Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All...

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Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States ofAmerica. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act, no part of this book may bereproduced in any form, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any informationstorage or retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher.

Send all inquiries to:The McGraw-Hill Companies8787 Orion PlaceColumbus, OH 43240-4027

ISBN: 0-07-873035-X

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 045 10 09 08 07 06 05

Mastering the FCAT, Grade 10 iii

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Contents

Benchmarks Tested on Grade 10 FCAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

Student Recording Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x

How to Complete the Response Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii

Taking the FCAT Science Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii

FCAT Question Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviii

FCAT Science Reference Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix

Using a Calculator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xx

Periodic Table of the Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi

Test Practice

Pretest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Benchmark Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

Posttest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

iv Mastering the FCAT, Grade 10

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Sunshine State Standards Benchmark

STRAND A: THE NATURE OF MATTER

SC.A.1.4.1 The student knows that the electron configuration in atoms determines how asubstance reacts and how much energy is involved in its reactions. CS; MC, GR

SC.A.1.4.2 The student knows that the vast diversity of the properties of materials isprimarily due to variations in the forces that hold molecules together. CS; MCAlso covers A.1.4.5

SC.A.1.4.3 The student knows that a change from one phase of matter to another involves again or loss of energy. CS; MC, GR

SC.A.1.4.4 The student experiments and determines that the rates of reaction among atomsand molecules depend on the concentration, pressure, and temperature of thereactants and the presence or absence of catalysts. AA; MC, GR, SR

SC.A.1.4.5 The student knows that connections (bonds) form between substances whenouter-shell electrons are either transferred or shared between their atoms,changing the properties of substances. Covered as A.1.4.2

SC.A.2.4.1 The student knows that the number and configuration of electrons will equal thenumber of protons in an electrically neutral atom and when an atom gains orloses electrons, the charge is unbalanced. CS; MC, GR

SC.A.2.4.2 The student knows the difference between an element, a molecule, and acompound. CS; MC

SC.A.2.4.3 The student knows that a number of elements have heavier, unstable nuclei thatdecay, spontaneously giving off smaller particles and waves that result in a smallloss of mass and release a large amount of energy. CS; MCAlso covers A.2.4.4

SC.A.2.4.4 The student knows that nuclear energy is released when small, light atoms arefused into heavier ones. Covered as A.2.4.3

SC.A.2.4.5 The student knows that elements are arranged into groups and families based onsimilarities in electron structure and that their physical and chemical propertiescan be predicted. AA; MC

SC.A.2.4.6 The student understands that matter may act as a wave, a particle, or somethingelse entirely different with its own characteristic behavior. CS; MC

STRAND B: ENERGY

SC.B.1.4.1 The student understands how knowledge of energy is fundamental to all thescientific disciplines (e.g., the energy required for biological processes in livingorganisms and the energy required for the building, erosion, and rebuilding ofthe Earth). AA; MC, GR, SRAlso covers B.1.4.2

SC.B.1.4.2 The student understands that there is conservation of mass and energy whenmatter is transformed. Covered as B.1.4.1

Benchmarks Tested on Grade 10 Science FCAT

Mastering the FCAT, Grade 10 v

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SC.B.1.4.3 The student knows that temperature is a measure of the average translationalkinetic energy of motion of the molecules in an object. CS; MC, GR

SC.B.1.4.4 The student knows that as electrical charges oscillate, they create time-varyingelectric and magnetic fields that propagate away from the source as anelectromagnetic wave. CS; MC, GR

SC.B.1.4.5 The student knows that each source of energy presents advantages anddisadvantages to its use in society (e.g., political and economic implications may determine a society’s selection of renewable or nonrenewable energysources). Covered as G.2.4.2

SC.B.1.4.6 The student knows that the first law of thermodynamics relates the transfer ofenergy to the work done and the heat transferred. Covered as B.1.4.7

SC.B.1.4.7 The student knows that the total amount of usable energy always decreases, eventhough the total amount of energy is conserved in any transfer. CS; MC, GRAlso covers B.1.4.6

SC.B.2.4.1 The student knows that the structure of the universe is the result of interactionsinvolving fundamental particles (matter) and basic forces (energy) and thatevidence suggests that the universe contains all of the matter and energy thatever existed. CS; MC

STRAND C: FORCE AND MOTION

SC.C.1.4.1 The student knows that all motion is relative to whatever frame of reference ischosen and that there is no absolute frame of reference from which to observe allmotion. CS; MC, GR

SC.C.1.4.2 The student knows that any change in velocity is an acceleration. CS; MC, GR

SC.C.2.4.1 The student knows that acceleration due to gravitational force is proportional tomass and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between theobjects. AA; MC, GR

SC.C.2.4.2 The student knows that electrical forces exist between any two charged objects.Covered as C.2.4.3

SC.C.2.4.3 The student describes how magnetic force and electrical force are two aspects ofa single force. CS; MCAlso covers C.2.4.2

SC.C.2.4.4 The student knows that the forces that hold the nucleus of an atom together are much stronger than electromagnetic force and that this is the reason for the great amount of energy released from the nuclear reactions in the sun and other stars. CS; MC

SC.C.2.4.5 The student knows that most observable forces can be traced to electric forcesacting between atoms or molecules. CS; MC

SC.C.2.4.6 The student explains that all forces come in pairs commonly called action andreaction. CS; MC

vi Mastering the FCAT, Grade 10

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STRAND D: PROCESSES THAT SHAPE THE EARTH

SC.D.1.4.1 The student knows how climatic patterns on Earth result from an interplay ofmany factors (Earth’s topography, its rotation on its axis, solar radiation, thetransfer of heat energy where the atmosphere interfaces with lands and oceans,and wind and ocean currents). AA; MC, SR

SC.D.1.4.2 The student knows that the solid crust of Earth consists of slow-moving, separateplates that float on a denser, molten layer of Earth and that these plates interactwith each other, changing the Earth’s surface in many ways (e.g., formingmountain ranges and rift valleys, causing earthquake and volcanic activity, andforming undersea mountains that can become ocean islands). AA; MC, SR

SC.D.1.4.3 The student knows that changes in Earth’s climate, geological activity, and lifeforms may be traced and compared. CS; MC

SC.D.1.4.4 The student knows that Earth’s systems and organisms are the result of a long,continuous change over time. Covered as F.2.4.3

SC.D.2.4.1 The student understands the interconnectedness of the systems on Earth and thequality of life. AA; MC, SRAlso covers G.2.4.4

STRAND E: EARTH AND SPACE

SC.E.1.4.1 The student understands the relationships between events on Earth and themovements of the Earth, its moon, the other planets, and the sun. AA; MC, SRAlso covers E.1.4.2, E.1.4.3

SC.E.1.4.2 The student knows how the characteristics of other planets and satellites aresimilar to and different from those of the Earth. Covered as E.1.4.1

SC.E.1.4.3 The student knows the various reasons that Earth is the only planet in our Solar System that appears to be capable of supporting life as we know it.Covered as E.1.4.1

SC.E.2.4.1 The student knows that the stages in the development of three categories of stars are based on mass: stars that have the approximate mass of our sun, starsthat are two-to-three-stellar masses and develop into neutron stars, and stars thatare five to-sixstellar masses and develop into black holes. CS; MC

SC.E.2.4.2 The student identifies the arrangement of bodies found within and outside ourgalaxy. CS; MC

SC.E.2.4.3 The student knows astronomical distance and time. CS; MC, GR

SC.E.2.4.4 The student understands stellar equilibrium. Not Covered

SC.E.2.4.5 The student knows various scientific theories on how the universe was formed.Not Covered

SC.E.2.4.6 The student knows the various ways in which scientists collect and generate dataabout our universe (e.g., X-ray telescopes, computer simulations of gravitationalsystems, nuclear reactions, space probes, and supercollider simulations).Covered as H.1.4.1

Mastering the FCAT, Grade 10 vii

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SC.E.2.4.7 The student knows that mathematical models and computer simulations are used in studying evidence from many sources to form a scientific account of the universe. Covered as H.1.4.1

STRAND F: PROCESSES OF LIFE

SC.F.1.4.1 The student knows that the body processes involve specific biochemicalreactions governed by biochemical principles. AA; MC, SRAlso covers F.1.4.3, F.1.4.5

SC.F.1.4.2 The student knows that body structures are uniquely designed and adapted fortheir function. Covered as F.2.4.3

SC.F.1.4.3 The student knows that membranes are sites for chemical synthesis and essentialenergy conversions. Covered as F.1.4.1

SC.F.1.4.4 The student understands that biological systems obey the same laws ofconservation as physical systems. CS; MC

SC.F.1.4.5 The student knows that complex interactions among the different kinds ofmolecules in the cell cause distinct cycles of activity governed by proteins.Covered as F.1.4.1

SC.F.1.4.6 The student knows that separate parts of the body communicate with each otherusing electrical and/or chemical signals. Covered as F.1.4.7

SC.F.1.4.7 The student knows that organisms respond to internal and external stimuli. CS; MCAlso covers F.1.4.6, F.1.4.8

SC.F.1.4.8 The student knows that cell behavior can be affected by molecules from otherparts of the organism or even from other organisms. Covered as F.1.4.7

SC.F.2.4.1 The student understands the mechanisms of asexual and sexual reproduction andknows the different genetic advantages and disadvantages of asexual and sexualreproduction. CS; MC, GR

SC.F.2.4.2 The student knows that every cell contains a “blueprint” coded in DNAmolecules that specify how proteins are assembled to regulate cells. CS; MC

SC.F.2.4.3 The student understands the mechanisms of change (e.g., mutation and naturalselection) that lead to adaptations in a species and their ability to survivenaturally in changing conditions and to increase species diversity. AA; MC, SRAlso covers D.1.4.4, F.1.4.2

STRAND G: HOW LIVING THINGS INTERACT WITH THEIR ENVIRONMENT

SC.G.1.4.1 The student knows of the great diversity and interdependence of living things.AA; MC, SRAlso covers G.1.4.2

SC.G.1.4.2 The student understands how the flow of energy through an ecosystem made upof producers, consumers, and decomposers carries out the processes of life andthat some energy dissipates as heat and is not recycled. Covered as G.1.4.1

SC.G.1.4.3 The student knows that the chemical elements that make up the molecules ofliving things are combined and recombined in different ways. CS; MC

viii Mastering the FCAT, Grade 10

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SC.G.2.4.1 The student knows that layers of energy-rich organic materials have beengradually turned into great coal beds and oil pools (fossil fuels) by the pressureof the overlying earth and that humans burn fossil fuels to release the storedenergy as heat and carbon dioxide. CS; MC

SC.G.2.4.2 The student knows that changes in a component of an ecosystem will haveunpredictable effects on the entire system but that the components of the systemtend to react in a way that will restore the ecosystem to its original condition.AA; MC, SR, ERAlso covers B.1.4.5, G.2.4.5

SC.G.2.4.3 The student understands how genetic variation of offspring contributes topopulation control in an environment and that natural selection ensures thatthose who are best adapted to their surroundings survive to reproduce. CS; MC

SC.G.2.4.4 The student knows that the world ecosystems are shaped by physical factors thatlimit their productivity. Covered as D.2.4.1

SC.G.2.4.5 The student understands that the amount of life any environment can support islimited and that human activities can change the flow of energy and reduce thefertility of the Earth. Covered as G.2.4.2

SC.G.2.4.6 The student knows the ways in which humans today are placing theirenvironmental support systems at risk (e.g., rapid human population growth,environmental degradation, and resource depletion). CS; MC

STRAND H: THE NATURE OF SCIENCE

SC.H.1.4.1 The student knows that investigations are conducted to explore new phenomena,to check on previous results, to test how well a theory predicts, and to comparedifferent theories. AA; MC, GR, SR, ERAlso covers H.1.2.1, H.1.2.2, H.2.4.2, E.2.4.6, E.2.4.7

SC.H.1.4.2 The student knows that from time to time, major shifts occur in the scientificview of how the world works, but that more often the changes that take place inthe body of scientific knowledge are small modifications of prior knowledge.CS; MCAlso covers H 1.3.2, H.1.4.3, H.1.4.6

