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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 9: Foundations of Group Behavior
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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Learning ObjectivesAfter studying this chapter, you should be able to: Define group, and distinguish the different types of groups. Identify the five stages of group development. Show how role requirements change in different situations. Demonstrate how norms and status exert influence on an
individual’s behavior. Show how group size affects group performance. Contrast the benefits and disadvantages of cohesive groups. Explain the implications of diversity for group effectiveness. Contrast the strengths and weaknesses of group decision
making. Compare the effectiveness of interacting, brainstorming, and
the nominal group technique.9-3
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Define Group, and Differentiate Between Different Types of Groups
A group is defined as two or more individuals, interacting and interdependent, who have come together to achieve particular objectives.
Groups can be either formal or informal. Formal groups – those defined by the
organization’s structure. Informal groups – alliances that are neither
formally structured nor organizationally determined.
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Define Group, and Differentiate Between Different Types of Groups
Social identity theory – considers when and why individuals consider themselves members of groups. People have emotional reactions to the failure or
success of their group because their self-esteem gets tied into the performance of the group.
Social identities help us understand who we are and where we fit in with people.Ingroup favoritism
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Define Group, and Differentiate Between Different Types of Groups
Several characteristics make a social identity important to a person Similarity Distinctiveness Status Uncertainty reduction
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Identify the Five Stages of Group Development
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Group Effectiveness Groups proceed through the stages of group
development at different rates. Those with a strong sense of purpose and strategy
rapidly achieve high performance and improve over time.
Similarly, groups that begin with a positive social focus appear to achieve the “performing” stage more rapidly.
Groups don’t always proceed clearly from one stage to the next.
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Identify the Five Stages of Group Development
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Identify the Five Stages of Group Development
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Show How Role Requirements Change In Different Situations
Role – a set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit. Role perception – one’s perception of how to act
in a given situation. Role expectations – how others believe one
should act in a given situation.Psychological contract
Role conflict – situation in which an individual faces divergent role expectations.
Zimbardo’s prison experiment
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Demonstrate How Norms and Status Exert Influence On an Individual’s Behavior
Norms – acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the group’s members. Performance norms Appearance norms Social arrangement norms Resource allocation norms
The Hawthorne Studies
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Demonstrate How Norms and Status Exert Influence On an Individual’s Behavior
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Demonstrate How Norms and Status Exert Influence On an Individual’s Behavior
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Status – a socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others. Status characteristics theory – differences in
status characteristics create status hierarchies within groups. Status is derived from one of three sources:
The power a person wields over others. A person’s ability to contribute to a group’s
goals. An individual’s personal characteristics.
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Demonstrate How Norms and Status Exert Influence On an Individual’s Behavior
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Status and Norms High status individuals often have more freedom
to deviate from norms.Status and Group Interaction
High status people are often more assertive. Status Inequity
Perceived inequity creates disequilibrium and can lead to resentment and corrective behavior.
Status and Stigmatization Stigma by association.
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Demonstrate How Norms and Status Exert Influence On an Individual’s Behavior
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Show How Group Size Affects Group Performance
Group size affects the group’s overall behavior. Large groups are good for gaining diverse input. Smaller groups are better doing something with
input. Social loafing – the tendency for individuals to
expend less effort when working collectively than alone.
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Contrast The Benefits And Disadvantages Of Cohesive Groups
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Explain the Implications of Diversity For Group Effectiveness
Diversity – the degree to which members of the group are similar to, or different from, one another.
Increases group conflict especially in the short term.Culturally and demographically diverse groups may
perform better over time. Over time, diversity may help them be more
open-minded and creative.Faultlines
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Contrast the Strengths and Weaknesses of Group Decision
MakingStrengths of group decision making:
More complete information and knowledge Increased diversity of views Increased acceptance of solutions
Weaknesses of group decision making: Time consuming Conformity pressures Dominance of a few members Ambiguous responsibility
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Contrast the Strengths and Weaknesses of Group Decision
MakingEffectiveness and efficiency of group decisions:
Accuracy Speed Creativity Acceptance
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Contrast the Strengths and Weaknesses of Group Decision
MakingGroupthink – situations in which group pressures for
conformity deter the group from critically appraising unusual, minority, or unpopular views. Related to norms
Groupshift – a change between a group’s decision and an individual decision that a member within the group would make. The shift can be toward either conservatism or greater risk,
but is generally toward a more extreme version of the group’s original position.
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Compare the Effectiveness of Interacting, Brainstorming, and the Nominal Group
TechniqueMost group decision making takes place in
interacting groups. Members meet face-to-face and rely on both
verbal and nonverbal interaction to communicate with each other.
Interacting groups often censor themselves and pressure individual members toward conformity of opinion.
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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Compare the Effectiveness of Interacting, Brainstorming, and the Nominal Group
TechniqueBrainstorming can overcome pressures for
conformity. In a brainstorming session:
The group leader states the problem clearly.Members then “free-wheel” as many
alternatives as they can.No criticism is allowed.One idea stimulates others, and group members
are encouraged to “think the unusual.”
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Compare the Effectiveness of Interacting, Brainstorming, and the Nominal Group
TechniqueThe nominal group technique - restricts discussion
or interpersonal communication during the decision making process. Group members are all physically present, but
members operate independently. The main advantage is that it permits the group to
meet formally but does not restrict independent thinking, as does the interacting group.
Research shows that nominal groups outperform brainstorming groups.
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Compare the Effectiveness of Interacting, Brainstorming, and the Nominal Group
TechniqueIn a nominal group, a problem is presented, then…
Each member independently writes down his/her ideas on the problem.
After this silent period, each member presents one idea to the group.
The ideas are discussed for clarity. Each group member rank-orders the ideas. The idea with the highest aggregate ranking
determines the final decision.
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Compare the Effectiveness of Interacting, Brainstorming, and the Nominal Group
Technique
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Implications for Managers
Consider that the degree of congruence between the employee’s and the manager’s perception of the employee’s job influences the degree to which the manager will judge that employee effective. Be certain your employees fully understand their
roles so you can accurately assess their performance.
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Implications for Managers
In group situations where the norms support high output, you can expect markedly higher individual performance than when the norms restrict output. Group norms that support antisocial behavior
increase the likelihood that individuals will engage in deviant workplace activities.
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Implications for Managers
Pay attention to the organizational status levels of the employee groups you create. Because lower-status people tend to participate
less in group discussions, groups with high status differences are likely to inhibit input from lower-status members and reduce their potential.
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Implications for Managers
When forming employee groups, use larger groups for fact-finding activities and smaller groups for action-taking tasks. When creating larger groups, you should also
provide measures of individual performance.To increase employee satisfaction, work on making
certain your employees perceive their job roles the same way you perceive their roles.
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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.