Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley 8.6-1 8 Applications of Trigonometry.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley 8.6-1

8Applications of Trigonometry

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley 8.6-2

8.1 The Law of Sines8.2 The Law of Cosines8.3 Vectors, Operations, and the Dot Product8.4 Applications of Vectors8.5 Trigonometric (Polar) Form of Complex

Numbers; Products and Quotients8.6 De Moivre’s Theorem; Powers and Roots of

Complex Numbers8.7 Polar Equations and Graphs8.8 Parametric Equations, Graphs, and

Applications

8 Applications of Trigonometry

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley

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De Moivre’s Theorem; Powers and Roots of Complex Numbers

8.6

Powers of Complex Numbers (De Moivre’s Theorem) ▪ Roots of Complex Numbers


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De Moivre’s Theorem

is a complex number, then

In compact form, this is written


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r=√𝑎2+𝑏2 , tan θ=𝑏𝑎

Remember the following:


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Example 1 FINDING A POWER OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

Find and express the result in rectangular form.

First write in trigonometric form.

Because x and y are both positive, θ is in quadrant I, so θ = 60°.


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Example 1 FINDING A POWER OF A COMPLEX NUMBER (continued)

Now apply De Moivre’s theorem.

480° and 120° are coterminal.

Rectangular form


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nth Root

For a positive integer n, the complex number a + bi is an nth root of the complex number x + yi if


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nth Root Theorem

If n is any positive integer, r is a positive real number, and θ is in degrees, then the nonzero complex number r(cos θ + i sin θ) has exactly n distinct nth roots, given by

where


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Note

In the statement of the nth root theorem, if θ is in radians, then


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Example 2 FINDING COMPLEX ROOTS

Find the two square roots of 4i. Write the roots in rectangular form.

Write 4i in trigonometric form:

The square roots have absolute value and argument


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Example 2 FINDING COMPLEX ROOTS (continued)

Since there are two square roots, let k = 0 and 1.

Using these values for , the square roots are


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Example 3 FINDING COMPLEX ROOTS

Find all fourth roots of Write the roots in rectangular form.

Write in trigonometric form:

The fourth roots have absolute value and argument


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Since there are four roots, let k = 0, 1, 2, and 3.

Using these values for α, the fourth roots are 2 cis 30°, 2 cis 120°, 2 cis 210°, and 2 cis 300°.


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The graphs of the roots lie on a circle with center at the origin and radius 2. The roots are equally spaced about the circle, 90° apart.


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Example 4 SOLVING AN EQUATION BY FINDING COMPLEX ROOTS

Find all complex number solutions of x5 – i = 0. Graph them as vectors in the complex plane.

There is one real solution, 1, while there are five complex solutions.

Write 1 in trigonometric form:


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Example 4 SOLVING AN EQUATION BY FINDING COMPLEX ROOTS (continued)

The fifth roots have absolute value and argument

Since there are five roots, let k = 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4.

Solution set: {cis 0°, cis 72°, cis 144°, cis 216°, cis 288°}


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Example 4 SOLVING AN EQUATION BY FINDING COMPLEX ROOTS (continued)

The graphs of the roots lie on a unit circle. The roots are equally spaced about the circle, 72° apart.


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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley 8.6-1 8 Applications of Trigonometry.

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