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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
PowerPoint PowerPoint Presentations to Presentations to Accompany Accompany AP ed.AP ed.
Philip G. Zimbardo Philip G. Zimbardo Robert L. Johnson Robert L. Johnson Ann L. Weber Ann L. Weber Craig W. GruberCraig W. Gruber
Prepared byPrepared byDavid Lundberg-KenrickDavid Lundberg-Kenrick
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:
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•Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images
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• ISBN: 0-131-73180-7
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. ISBN: 0-205-37181-7
Chapter 1Chapter 1
Introduction and History of Psychology
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Many things that happen to us leave Many things that happen to us leave no record in memoryno record in memory
True or False?True or False?
True: Most of the information around True: Most of the information around us never reaches memory, and what us never reaches memory, and what does reach memory often gets does reach memory often gets distorteddistorted
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
You are born with all the brain cells You are born with all the brain cells you will ever haveyou will ever have
True or False?True or False?
False: Recent research shows that False: Recent research shows that some parts of the brain continue some parts of the brain continue producing new cells throughout lifeproducing new cells throughout life
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
True or False?True or False?
Both center patches are the same shade of gray
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True: The patch on the right appeared darker due to perceptual contrast with its background
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
True: The patch on the right appeared darker due to perceptual contrast with its background
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Intelligence is a purely genetic trait Intelligence is a purely genetic trait that does not change throughout a that does not change throughout a person’s lifeperson’s life
True or False?True or False?
False: Intelligence is the result of both False: Intelligence is the result of both heredity and environment, and may heredity and environment, and may change throughout your lifechange throughout your life
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The most common form of mental The most common form of mental disorder occurs in 30% of the disorder occurs in 30% of the populationpopulation
True or False?True or False?
True: Depression, the single most True: Depression, the single most common disorder, may affect up to a common disorder, may affect up to a third of the population at some point third of the population at some point in their livesin their lives
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Repeated exposure to the same face Repeated exposure to the same face leads us to like it lessleads us to like it less
False: Familiar people (and their False: Familiar people (and their faces) are generally liked more than faces) are generally liked more than less familiar people less familiar people
True or False?True or False?
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
What Is Psychology – What Is Psychology – and What Is It Not?and What Is It Not?
Psychology is a broad field, with many specialties, but fundamentally, psychology is the science of behavior
and mental processes
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
What Is Psychology – What Is Psychology – and What Is It Not?and What Is It Not?
Psychology – The scientific study of behavior and mental processes
*Greek roots: psyche means “mind”, -ology means “field of study”
* not only includes mental processes, but also behaviors.
*psychology’s domain extends across both directly observable behaviors and internal mental processes that can only be indirectly observed.
Psychology is based on objective, verifiable evidence like the study of Clever Hans by Pfungst.
Psychology is notMere speculation about human natureA body of folk wisdom about people that “everybody knows” to be true
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Pseudopsychology –
Erroneous assertions of practices set forth as being scientific psychology
*examples may include horoscopes, fortune telling, the power of subliminal messages, graphology, etc.
What Is Psychology – What Is Psychology – and What Is It Not?and What Is It Not?
Psychology disputes unfounded claims from pseudopsychology
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Harmful effects of Pseudo-psychologyHarmful effects of Pseudo-psychology
*First, those who accept the claims of pseudo-psychology risk depriving themselves of some real psychological insights
ex: confirmation bias- the tendency to attend to evidence that complements and confirms our beliefs while ignoring evidence that does not.
The second set of problems involves the potential for serious harm (can waste time, money, talent and lives!)
Pseudo-psychology can also provide a fertile land for fraud
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
What DoWhat DoPsychologists Do?Psychologists Do?
Psychology is a broad field with many specialties, grouped
in three major categories: experimental psychology,
teaching of psychology and applied psychology
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Three Ways of Doing PsychologyThree Ways of Doing Psychology
Broadly speaking, we can divide psychology into three main branches or categories:
• Experimental psychology
• Teaching of psychology
• Applied psychology
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What DoWhat DoPsychologists Do?Psychologists Do?
Experimental psychologists• Conduct most research across psychological spectrum• May work in private industry or for the government • Often teach at college or university• Also call research psychologists and are the smallest of the
three major branches.
Teachers of Psychology• Overlaps with experimentalists because most researchers also
teach classes at universities.• Large numbers are also hired by colleges, universities and
high schools primarily to teach.
Applied Psychologists• Use the knowledge developed by the experimental
psychologists to tackle human problems
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
I/OI/O SportsSports
School School
CounselingCounseling
EngineeringEngineering
RehabilitationRehabilitation
Use knowledge developed by experimental psychologists to solve human problems
ClinicalClinical
What DoWhat DoPsychologists Do?Psychologists Do?
Applied psychologists
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I/OI/O
Use knowledge developed by experimental psychologists to solve human problems
What DoWhat DoPsychologists Do?Psychologists Do?