SC.H.1.4.3 The student understands that no matter how well one theory fits observations, anew theory might fit them as well or better, or might fit a wider range ofobservations, because in science, the testing, revising, and occasional discardingof theories, new and old, never ends and leads to an increasingly betterunderstanding of how things work in the world, but not to absolute truth.Covered as H.1.4.2

SC.H.1.4.4 The student knows that scientists in any one research group tend to see things alikeand that therefore scientific teams are expected to seek out the possible sources ofbias in the design of their investigations and in their data analysis. CS; MC

Mastering the FCAT, Grade 10 ix

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SC.H.1.4.5 The student understands that new ideas in science are limited by the context inwhich they are conceived, are often rejected by the scientific establishment,sometimes spring from unexpected findings, and usually grow slowly frommany contributors. CS; MC

SC.H.1.4.6 The student understands that, in the short run, new ideas that do not mesh wellwith mainstream ideas in science often encounter vigorous criticism and that, inthe long run, theories are judged by how they fit with other theories, the range ofobservations they explain, how well they explain observations, and how effectivethey are in predicting new findings. Covered as H.1.4.2

SC.H.1.4.7 The student understands the importance of a sense of responsibility, acommitment to peer review, truthful reporting of the methods and outcomes ofinvestigations, and making the public aware of the findings. CS; MC

SC.H.2.4.1 The student knows that scientists assume that the universe is a vast system inwhich basic rules exist that may range from very simple to extremely complex,but that scientists operate on the belief that the rules can be discovered bycareful, systemic study. AA; MC

SC.H.2.4.2 The student knows that scientists control conditions in order to obtain evidence,but when that is not possible for practical or ethical reasons, they try to observe awide range of natural occurrences to discern patterns. Covered as H.1.4.1

SC.H.3.4.1 The student knows that performance testing is often conducted using small-scalemodels, computer simulations, or analogous systems to reduce the chance ofsystem failure. CS; MC

SC.H.3.4.2 The student knows that technological problems often create a demand for newscientific knowledge and that new technologies make it possible for scientists toextend their research in a way that advances science. AA; MC, SRAlso covers H.3.4.5, H.3.4.6

SC.H.3.4.3 The student knows that scientists can bring information, insights, and analyticalskills to matters of public concern and help people understand the possiblecauses and effects of events. CS; MC

SC.H.3.4.4 The student knows that funds for science research come from federalgovernment agencies, industry, and private foundations and that this fundingoften influences the areas of discovery. Not Covered

SC.H.3.4.5 The student knows that the value of a technology may differ for different peopleand at different times. Covered as H.3.4.2

SC.H.3.4.6 The student knows that scientific knowledge is used by those who engage indesign and technology to solve practical problems, taking human values andlimitations into account. Covered as H.3.4.2

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x Mastering the FCAT, Grade 10

Student Recording ChartDirections Mark an by each question from the Pretest and Posttest that you answeredincorrectly. If there are one or two s marked for a benchmark, write Yes in the Need Practice?box. Then complete the practice pages for that benchmark.

Strand A: The Nature of Matter

Benchmark SC.A. SC.A. SC.A. SC.A. SC.A. SC.A. SC.A. SC.A. SC.A.1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.4.4 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.5 2.4.6

Test QuestionsPretest 4 5 36 12 13 23 30

Posttest 4 5 38 11 14 19 25 31 44

Need Practice?Practice Pages 17 18 18 19–20 21 21 22 23

Strand B: Energy

Benchmark SC.B. SC.B. SC.B. SC.B. SC.B.1.4.1 1.4.3 1.4.4 1.4.7 2.4.1

Test QuestionsPretest 26 20 6 29 21

Posttest27 22 6 32 23

40

Need Practice?Practice Pages 24 25–26 26–27 27–28 28

Strand C: Force and Motion

Benchmark SC.C. SC.C. SC.C. SC.C. SC.C. SC.C. SC.C.1.4.1 1.4.2 2.4.1 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.4.5 2.4.6

Test QuestionsPretest 24 38 31

Posttest 26 41 33 45 47 46 7

Need Practice?Practice Pages 29 30–31 31 32 32 32

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Mastering the FCAT, Grade 10 xi

Strand D: Processes that Shape the Earth

Benchmark SC.D. SC.D. SC.D. SC.D.1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 2.4.1

Test QuestionsPretest 37 19 15 32

Posttest 39 21 16 34

Need Practice?Practice Pages 33 33–34 35–36 36–37

Strand E: Earth and Space

Benchmark SC.E. SC.E. SC.E. SC.E.1.4.1 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3

Test QuestionsPretest 7 3 39 16

Posttest 8 3 42 17

Need Practice?Practice Pages 38 39 39 39

Strand F: Processes of Life

Benchmark SC.F. SC.F. SC.F. SC.F. SC.F. SC.F.1.4.1 1.4.4 1.4.7 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3

Test QuestionsPretest 17 8 28 14 2

Posttest 14 9 30 48 15 2

Need Practice?Practice Pages 40–41 42 42 43 43 44–45

xii Mastering the FCAT, Grade 10

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Strand H: The Nature of Science

Benchmark SC.H. SC.H. SC.H. SC.H. SC.H. SC.H. SC.H. SC.H. SC.H.1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.4 1.4.5 1.4.7 2.4.1 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3

Test Questions

Pretest10 25 12 1 22 35

34

Posttest11 29 13 1 50 24 51 37

36

Need Practice?Practice Pages 51 52 52 52 52 53 54 54 54–55

Strand G: How Living Things Interact with Their Environment

Benchmark SC.G. SC.G. SC.G. SC.G. SC.G. SC.G.1.4.1 1.4.3 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.6

Test Questions

Pretest9 27 18 40

33

Posttest10 28 20 43 4935

Need Practice?Practice Pages 51–53 53 54 54–55 56 56

Mastering the FCAT, Grade 10 xiii

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How to Complete the Response Grids

Science test questions that have the gridded response symbol require you to fill in the grid to the right of the question. Sometimes there is more than one way to complete the response grid. In this section, you will learn the different ways the grids can be filled in.

Parts of a Response GridResponse grids have the following:

Directions1. Read the question and work the problem. For gridded response questions, your answer will

always be a number.

2. Once you have your answer, write it in the answer boxes.

• Write your answer with the first digit in the left box OR with the last digit in the right box.

• Use only one digit or symbol in each box. Do NOT leave a blank answer box in the middle of an answer.

• If your answer is a decimal or fraction, be sure to include the decimal point or thefraction bar in the correct answer box.

Answer boxes

Fraction barDecimal point

Number bubbles

xiv Mastering the FCAT, Grade 10

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3. Under each answer box, fill in the correct bubble for the number you wrote.

• Fill in one bubble for each answer box. Do NOT fill in a bubble under an unused answer box.

• Each bubble must be filled in completely.

• You MUST correctly fill in the bubbles for your answer in order to receive credit.

Examples

Whole Number

95 15

Decimal

Show the decimal equivalent of 8__100.

0 0 8.

OR

0 0 8.

80 8 0

OR

Mastering the FCAT, Grade 10 xv

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Fraction

NOTE: You cannot have a mixed number as an answer. If you have a mixed number, you must convert your answer to an improper fraction or a decimal number. For example, if you fill in 171_

2 , it would be read as 171__2

. This is not a correctanswer, and you will not receive credit.

171_2

171_2 3 5 / 2

OR

CORRECT

1 7 . 5

1 1 /7 2INCORRECT

xvi Mastering the FCAT, Grade 10

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Decimal or Fraction

Many answers may be shown as either a decimal or a fraction.

. 1 7 5

OR OR

/7 4 0

OR

7 / 04. 1 7 5

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Mastering the FCAT, Grade 10 xvii

Taking the FCAT Science Test

Hints for Taking the FCAT Science Test There are four kinds of questions on the FCAT Science Test. These are:

multiple choice, gridded response, short response, and extended response.Learn how to recognize and answer these different types of questions.

Read each question and answer choice carefully.

Make sure that when choosing an answer choice, your answer is the one thatis correct.

If you come to a question that seems too difficult, move on to the next question. You can come back to the question later.

When answering multiple choice and gridded response questions, make sureyou have completely and correctly filled in the bubbles. Avoid any straymarks, and if you accidentally make one, be sure to erase it.

After answering a question, double-check to make sure that your answerchoice answers the question.

Get a good night’s sleep the night before test day. On test day, just relax anddo your best.

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xviii Mastering the FCAT, Grade 10

How to Answer "Read, Inquire, Explain" QuestionsYou can receive full or partial credit for your answers to short response and extendedresponse questions. Even if you do not feel that you can find the complete answerfor these types of questions, you should write as much as you can and show all yourwork. This way, you may receive credit for a portion that is correct.

When you see this symbol next to a question, it signals a short responsequestion. For these types of questions, you should use about five minutes to write your answers.

You will receive 2 points for an answer that is completely correct and 1 pointfor an answer that is partially correct.

When you see this symbol next to a question, it signals an extended responsequestion. The answers for these questions will be longer than those for shortresponse. You will see questions with a Part A and a Part B. You should useabout 10–15 minutes to answer extended response questions.

You will receive 4 points for an answer that is completely correct and 1, 2, or 3 points for an answer that is partially correct.

When you see this symbol next to a question, it signals a gridded responsequestion. For this type of question you will need to fill in a grid. There ismore than one correct way to record your answer on the grid. You MUSTwrite your numerical answer in the answer boxes and then fill in the correctbubbles for all of the digits and symbols.

You will receive 1 point for a correct answer. There are no partial points for incomplete gridded response questions.

FCAT Question Symbols

Mastering the FCAT, Grade 10 xix

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FCAT Science Reference Sheet

Equations

Acceleration (_a)

_a

Average speed (_v)

_v

Density (D) D

Percent efficiency (e) 100 %e 100

Force in newtons (F) mass (kg) acceleration (m/s2) F ma

Frequency in hertz ( f ) f

Momentum ( p) mass (kg) velocity (m/s2) p mv

Pressure (P) P

Wavelength ()

Work (W ) Force (N) distance (m) W Fd

Units of Measure

cm centimeter Hz hertz kg kilogram N newtong gram J joule (newton-meter) m meter s second

AU Astronomical Unit Distance between Earth and the Sun(approximately 150 million kilometers)

vf

velocity (m/s)frequency (Hz)

FA

Force (N)area (m2)

n of eventst

number of events (waves)time (s)

Workout

Workin

Work out (J)Work in (J)

mV

mass (g)volume (cm3)

dt

distancetime

vf vichange in velocity (m/s)

time taken for this change (s)

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xx Mastering the FCAT, Grade 10

This is a diagram of a generic calculator and its parts.

Helpful Hints for Using a Calculator on the FCAT Science Test 1. Decide if you need a calculator to solve the problem by reading the question very carefully.

2. Always clear your calculator by pressing the clear key before starting a new problem.

3. If you see an E in the display, clear the error before you begin.

4. If you see an an M in the display, clear the memory before you begin.

5. If you get an answer that does not match an answer choice or seems unreasonable, check your work and re-enter the problem into the calculator.

6. Remember to enter your problem into the calculator using the correct order of operations. The calculator will NOT do this automatically.

7. Take your time when using the calculator. Make sure you are pressing the correct keys.

8. Always check your answer and your work before writing or selecting your final answer.

Square root

Memory keys

Percent

Sign change

Clear entry

On/Clear Off

Negative sign

Memory indication

Error indication

Division

Multiplication

Subtraction

Addition

Equal sign

Decimal point

Solar cell

Display

CE

ME

MRCON/C OFF

Using a Calculator

Mastering the FCAT, Grade 10 xxi

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Per

iodi

c T

able

of t

he E

lem

ents

He

Hg

CdZn

Au

Ag

Cu

PtPdNi

TlGa

PbSnGe

Bi

SbAs

PoTeSe

At

Br

RnXeKr

Al

SiP

SC

lA

r

BC

NO

FN

e Lu Lr

Yb No

Tm Md

Er Fm

Ho Es

Dy Cf

Tb Bk

Gd

Cm

Eu Am

InI

KC

a

Na

Mg

LiB

e

H

ScTi

VC

rM

nFe

Co

Rb

SrY

ZrN

bM

oTc

Ru

Cs

Ba

LaH

fTa

WR

eO

s

FrR

aA

cR

fD

bS

gB

hH

sM

tD

sU

uu

Pr Pa

Nd U

Pm Np

Sm PuRh

Ce Th

Ir

1

Hyd

roge

n1.

