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Core 1Better Healthfor Individuals

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Meanings of Health

Definitions of health

Dimensions of health

Relative and dynamic nature of health

Syllabus Content

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Meanings of Health

Health means different things to different people andthis meaning may change over time depending oncircumstances.

Health is dynamic, meaning it is always changing.

Activity

1. Complete the following sentences:a. Good health to me means.

b. he signs of being health! are..

c. o lead a health! lifest!le !ou need to.

d. he thing I do that are good for m! health..

e. "hen I am health! I feel

f. he unhealth! things I do include.

#. $fter completing 1a%f& write !our own de'nition of whathealth means to !ou.

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(e'nitions of Health

Definitions of health have changed over time. Thesechanges have taken place as a result of an increasedunderstanding of medicine, science, the physicalenvironment, the social environment and their influence

on people. p until the middle of the !"thcentury, health was

defined as the #a$sence of disease%. During this timecommunica$le diseases were the most common cause ofsickness and death. &f you did not have a disease, youwere considered #healthy%.

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(e'nitions of Health)cont.*

&n 1'() the *orld Health +rganiation -*H+ definedhealth as #a state of complete physical, mental and socialwell$eing and not merely the a$sence of disease or

infirmity%.

This definition can $e made even $roader $y recognisingthe impact of the spiritual and emotional dimensions ofhealth.

/ holistic approach to health includes the physical, social,

mental, emotional and spiritual aspects of individuals.Holistic:taking abroadview thatconsiders

thewholerange ofrelevanthealthfactors

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Activity

+Health is a state of ph!sical& mental and socialwellbeing. It involves more than ,ust the absence ofdisease or in'rmit!.- wH& 1/0.

1. 23plain how this de'nition incorporates a holisticapproach to health. ) lines*

#. utline the limitations& plus propose some changes tothe "H de'nition in order to improve it. )14 lines*

(e'nitions of Health)cont.*

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(imensions of Health

Health is made up of a num$er of interacting

dimensions.

i i f l h

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There are 0 dimensions of health that are consideredwhen measuring ones level of health and wellness, thesedimensions include

1. 2hysical Health

!. 3ocial Health

4. 5motional6Mental Health

(. Cognitive6&ntellectual Health

0. 3piritual Health

(imensions of Health)cont.*

i i f l h

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5h!sical Health 2hysical health is $est descri$ed as the efficient

functioning of the $ody. &t%s the $ody%s capacity toparticipate in everyday activities and the a$sence ofsigns of disease, such as asthma, epilepsy or dia$etes.This dimension includes characteristics such as $ody sieand shape, level of fitness, energy level, weight and

a$ility to recover from illness.


(i i f H l h

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6ocial Health

3ocial health refers to the a$ility to form and maintainsatisfying interpersonal relationships. &t includes the a$ilityto relate to parents, teachers and friends in a way that isaccepted $y our community. &t also involves $eing a$le toaccept standards of $ehaviour -such as waiting in a7ueue and interacting positively in group situations.


(i i f H lth

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2motional7Mental Health

5motional6Mental health refers to the a$ility to adapt tochange and cope with adversity. &t also includes aknowledge and acceptance of one%s feelings andemotions, the a$ility to manage stress in an appropriatemanner, the a$ility to $e resilient in tough times and

having a well8developed sense of self.


(i i f H lth

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Cognitive7Intellectual Health

Cognitive6intellectual health includes $eing a$le toaccess, process and use knowledge to assist in decisionmaking, reasoning, weighing up the conse7uences of

actions, life planning and career development.


(i i f H lth

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6piritual Health

3piritual health involves finding a purpose and meaningto life. *hile it can include a $elief in a higher $eing, itcan simply mean having a sense of one%s self as part ofa $igger picture and is closely related to one%s personalvalue system. &t often involves finding a sense of innerpeace or strength, a connection with nature, or optimism

for the future.


(i i f H lth

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The key to good health is e9ercising each of thedimensions and maintaining a $alance $etween them.

:alancing the different dimensions of one%s health may

not necessarily mean devoting e7ual time and energy toeach dimension $ut rather com$ining them in such away that a person gains an overall sense of well$eing-feelings of happiness, contentment and satisfaction.

