Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Chapter 12 Psychological Disorders This multimedia product and its...

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Chapter 12Chapter 12

Psychological Disorders

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• ISBN: 0-131-73180-7


The medical model takes a “disease” view, while

psychology sees psychological disorder as an

interaction of biological, cognitive, social, and

behavioral factors

What is PsychologicalWhat is PsychologicalDisorder?Disorder?



Psychopathology –Any pattern of emotions, behaviors, or thoughts inappropriate to the situation and leading to personal distress or the inability to achieve important goals

Synonymous terms include:Mental illness

Mental disorder

Psychological disorder



Three classic signs suggest severe psychological disorder • Hallucinations• Delusions• Severe affective disturbances


Changing Concepts ofChanging Concepts ofPsychological Disorder:Psychological Disorder:

The Cognitive-Behavioral Approach The Cognitive-Behavioral Approach

Behavioral perspective – Abnormal behaviors can be acquired through behavioral learning – operant and classical conditioning

Cognitive perspective – Abnormal behaviors are influenced by mental processes – how people perceive themselves and their relations with others


The Biopsychology of Mental DisorderThe Biopsychology of Mental Disorder

Although most psychologists have reservations about the medical model, the do not deny the influence of biology on thought and behavior


Distress Maladaptiveness

Irrationality Unpredictability

Unconventionality and undesirable

behavior

Indicators of AbnormalityIndicators of Abnormality

Other signs of a disorder are more subtle, and a diagnosis depends heavily on clinical judgment


How are PsychologicalHow are PsychologicalDisorders Classified?Disorders Classified?

The most widely used system, found in the DSM-IV, classifies disorders by

their mental and behavioral symptoms

DSM IVDSM IV

Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: the big book of disorders.

DSM will classify disorders and describe the symptoms.

DSM will NOT explain the causes or possible cures.


Overview of DSM-IV Overview of DSM-IV Classification SystemClassification System

DSM-IV –Fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; the most widely accepted classification system in the United StatesNeurotic disorder or neurosisPsychotic disorder or psychosis

In multiaxial diagnosis, professionals look at the entire person, not just their “abnormal” behavior

Two Major Classifications in the DSMTwo Major Classifications in the DSM

Neurotic Disorders

Distressing but one can still function in society and act rationally.

Psychotic Disorders

Person loses contact with reality, experiences distorted perceptions.

John Wayne Gacy


Mood DisordersMood Disorders

Major depression – Form of depression that does not alternate with maniaSeasonal affective disorder (SAD) –

Believed to be caused by deprivation of sunlight

Bipolar disorder – Mental abnormality involving swings of mood from mania to depression

Major DepressionMajor Depression

A.K.A. unipolar depression

Unhappy for at least two weeks with no apparent cause.

Depression is the common cold of psychological disorders.

Seasonal Affective DisorderSeasonal Affective Disorder

Experience depression during the winter months.

Based not on temperature, but on amount of sunlight.

Treated with light therapy.

Bipolar DisorderBipolar Disorder

Formerly manic depression.

Involves periods of depression and manic episodes.

Manic episodes involve feelings of high energy (but they tend to differ a lot…some get confident and some get irritable).

Engage in risky behavior during the manic episode.


Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders

Generalized anxiety disorder – Characterized by persistent and pervasive feelings of anxiety, without any external cause

Panic disorder – Marked by panic attacks that have no connection to events in a person’s present experience

Agoraphobia – Fear of public places/open spaces


a group of conditions where the primary symptoms are anxiety or defenses against anxiety.

the patient fears something awful will happen to them.

They are in a state of intense apprehension, uneasiness, uncertainty, or fear.



Phobias– A group of anxiety disorders involving a pathological fear of a specific object or situation

Preparedness hypothesis – Notion that we have an innate tendency, acquired through natural selection, to respond quickly and automatically to stimuli that posed a survival threat to our ancestors

Generalized Anxiety DisorderGeneralized Anxiety DisorderGADGAD

An anxiety disorder in which a person is continuously tense, apprehensive and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

The patient is constantly tense and worried, feels inadequate, is oversensitive, can’t concentrate and suffers from insomnia.

Panic DisorderPanic Disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking and other frightening sensations.

Obsessive-compulsive disorderObsessive-compulsive disorder

Persistent unwanted thoughts (obsessions) cause someone to feel the need (compulsion) to engage in a particular action.

Obsession about dirt and germs may lead to compulsive hand washing.

PhobiasPhobias

A person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread.

Must be an irrational fear.

Phobia List

Post-traumatic Stress DisorderPost-traumatic Stress Disordera.k.a. PTSDa.k.a. PTSD

Flashbacks or nightmares following a person’s involvement in or observation of an extremely stressful event.

Memories of the event cause anxiety.


Somatoform DisordersSomatoform Disorders

Somatoform disorders – Psychological problems appearing in the form of bodily symptoms or physical complaints

Conversion disorder – Somatoform disorder marked by paralysis, weakness, or loss of sensation, but with no discernable physical cause

HypochondriasisHypochondriasis

Has frequent physical complaints for which medical doctors are unable to locate the cause.

They usually believe that the minor issues (headache, upset stomach) are indicative are more severe illnesses.

Conversion DisorderConversion Disorder

Report the existence of severe physical problems with no biological reason.

Like blindness or paralysis.

