Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Group Processes: Influence in Social...

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Group Processes: Influence in Social Groups Chapter 9

“The only sin which we never forgive in each other is difference of opinion.”

– Ralph Waldo Emerson

Society and Solitude, 1870


What Is a Group?Group

Groups have a number of other benefits:


The Composition and Functions of Groups


Social Norms

Social Roles


Gender Roles


Group Cohesiveness

Group Cohesiveness

Qualities of a group that bind members together and promote liking between members.


Social Facilitation: When the Presence of Others Energizes Us

Social Facilitation


Social Facilitation: When the Presence ofOthers Energizes Us


Why the Presence of OthersCauses Arousal

1. Other people cause us to become particularly alert and vigilant.

2. They make us apprehensive about how we’re being evaluated.

3. They distract us from the task at hand.


Social Loafing: When the Presence ofOthers Relaxes Us

Social LoafingSocial Loafing


Gender and Cultural Differences in Social Loafing


Deindividuation: Getting Lost in the Crowd

DeindividuationThe loosening of normal constraints

on behavior when people can’t be identified (such as when they are in a crowd), leading to an increase in impulsive and deviant acts.


Reason #1: Deindividuation Makes People Feel Less Accountable

Reason #2: Deindividuation Increases Obedience to Group Norms


Group Decisions: Are Two (or More) Heads Better Than One?


Process Loss: When Group Interactions Inhibit

Good Problem Solving

Process LossAny aspect of group interaction

that inhibits good problem solving.


Failure to Share Unique Information

Groups tend to focus on the information they share and ignore facts known to only some members of the group.


Transactive MemoryTransactive Memory


Groupthink: Many Heads, One Mind

Groupthink


Avoiding the Groupthink Trap

A wise leader can take several steps to avoid groupthink:

• Remain impartial,• Seek outside opinions,• Create subgroups,• Seek anonymous opinions.


Group Polarization: Going to Extremes

Group PolarizationThe tendency for groups to make

decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclinations of its members.


Leadership in Groups

Great Person Theory


Leadership Styles

Transactional Leaders

Transformational Leaders


The Right Person in the Right Situation

Contingency Theory of Leadership


The Right Person in the Right Situation

Task-Oriented Leader

Relationship-Oriented


Gender and Leadership


Conflict and Cooperation


Social Dilemmas

Social DilemmaA conflict in which the most

beneficial action for an individual will, if chosen by most people, have harmful effects on everyone.


Social Dilemmas


Increasing Cooperation inthe Prisoner’s Dilemma

Tit-for-Tat Strategy

A means of encouraging cooperation by at first acting cooperatively but then always responding the way your opponent did (cooperatively or competitively) on the previous trial.


Other Kinds of Social Dilemmas

Public Goods Dilemma

A social dilemma in which individuals must contribute to a common pool in order to maintain the public good.

Commons Dilemma

A social dilemma in which everyone takes from a common pool of goods that will replenish itself if used in moderation but will disappear if overused.


Using Threats to Resolve Conflict


Negotiation and BargainingNegotiation

Integrative Solution

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