Many health8enhancing $ehaviours that a person can

incorporate into their lifestyle fall into each of thedimensions of health -see ta$le on ne9t slide andhandout.


(i i f H lth

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(i i f H lth

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Activity

23plain each of the dimensions of health and providee3amples of good health to illustrate each area. )8 lines foreach*.

a* 5h!sical health

b* 6ocial health

c* Mental7emotional health

d* Cognitive7intellectual health

e* 6piritual health


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Relative Nature of Health

Relative means in relation to anotherperiod of time, in relation to yourpotential or in relation to others.

+ne person%s description of good health

might $e 7uite different to thedescription of another persons.

;or e9ample / child with asthma en

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Dynamic Nature of Health

Dynamic refers to the constant fluctuations

that occur in our level of health. +ur health is never static -remaining the

same. +ur health varies over time,fluctuating from minute to minute, day to

day, year to year.

&llness, accidents, personal e9periences orenvironmental factors can move our level of

health any num$er of time during our livesfrom very well to well, off8colour to ill, veryunwell to critically ill and then $ack to fullhealth. These changes are known as

dynamic.

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Health Continuum

The health continuum #measures% our health status atany moment in time. *e are continually moving alongthis continuum.

&t ena$les us to rank our level of wellness or illness at

any given point in our lives.

9elative and (!namicature of Health )cont.

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Activity

9eferring to the d!namic natureof health& and the dimensions ofhealth& e3plain wh! health ma!be viewed as a continuum. )14

lines*

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2erceptions of Health

2erceptions of their health

2erceptions of the health of others egparents, the elderly, the homeless

&mplications of different perceptions of

health 2erceptions of health as social constructs

&mpact of the media, peers and family

Syllabus Content

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5erceptions of Health

How healthy am &=

How healthy do other people think &

am=How healthy do & think other people

are=

*hy would my perceptions of health

$e similar or different to others=How might an individual%s perception

of health affect their $ehaviour and

well$eing=

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/ person%s perception of his or herhealth status is highly su$

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*hen making

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Changing 5erceptions of Health

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Perception of the Health ofOthers>ust as our own level of health is

influenced $y a range of factors, sotoo are our

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Activity 1

"or;ing in pairs rate !our own level ofhealth and then as; !our partner to ratewhat level of health the! thin; !ou have&stating wh! the! have that perception.

Activity 2

In groups of 0 discuss where !our group )willbe given to !ou* is placed on the healthcontinuum. 9ecord !our ideas on the paper

provided. Activity 3

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Clic;

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Implications of (i=erent5erceptions of Health

/ num$er ofimplications mayarise from differentperceptions ofhealth. &mplications

refer to what mighthappen as a resultof something else. /persons $elief a$outhealth mayinfluence their

perceptions of thecost and6or $enefitsof engaging invarious healthcompromising$ehaviours.

I li ti f (i= t

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*e may treat people differently $ased on our perception of

health. ;or e9ample, we may automatically assume that aperson in a wheelchair is unhealthy and can not involve them inactivities we are planning.

+ther perceptions revolve around women in sport, often womenare considered #weaker% and #less skilful% then men.

/t the societal level, different perceptions drive the agenda ofagencies responsi$le for developing health strategies andinterventions. They may lead to policies that affect the safety,cost and even e9istence of many health products andtechnologies.

Epidemiologyis the study of patterns of diseases and ill healthwithin a population group. &t is used to identify areas of healththat are emerging concerns, determine risk factors thatcontri$ute to ill health and target prevention strategies towardsa particular population group or issue.

Implications of (i=erent5erceptions of Health )cont

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Measures of 2pidemiolog!

1. Mortality is the num$er of deaths in a given populationfrom a particular cause and6or over a period of time per1"" """ people.

!. Morbidity is the incidence or level of illness or sicknessin a given population per 1"" """ people.

4. ife E!pectancyis the average num$er of years of liferemaining to a person at a particular age, $ased on currentdeath rates.

(. "nfant Mortality is the num$er of deaths in infants-under 1 year of age, $ased on 1""" live $irths.