1008

Si14

Silic

on28

.086

Ato

mic

Num

ber

Lant

hani

de S

erie

s

Non

met

als

Met

als

Inne

r Tra

nsiti

on M

etal

s

Tran

sitio

n M

etal

s

Gro

upR

epre

sent

ativ

e El

emen

ts

(bas

ed o

n 12 6

C

12.

0000

)

Period

3 3B

2 2A

1 1A

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

4 4B5 5B

6 6B7 7B

11

1B12

2B

13

3A14

4A

15

5A16

6A

17

7A

18

8A

9 8B8

10

Actin

ide

Serie

s

Lith

ium

6.94

1

Sodi

um22

.990

Pota

ssiu

m39

.098

Rub

idiu

m85

.468

Stro

ntiu

m87

.62

Yttri

um88

.906

Zirc

oniu

m91

.22

Nio

bium

92.9

06R

uthe

nium

101.

07R

hodi

um10

2.91

Palla

dium

106.

4Si

lver

107.

87C

adm

ium

112.

41In

dium

114.

82Ti

n11

8.69

Antim

ony

121.

75Te

lluriu

m12

7.6

Iodi

ne12

6.9

Xeno

n13

1.3

Tech

netiu

m(9

7)M

olyb

denu

m95

.94

Tant

alum

180.

95

Cer

ium

140.

12C

eriu

m14

0.12

Sam

ariu

m15

0.4

Euro

pium

151.

96Pr

omet

hium

(145

)G

adol

iniu

m15

7.25

Terb

idiu

m15

8.93

Hol

miu

m16

4.93

Erbi

um16

7.26

Thul

ium

168.

93Yt

terb

ium

173.

04Lu

tetiu

m17

4.97

Lawr

enciu

m(2

60)

Nob

ilium

(259

)Fe

rmiu

m(2

57)

Califo

rniu

m(2

51)

Berk

eliu

m(2

47)

Cur

ium

(247

)Am

eric

ium

(243

)Pl

uton

ium

(244

)N

eptu

nium

237.

05U

rani

um23

8.03

Thor

ium

232.

04Pr

otac

tiniu

m23

8.03

Eins

tein

ium

(254

)M

ende

lvium

(258

)

Dysp

rosiu

m15

8.93

Neod

ymiu

m14

4.24

Tung

sten

183.

85R

heni

um18

6.21

Osm

ium

190.

20Iri

dium

192.

22Pl

atin

um19

5.09

Gol

d19

6.97

Mer

cury

200.

59Th

aliu

m20

4.37

Lead

207.

2Bi

smut

h20

8.98

Polo

nium

(209

)As

tatin

e(2

10)

Rad

on(2

22)

Haf

nium

178.

49La

ntha

num

138.

91Ba

rium

137.

33C

essi

um13

2.91

Fran

cium

(223

)R

adiu

m22

6.03

Actin

ium

(227

)Da

rmst

adtiu

m(2

81)

Unun

uniu

m(2

72)

Unun

quad

ium(2

89)

Unu

nbiu

m(2

85)

Ruth

erfo

rdium

(261

)D

ubni

um(2

62)

Seab

orgi

um(2

63)

Bohr

ium

(262

)H

assi

um(2

65)

Mei

tner

ium

(266

)

Cal

cium

40.0

8Sc

andi

um44

.956

Tita

nium

47.9

0Va

nadi

um50

.941

Chr

omiu

m51

.996

Man

gane

se54

.938

Iron

55.8

47C

obal

t58

.933

Nic

kel

58.7

1C

oppe

r63

.546

Zinc

65.3

8G

alliu

m69

.72

Alum

iniu

m26

.982

Boro

n10

.81

Car

bon

12.0

11N

itrog

en14

.007

Oxy

gen

15.9

99Fl

orin

e18

.998

Neo

n20

.179

Hel

ium

4.00

26

Silic

on28

.086

Phos

phor

us30

.974

Sulfu

r32

.06

Chlo

rine

35.4

53Ar

gon

39.9

48

Ger

man

ium

72.5

9Ar

seni

c74

.922

Sele

nium

78.9

6Br

omin

e79

.904

Kryp

ton

83.8

0

Mag

nesi

um24

.305

Bery

llium

9.01

22

2

34

109

87

65

1112

1817

1615

1413

1920

3635

3433

3231

3029

2827

2625

2423

2221

3738

5453

5251

5049

4847

4645

4443

4241

4039

5556

8685

8483

8281

8079

7877

7675

7473

7257

8788

114

111

Uub

Uuq

112

110

109

108

107

106

105

104

89

5859

7170

6968

6766

6564

6362

6160

9091

103

102

101

100

9998

9796

9594

9392

Sym

bol

Nam

eA

tom

ic M

ass

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Mastering the FCAT, Grade 10 1

Pretest

Name: ____________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ______________

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A B C D3

F G H I2

A B C D1In the 1900s, Alfred Wegener theorized that continents drift apart fromone another and did so in the past. At first, scientists dismissed Wegener.Which of the following helps prove the continental drift theory?A. Geologists measure the width of the Atlantic Ocean.B. Satellite images show Earth’s lithosphere as a single plate.C. Scientists realize that volcanoes occur on the edges of tectonic plates.D. Fossils of the same species are found on the coast of South America

and Africa.

Amanda wanted to breed an Aster plant that only produced pink flowers.She continually bred pink-flower Aster plants together over six generations.The results of Amanda’s selective breeding are shown below. What did theselective breeding do to the population of Aster plants?

F. The diversity of the selectively bred plants increased.G. The diversity of the selectively bred plants decreased.H. Speciation occurred within the selectively bred plants.I. The selectively bred plants adapted to their environment.

The developmental stages of three types of stars are based on mass. Stars that have the approximate mass of the Sun are said to have onestellar mass. Stars that have two to three stellar masses develop intoneutron stars. Into what do stars with five to six stellar masses develop?

A. black holesB. nebulasC. supergiantsD. white dwarfs

3

GenerationNumber of Number of

pink flowers red flowers

1 3 47

2 11 39

3 24 26

4 37 13

5 41 9

6 50 0

2

1

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2 Mastering the FCAT, Grade 10

Pretest

During a reaction, chemical bonds break apart as they absorb energy.Energy is released or absorbed in the overall reaction depending on the relative energy levels of the reactant and the product. Exothermicreactions release energy, while endothermic reactions absorb energy. What type of reaction occurred in the graph below?

F. No chemical reaction occurred. G. An exothermic reaction occurred.H. An endothermic reaction occurred.I. Both endothermic and exothermic reactions occurred.

A substance’s malleability is directly related to the kinds of bonds withinand between the substance’s molecules. Which of the following chemicalbonds makes a substance the most malleable?

A. covalentB. ionicC. metallicD. nucleic

5

Activationenergy

Heat ofreaction

(CO2 + H2O)

(Methane + O2)

Chemical Reaction Diagram

4

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A B C D5

F G H I4

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Name: ____________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ______________

Go on

The table blow shows the frequency of electromagnetic waves. Using thedata and the speed of light (3 108 meters per second), calculate themaximum wavelength of ultraviolet radiation to the nearest nanometer.

Which of the following does NOT have any effect on Earth’s tides?

F. EarthG. the MoonH. the SunI. Venus

During cellular respiration, cells make adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bybreaking down organic compounds. If cellular respiration is 40 percentefficient at extracting energy from glucose, what happens to the remainingenergy?

A. It is destroyed inside the cell.B. It is lost into the environment as heat.C. It is used by the cell in a later reaction.D. It remains inside the glucose molecule.

8

7

Type of FrequencyElectromagnetic Wave (hertz)

Radio wave 103 to 1010

Infrared 1010 to 1014

Visible light 1014

Ultraviolet radiation 1014 to 1016

X rays 1016 to 1019

Gamma rays 1019 to 1024

6

A B C D8

F G H I7

6

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Pretest

All organisms get food energy from their environment. When a sharkconsumes food, the remora fish collects the foods scraps by swimmingunderneath the shark. What type of relationship is demonstrated by theshark and remora fish?

F. commensalismG. mutualismH. neutralismI. parasitism

A scientific study on energy drinks finds that they contain a substancethat may affect phospholipids, which make up cell membranes. Aconsumer report about the study stated that people should not drink the product because it will damage their cells, but did not mentionspecific study results.

Part A Is the consumer group’s conclusion accurate?

Part B What should be the next step in the scientific study?

10

9

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F G H I9

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Name: ____________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ______________

Go on

The diagram shows two different solutions. If Molecule 1 collides withMolecule 2, a reaction occurs. While other conditions, such as temperature,remain the same, Solution B has twice the amount of Molecule 1 and 2than Solution A. Explain how this different concentration will affect thereaction rate and by how much.

A dairy farm hires some scientists to study the effects of milkconsumption on weight loss. The scientists find that milk consumption facilitates weight loss in humans. Why should other research groups testthese results?

A. The dairy farm scientists may have a bias.B. The dairy farm scientists’ hypothesis is wrong.C. All dairy products contain a high percentage of fat.D. Dairy products are not traditionally associated with dieting.

12

Solution A

Molecule 1

Solution B

Molecule 2

= possible reactions

11

A B C D12

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Pretest

A sodium (Na) atom contains 11 protons and 11 electrons. What willhappen to the sodium atom below if it loses one of its electrons?

F. A neon (Ne) atom will form.G. A positive ion of sodium will form. H. A negative ion of sodium will form. I. A magnesium (Mg) atom will form.

Cells synthesize proteins, which are necessary for life processes to takeplace. The first stage of synthesizing a protein is transcription. During this stage, mRNA is formed. What stage occurs after transcription?

A. cytokinesis B. mitosisC. restructuringD. translation

Ann excavates a 30 meter (m) trench and finds four different types offossils in three layers. Layer 1 had fossils of aquatic animals, shells andland animals. Layers 2 and 3 only had land animal fossils. What explainsthe change in fossils from layer 1?

F. A glacier created a valley, changing habitats in the area. G. A new weather pattern brought in new species to the area.H. Flooding brought in many new species, and then dried up.I. A volcano erupted, killing many species except land animals.

15

14

Na

Sodium Atom

13

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F G H I15

A B C D14

F G H I13

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The table below shows the distance of the planets from the Sun inastronomical units. An astronomical unit is approximately equal to 150 million kilometers. How many millions of kilometers is Jupiter from the Sun?

During photosynthesis, plant cells take in carbon dioxide (CO2) andproduce glucose. Oxygen (O2) is released in the process. How is thisdifferent from cellular respiration?

A. In cellular respiration, cells use glucose to break down O2 and releaseCO2, ATP, and H2O.

B. In cellular respiration, cells use O2 to break down glucose and releaseCO2, H2O, and ATP.

C. In cellular respiration, cells use ATP to break down O2 and releaseCO2, H2O, and ADP.

D. In cellular respiration, cells use ADP and water (H2O) to break downglucose and release O2.

Fossil fuels come from the remains of organisms that lived millions ofyears ago. Petroleum and natural gas are from marine organisms. What iscoal derived from?

F. chemoautotrophs G. consumersH. decomposersI. producers

18

17

PlanetDistance from the Sun in Astronomical Units

Mercury 0.39

Venus 0.72

Earth 1.00

Mars 1.52

Jupiter 5.20

Saturn 9.54

Uranus 19.19

Neptune 30.06

Pluto 39.53

16

F G H I18

A B C D17

16

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The Hawaiian Islands are a chain of volcanic mountains in the PacificOcean. The youngest of the islands, Kilauea, rests over a hot spot, or aplace on Earth’s surface that is directly above a column of rising magmacalled a mantle plume.

Part A Describe how a volcano on the ocean floor can form an island.

Part B Use the continental drift theory to explain the formation of theHawaiian Islands.

Based on the illustration, which substance’s molecules have the mostkinetic energy?

A. Beaker A C. Beaker CB. Beaker B D. Beaker D

–10°C

A B C D

Kinetic Energy of Substances

–20°C 30°C 10°C

20

19

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A B C D20

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Name: ____________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ______________

Go on

Gravity is directly related to an object’s mass. The diagram below showsballs placed at different heights above the surface of Earth and the Moon.All of the balls have the same mass. Which ball will experience thegreatest gravitational force?