Pol Pot



Glove Anesthesia



Hypochondriasis – Somatoform disorder involving excessive concern about health and disease


Dissociative Dissociative amnesiaamnesia

DissociativeDissociativefuguefugue

Depersonalization Depersonalization disorderdisorder

Dissociative Dissociative identity disorderidentity disorder

Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders

Dissociative disorders – Group of pathologies involving “fragmentation” of the personality


A psychologically induced loss of memory for personal information

Dissociative Dissociative amnesiaamnesia

Dissociative fugue

Depersonalization disorder

Dissociative identity disorder



Dissociative amnesia with the addition of “flight” from one’s home, family, and job

Dissociative amnesia

Dissociative fugueDissociative fugue





Abnormality involving the sensation of mind and body having separated


Dissociative Fugue

Depersonalization Depersonalization disorderdisorder




Condition in which the individual displays multiple identities


Dissociative Fugue


Dissociative Dissociative identity disorderidentity disorder



Eating DisordersEating Disorders

Anorexia nervosa – Eating disorder involving persistent loss of appetite that endangers an individual’s health – stemming from psychological reasons rather than organic causes

Bulimia – Eating disorder characterized be eating binges followed by “purges,” induced by vomiting or laxatives; typical initiated as a weight-control measure


Schizophrenic DisordersSchizophrenic Disorders

Schizophrenia – Psychotic disorder involving distortions in thoughts, perceptions, and/or emotions


Major Types of SchizophreniaMajor Types of Schizophrenia

DisorganizedDisorganized

CatatonicCatatonic

ParanoidParanoid

UndifferentiatedUndifferentiated

ResidualResidual

PositivePositive

NegativeNegative


DisorganizedDisorganized

Catatonic

Paranoid

Undifferentiated


Features incoherent speech, hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behavior

Residual Type


Disorganized

CatatonicCatatonic

Paranoid

Undifferentiated


Involves stupor or extreme excitement

Residual Type


Disorganized

Catatonic

ParanoidParanoid

Undifferentiated


Prominent feature: combination of delusions and hallucinationsResidual Type


Disorganized

Catatonic

Paranoid

UndifferentiatedUndifferentiated


Persons displaying a combination of symptoms that do not clearly fit in one of the other categories

Residual Type


Disorganized

Catatonic

Paranoid

Undifferentiated


Individuals who have had a past episode of schizophrenia but are free of symptoms

Residual TypeResidual Type


PositivePositiveSchizophreniaSchizophrenia

NegativeSchizophrenia


Any form in which the person displays active symptoms(e.g. delusions, hallucinations)


PositiveSchizophrenia

NegativeNegativeSchizophreniaSchizophrenia


Any form distinguished by deficits, such as withdrawal and poverty of thought processes


Possible Causes of SchizophreniaPossible Causes of Schizophrenia

Evidence for the causes of schizophrenia has been found in a variety of factors including genetics, abnormal brain structure, and biochemistry

Diathesis-stress hypothesis –Genetic factors place the individual at risk, but environmental stress factors transform this potential into an actual schizophrenic disorder


Personality DisordersPersonality Disorders

Personality disorders – Conditions involving a chronic, pervasive, inflexible, and maladaptive pattern of thinking, emotion, social relationships, or impulse control

Narcissistic Personality DisorderNarcissistic Personality Disorder

Having an unwarranted sense of self-importance.

Thinking that you are the center of the universe.

Antisocial Personality DisorderAntisocial Personality Disorder

Lack of empathy.

Little regard for other’s feelings.

View the world as hostile and look out for themselves.


Personality DisordersPersonality Disorders

Borderline personality disorder – An unstable personality given to impulsive behavior

Dependent Personality DisorderDependent Personality Disorder

Rely too much on the attention and help of others.

Histrionic Personality DisorderHistrionic Personality Disorder

Needs to be the center of attention.

Whether acting silly or dressing provocatively.

Obsessive –Compulsive Personality Obsessive –Compulsive Personality DisorderDisorder

Overly concerned with certain thoughts and performing certain behaviors.

Not as extreme as OCD anxiety.


Adjustment Disorders and Other Adjustment Disorders and Other Conditions That May Be a Focus Conditions That May Be a Focus

of Clinical Attentionof Clinical Attention

Mild depressionMild depression

Physical Physical complaintscomplaints

Marital Marital problemsproblems

Academic Academic problemsproblems

Parent-child Parent-child problemsproblems

BereavementBereavement MalingeringMalingering

Job problemsJob problems


Developmental DisordersDevelopmental Disorders

Autism – A developmental disorder marked by disabilities in language, social interaction, and the ability to understand another person’s state of mind

Dyslexia – A reading disability, thought by some experts to involve a brain disorder


Developmental DisordersDevelopmental Disorders

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder – A developmental disability involving short attention span, distractibility, and extreme difficulty in remaining inactive for any period


ShynessShyness

Shyness, a distressing pattern of avoiding or withdrawing from social contact is treatable, but it is not a DSM-IV disorder


Ideally, accurate diagnoses lead to proper treatments, but diagnoses may also become

labels that depersonalize individuals and ignore the

social and cultural contexts in which their problems arise

What are the ConsequencesWhat are the Consequencesof Labeling People?of Labeling People?


The Plea of InsanityThe Plea of Insanity

Insanity –A legal term, not a psychological or psychiatric one, referring to a person who is unable, because of a mental disorder or defect, to conform his or her behavior to the law


End of Chapter 12End of Chapter 12

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