5erceptions of Health as 6ocial

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5erceptions of Health as 6ocialConstructs

3ocial construct is a concept that recognises thatpeople have different views $ased on their social

circumstances and ways of seeing, interpreting,interrelating and interacting with theirenvironment.

Typical housing in third

world country.

Typical housing in first

world country.

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/ num$er of factors are likely to play a role in our socialconstruct of health

#ocioeconomic status$ our a$ility to earn money,

assets and possessions %eographic location$ where we live, rural or cities,

farming or in town

&ultural background$ our ethnicity which affects the

foods we eat, our lifestyles, etc %ender$ whether we are male or female and the

common stereotypes associated with each gender

'ge$ our age, how younger and older people are

perceived evel of education$ influences peoples perceptions on

our affluence, intelligence, place in society

&ommunity values and e!pectations$ what ise9pected of us $y others in the community

Impact of the Media 5eers and

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Impact of the Media& 5eers and>amil! The media, our peers and our family have

a significant impact on the perceptions wedevelop a$out health. These groups e9erta strong influence on the ideas thatpeople form a$out what constitutes goodhealth.

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The Media

Media includes T@, radio, magaines, movies,newspapers and internet

The media plays a significant role in disseminatinghealth8related information.

;or e9ample, news stories on $inge drinking,television advertisements a$out skin cancer or

feature articles in magaines on o$sessivecompulsive disorder all seek to raise awareness andincrease people%s understanding of these healthissues.

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Misleading messages in the media a$out health cancontri$ute to misconceptions or distorted perceptions of

health. ;or e9ample, magaines, television, movies andother forms of media are full of images of tanned,attractive, slim women and men with athletic, muscularphysi7ues.

3ustained media coverage of a particular health

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3ustained media coverage of a particular healthissue can lead to such attention and heightenedpu$lic concern that it can influence governmentpolicy, priorities and health e9penditure. ;or

e9ample, fre7uent front page stories a$out roadcrashes involving young people have $een a criticalfactor in increasing community awareness andintensifying concerns a$out the over representationof young people in accident statistics.

P d F il

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Peers and Faily*ho we associate in and outside of school

markedly influences our attitudes a$out health

and health $ehaviours. +ur family and peers arethe groups most likely to influence our ideas,promote certain $ehaviours and provide supportin terms of our health.

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*hen group mem$ers share similar ideas a$outwhat good health means and place compara$levalue on the importance of good health it iseasier for the individual to $ehave in ways thatwill enhance their health and well8$eing.

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3ocial pressures, along with the desire to fit inmay contri$ute to decisions $eing made that arelikely to negatively affect their health. 59ample

e9periment with drugs such as to$acco andalcohol, take risks when driving, participate inse9ual activity, sun $aking are all commonamongst peers

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Failies ;amilies have a significant influence in the lives of

most young people. 2arents are our role modelsfrom a very young age, so the ideas theycommunicate a$out what health means and thevalues they convey a$out the importance of goodhealth have a strong effect on the perceptions

that we develop.

The living conditions of families along with other

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The living conditions of families, along with othersocioeconomic factors such as income, educationand employment, also have a $earing on outideas a$out health.

2eople living in socioeconomic disadvantagedareas generally live shorter lives and suffer moreillness and a lower 7uality of life than those welloff.

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2oorer economic circumstances can also limit theamount of money availa$le to $e spent on healthrelated e9penses, therefore affecting the priority

given to health and the importance with which itis viewed.

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?uestions1. Growing up can be stressful and

challenging. (iscuss how !our perception

of health at di=erent times impacts on!our behaviour and wellbeing@ fore3ample& when !ou are 't and health!versus when !ou are feeling down or

unwell.#. Investigate how bod! shapes have

changed since 1/44. Collect pictures&photos and newspaper clippings thathighlight the changing bod! shapes ofmen and women. Ase these images in atimeline that demonstrated thesechanges. (iscuss in small groups howsociet!-s acceptance of di=erent bod!

t!pes has changed.

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. $nal!se the degree to which a !oungperson-s perceptions of health will besociall! constructed b! the impact of

media messages.