F. Ball 1 H. Ball 3G. Ball 2 I. Ball 4

The astronomer Galileo discovered that all objects in a vacuum fall at the same rate despite their different masses. He also observed that someobjects fall at different rates in Earth’s atmosphere. What force changesthe rate of fall in Earth’s atmosphere?

A. air resistanceB. centrifugal force C. Earth’s magnetismD. gravitational force

A scientist is using radiometric dating to determine the ages of four rocksamples. The ratios below compare the amount of parent isotopes to theamount of daughter isotopes. Which of the rock samples below is theoldest?

F. Rock A H. Rock CG. Rock B I. Rock D

Rock A1:1

Rock B1:4

Rock C1:16

Rock D1:32

Radiometric Dating

23

22

Ball 0.5 km above Earth's surface

Ball 1 km above Earth's surface

Ball 0.5 km aboveMoon's surface

Ball 1 km above Moon's surface

1 2 3 4

21

F G H I23

A B C D22

F G H I21

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Pretest

Car A and B are on the same highway. Car A is traveling north at 80 kilometers per hour (km/h), and car B is traveling south at 60 km/h.How fast, in km/h, is car B moving south relative to car A?

Erwin Chargaff observed that in a DNA strand, the amount of thymine is always equal to adenine, and the amount of guanine is always equal tocytosine. What do Chargaff’s observations reveal about DNA?

A. DNA bases attach in pairs.B. DNA is the molecule of inheritance.C. DNA molecules form a double helix.D. DNA is composed of four nucleotides.

Heterotrophs consume food to obtain energy for biological processes.During exercise, the chemical energy in food is transformed into whatother forms of energy?

F. potential and electrical energy G. electromagnetic and heat energyH. mechanical, kinetic, and heat energyI. potential, electromagnetic, and heat energy

Once an organism dies, how do its carbon atoms return to the environment?

A. Transpiration releases carbon atoms into the soil.B. Decomposers break down the organism’s molecules. C. Respiration releases carbon atoms into the atmosphere. D. The organism is compressed and converted into fossil fuel.

27

26

25

Car A: 80 km/h north

Car B: 60 km/h south

24

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A B C D27

F G H I26

A B C D25

24

Name: ____________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ______________

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Name: ____________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ______________

Go on

Sweat glands and blood vessels are inside the skin. When the body heatsup, the sweat glands begin to secrete sweat. What causes the sweat glandsto do this?

F. The sweat glands act on reflex to the higher external temperatures.G. Receptors in the skin signal the brain, which signals the sweat glands.H. The blood vessels in the skin dilate and push more sweat out of the

sweat glands.I. The muscles in the skin contract due to the heat, which squeezes the

sweat glands.

For every 100 units of energy produced at a power plant, at least 10 percentis lost while being transported from the power plant. How is this energylost?

A. cold air cools the power lines C. friction slows the kinetic energyB. power lines absorb the energy D. energy is lost in the form of heat

Elements such as beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca) are in Earth’s crust. Since they are highly reactive, they are rarely found as elements. Based on their electron configuration, determine the type of bond these elements will form.

F. ionic bonds by losing two electronsG. ionic bonds by gaining two electrons H. covalent bonds by losing one electronI. covalent bonds by gaining three electrons

A rock with a mass of 10 kilograms (kg) experiences 100 Newtons (N) of gravitational force in free fall. What would be the mass, in kg, of a rockthat experiences 220 N of gravitational force (Fgrav) in free fall?

A. 2.2 kg C. 22 kgB. 4.5 kg D. 220 kg

Fgrav = 100N

mass = 10 kg

31

30

29

28

A B C D31

F G H I30

A B C D29

F G H I28

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Pretest

A road is built through a swamp, dividing it into two separate areas. Whatis one effect of the division on the swamp ecosystem?

F. Increased carbon dioxide from cars will increase photosynthesis rates.G. A division creates a new edge that will be the source of increased

biodiversity.H. The division diminishes the ecosystem by only a few acres, so it will

not have much effect. I. The division creates a barrier, reducing the ecosystem’s available

resources and breeding possibilities.

How are bacteria important to the nitrogen cycle?

A. They remove pollution from the soil and make amino acids.B. They convert organic waste into forms useable by heterotrophs.C. They fix atmospheric nitrogen, making it useable for photosynthesis.D. They convert organic waste into forms useable by primary producers.

Geologists use tools like the seismograph to measure the intensity of anearthquake. They have very few tools to predict when and where anearthquake will occur. Because they cannot control an earthquake’sconditions for study purposes, what is one way geologists can increasetheir knowledge about future earthquakes?

F. They can purchase more sophisticated seismographs.G. They can test new hypotheses at the beginning of an earthquake.H. They can look for natural patterns to help them predict future activity.I. They can interfere with the seismic activity before an earthquake

reaches full power.

34

The Nitrogen Cycle

Bacteria

33

32

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F G H I34

A B C D33

F G H I32

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Name: ____________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ______________

Go on

Quantum mechanics is a branch of physics that describes the universe onthe atomic and subatomic scale. Which of the following was developedbased upon this scientific knowledge?

A. digital televisionB. high-frequency radioC. telescopeD. X-ray imagery

The graph below shows the internal energy of water as it changes from asolid to a liquid to a gas. Which part of the graph shows the greatestrelative increase in the internal energy of water?

F. melting of the ice G. warming of the ice H. warming of the waterI. boiling of water to steam

Phase Changes of Water

Heat (calories)

Tem

per

atu

re(d

egre

es C

elsi

us)

100–20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Warming of the water

Boiling of water to steam

Melting of the ice

Warming of the ice

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35

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Pretest

The diagram below shows Earth’s position relative to the Sun during theend of December. Discuss how Earth’s position and axis in the diagramaffects the climates of the hemispheres.

A car accelerates from an initial velocity of 10 meters per second squared(m/s2) to 36 m/s2 in 4 seconds. Using the table, calculate the averageacceleration in meters per second squared.

Seconds Velocity (m/s2 )

1 10

2 16

3 24

4 36

38

Equator

Southern

Earth Sun

Northern

37

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Pretest

Name: ____________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ______________

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Andromeda is the closest galaxy to the Milky Way and has almost twicethe number of stars. The galaxy can be seen as a fuzzy patch by theunaided eye. Why is it impossible to make out the individual stars of thegalaxy without aid?

A. The speed of light decreases with vast distances.B. The distance between Earth and Andromeda is too vast. C. The energy of the Sun interferes with the light from the Andromeda

galaxy.D. The gravitational pull between Earth and Andromeda reduces the

volume of light.

The red fire ant was introduced to the southern United States fromwestern Brazil. Since the ant has no natural predators in the U.S.,scientists are working to control the spread of the population. They arecurrently considering bringing its natural predator, the phorid fly, intothe areas with high populations of the ant.

Part A How does the red fire ant alter the ecosystems where it isintroduced?

Part B What are possible consequences of introducing the phorid fly tothe United States in order to control the red fire ant population?

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39 A B C D39

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Benchmark Practice

Of the following, which element has the highest electro-negativity?SC.A.1.4.1A. carbon (C)B. fluorine (F)C. nitrogen (N)D. oxygen (O)

A sodium (Na) atom has one electron in its outer shell. Which of thefollowing elements would react with sodium to make a stable compound?SC.A.1.4.1F. argon (Ar)G. chlorine (Cl)H. phosphorus (P)I. sulfur (S)

The atomic number of iron (Fe) is 26. How many electrons does an ironatom have in its outer shell? SC.A.1.4.1

3

2

1

3

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Benchmark Practice

In the balanced chemical equation below, what kind of bond existsbetween the magnesium (Mg) and oxygen (O) atoms? SC.A.1.4.2

A. covalent B. diatomicC. ionicD. metallic

Below is a phase diagram from an unknown substance. What is the termused to describe the phase change from C to A in the diagram?SC.A.1.4.3

F. condensation G. deposition H. evaporationI. sublimation

What do chemists call the point on a phase diagram at which a substance can be a solid, a liquid, or a gas? SC.A.1.4.3A. boiling point B. critical pointC. melting pointD. triple point

6

30

61

300

Temperature (Celsius)

Phase Change

Pre

ssu

re

(atm

osp

her

es)

–15

C B

A

–105 0 50 200 Tc

Pc

5

Mg2 O2– MgO

4

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Benchmark Practice

Which of the following will NOT affect the rate of reaction between two compounds? SC.A.1.4.4F. concentrationG. pressureH. temperatureI. volume

A catalyst is used to increase the reaction rate of a chemical process. How is a catalyst consumed during a reaction? SC.A.1.4.4A. It becomes a product of the reaction. B. It becomes a reactant of the reaction.C. It becomes a by-product of the reaction.D. Catalysts are not consumed during reactions.

As a reaction’s temperature increases, enzyme activity doubles every 10 degrees. If the rate of activity at 10ºC is one, what would the enzymaticreaction rate be if the temperature were raised to 70ºC? SC.A.1.4.4

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8

7

9

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Benchmark Practice

During a chemical reaction, a catalyst can reduce the amount of energyneeded to complete the reaction. The graph below shows a reaction rate.Describe what will happen when a catalyst is added. SC.A.1.4.4

The energy required to start a reaction, called activation energy, is likehitting a volleyball so that it will reach the other side of the net and landon the ground. Explain how this statement is true. SC.A.1.4.4

11

Reactants

Reaction rate

Po

ten

tial e

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Products

10

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Benchmark Practice

The element americium (Am) has an atomic mass of 243, but is mostcommonly found as an isotope of Americium-241 (241Am). This 241Am isotope still has the atomic number of 95. Which of the following changes are due to the change in atomic mass? S.C.A.2.4.1F. number of electronsG. number of neutrinosH. number of neutronsI. number of protons

Using the information below, how many neutrons does an atom of theelement gold (Au) have? S.C.A.2.4.1

The chemical formula for nitroglycerin is shown below. Which of thefollowing terms describes nitroglycerin? S.C.A.2.4.2

A. atomB. compoundC. elementD. ion

C3H5(NO3)3

14

79

AuGold

196.967

13

12

A B C D14

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Benchmark Practice

The table below represents several elements that have the same valence.To which of the following groups do these elements belong? S.C.A.2.4.5

Elements in the Same Group

F. alkali metals G. alkaline earth metalsH. halogensI. noble gases

Which of the following elements is NOT in the same group asphosphorus (P)? S.C.A.2.4.5A. antimony (Sb)B. arsenic (As)C. nitrogen (N)D. oxygen (O)

A group of elements are highly inactive and are used by chemists because of their chemical stability. Most are found in pure form. They are commonly used in lightbulbs, weather balloons, and in the preventionof oxidation in welding. In which of the following groups are theseelements found? S.C.A.2.4.5F. alkali metals G. alkaline earth metals H. halogensI. noble gases

17

16

Element Valence

fluorine 1

chlorine 1

bromine 1

iodine 1

astatine 1

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Benchmark Practice

The following is a chart of waves in the electromagnetic spectrum.

Electromagnetic Spectrum

If the speed of these waves is 300 000 000 meters per second, what is trueabout the wavelengths of the waves reading from the top of the chart tothe bottom? S.C.A.2.4.6A. the wavelength decreases by a factor of 105

B. the wavelength decreases by a factor of 1015

C. the wavelength increases by a factor of 105

D. the wavelength increases by a factor of 1015

The movement of an electric charge generates an electric field. Theelectric field then generates a magnetic field at a right angle to the electricfield. These perpendicular waves, shown below, travel through.