Applied psychologists
Specify in modifying the work environment to maximize productivity.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
SportsSports
Use knowledge developed by experimental psychologists to solve human problems
What DoWhat DoPsychologists Do?Psychologists Do?
Applied psychologists
Work with athletes to help maximize performance by enhancing motivation and controlling emotions under pressure.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
EngineeringEngineering
Use knowledge developed by experimental psychologists to solve human problems
What DoWhat DoPsychologists Do?Psychologists Do?
Applied psychologists
Work at the interface between people and equipment. Some design devices, such as control panels or airplane instruments for easy, reliable human use.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
School School
Use knowledge developed by experimental psychologists to solve human problems
What DoWhat DoPsychologists Do?Psychologists Do?
Applied psychologists
Have expertise in the problems of teaching and learning. They diagnose learning and behavior problems and consult with teachers.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
RehabilitationRehabilitation
Use knowledge developed by experimental psychologists to solve human problems
What DoWhat DoPsychologists Do?Psychologists Do?
Applied psychologists
Serve with physicians, nurses, counselors, and social workers on teams that may treat patients with both physical and mental disorders, such as stroke, spinal cord injury, alcoholism, drug abuse and amputation.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
CounselingCounseling
Use knowledge developed by experimental psychologists to solve human problems
ClinicalClinical
What DoWhat DoPsychologists Do?Psychologists Do?
Applied psychologists
Work with people that have problems with emotional and social adjustment or those who face difficult choices in relationships, careers, or education.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
What Are Psychology’s What Are Psychology’s Historical Roots?Historical Roots?
Modern psychology developed from several
conflicting traditions, including structuralism, functionalism, Gestalt
psychology, behaviorism, and psychoanalysis
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Devoted to uncovering Devoted to uncovering basic structures that make basic structures that make
up mind and thoughtup mind and thought
TraditionTradition
StructuralismStructuralism
Functionalism
Psychoanalysis
Gestalt psychology
Behaviorism
•Started by Wilhelm Wundt 1879•Established the first psychological laboratory at the University of Leipzig.•Said the elements of consciousness were sensation and perception, memory, attention, emotion, cognition, learning and language.•Used a technique called introspection (the process of reporting one’s own mental experiences)
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Believed mental processes could best be understood in
terms of their adaptive purpose and function
TraditionTradition
Structuralism
Functionalism Functionalism
Psychoanalysis
Gestalt psychology
Behaviorism
•Started by American psychologist William James.•Argued that psychology should include the function of consciousness, not its structure.•He liked Darwin’s idea of emphasis on organisms adapting to their environments.•They were the first applied psychologists.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Interested in how we construct “perceptual
wholes”
TraditionTradition
Structuralism
Functionalism
Psychoanalysis
Gestalt Gestalt psychologypsychology
Behaviorism •exactly the opposite of structuralists.•Max Wertheimer one of the first Gestalt psychologists and studied illusions and ambiguous figures such as the Necker cube.
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Argued psychology should deal solely with observable
events
TraditionTradition
Structuralism
Functionalism
Psychoanalysis
Gestalt psychology
BehaviorismBehaviorism
•John B. Watson was the leader of the behavioral movement.•Believed in observable events: stimuli and response.•They wanted to know how people act in response to stimuli.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Asserted mental disorders arise from conflicts in the
unconscious mind
TraditionTradition
Structuralism
Functionalism
PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysis
Gestalt psychology
Behaviorism
•Started with Viennese physician Sigmund Freud.•Psychoanalytic theory remains a force in modern psychology.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
What are the Perspectives What are the Perspectives Psychologists Use Today?Psychologists Use Today?
Nine main perspectives characterize modern psychology:
the biological, developmental, psychodynamic, humanistic
cognitive, clinical, behavioral, trait, and socio-cultural views
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BiologicalBiological
DevelopmentalDevelopmental
PsychodynamicPsychodynamic
SocioculturalSociocultural
CognitiveCognitive
BehavioralBehavioral
TraitTrait
Nine Modern Perspectives of PsychologyNine Modern Perspectives of Psychology
HumanisticHumanistic
Evolutionary/Evolutionary/SociobiologicalSociobiological
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View of Human Nature:View of Human Nature:
We are complex systems that We are complex systems that respond to hereditary and respond to hereditary and environmental influencesenvironmental influences
What Determines Behavior:What Determines Behavior:
Neural structures, Neural structures, biochemistry, and inborn biochemistry, and inborn
responses to external cuesresponses to external cues
Question for Study:Question for Study:
How do heredity, the nervous How do heredity, the nervous system, and the endocrine system, and the endocrine
system produce behavior and system produce behavior and mental processes?mental processes?
PerspectivePerspective
BiologicalBiological
Developmental
Psychodynamic
Sociocultural
Cognitive
Behavioral
Trait
Humanistic
Evolutionary/Sociobiological
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View of Human Nature:View of Human Nature:
We undergo predictable patterns We undergo predictable patterns of change throughout our livesof change throughout our lives
What Determines Behavior:What Determines Behavior:
Interaction between Interaction between heredity heredity and and environmentenvironment
Questions for Study:Questions for Study:
What are the patterns that What are the patterns that characterize developmental characterize developmental
change?change?