0. $* Identif! the factors that indicate healthis sociall! constructed.

B* (iscuss how these factors inuence our

health.

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Health :ehaviours of Aoung 2eople

The positive health status of youngpeople

2rotective $ehaviours and risk

$ehaviours

Syllabus Content

H lth B h i f D

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Health Behaviours of Doung5eople

Health $ehaviours of young people is discussed fre7uently inthe media.

&ssues discussed are increasing rates of o$esity, escalatingconsumption of

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The /ustralian &nstitute of Health and

*elfare -/&H* undertake research intothe factors that influence a young person%shealth.

The most recent finding a$out youngpersons health was from a !""B reporttitled #Young Australians health and Wellbeing . The report defined young persons

aged $etween 1!8!(. &t concluded thatma

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5vidence of this good state of health can haveimprovements in life e9pectancy rates and a

decline in mortality in young people $etween1')" and !""(, largely as a result of reductionsin deaths caused $y in

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Reductions in mor$idity from chronic -persistingover a long time, such as a long term disease or

illness disease such as asthma, communica$lediseases such as ru$ella, mumps andmeningococcal, suicide, motor vehicle accidentsand other in

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Despite a generally positive picture of the healthstatus of young people, the !""B report did find aparticular group of young people were note9periencing the same positive health status asothers in terms of their health and well $eing.

&ndividuals such as /$original, young people living inregional and remote areas, young peoplee9periencing socioeconomic disadvantage wereidentified as e9periencing lower health standards.

5eople )cont.*

IneEuities in Indigenous Douth

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IneEuitiesinIndigenousDouthMortality rates are markedly different in the !""B

report finding death rates of /T3& people in !""!8

"( to $e more than four times higher than that ofyoung non8indigenous /ust.

&ndigenous people also e9perience a much lower lifee9pectancy, dying 1B8!" years earlier than a non8

indigenous person. ;or most indigenous people these health

disadvantages start at a young age and remainthroughout their life, resulting in ongoing negativeeffects throughout their adult life.

he 5ositive Health 6tatus of Doung5eople )cont *

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Douth Fiving in 9ural and 9emote $reas Aoung /ustrians living in rural and very remote

communities were identified as another groupe9periencing poorer levels of health.

Aoung people living in these areas hadsignificantly higher death rates and they had

more hospital admissions for particular healthpro$lems associated with in

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&n

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/dolescence is the time when young people $eginto move from $eing dependent children toindependent adults. /long the way they face arange of challenges and start to make decisions

a$out particular health $ehaviours. Thesedecisions will play a role in determining theirimmediate and long term health.

2rotective :ehaviours are those health $ehaviors

that are likely to enhance a persons level ofhealth, $y eating ade7uate amounts of fruit andvegeta$les, engaging in physical activity andminimising risky $ehaviours such as drinking etc.

5rotective Behaviours and9is; Behaviours

5rotective Behaviours and 9is;Behaviours )cont *

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Risk :ehaviours are those health $ehaviours that have$een found to contri$ute to the development of health

pro$lems or poorer levels of health for e9ample smoking. The health and social $ehaviours that are adopted or

reinforced during adolescence often continue intoadulthood.

:ehaviours relating to physical activity, diet, su$stance

a$use, se9ual activity, risk taking, social connectednessare those most likely to have the $iggest impact on ayoung persons life.

Behaviours )cont.*

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!ehaviours "elatin# to Physical Activity

/ certain level of physical activity is necessary to helpmaintain a good level of health. 1!81)yr olds should

2artake in at least " minutes of moderate to vigorousphysical activity everyday

imit the time on the computer, watching T@ orplaying video games to two hours unless educational.

&nvolvement in physical activity helps preventhypokinetic -lifestyle diseases, improves mental andsocial health and ena$les a person to improve theirphysical conditioning.

!ehaviours "elatin# to Health

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#$atin#

/de7uate consumption of fruit and vegeta$les is

another health $ehaviour that helps protectagainst a range of illnesses that include Coronaryheart disease -narrowing of the small $loodvessels that supply $lood and o9ygen to theheart, hypertension, stroke, type ! dia$etes and

various cancers.