Which of the following is NOT an example of this type of wave?S.C.A.2.4.6F. infrared wave H. sound waveG. radio wave I. X ray

Electric field strength

Magnetic field strength

19

Electromagnetic FrequencyWaves (in Hertz)

Radio waves 104 to 108

Microwaves 108 to 1012

Infrared 1012 to 1014

Visible light Between 1014 and 1015

Ultraviolet 1017 and 1019

X rays 1017 to 1019

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Benchmark Practice

A pendulum bob swings back and forth in an arc. Which of the followingdescribes the energy conversion process as the pendulum moves from leftto right? SC.B.1.4.1A. kinetic energy to chemical energy to potential energy B. kinetic energy to potential energy back to kinetic energyC. potential energy to kinetic energy back to potential energyD. potential energy to kinetic energy to electromagnetic energy

A ball begins to roll down a hill with 1000 joules of stored energy. Howmany joules of that energy will be transformed into kinetic energy when itreaches the bottom of the hill if friction is not a factor? SC.B.1.4.1

Explain, in terms of energy, why plant life is necessary in a forest foodchain. SC.B.1.4.1

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20

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Strand B: Energy

Benchmark Practice

The melting point and boiling point of several substances are shownbelow.

Which of the following substances is a solid at a room temperature of 20°C? SC.B.1.4.3F. argonG. bromineH. mercuryI. sodium

Ice water melts to form liquid water. The water spreads out to match theshape of its container. After heating on the stove, the water begins to boiland change into steam. Which of the following statements is true aboutthis process? SC.B.1.4.3A. The average kinetic energy of the water molecules decreases as time

passes.B. The average kinetic energy of the water molecules increases as time

passes.C. The average kinetic energy of the water molecules does not change as

time passes.D. The average kinetic energy of the water molecules increases and then

decreases as time passes.

24

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Substance Melting Point Boiling Point

Argon 189°C 186°C

Bromine 7°C 58°C

Sodium 98°C 890°C

Mercury 39°C 357°C

Melting and Boiling Points of Substances

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Benchmark Practice

The graph below shows lauric acid changing from solid to liquid and backto solid.

In degrees Celsius, what is the melting point of lauric acid? SC.B.1.4.3

An oscillating electric charge creates an electromagnetic wave. As timepasses, the charge’s oscillations increase, changing the frequency of thewave it propagates and creating different types of waves. Which of thefollowing sequences is possible in the scenario? SC.B.1.4.4F. infrared waves, radio waves, X rays, visible lightG. X rays, visible light, infrared waves, radio wavesH. radio waves, visible light, infrared waves, X raysI. radio waves, infrared waves, visible light, X rays

Military forces use special eyewear to detect infrared waves. With thisspecial gear, the military personnel can determine the position of a personthey would not be able to see without the goggles. What kind of energy do the goggles detect? SC.B.1.4.4A. chemical energy B. electromagnetic energyC. gravitational energyD. nuclear energy

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Liquid

Solid Solid

Lauric Acid State Change over Time

50403020100

Time (seconds)

Tem

per

atu

re(d

egre

es C

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Strand B: Energy

Benchmark Practice

Shelly adjusts the frequency of her radio to 97.3 megahertz or 97 300 000hertz.

The speed of light is 300 000 000 meters per second. What is thewavelength, in meters, of the radio waves Shelly’s radio is detecting?(answer in three significant digits) SC.B.1.4.4

The efficiency of a machine is determined by dividing the amount of workit does (in joules) by the amount of energy it consumes (in joules) andmultiplying by 100 percent. Why can a machine NOT have 100 percentefficiency? SC.B.1.4.7F. because the fuel of the machine is not 100 percent efficient G. because the person using the machine cannot produce enough workH. because some of the energy is converted to unusable forms of energyI. because the work done by the machine is always greater than the energy

that is put into it

Richard Feynman proposed the perpetual motion machine below.

He said the gas molecules in the box would eventually bounce off one side ofthe shaft fins enough to make it spin. However, the design did not produce theperpetual motion he wanted. Why did the design not do this? SC.B.1.4.7A. The gas has a low average kinetic energy and would not turn the shaft. B. The gas would give all its energy to the shaft fins and become a liquid.C. The cog is too heavy for the machine to constantly continue motion in

one direction. D. The ratchet would heat up, making it impossible for the converted

energy to change back to a useful form.

Ratchet

CogFins fitted

on a round shaft

Box filled with gasShaft isfree torotate

30

29

97.3

28

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Benchmark Practice

Two construction workers use a pulley system to lift a large weight. Theymust provide 20 000 joules to lift the 1700 newton weight up 13 meters.What is the percent efficiency of the pulley system? SC.B.1.4.7

The Moon, which receives almost an equal amount of solar energy persquare meter of surface, is about –20º Celsius in direct sunlight. Why isthere such a temperature difference between Earth and the Moon?SC.B.2.4.1F. Earth generates heat from its core to maintain a higher temperature.G. The greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere trap the needed energy.H. The Moon is smaller and doesn’t radiate as much geothermal energy.I. Earth blocks the Moon from the Sun, causing decreasing temperatures.

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Benchmark Practice

An automobile moves at a constant speed around a circular track. In whatdirection is the car’s centripetal acceleration? SC.C.1.4.2A. The automobile accelerates in a backward direction.B. The automobile accelerates in the forward direction.C. The automobile accelerates toward the center of the track.D. The automobile moves at constant speed and therefore does not

accelerate.

The graph below shows the changes in a train’s speed over time. At whichstage is the train’s positive acceleration the greatest? SC.C.1.4.2

F. from 0 seconds to 20 secondsG. from 20 seconds to 60 secondsH. from 60 seconds to 90 secondsI. from 90 seconds to 120 seconds

A truck steadily changes velocity from 16 meters per second (m/s) to 28 m/s in 25 seconds. What is the average acceleration of the truck inmeters per second squared? SC.C.1.4.2

35

Changes in Train Speed with Time

100806040200

Time (s)

Trai

n s

pee

d(k

m/h

)

100 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

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Benchmark Practice

A satellite orbits Earth at a distance indicated by A in the figure below. If the satellite were to orbit Earth at a distance indicated by B, by howmuch would the gravitational force between the satellite and Earth change?SC.C.2.4.1

A. The force would be 4 times greater.B. The force would be 2 times greater.C. The force would be 2 times smaller.D. The force would be 4 times smaller.

The table below gives the masses of the planets and moons in our solarsystem, as well as the distances between them. Which planet and moonpair exerts the largest gravitational force on each other? SC.C.2.4.1

Mass and Distance Data for Planet-Moon Pairs

F. 1G. 2H. 3I. 4

PairPlanet mass Moon mass Distance between

(kg) (kg) Planet and Moon (km)

1 6.42 1023 9.6 1015 9.38 103

2 1.90 1027 8.9 1022 4.22 105

3 5.69 1026 1.9 1021 3.56 106

4 1.03 1026 2.0 1014 5.57 106

37

Earth Satellite

14 400 kilometers

A

B7200 kilometers

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Benchmark Practice

A 25-kilogram mass falling from a cliff on Mars experiences a force of92.7 newtons. What is the free-fall acceleration at the surface of Mars inmeters per second squared? SC.C.2.4.1

An electromagnet uses an electric current in a wire coil to create amagnetic field. What will provide a stronger magnetic field? SC.C.2.4.3A. decreasing the length of the wire B. increasing the current in the wireC. decreasing the current in the wireD. increasing the resistance of the wire

Which of the following is NOT a property of an electromagnetic field?SC.C.2.4.3F. Moving electric charges produce magnetic fields.G. Stationary electric charges produce electric fields.H. Changing magnetic fields give rise to electric fields.I. Stationary magnetic fields give rise to electric fields.

The figure below shows two coils of wire. The changing current in thefirst coil causes a change in the magnetic field that induces a changingelectric current in the second coil. Which of the following correctlydescribes how the induced current can be strengthened? SC.C.2.4.3

A. Increase the resistance of the wire in both coils.B. Decrease the number of turns of wire in each coil.C. Increase the rate at which the current in the first coil changes.D. Decrease the rate at which the current in the first coil changes.

Induced current

Current producingmagnetic field

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Benchmark Practice

A strong nuclear force holds protons and neutrons together in the atomic nucleus, yet atomic nuclei with too many protons and neutrons are unstable. Which of the following statements correctly accounts forthis? SC.C.2.4.4F. The electromagnetic force is stronger than the nuclear force.G. The weak nuclear force becomes more important for large nuclei.H. The range of the strong nuclear force is too small for large nuclei.I. The range of the electromagnetic force is too great for large nuclei.

Which of the following correctly describes the reason why lightningstrikes the ground? SC.C.2.4.5A. The electric energy is created in lightning and escapes to Earth. B. There is a difference in charge between Earth and storm clouds. C. Earth’s charge is equal to the clouds’ charge, creating huge amounts

of energy.D. The light energy collides with the heat energy from the storm,

creating lightning.

Martina stands in a wagon while holding a bucket of water. She throws the water toward the back of the wagon. Based on the figure below, whichof the following correctly describes the motion of Martina and the wagon?SC.C.2.4.6

F. The wagon and Martina remain at rest.G. The wagon and Martina move in the same direction as the water.H. The wagon remains at rest while Martina moves opposite the water.I. The wagon and Martina move in the opposite direction of the water.

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Benchmark Practice

The eruption of the Asian volcano Krakatoa in 1883 caused globaltemperatures to change and remain below normal for several years.Which of the following describes how the eruption caused thetemperature to change? SC.D.1.4.1A. The release of heat from the volcano cooled Earth’s interior.B. Steam released from the volcano turned into rain, which cooled

Earth’s surface.C. Earthquakes resulting from the eruption changed the course of

warm-water ocean currents.D. Dust and ash released from the volcano prevented solar radiation

from reaching Earth’s surface.

The Gulf Stream is a large ocean surface current that carries warm waterfrom the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea to the North AtlanticOcean. Describe how the Gulf Stream current affects the climateconditions of land areas near its path of flow. SC.D.1.4.1

Which of the following would not have an effect on the formation of thejet stream? SC.D.1.4.2F. airplane trafficG. air temperatureH. Earth’s rotationI. wind speed and strength

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Benchmark Practice

The diagram below shows the movement of two tectonic plates. Which ofthe features listed below would you find at location A? SC.D.1.4.2

A. a deep canyonB. tall mountains C. gently rolling plainsD. wide, slow-moving rivers

Tsunamis are large waves that travel through the ocean at great speedsand can cause severe damage as they rise and crash into shorelines. Howare tsunamis formed? SC.D.1.4.2

49

Location A

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(248 mya—65 mya)

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Benchmark Practice

The table below shows the eras and periods of the Phanerozoic Eon, whichbegan 544 million years ago. If a new fossil is determined to be roughly163 million years old, according to the table, at what eon, era, and perioddid this fossil originate? SC.D.1.4.3

The Phanerozoic Eon

(*mya: millions of years ago)

F. Phanerozoic, Cenozoic, TertiaryG. Phanerozoic, Mesozoic, JurassicH. Phanerozoic, Mesozoic, TriassicI. Phanerozoic, Cenozoic, Cretaceous

A number of fossils have been found in some newly exposed layers ofsedimentary rock. The placement of the fossils can be seen in the drawingbelow. Assuming that this rock has not been disturbed since its formation,which of the following statements about the fossils is true? SC.D.1.4.3

A. Fossil 3 is the oldest fossil.B. Fossil 4 was formed after fossil 1.C. Fossil 1 was formed after fossil 2.D. Fossil 2 is a direct descendant of fossil 3.

1

2

3

4

51

Eon Era Period

Phanerozoic

Cenozoic Tertiary (1.8 mya—Present Day)

(544 mya*—

(65 mya—Quaternary (65 mya—1.8 mya)

Present Day)

Present Day)

Mesozoic Cretaceous (145 mya—65 mya)

Jurassic (213 mya—145 mya)

Triassic (248 mya—213 mya)

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Benchmark Practice

Scientists use fossils to reconstruct the history of life on Earth. However,this history is incomplete because fossils of every species cannot befound. Which of the following statements explains why fossils are so rare?SC.D.1.4.3F. Fossils require very specific conditions to form.G. Most fossils are destroyed by groundwater pollution.H. Fossils form only when large amounts of water are present.I. Scientists have not yet developed the right techniques for finding

fossils.

The graph below charts the estimated population size of a certain speciesof lizard in a region of forest over several years. These estimates werebased on the number of lizard sightings in each year. Which of thefollowing recent events in the forest might explain the trend seen in thegraph? SC.D.2.4.1

A. A large number of trees were removed in 1994.B. The winter season of 1996 was unusually warm.C. A new species of predatory bird was introduced to the forest in 2000.D. The forest experienced a series of small fires in 2003.

