Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Each of the three memory stages encodes and stores memories in a...

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Each of the three memory stages encodes and stores memories in a different way,

but they work together to transform sensory experience into a lasting record that has a

pattern of meaning

How Do WeHow Do WeForm Memories?Form Memories?

I CAN I CAN

• Explain the 3 stages of memoryExplain the 3 stages of memory• Describe ways in which we can Describe ways in which we can

extend our STM or transfer STM to extend our STM or transfer STM to LTMLTM



The Three Stages of The Three Stages of MemoryMemory

Sensory Sensory MemoryMemory

Working Working MemoryMemory

Long-term Long-term MemoryMemory



Sensory Sensory MemoryMemory

Working Memory

Long-term Memory

Preserves brief sensory impressions of stimuli


The First Stage: Sensory The First Stage: Sensory MemoryMemory

•On the next slide, you will see a series of letters for one second

•Try to remember as many letters as you can

•DO NOT WRITE THEM DOWN


D J BX H GC L Y


The First Stage: Sensory The First Stage: Sensory MemoryMemory• How many can you recall?


D J BX H GC L Y


The First Stage: Sensory The First Stage: Sensory MemoryMemory

• A. Capacity/Duration• Holds the barrage of

incoming sensations just long enough for brain to scan it and decide which information needs attention….1/4 of a sec

• Lasts just long enough to dissolve into another and give us a sense of flow and continuity in our experience


The First Stage: Sensory The First Stage: Sensory MemoryMemory• Actual storage capacity can be 12

or more items, but all but 3 or 4 disappear before they enter our consciousness


The First Stage: Sensory The First Stage: Sensory MemoryMemory• B. Structure/Function• There is as separate sensory register

for each sense…each holds a different kind of sensory information

Visual Stimulation = Iconic MemoryAuditory Stimulation = Echoic MemoryTactile (touch) Stimulation = Tactile Sensory MemoryOlfactory Stimulation = Olfactory Sensory MemoryGustatory Stimuli = Gustatory Sensory Memory



The First Stage: Sensory The First Stage: Sensory MemoryMemory• The job of sensory memory is to

store these images briefly If they were held too long, they would interfere with new

information• Psychologists believe that, in this

stage, memory images take the form of nerve impulses



Sensory Memory

Working Working MemoryMemory

Long-term Memory

Preserves recently perceived events or experiences for less than a minute without rehearsal, also called short-term memory or STM


The Second Stage: Working Memory

• Working memory consists of…

• A central executive

• A phonological loop

• The sketchpad


Three Parts of Working Memory

• Central Executive: Directs attention to material retrieved

from LTM or to important input from the sensory memory

• Phonological Loop: Temporarily stores sounds….like

someone’s name• Sketchpad: Stores and manipulates mental

images…like when you can imagine yourself driving a car to school from home


Working Memory• Like the central

processing chip of a computer

• The center of mental action AND the go-between for the other parts of memory

• It is where the brain sorts out and encodes information before adding it to long term memory

• We are conscious of everything in the working memory


Working Memory• Also the area where

‘thinking’ occurs… which is the brain mulling over images and ideas taken from the LTM

• AKA = Short Term Memory

Example: A phone number you just looked up


Capacity/Duration• Has limited capacity and

a short duration • Typically hold information

for about 20 seconds• “Magic Number Seven”

…seven items of any sort..(letters, numbers, words, shapes, sounds) will fill the working memory of most people

• Has the smallest capacity of the three stages

“Put on your thinking cap”


Biological Basis: Working memory probably holds information in actively firing nerve circuits…most likely in the frontal cortex


Encoding and Storage in Working Memory

• I. Chunking • II. Rehearsal• Maintenance/ROTE Rehearsal• Elaborative Rehearsal• III. Acoustic Encoding: The

Phonological Loop• IV. Visual and Spatial Encoding.. the

sketchpad


Working Memory Aides To Overcome Limited Capacity and

Short Duration

Chunking Organizing pieces of information into a smaller number of meaningful units

• Example: A social security number

F-B-I-T-W-A-C-I-A-I-B-M

FBI TWA CIA IBMFBI TWA CIA IBM


Acronyms/Mnemonic Device

HOMES Huron, Ontario, Michigan,

Erie, Superior

PEMDAS Parentheses, Exponent,

Multiply, Divide, Add, Subtract

ROY G. BIV Red, Orange, Yellow, Green,

Blue, Indigo, Violet

NATO North Atlantic Treaty

Organization

SNAFU Situation Normal, All F’ed

Up

WTF Williamstown Theater

Festival

Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it.


Rehearsal Process in which information is repeated or reviewed to keep it from fading while in working memory

Spacing EffectWe retain

information better when we rehearse over time


Rehearsal Maintenance ROTE

Rehearsal Repeating information to

remember itEx: Cramming for a test, a shopping list in your

head • Not an efficient method

of transferring information into the LTM

Elaborative Rehearsal Repeating information AND connecting it to knowledge already

stored in LTM• A more efficient method

of transferring information into the LTM

• Ex: 1-800-EYE-EXAM


Acoustic Encoding uses phonological loopEncoded memory of a stimulus on the basis of any sound associated with it

Whrr -- pop -- splash -- cuckoo:

You can hear in your mind the sounds they describe

Examples:

Hearing words and phrases

Repeating notes to yourself while studying.


Short Duration


• Visual and Spatial Encoding... The Sketchpad

• Encodes visual images and mental representations of objects in space

• Example: Holds those images you think of when trying to remember where you left your lost coat


Short Duration


Explanation for the fact that the more connections you make with new information while it is in the working memory to prior knowledge in the LTM, the more likely you are to remember it.

Also known as…

Elaboration or Elaborative Rehearsal

Levels-of-Processing Theory

CAN I?

• Explain the 3 stages of memory

• Describe ways in which we can extend our STM or transfer STM to LTM


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