Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallCopyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 5-1

Online Security and Payment Systems

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Categories of Internet Crime Complaints Reported to IC3

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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Types of Attacks Against Computer Systems

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The E-commerce Security EnvironmentFigure 5.4, Page 267

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Customer and Merchant Perspectives on the Different Dimensions of E-commerce Security

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Integrity

Confidentiality

Availability

The Tension Between Security and Other Values

A Typical E-commerce TransactionFigure 5.5, Page 270

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SOURCE: Boncella, 2000.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Vulnerable Points in an E-commerce EnvironmentFigure 5.6, Page 271

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SOURCE: Boncella, 2000.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Most Common Security Threats in the E-commerce Environment Malicious code (viruses, worms, Trojans) Unwanted programs (spyware, browser parasites) Phishing/identity theft Hacking and cybervandalism Credit card fraud/theft Spoofing (pharming)/spam (junk) Web sites DoS and DDoS attacks Sniffing Insider attacks Poorly designed server and client software

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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Malicious Code Viruses:

Replicate and spread to other files; most deliver “payload” (destructive or benign)

Macro viruses, file-infecting viruses, script viruses

Worms: Designed to spread from computer to computer

Trojan horse: Appears benign, but does something other than

expected

Bots: Covertly installed on computer; respond to external

commands sent by attacker

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Unwanted Programs Installed without user’s informed consent

Browser parasites

Can monitor and change settings of a user’s browser

Adware

Calls for unwanted pop-up ads

Spyware

Can be used to obtain information, such as a user’s keystrokes, e-mail, IMs, etc.

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Phishing and Identity Theft

Any deceptive, online attempt by a third party to obtain confidential information for financial gain, e.g. E-mail scam letter – most popular phishing attack

Spoofing legitimate financial institution’s Web site

Use information to commit fraudulent acts (access checking accounts), steal identity

One of fastest growing forms of e-commerce crime

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Hacking and Cybervandalism Hacker:

Individual who intends to gain unauthorized access to computer systems

Cracker: Hacker with criminal intent

Cybervandalism: Intentionally disrupting, defacing, destroying Web site

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Credit Card Fraud

Fear of stolen credit card information deters online purchases

Hackers target credit card files and other customer information files on merchant servers; use stolen data to establish credit under false identity

Online companies at higher risk than offline

In development: New identity verification mechanisms

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Spoofing (Pharming) and Spam (Junk) Web Sites

Spoofing (Pharming) Misrepresenting oneself by using fake e-mail

addresses or masquerading as someone else

Threatens integrity of site; authenticity

Spam (Junk) Web sites Use domain names similar to legitimate one, redirect

traffic to spammer-redirection domains

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DoS and DDoS Attacks Denial of service (DoS) attack

Hackers flood Web site with useless traffic to inundate and overwhelm network

Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack

Hackers use multiple computers to attack target network from numerous launch points

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Other Security Threats Sniffing:

Eavesdropping program that monitors information traveling over a network; enables hackers to steal proprietary information from anywhere on a network

Insider jobs Single largest financial threat

Poorly designed server and client software Increase in complexity of software programs has

contributed to increase in vulnerabilities that hackers can exploit

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Technology Solutions Protecting Internet communications

(encryption)

Securing channels of communication (SSL, S-HTTP, VPNs)

Protecting networks (firewalls)

Protecting servers and clients

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Tools Available to Achieve Site SecurityFigure 5.9, Page 284

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Protecting Internet Communications: Encryption Encryption

Transforming plain text, data into cipher text that can’t be read by anyone other than sender and receiver

Secures stored information and information transmission

Provides: Message integrity Nonrepudiation Authentication Confidentiality

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Symmetric Key Encryption Also known as secret key encryption Both sender and receiver use same digital key

to encrypt and decrypt message Requires different set of keys for each

transaction Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)

Most widely used symmetric key encryption Uses 128-, 192-, and 256-bit encryption keys