20001750150012501000750500250

0

Year

Est

imat

ed li

zard

po

pu

latio

n

1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

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Benchmark Practice

When Australian sugar cane farmers were having a problem controllingan insect pest known as the cane beetle, they imported a species of toadnot native to the area in hopes that the toads would eat the cane beetles.Now, the number of toads has grown so rapidly that toads have becomepests. Suppose that a scientist suggests bringing in a new species ofsnake to eat the toads. Explain why this idea might not be a goodsolution. SC.D.2.4.1

Scientists are studying a rain forest ecosystem by keeping track of thenumber of organisms that live there. Due to the practice of slash-and-burn farming, sections of the rain forest are being destroyed, while olderbarren areas are being replanted. Starting with its effect on the treepopulation, how would this process affect the populations of organismsthat live in the rain forest? Use at least two more examples. SC.D.2.4.1

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Benchmark Practice

Name: ____________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ______________


In the solar system, all of the planets do which of the following in thesame direction? SC.E.1.4.1F. rotateG. face the SunH. orbit the SunI. tilt on their axis

During which phase of the Moon shown below can a solar eclipse occur?SC.E.1.4.1

A. full moonB. new moonC. first quarter moonD. any phase of the moon

Water is necessary for the development of life. Satellites and interplanetarymissions have shown that Earth is not the only body in the solar systemwith water. However, life seems to exist only on Earth. What conditionson Earth favor the development of life and how is it associated withwater? SC.E.1.4.1

58

Full moon 1st quarter New moon

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Benchmark Practice

Name: ____________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ______________

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During the Sun’s life cycle, it will eventually become what kind of star?SC.E.2.4.1F. black holeG. neutron starH. pulsarI. red giant

Our solar system is part of the Milky Way Galaxy. Which of the followingcorrectly describes the Milky Way? SC.E.2.4.2A. elliptical galaxy B. globular clusterC. planetary nebulaD. spiral galaxy

Because the stars Castor and Pollux are in the constellation Gemini, they appear in the same region when seen from Earth, but they are not the same distance from Earth. Castor, a binary star, is 52 light-years from Earth while Pollux is 34 light-years away.

If one of the stars in Castor’s system exploded as a supernova, how many years would it take for the explosion be seen from a planet orbitingPollux? SC.E.2.4.3

Sun

Wolf

Ross

Castor

Sun

PolluxAlphaCentauriAlphaCentauri

Wolf

Ross

Castor

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Benchmark Practice

Cellular respiration includes three reaction systems: glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and the electron transport chain. The three reactions useglucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2) to produce carbon dioxide (CO2),water (H2O), and energy in the form of ATP. Which choice illustrates this process? SC.F.1.4.1F. CO2 6H2O 6CO2 6H2O (ATP)G. C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O (ATP)H. C6H12O6 6CO2 6CO2 6H2O (ATP)I. C6H12O6 6H2O 6CO2 6CO2 6H2O (ATP)

Water is not an organic compound. Which of the following explains whywater is not an organic compound? SC.F.1.4.1A. Water does not contain carbon. B. Water contains hydrogen atoms.C. Water can dissolve ionic compounds.D. Water molecules contain a small number of atoms.

Proteins are chains of amino acids bonded together. Which of thefollowing is the correct sequence for creating protein? SC.F.1.4.1F. Information in DNA is formed into protein directly. G. Information in RNA uses thermal energy to create protein.H. Information in RNA mutates into DNA, then it is made into protein.I. Information in DNA is transferred into RNA, then made into protein.

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Benchmark Practice

One of the roles of proteins is to act as catalysts. There are numerouskinds of protein catalysts in one organism. Why are there so many kindsof protein catalysts? Give an example of a protein and its function.SC.F.1.4.1

Immobilization of muscles, from bed rest or loss of neural stimulation,results in muscle atrophy. Briefly describe muscle atrophy and itsconsequences. SC.F.1.4.1

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Benchmark Practice

What is the term used to describe the body’s regulation of its internalenvironment? SC.F.1.4.4A. glucose stasis B. homeostasisC. negative feedbackD. physiological control

Neurons send electric impulses to other parts of the body whenresponding to stimuli. Which of the following would send an electricimpulse to your brain if you touch a hot pan with your hand? SC.F.1.4.7F. interneurons G. motor neuronsH. sensory neuronsI. systematic neurons

Maria is testing a plant’s response to environmental stimuli by measuringits root growth. She plants it in a pot and waters it daily on the edges of the pot, away from the plant. She then measures the angle from thehorizontal and length of the root growth. Based on her results, what was the plant’s strongest response to the stimuli? SC.F.1.4.7

A. geotropism B. hydrotropism C. phototropism D. thigmotropism

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Number of days Root growth Angle of root growth(centimeters)

1 1 30° angle

2 2.3 45° angle

3 4 Vertical

4 6 Vertical

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Benchmark Practice

Asexual reproduction is a method of reproduction that requires no sexcells. From the selections below, choose a method that is NOT an exampleof asexual reproduction. SC.F.2.4.1F. the process of pollination of angiospermsG. growing a host culture in a glass containerH. a small daughter bud that falls from a large mother budI. cells that originate from one host and divide into equal halves

What is a possible benefit of asexual reproduction? SC.F.2.4.1A. variety among offspringB. an increase in disease resistance C. production of larger numbers of offspring D. offspring with superior traits of the parent

What is the relationship between the three structures in the diagrambelow? SC.F.2.4.2

F. Within the cell, the DNA determines the protein sequence.G. DNA is produced by protein, which is produced in the cell.H. Protein is composed of DNA, which is produced in the cell.I. DNA controls the production of cells from the code in the protein.

Protein

Cell

DNA

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Benchmark Practice

What process is responsible for the origin of antibiotic-resistant bacteria?SC.F.2.4.3A. The body becomes immune to the antibiotic.B. The antibiotic causes mutations for resistance.C. The antibiotic strengthens the bacteria until the bacteria develop

resistance.D. The antibiotic selects individual bacteria that already have genes for

resistance.

A certain type of orchid has developed an intricate flower that resemblesthe bumblebee. Which of the following describes this adaptation?SC.F.2.4.3F. adaptation of mutation G. adaptation of structure over timeH. adaptation of necessary food supplyI. adaptation of predator-prey relationship

Two plant species found in a hot, wet region of the Brazilian jungle havegreatly different adaptations for survival. Species A has very thick stems,rarely blooms, and is rarely found. Species B has a long, thin stem, isconstantly in bloom, and is very abundant. Which hypothesis does thisinformation support? SC.F.2.4.3A. Flower size might have given Species B advantage over Species A. B. Stem width might have given Species A advantage over Species B.C. Stem growth might have given Species B advantage over Species A. D. Leaf structure might have given Species A advantage over Species B.

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Benchmark Practice

A set of islands in the south Pacific has three different types of spidermonkey. All three types, however, come from the same ancestor. Explainhow three different body types of monkey could come from the sameancestors. SC.F.2.4.3

How have humans impacted the natural selection process of plants andanimals? How does DNA and disease play a role in this? SC.F.2.4.3

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Benchmark Practice

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Name: ____________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ______________


Aphids are small insects that feed on plant juices. They secrete someof these juices as a substance called honeydew, which ants use for food.In return, the ants guard the honeydew-producing aphids. What kind ofrelationship do the ants and aphids have? SC.G.1.4.1F. commensalismG. mutualismH. parasitismI. predation

Which organisms in the food web below are primary consumers?SC.G.1.4.1

A. algae and minnowB. snail and waterflea C. garter snake and perchD. pondweed, dragonfly, and frog

Cattle egrets hunt for insects where cape buffalo graze. The buffalo stir upinsects as they walk, allowing the egrets to catch them more easily. Whatis the relationship between cattle egrets and cape buffalo? SC.G.1.4.1F. The relationship is a form of predation.G. The relationship is a form of parasitism.H. The relationship is a form of competition.I. The relationship is a form of commensalism.

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DragonflyPerch

Frog

Snail

Waterflea

Minnow

Pondweed

Garter snake

Algae

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Benchmark Practice

Name: ____________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ______________

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In an ocean food web, seals feed on cod, which in turn feed on tiny krill. Inaddition, fishermen catch thousands of kilograms of cod each day. Howmight cod fishing affect the population of seals and krill? SC.G.1.4.1

In a pond ecosystem, 37 865 kilojoules (kJ) of solar energy are used for photosynthesis. Primary consumers use 9428 kJ of that energy.Producer tissue stores 22 519 kJ of the energy. What happened to theremaining 5918 kJ of energy? SC.G.1.4.1

The breakdown of organic compounds such as glucose (C6H12O6) in theabsence of oxygen (O2) is called fermentation. Two types are lactic acidfermentation and alcoholic fermentation. Which of the following is achemical byproduct of alcoholic fermentation? SC.G.1.4.3A. water (H2O) and glucose (C6H12O6)B. water (H2O) and carbon dioxide(CO2)C. ethanol (C2H5OH) and carbon dioxide (CO2)D. ethanol (C2H5OH) and lactic acid (CH3CHOHCO2H)

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Name: ____________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ______________


The table below shows the natural gas consumption of three countries in2001. Iran, Nigeria, and Russia also burn off large amounts of natural gasthat isn’t used for energy. Which of the following would be a reason forburning off this excess gas? SC.G.2.4.1

Natural Gas Consumption: 2001

F. These countries have too many nonrenewable resources.G. These countries burn off the excess gas to keep prices normal.H. These countries find it too difficult to transport, and export the

excess gas.I. These countries are trying to switch to renewable resources and need

to use the nonrenewable ones quickly.

If dead leaves and fallen branches build up on a forest floor over manyyears, a devastating fire can result, damaging plants and their roots. How might more frequent, smaller fires benefit the forest ecosystem?SC.G.2.4.2

85

CountryNatural Gas Consumption

(in billion cubic meters)

Iran 65.59

Nigeria 7.85

Russia 408.1

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Benchmark Practice

Name: ____________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ______________

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The food chain below shows the relationships between native organismsin an ecosystem. A non-native predator that feeds only on hawks isintroduced to the ecosystem. SC.G.2.4.2

Part A Explain how the new predator will affect the ecosystem, withspecial regard to the hawk and snake population.

Part B What would be a safe way to control the new predator in theecosystem, and would you be able to determine if it is necessary tocompletely remove the predator?

Chipmunks

GrasshoppersPraying mantis

GrassesAnts

Rats

HawksSnakesOwls

Seed-bearing plants

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Benchmark Practice

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Name: ____________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ______________


Chaparral is a biome where brushfires frequently occur. Certain speciesof plants rely on the brushfires for reproduction. The seeds of the plantswill not germinate unless they are heated by fire. How did the plantsdevelop this adaptation? SC.G.2.4.3A. Local animals feed on the burned seeds while the unburned seeds

survive.B. Seeds that germinate before brushfires start are more likely to

reproduce.C. The plants burned by brushfires produce offspring with seeds that

look burnt.D. Plants with traits that allow them to withstand brushfires survive

and reproduce.

According to the table below, which statement summarizes the effect ofcommercial fishing on a local Atlantic cod population over the last tenyears? SC.G 2.4.6

Effects of Commercial Fishing on Atlantic Cod Population

F. As the number of fishing boats increases, the number of Atlantic coddecreases.

G. As the number of Atlantic cod increases, the number of fishing boatsdecreases.

H. Both the populations of Atlantic cod and the number of fishing boatsremain steady.

I. Both the population of Atlantic cod and the number of fishing boatshave decreased.

YearNumber of Commercial Estimated Population of

Fishing Boats Atlantic Cod (in thousands)

1995 4 14.0

1997 6 12.5

1999 12 11.5

2001 14 9.0

2003 17 4.5

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Benchmark Practice

A student is testing the strength of different metal wires at roomtemperature. He uses the same gauge and length of wire to hang eachweight to measure the amount each can hold before breaking. The resultsare shown in the graph below. How much more weight in grams cangalvanized steel support than can brass? SC.H.1.4.1

A scientist hypothesizes that even a small amount of fire retardant willreduce the severity of a wood fire. She tests retardant on pieces of woodof the same size and records the temperature using a probe 15 centimetersaway, two minutes after ignition. Based on the data below, explain whetherthe scientist’s hypothesis was correct. SC.H.1.4.1

0g

Tem

per

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C)

Effects of Flame Retardant on Fire Temperature

Amount of flame retardant used

4035302520151050

20g 40g 80g

90

Copper

Amount of Weight Support by Metals at Room Temperature

Wei

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t su

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1000

0Brass Steel Galvanized

steel

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Benchmark Practice

Our understanding of the universe has changed greatly over time. Which of the following explains why this has occurred? SC.H.1.4.2A. New scientific discoveries lead to new theories.B. Theories are redesigned every 10 years as a necessity.C. The constantly evolving universe requires new theories to describe it.D. Larger numbers of scientists have opinions that must be incorporated.

