Micrometer

• Slip the micrometer back and forth over the object.

• Try to rock it from side to side.

• When no rocking is present and a slight drag is felt, the micrometer reading can be taken.



• Dial indicator– Is used to measure

radial or axial movement, such as a shaft’s runout or end play.

– Indicator bases can vary from magnetic to clamp on adaptive styles.

continued…



• Telescoping gauge– Is commonly used to

measure larger bore diameters, such as an engine cylinder.

– A micrometer is used to read the telescoping gauge setting.

continued…



• Small hole gauge– Is used for

measuring small bores, such as an engine valve guide.

– A micrometer is used to read the hole gauge setting.

continued…



• Feeler gauge– Is used to measure

clearances, such as a spark plug gap.

– Feeler gauges can also be used along with a straight edge to measure surface irregularities.

continued…



• Screw pitch gauge– Is used to

determine thread pitch of a bolt or screw.


A Typical Set of Hand ToolsA Typical Set of Hand Tools


Hand ToolsHand Tools

• Wrenches– Open-end– Box-end– Flare nut or line– Metric or

Imperial (USCS)

– Allen

continued…



• Ratchets– Available in ¼, ⅜, ½, and ¾ drive sizes

with either a solid or flex handle

• Sockets– 6, 8, or 12 point– Deep and shallow– Metric or USCS– Impact or chrome– Torx– Swivel sockets

continued…



• Screwdrivers– A variety of tips and

sizes are available to fit the various types of screws used.

– Standard (flat blade) and the Phillips screwdrivers are commonly used in the automotive industry.

continued…



• Pliers– Different sizes and

jaw shapes are available for various tasks.

– Also available with standard, locking and slip joint handles.

continued…



• Diagonal (Side) Cutting Pliers

– Used to cut wires, tie wraps, plastic tubing, hoses, etc.

– Available in straight and angled jaws.

continued…



• Hammers and mallets– Used for striking various

components.– Soft-faced and dead-

blow hammers are used for striking soft or easily damaged surfaces.

CAUTION - Do not strike hardened surfaces with hardened steel hammers.

continued…



• Punches– Used for driving out pins, rivets, or shafts;

aligning holes in components; and marking the starting point for drilling a hole.

• Chisels– Used for cutting metal when driven by a

hammer. Can be used to shear off bolt and rivet heads.CAUTION – Always keep the striking end free from burrs and mushrooming.

continued…



• Files– Commonly used to shape or smooth metal

edges and surfaces.– They vary in size and coarseness

depending on the shape and material being filed.

continued…



• Taps and dies


Types of Torque WrenchesTypes of Torque Wrenches

• Beam– Older and not very

accurate.

• Dial– A dial indicates the

amount of torque exerted.

• Digital read out– Is usually the most

accurate design.

• “Click”– When the handle

reaches the preset torque, the wrench clicks.


Hand Tool SafetyHand Tool Safety

• Use the proper tool for the job.

• Use the correct size wrench or socket.

• Use box-end wrench or socket whenever possible.

• Always pull on a wrench.


Power ToolsPower Tools

• Impact wrenches

• Air ratchets

• Drills

• Blow guns

• Grinders

• Cutting tools

continued…



• Drill press

• Bench grinders– Grinding

wheel– Wire wheel– Buffing wheel

continued…



• Presses

• Trouble lights– Incandescent

or fluorescent


Lifting ToolsLifting Tools

• Hydraulic floor jack– Is used to raise vehicle off the ground.– Is used with safety stands.

• Safety stand– Is used to support

a vehicle when raised.

continued…



• Vehicle Lifts or Hoists – Can be pneumatic

(air pressure) or hydraulic controlled.

– Most modern lifts use electric motor driven cables or screws.

continued…



• Engine hoist– Is sometimes called

a cherry picker.– Uses hydraulic

pressure to lift an engine from a vehicle.


Service InformationService Information

• Manufacturers’ service information• Computer-based information systems• Flat-rate manuals• Owner’s manuals• Lubrication guides• Aftermarket suppliers’ guides and catalogues• Hotline services• International Automotive Technicians Network


Steps for Using Service InformationSteps for Using Service Information

• Select the appropriate manual for the vehicle being serviced or enter the vehicle information into the system.

• Use the table of contents to locate the applicable section or article.

• Use the index at the front of the section or article to locate the required information.

continued…


Steps for Using Service InformationSteps for Using Service Information

• Carefully read the information and study the illustrations and diagrams.

• Follow the required steps and procedures.

• Adhere to all of the given specifications and safety precautions


SummarySummary

• Repairing the modern automobile requires the use of many different hand and power tools.

• It is crucial to use the proper amount of torque when tightening fasteners on any part of a vehicle, particularly the engine.

continued…


SummarySummary

• Metric and SAE size wrenches are not interchangeable.

• Carelessness or mishandling of power tools can cause serious injury.

• The primary source of repair and specification information for any vehicle is the manufacturer’s service manual or shop service information systems.

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Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 5-1Chapter 5 Hand Tools and Shop...

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