What are the genetic and What are the genetic and environmental influences environmental influences
underlying these patterns?underlying these patterns?
PerspectivePerspective
Biological
DevelopmentalDevelopmental
Psychodynamic
Sociocultural
Cognitive
Behavioral
Trait
Humanistic
Evolutionary/Sociobiological
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View of Human Nature:View of Human Nature:
People are information-People are information-processing systemsprocessing systems
What Determines Behavior:What Determines Behavior:
Mental interpretation of our Mental interpretation of our experienceexperience
Question for Study:Question for Study:
How do mental processes, How do mental processes, including sensation, perception, including sensation, perception,
learning, memory, and language, learning, memory, and language, influence behavior?influence behavior?
PerspectivePerspective
Biological
Developmental
Psychodynamic
Sociocultural
CognitiveCognitive
Behavioral
Trait
Humanistic
Evolutionary/Sociobiological
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View of Human Nature:View of Human Nature:
We are driven by dark forces of We are driven by dark forces of the unconsciousthe unconscious
PerspectivePerspective
What Determines Behavior:What Determines Behavior:
Unconscious needs, conflicts, Unconscious needs, conflicts, repressed memories, and repressed memories, and
childhood experienceschildhood experiences
Question for Study:Question for Study:
How does the energy generated in How does the energy generated in the unconscious mind motivate the unconscious mind motivate
our actions and account for our actions and account for mental disorders?mental disorders?
Biological
Developmental
PsychodynamicPsychodynamic
Sociocultural
Cognitive
Behavioral
Trait
Humanistic
Evolutionary/Sociobiological
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View of Human Nature:View of Human Nature:
Emphasizes human growth and Emphasizes human growth and potentialpotential
PerspectivePerspective
What Determines Behavior:What Determines Behavior:
The influence of self-concept, The influence of self-concept, perceptions, and interpersonal perceptions, and interpersonal relationships, and on need for relationships, and on need for
personal growthpersonal growth
Question for Study:Question for Study:
How can humanistic theory be How can humanistic theory be applied to enhance mental health applied to enhance mental health through counseling and therapy?through counseling and therapy?
Biological
Developmental
Psychodynamic
Sociocultural
Cognitive
Behavioral
Trait
HumanisticHumanistic
Evolutionary/Sociobiological
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View of Human Nature:View of Human Nature:
Behavior is primarily shaped by Behavior is primarily shaped by learninglearning
PerspectivePerspective
What Determines Behavior:What Determines Behavior:
Stimulus cues and our history of Stimulus cues and our history of rewards and punishmentsrewards and punishments
Questions for Study:Questions for Study:
What are the “laws” that associate What are the “laws” that associate our responses with stimulus our responses with stimulus
conditions?conditions?
How can they be applied to How can they be applied to improve the human condition?improve the human condition?
Biological
Developmental
Psychodynamic
Sociocultural
Cognitive
BehavioralBehavioral
Trait
Humanistic
Evolutionary/Sociobiological
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View of Human Nature:View of Human Nature:
People are social animals, so People are social animals, so human behavior must be human behavior must be
interpreted in social contextinterpreted in social context
PerspectivePerspective
What Determines Behavior:What Determines Behavior:
Cultures, social norms and Cultures, social norms and expectations, social learning expectations, social learning
Questions for Study:Questions for Study:
Under what conditions is the Under what conditions is the social and cultural situation social and cultural situation
predictive of behavior?predictive of behavior?
How are social influences different How are social influences different across cultures?across cultures?
Biological
Developmental
Psychodynamic
SocioculturalSociocultural
Cognitive
Behavioral
Trait
Humanistic
Evolutionary/Sociobiological
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View of Human Nature:View of Human Nature:
Behavior is developed and Behavior is developed and adapted over timeadapted over time
PerspectivePerspective
What Determines Behavior:What Determines Behavior:
Natural selection Natural selection
Question for Study:Question for Study:
How do behavior and individual How do behavior and individual differences develop and change?differences develop and change?
Biological
Developmental
Psychodynamic
Sociocultural
Cognitive
Behavioral
Trait
Humanistic
Evolutionary/Evolutionary/SociobiologicalSociobiological
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View of Human Nature:View of Human Nature:
Individual differences result from Individual differences result from differences in our underlying differences in our underlying
patterns of stable characteristicspatterns of stable characteristics
PerspectivePerspective
What Determines Behavior:What Determines Behavior:
Each person’s unique combination Each person’s unique combination of traits of traits
Question for Study:Question for Study:
How many fundamental traits are How many fundamental traits are there?there?
How can we use trait patterns to How can we use trait patterns to predict behavior?predict behavior?
Biological
Developmental
Psychodynamic
Sociocultural
Cognitive
Behavioral
TraitTrait
Humanistic
Evolutionary/Sociobiological