Recently, some prescription drugs have been shown to have harmfuleffects on the human body. New studies are being conducted to ensurethe safety of these drugs. Which of the following describes the mostappropriate way for these studies to be conducted? SC.H.1.4.4F. The same scientists should reevaluate the data.G. The government should repeat the drug companies’ studies. H. A third party should investigate previous patients who were studied. I. The pharmaceutical company should study people currently on

the drug.

At one time, it was thought that ulcers were caused by stress and diet. It is now believed that a bacterium, Helicobacter pylori, causes most ulcers.Which of the following does NOT contribute to this understanding?SC.H.1.4.5A. a lack of experimental support for the previous theoryB. the discovery of the microorganism in the stomach’s lining C. new knowledge of the way people’s diet affects their bodiesD. the assumption that everyone is affected by stress the same way

A scientist has discovered a way to reliably predict earthquakes. What step should the scientist take next? SC.H.1.4.7F. Describe the evidence to other geologists to spread the news faster. G. Notify the media about the discovery so that they may warn people. H. Educate communities in earthquake-prone areas about preparedness. I. Report to the scientific community so that the results can be retested.

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Benchmark Practice

Students are conducting an experiment to determine the effect ofconcentration on the rate at which a reaction occurs. They use varyingconcentrations of Solution A and combine each with 30 milliliters (mL) ofSolution B. Their results are shown below.

Based on the information in the table, which of the following conclusionscan be made? SC.H.2.4.1A. Less concentrated solutions react faster.B. More concentrated solutions react faster.C. More concentrated solutions react slower.D. The solution concentration does not affect reaction rate.

A student is investigating how the length of windmill blades affects poweroutput. The student changes only the lengths of the blades in each trial. Amini-voltmeter is used to determine the amount of energy produced by thewindmill.

Which of the following can be concluded based on the data in the graph?SC.H.2.4.1F. Longer blades produce more power. G. Shorter blades produce more power.H. The shortest blades make the most electricity.I. There is no relationship between blade length and power.

5 cm

Blade Length and Power Output

Blade length (centimeters)

Po

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40

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10

010 cm 15 cm

96

Solution A Amount of solute added Solution B Reaction time(mL) to Solution A (mL) (mL) (seconds)

60 10 30 40

40 30 30 10

20 50 30 20

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Benchmark Practice

A researcher is studying the role certain genes have on thousands of othergenes within the genome of a mouse. If she needs to conduct over 60 billioncalculations, which instrument will be most useful in accomplishing this task?SC.H.3.4.1A. calculatorB. computerC. sequencerD. ultracentrifuge

In the 1800s, Earth was believed to be about 12 million years old. Earth is now estimated to be about 4.6 billion years old due largely to a methodcalled radiometric dating, which provides a more accurate reading of the ageof rocks. How else has radiometric dating helped further our understandingof Earth? SC.H.3.4.2F. Scientists can exactly predict future geological events. G. Scientists can determine the date when Earth will cease to exist.H. Scientists can accurately determine the age of any organism alive. I. Scientists can determine the age of fossils using surrounding rock.

Prior to the 1500s, most people thought that Earth was the center of theuniverse. After the telescope was invented, astronomers were able to showthat Earth revolves around the Sun. How has the telescope furthered ourknowledge of astronomy? SC.H.3.4.2A. Scientists can now develop new theories about our planet. B. Scientists can now examine things outside of our universe.C. Scientists can now make hypotheses about how Earth has evolved. D. Scientists can make previously impossible astronomical observations.

A tsunami is a large wave produced by an underwater earthquake orvolcano. The wave can reach a height of 15 meters. Oceanographers havedeveloped a system for detecting tsunamis and providing real-timewarnings. Which of the following best illustrates the role of scientificresearch in such efforts? SC.H.3.4.3F. Scientific research poses risks to Earth’s natural balance.G. Scientific research can lead to technology to help warn people about

natural disasters.H. There has been a decrease in natural disasters because technology

helps us control them.I. Scientific research has helped people living in coastal areas by

limiting the number of tsunamis that occur there.

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Benchmark Practice

The National Weather Service (NWS) issues hurricane watches andwarnings and projects the paths of hurricanes like the one shown below.NWS bases its projections on satellite data and computer models frompast storm data. What is the effect of hurricane research? SC.H.3.4.3

A. Technology has helped scientists control weather patterns.B. Research helps meteorologists know where all storms start.C. Scientists are able to help people escape dangerous situations.D. Satellites and other techniques help avoid the formation of storms.

Polio is a disease caused by the polio virus. The effects can be minimal or as serious as paralysis and even death. The graph shows polio rates in the United States (U.S.) from 1940–2001. What has happened to U.S.polio rates? SC.H.3.4.3

F. Polio is no longer found in the U.S. due to the use of vaccines.G. Polio rates continue to fluctuate due to changes in the weather.H. Polio rates have decreased due to the rise in standards of living. I. Polio incidence has risen over time due to increased use of pesticides.

60,000

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40,000

30,000

20,000

10,000

5,000

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Polio Cases in U.S., 1940-2001

Year

Nu

mb

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f ca

ses

19451940 1950 1955 1980 1990 2000

102

Projected Path of Hurricane

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Posttest

Sir Isaac Newton proposed that light was made up of particles. But mostscientists of the time believed only in the wave theory of light. Eventhough Newton had made great discoveries in the world of physics, whywas his theory not immediately accepted?A. No one could understand his theory.B. Scientists believed he was falsifying his data.C. Experimental evidence supported the wave theory of light.D. He was not liked, and no one would reproduce his results for

verification.

Eagles hunt their prey by sight. They spot the mice they kill while circlingin flight overhead. The table documents the change in population for alocal species of mouse for thirty generations. What is a likely reason forthe brown mouse gaining the largest portion of the mouse population?

Percentage of Population of Varying Colors in Mouse Species

F. The pink and white mice tasted the best.G. The pink and white mice were the slowest.H. The pink and white mice were the easiest to see. I. The pink and white mice were the easiest to smell.

What is the final fate of the largest type of star, which is over three timesthe size of the Sun?A. It will become a supernova.B. It will become a black hole.C. It will become a black dwarf.D. It will become a neutron star.

3

Mouse Initial Generation Generation GenerationColor Generation 10 (%) 20 (%) 30 (%)

White 50 45 35 30

Pink 20 10 5 0

Brown 30 45 60 70

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Posttest

Name: ____________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ______________

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How many valence electrons do elements in Group 16 (6A) have in theirouter level?F. 1 H. 6G. 2 I. 16

The majority of ionic compounds are found in what state of matter?A. gas B. liquidC. plasmaD. solid

Two waves travel at a velocity of 24 meters per second. One has a wavelengthof 3.2 meters, and the other has a wavelength of 2.5 meters. What is thedifference between the frequencies (in hertz) of the two waves?

Cars can use rocket propulsion to push the car faster than a conventionalengine. The picture shows a car using rocket propulsion. The car ismoving in the direction of the arrow. Which statement explains themovement of the car?

F. The car is moving in the opposite direction of the gravitational force.G. The car is moving in the same direction as the force applied by wind. H. The car is moving in the same direction as the force applied by friction.I. The car is moving in the same direction of the force applied by the

rocket propulsion.

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The force exerted by the Moon on Earth’s water causes a fluctuation inocean waves that creates high tides and low tides. What is the force thatthe Moon exerts on the tides called?A. gravitational force B. lunar forceC. strong forceD. wave force

As shown in the energy pyramid, only 10 percent of the energy availablewithin a trophic level is transferred to organisms in the next trophic level.The rest of the energy is used by the organism to perform cell functions oris lost to the environment. These facts support which law of conservation?

F. law of conservation of massG. law of conservation of energy H. law of conservation of matterI. law of conservation of resources

The red fox’s diet consists primarily of small rabbits and other rodents in aspecific location. An infection kills a large number of rabbits and rodentsin the area. How will this affect the red fox’s population?A. The red fox’s population will increase.B. The red fox’s population will decrease.C. The red fox’s population will stay the same.D. The red fox’s population will increase rapidly.

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third level consumers 0.1%

1.0%

10%

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second level consumers

first level consumers

Producers

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Ohm’s law states that the voltage difference is equal to the current runningthrough an object multiplied by the resistance, or V I R. To study thislaw, students ran a constant current through various resistors. The voltagedifference was measured with a voltmeter, and results were noted in thetable shown below. Using the table, explain why resistance of materialsused to make electrical lines is important in preventing voltage loss forelectrical lines.

Magnesium (Mg) in solid form will chemically react with oxygen (O2) gas to form magnesium oxide (MgO). The following balanced equationdescribes this reaction.

2Mg O2 2MgOExplain how raising the temperature of the reactants will speed up thereaction.

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Trial Current (amp) Resistance (Ω)Voltage

Difference (V)

1 1.0 5 5

2 1.0 10 10

3 1.0 15 15

4 1.0 25 25

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Two groups of scientists in different fields are studying the effects ofmagnetism on the process of conductivity. The two groups present theirfindings in scientific journals and prove two completely differenthypotheses. How is this possible?

F. The scientists fixed their data to support their hypotheses.G. One group of scientists had access to better, more accurate data than

the other group.H. The scientists copied each other but altered the results to make them

unique to their field of study. I. The scientists had different specialties and interpreted their data so

both can have different, but correct results.

Which of the following ions could this diagram correctly represent?

A. Be1

B. Mg2

C. Mg2

D. Na

Scientists wanted to test the effect of disease-causing bacteria (A), vulnerableto heat, on live, harmless bacteria (B). They heated one set of A to inactivateit, and kept another set of A activated. Then they mixed both sets of A withan equal amount of B and injected the mixture into healthy white mice. The mice developed disease and died. The scientists studied the mice andfound live bacteria of the disease-causing strain. What DNA processoccurred with the two bacteria?

F. replication G. transcription H. transformation I. translation

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The diagram below shows a cross-section of a recorded fossil formation.Two fossils were found in layers C and A. They were similar in size,shape, and species. Which statement is supported by the fossil record?

A. Great climatic events occurred that shifted animal migration.B. More animals moved into the stable environment and used up available

resources.C. The environment was stable enough that the animal could survive with

minimal structural changes. D. Animals could not survive in the areas so natural selection created

great changes in the animal’s structure.

Earth’s distance to the Sun is known as one astronomical unit (AU). Light reaches Earth in approximately 8.3 minutes. Light reaches Saturn in 79.182 minutes. To the nearest hundredth, how many astronomical units is Saturn from the Sun?

The digestive tract uses enzymes to break down food into usable nutrients.Only one enzyme, amylase ptyalin, is present in the mouth. Its mainfunction is to break down starch. Which of the following would the enzymebegin to break down in your mouth?

F. butter H. oatmealG. chicken I. steak

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Sodium azide (NaN3) gives off nitrogen gas (N2) when heated to 300ºC.This is a reaction used to inflate automobile airbags. The balancedequation for the reaction is given below.

2NaN3 3N2 2Na

What term best describes N2?A. atom C. elementB. compound D. molecule

Fossil fuels contain hydrocarbons. The hydrogen and carbon in thehydrocarbon combine with oxygen in the air to produce carbon dioxide,water, and thermal energy. What is that process called?

F. combustion H. oxidationG. corrosion I. refining

The theory of plate tectonics suggests that the rigid, outermost zone ofEarth is made up of a series of movable plates. Using this theory, explainwhy the continent of South America appears to fit like a jigsaw puzzlepiece into the continent of Africa.

