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Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001
Extending Human Systems Engineering Beyond the
Individual
Liwana S. Bringelson, Ph.D., PMP
Research Associate Professor
Systems Design/LT3 Centre
University of Waterloo
Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001
Overview
• Introduction
• Characteristics of groups
• Designing for groups
• Systems for computer mediated communication
Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001
Who is Dr. Liwana Bringelson?• Previous background
– B.S. in psychology and M.S. and Ph.D. in industrial engineering (Purdue University)
– Associate Professor in Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
– Certified Project Management Professional
• Current roles– Research/Program Manager for the Center for Learning and
Teaching Through Technology (LT3) – Research Associate in the Advanced Interface Design Lab
Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001
Where do we pick up?
• What has been covered so far?– Cognitive aspects– Physical aspects
• What is left in an overview of Human Systems Engineering?
Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001
Characteristics of Groups/Teams• Is there a difference?
Group -- Team -- CrewCohesiveness
Interdependence
Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001
Costs of Groups• Definition of “Process loss”
– losses that occur due to being in a group– energy/time it takes to belong to a group
• “Groupthink”– "a mode of thinking that people engage in when
they are deeply involved in a cohesive group, when the members' strivings for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action.” (Janis, 1982)
Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001
Characteristics of Groupthink – Highly cohesive group– Illusion of infallibilty– Stereotyping outsiders– Bounded rationality– Belief in inherent morality– Self-censorship– Direct pressure on dissenters– Mindguards
Further information:
http://sol.brunel.ac.uk/~jarvis/bola/
communications/groupthink.html
Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001
Characteristics of Groups
• Communication types– Formal vs. Informal
– Verbal vs. Non-verbal
– Sychronous vs. Asynchronous
Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001
Characteristics of Groups• Conflict
– Benefits• Multiple perspectives• Identify support for ultimate decision• Group buy-in to outcome
– Functional vs. Dysfunctional• Compromise• Forcing• Problem-solving• Withdrawal
Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001
Types of ConflictWin Lose
Win
Lose
Problem solving Withdrawal
Forcing Compromise
ME
YOU
Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001
Characteristics of Groups• Personal power
– Differences– Imbalances
• Personalities– Variety of preferences– Type indicators
• Myers-BriggsType Indicator (MBTI)• Kolbe• Enneagram
Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001
MBTI Scales
• Introvert vs. Extrovert
• Sensing vs. Intuitive
• Thinking vs. Feeling
• Judging vs. Perceiving
Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001
Characteristics of Groups
• Time Management– Scheduling– Respect– Recognizing different expectations
• Group/Team Development
Forming --> Norming --> Performing --> Storming
Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001
Designing for Groups
• Used by project/design teams– Full time
– Periodically
• Effect of design on behaviour– Informal or Formal discussion areas
– Individual work areas
– Privacy
Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001
Process and Interactions
• Teamwork or Leadership Training
• Crew Resource Management– Communication
– Interdependency
– Accountability
Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001
Computer Mediated Communication
• Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)
• Electronic Brainstorming System (EBS)
• Choosing tools/tasks for groups
Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001
CSCW Alternatives
Primarily text
Text +Graphics
Visual +Audio
Synchronous Asynchronous
Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001
CSCW Alternatives
Primarily text
Text +Graphics
Visual +Audio
Synchronous Asynchronous
• Chat• ICQ
• Email• Newsgroups
• Web pages• File sharing
• Shared whiteboard• VR avatars
• Videoconferences• Remote presence systems
• Flash or Real• Web page pictures• Quicktime
Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001
Electronic Brainstorming System - EBS (mock-up)
Group discussionInput Area
Group ClearSelf
Your contributions
Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001
EBS Benefits vs. Costs
Typing as input
Requiredfacilitator
Not co-locatedteam
Record of discussion
Benefit Cost
Don’t have to wait to speak
Advantage totouch typists
Able to keepteam on task
May inhibitdiscussion
Save travelcosts and time
Don’t receivenon-verbals
Can reviewdiscussion
Noise also captured
Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001
Tools and Tasks by Group
Type of Group Tasks Tools
Advice/Involvement
Production/Service
Project/Development
Action/Negotiation
Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001
Questions and Comments