Other standards use keys with up to 2,048 bits

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Public Key Encryption Uses two mathematically related digital keys

Public key (widely disseminated)

Private key (kept secret by owner)

Both keys used to encrypt and decrypt message

Once key used to encrypt message, same key cannot be used to decrypt message

Sender uses recipient’s public key to encrypt message; recipient uses his/her private key to decrypt it

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Public Key Cryptography – A Simple CaseFigure 5.10, Page 283

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Public Key Encryption using Digital Signatures and Hash Digests Hash function:

Mathematical algorithm that produces fixed-length number called message or hash digest

Hash digest of message sent to recipient along with message to verify integrity

Hash digest and message encrypted with sender’s public key

Entire cipher text then encrypted with recipient’s private key – creating digital signature – for authenticity, nonrepudiation

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Public Key Cryptography with Digital SignaturesFigure 5.11, Page 288

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Digital Envelopes Addresses weaknesses of public key

encryption (computationally slow, decreases transmission speed, increases processing time) and symmetric key encryption (faster, but less secure)

Uses symmetric key encryption to encrypt document but public key encryption to encrypt and send symmetric key

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Public Key Cryptography: Creating a Digital EnvelopeFigure 5.12, Page 290

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Digital Certificates and Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) Digital certificate includes:

Name of subject/company Subject’s public key Digital certificate serial number Expiration date, issuance date Digital signature of certification authority (trusted

third party institution) that issues certificate Other identifying information

Public Key Infrastructure (PKI): CAs and digital certificate procedures that are accepted by all parties

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Digital Certificates and Certification AuthoritiesFigure 5.13, Page 291

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Limits to Encryption Solutions PKI applies mainly to protecting messages in

transit

PKI is not effective against insiders

Protection of private keys by individuals may be haphazard

No guarantee that verifying computer of merchant is secure

CAs are unregulated, self-selecting organizations

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Securing Channels of Communication Secure Sockets Layer (SSL):

Establishes a secure, negotiated client-server session in which URL of requested document, along with contents, is encrypted

S-HTTP: Provides a secure message-oriented

communications protocol designed for use in conjunction with HTTP

Virtual Private Network (VPN): Allows remote users to securely access internal

network via the Internet, using Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP)

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Secure Negotiated Sessions Using SSLFigure 5.14, Page 295

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Protecting Networks Firewall

Hardware or software that filters packets Prevents some packets from entering the network

based on security policy Two main methods:

Packet filters

Application gateways

Proxy servers (proxies) Software servers that handle all communications

originating from or being sent to the Internet

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Firewalls and Proxy Servers

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Protecting Servers and Clients Operating system controls:

Authentication and access control mechanisms

Anti-virus software:

Easiest and least expensive way to prevent threats to system integrity

Requires daily updates

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Management Policies, Business Procedures, and Public Laws

U.S. firms and organizations spend 10% of IT budget on security hardware, software, services

Attacks against organizational computers down

Attacks against Web sites, individual records up

Technology a foundation of security

Effective management policies also required

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A Security Plan: Management Policies Risk assessment

Security policy

Implementation plan Security organization Access controls Authentication procedures

Biometrics Authorization policies

Authorization management systems

Security audit

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Developing an E-commerce Security PlanFigure 5.16, Page 300

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Cash Legal tender Most common form of payment in terms of

number of transactions Instantly convertible into other forms of value

without intermediation Portable, requires no authentication “Free” (no transaction fee), anonymous, low

cognitive demands Limitations: easily stolen, limited to smaller

transaction, does not provide any float

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Dimensions of Payment Systems Table 5.6, Page 309

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E-commerce Payment Systems Credit cards are dominant form of online

payment, accounting for around 60% of online payments

Other e-commerce payment systems:

Digital wallets

Digital cash

Online stored value payment systems

Digital accumulating balance systems

Digital checking

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How an Online Credit Transaction WorksFigure 5.18, Page 312

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