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The graph shows Charles’ law for gases. All gases obey this law because ofthe kinetic theory of matter. Based on the data, which statement is correct?

A. As the pressure increases, the volume increases.B. As the pressure increases, the volume decreases.C. As the temperature increases, the volume increases.D. As the temperature increases, the volume decreases.

In all chemical reactions, energy must be added to reactants to breakbonds in atoms. Based on the law of conservation of energy, what musthappen when atoms form new bonds in reactions?

F. Energy must be absorbed again.G. Energy is released as thermal energy or light. H. More atom bonds must form than were broken.I. Fewer atom bonds are formed than were broken.

Scientists retrieve a sample of rock from Mars and test its chemicalmakeup. One test determined the melting point of the chemicals. Howdoes a physical property help scientists determine chemical identity?

A. Melting point can change over time, so the melting point can showhow old the chemical is.

B. Melting point is a constant for chemicals and enables scientiststo determine the chemical’s identity.

C. Melting point can vary for chemicals in different mixtures and canshow properties of other present chemicals.

D. Melting point is an indicator of reactivity and needs to be known so the scientists know which chemical tests to run.

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Effects of Temperatureon Volume of a Gas

1.61.41.21.00.80.60.40.20.0

Temperature (kelvins)

Volu

me

(lite

rs)

100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300

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Curium-242 will radioactively decay to Plutonium-238, and emit twoprotons and two neutrons. What is the type of particle emitted called?

F. alpha particle G. beta particleH. gamma particleI. neutron

An airplane pilot notices that the airspeed indicator shows 210 kilometersper hour (km/h). The airplane is flying into a strong, direct headwindshown in the picture below. The headwind’s speed is 26 km/h. What is the speed (in km/h) of the plane as observed by a person standing on theground?

When Earth’s crust shifts, bends, or breaks, the crust vibrates, creatingseismic waves that transfer energy outward. As the energy travels alongEarth’s surface, it continues to be transferred with each subsequent wave.Which type of energy is transferred in this situation?

A. chemical energyB. electromagnetic energyC. kinetic energy D. potential energy

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Phosphorus is essential to living organisms. The image below shows thatthe phosphorus cycle is similar to the oxygen and nitrogen cycles. Whichof the following is an important difference between the phosphorus cycleand the other biogeochemical cycles?

F. Unlike other chemicals, phosphorus can convert from solar energy.G. Unlike other chemicals, organisms can create their own phosphorus.H. Unlike the other chemicals, phosphorus never enters the atmosphere.I. Unlike other chemicals, organisms can use elements besides phosphorus.

From the movements of electrons to the bonding of atoms, theories haveshifted over the last century in almost all aspects of atomic theory. TheValence Bond theory was introduced to explain the bonding in metalcomplexes. Why would scientists need to have so many specific theories?

A. The creation of new elements has a need for new bonding theories.B. Atomic reactions and bonds shift so frequently, new theories must be

made to explain the changes.C. All chemicals react differently and one theory cannot explain all of

the possible bonds taking place.D. The current work of many nations on chemicals creates a need for

theories that are understandable to all nations.

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Phosphorous Cycle

Phosphate Inputs

Soluble phosphateBiomass phosphate Fixed phosphate

Soil organic phosphate

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Some cattle are given bovine growth hormone (BGH) so that they willproduce more meat or milk for consumption. Two cows were studied totrace the effect of BGH over the period of two years. Cow A was injectedwith BGH, and Cow B was not. The table shows the results of theinvestigation. Which of the following is a valid conclusion from this data?

Mass Gained by Cows (in kilograms)

F. BGH does not noticeably affect cows.G. The more BGH injected into a cow, the faster her mass will increase.H. A cow injected with the hormone will increase in mass faster than a

cow not injected. I. A cow injected with the hormone will increase in mass slower than a

cow not injected.

Ionization energy refers to the energy necessary to remove the outermosthighest-energy electron from a neutral atom. According to the graphshown below, what is the periodic trend shown between the atomicnumber and the ionization energy?

A. The atomic number is equal to the ionization energy.B. As the atomic number increases, the ionization energy decreases.C. As the atomic number increases, the ionization energy increases.D. There is no effect on ionization energy as the atomic number increases.

Ionization Energy in Second Period Elements

Atomic number

Ion

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ilojo

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0

500

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1750

750

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Days Cow A Cow B

0 30 30

150 80 60

300 170 115

450 345 240

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Electricity is used throughout households today. Electrical energy is sentthrough alternating currents to lightbulbs to give off light energy. The light energy given off in incandescent lightbulbs is significantly less thanthe electrical energy used. What happened to the energy NOT used toproduce light?

F. It is converted to matter.G. It is stored in the lightbulb.H. It is released as thermal energy.I. It is returned to the electrical outlet.

Gravitational force exists between two objects having mass. Two cars are parked 10 meters apart in a parking lot. If the same cars are parked 20 meters away, what happens to the gravitational force between the cars?

A. The gravitational force is doubled.B. The gravitational force is quadrupled.C. The gravitational force is divided by one half.D. The gravitational force is divided by one fourth.

The graph shows a sample of the population of diamondback rattlesnakesand jackrabbits in an Arizona county. For most years, the two populationsshow their interconnectedness. However, in 1975 the two populationsseem independent. Which statement is a possible reason for thisdifference?

F. The snakes no longer wanted to hunt jackrabbits.G. Snakes migrated from the area to search for easier prey. H. The rabbits were scarce, so the snakes had nothing to eat.I. A negative outside factor, like disease, affected only the snake

population.

Rattlesnake and Jackrabbit Population 3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0

Year1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 20001955

Jackrabbit population

Rattlesnake populationPo

pu

latio

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Kudzu vine was introduced to the United States in 1876. It was used in the 1930s to help with erosion control. Unfortunately, the climate of thesoutheast United States is ideal for kudzu, and it has grown out of control.What is one possible reason for the expansive growth of kudzu?

A. Kudzu is popular and people planted acres of it.B. Kudzu is resistant to all herbicides and cannot be killed.C. Kudzu is an endangered species so an eradication program is not

allowed.D. Kudzu is not a natural food source for native animals, so it is not

threatened.

Scientists sometimes use laboratory animals to run tests on newmedications before they are tried on humans. Why would scientists use animals before humans if the medication is for human use?

F. Animals are good subjects because they are more abundant. G. Ethical and safety reasons prohibit scientists from testing on humans. H. The federal government must first have proof of its use on animals

so it can be produced for veterinarian use.I. Scientists want the process to progress slowly, so people have time to

become aware of the product and want to purchase it.

Locusts have the ability to avoid colliding with other locusts whentraveling in huge swarms. Their brains contain sensors that detect whenthey are on a crash course with another object. How could scientists usethis knowledge for humans in everyday life?

A. The information is not helpful because humans are already capable of avoiding crashes.

B. They can use locusts to train drivers on how to avoid other cars bypracticing on locust swarms.

C. By studying the locusts’ sensors, they can design sensors that help cars avoid each other to reduce accidents.

D. Scientists can examine a locust’s brain to determine the location of the sensor in order to place it in humans to help them avoid crashes.

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Raul places water in the freezer to make ice. He also puts some water onthe stove to boil. Which of the following describes the energy change thatwill take place in both situations?

F. Water will lose energy when ice forms and will lose energy as it boils. G. Water will gain energy when ice forms and will lose energy as it boils.H. Water will lose energy when ice forms and will gain energy as it boils.I. Water will gain energy when ice forms and will gain energy as it boils.

A hurricane is a low-pressure system that forms in the tropics. Hurricanesare driven by condensation of water vapor at high altitudes. They continueto generate strength while over warm waters. If the hurricane hits land,how might the strength of the system be affected?

Scientists in the field of astronomy have different specializations. Radio,infrared, and optical astronomers are a few examples. Based on the chartbelow, how do these specializations relate to one another?

A. These specializations focus on the same type of visible light. B. Each specialization focuses on different kinds of matter propagating

in the universe. C. Radio astronomers study a lower frequency of electromagnetic radiation

than optical and infrared astronomers.D. Radio astronomers study a higher frequency of electromagnetic

radiation than optical and radio astronomers.

Wavelength (cm)

10–910–11 10–7 10–5 10–3 10–1 10310

X rays Microwave

RadioGamma

raysUltraviolet Infrared

Visible

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Janine is riding her bike at a velocity of 6 meters per second and notices a road block about 40 meters ahead of her. She is able to come to a fullstop in 4 seconds. What is her negative acceleration, in meters per secondsquared?

Mercury and Venus are the only planets with no moons. What is onehypothesis that explains this phenomenon?

F. Their gravity is too weak.G. Venus is the moon of Mercury.H. The planets are too small to attract moons.I. The planets are too close to the Sun’s gravity.

Some scientists predict that within the next 100 years, fossil fuels willbe gone. This indicates the need for alternative fuel sources. Alternativefuels often burn cleaner than fossil fuels. Explain the potentialecological changes that could occur when shifting from fossil fuels toalternative sources.

Scientists studying different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum usedifferent instruments according to which part they study. What would bethe main difference in the sensitivity of these instruments?

A. The instruments would be sensitive to different amplitudes.B. The instruments would be sensitive to different frequencies. C. The instruments would be sensitive to different particle types. D. The instruments would be the same as they all study the same

spectrum.

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Theresa generates an electrical current through a coiled copper wire.When she places a compass near the wire, the needle begins to move.When she turns off the current, the needle returns to north. What causesthe needle to move when the electrical current passes through the wire?

F. The compass exerts a magnetic force on the current passed through the wire.

G. The compass has electric charges which move in the presence of copper.

H. A magnetic field is induced by the moving electric charges in thecoiled wire.

I. The coiled wire has stationary electric charges which generate a magnetic field.

When Edward takes his clothes out of the clothes dryer, he pulls his socksapart and hears faint popping sounds. He also notices that the socks areslightly resistant to being pulled apart. Identify which type of force iscausing these things to occur.

A. electromagneticB. gravitational C. inertiaD. strong nuclear

Stars convert hydrogen to helium by the process of nuclear fusion. Theseare violent reactions producing thermal energy and light. Which of thefollowing forces is responsible for this great energy release?

F. electromagneticG. gravitationalH. strong nuclearI. weak nuclear

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Daphne and Robert want to have children. Daphne has blue eyes, a homozygous recessive gene ss, and Robert has brown eyes, aheterozygous trait Ss. What percentage of their children will likely have blue eyes?

Scientists are studying frogs in the cloud forests of Costa Rica. Theyreport that only 20 of the 50 species originally identified in the site can now be found. These disappearances coincide with moisture levelreductions of the cloud forests from oceanic and atmospheric warming.What does this study indicate about climate change and its affect on thebiosphere?

A. The frogs went to an area with higher moisture levels. B. Costa Rica is not doing enough to protect this species of frog.C. If moisture levels rise, the species will return to their original numbers. D. Climate change is already having a dramatic effect on biological

systems.

Scientists studying a virus that is lethal to humans have discovered apossible vaccine. What is the next step that should be taken with theresults of these studies?

F. The scientists should establish a public health initiative with thesestudies.

G. The scientists should patent the vaccine to prevent others fromduplicating the study.

H. The scientists should publish their studies so other scientists canreplicate the experiments.

I. The scientists should not report their findings until they are certainthat the vaccine will prevent the disease.

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Ecologists are studying the biodiversity of a tropical cloud forest. Becausethey are unable to study the entire forest, they select a small portion toserve as a sample. They decide to study butterflies as an indicator of theoverall health and biodiversity. If scientists identify 75 species in this areaof the forest, it would indicate high biotic health for the whole forest. Overa 10-day period, each new species encountered was counted. Below is thetable of new species encountered, per day. Using this as a model, whatwould you predict is the current biotic health of this cloud forest?

Species Accumulation Table

A. The total number of species indicates a good probability of high biotic health.

B. By the end of the testing period, few new species were found,indicating poor biotic health.

C. The total number of species is not known because new species werebeing found by the end of the collecting period.

D. The numbers collected in this area might not be congruent with therest of the forest, so there is not enough information to determine.

DayNew SpeciesEncountered

1 19

2 15

3 12

4 8

5 8

6 6

7 4

8 4

9 1

10 2

51 A B C D51

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