Research suggests that people aged $etween 1!81)yrs of age consume three servings of fruit andvegeta$les daily, while those aged 1'8!(yrs

should increase their intake to two serves of fruitand five serves of vegeta$les a day


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imited consumption of fruit and vegeta$lessuggest that young people may $e skipping

meals and not eating three meals a day, thismakes it harder to eat the recommendedamount.

Research indicated that the maintenance of

healthy weight is closely linked to regularconsumption of $reakfast, lunch and dinner,making skipping meals a risk factor for $ecomingover weight or o$ese.

Behaviours )cont.*


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Behaviours 9elating to 2ating 5atterns There are many pro$lems associated with teens

$eing overweight or o$ese.

3hort term 8 most likely will negatively affect ayoung persons social and emotional well$eing,particularly their self image and sense ofconfidence.

Behaviours )cont.*

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+verweight and o$ese teens also increase

their risk and suscepti$ilityof developingC@D and type ! dia$etes. Type ! dia$etesin on the increase for teenagers. Thedevelopment of /TH5R+3C5R+3&3-depositing of pla7ue eg. fat and

cholesterol on the arterial walls and/RT5R&/3C5R+3&3-hardening ofpla7ue over years $ecomes a ma

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Behaviours 9elating to (rug Ase /dolescence is a time where teenagers may

e9periment with su$stances such as to$acco,alcohol and other illicit drugs. The use of all thesedrugs can pose a risk to health , with misuse

likely to cause numerous immediate and longterm health pro$lems.

Behaviours )cont.*

5rotective Behaviours and 9is;Behaviours )cont.*

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To$acco smoking has long $een identified as theleading cause of preventa$le death and chronic ill

health in /ustralia, with 1',""" deaths $eingattri$uted to smoking annually. 3moking can $elinked to many forms of cancer, C@D, respiratorydisease such as $ronchitis and emphysema,

circulatory pro$lems and pregnancy difficulties.

Behaviours )cont.*


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The commencement of smoking at a young age increases the

likelihood that a person will continue to smoke more heavily andhave greater difficulty in 7uitting.

Behaviours )cont.*


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Binge (rin;ing Drinking e9cessive amounts of alcohol is a ma

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Behaviours 9elating to 6e3ual $ctivit!

/dolescence is a time of heightened se9ualawareness, an intensified interest and feelingstowards others.

/t this time young people may choose to enterinto close, intimate relationships and $eginparticipating in se9ual activity.

) *


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nsafe se9 increases the risk of contractingse9ually transmitted infections -3T&%s. / num$er

of diseases which are increasing in terms ofprevalence -widespread are chlamydia andgonorrhea.

nsafe se9ual activity can lead to unwanted and

unplanned pregnancies. 3tudies have indicated that teenage pregnancies

are linked to a num$er of health and socialoutcomes.

) *


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59periences of unwanted se9ual activity can also lead toconse7uences that can last a life time. There are many physicalharms such as 3T&, pregnancy and in

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Aoung people who are se9ually active need tolook after their physical health $y using protective$ehaviour this will eliminate the possi$ility of anunwanted pregnancy and $eing infected with an3T&.

/:3T&F5FC5 is the $est form for protecting

yourself against any 3T& and pregnancyGGGGGG

?uestions

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?uestions

1.ver the past ver the last #4 !earsrates of obesit! in children haverisen greatl! in man! countriesaround the world& leading someresearchers to spea; of an

+international epidemic of childhoodobesit!.- utline some ma,or social&emotional and ph!sical problemsthat these children will e3perience

as the! age. )18 lines*

! 1 lines

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!. 1 lines

?uestions)cont *

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)cont.*

. In #44& the 6" and >ederal

governments proposed an increased ta3on +alcopops- or read! to drin; )9(*alcoholic beverages. 23amine how thiswas an attempt to tac;le adolescent drug

use and propose some conseEuences ofsuch a ta3. )14 lines*

0.here has been an increase of childrenwith obesit!. 9elate to how it causes

h!po;inetic diseases& especiall! !pe II(iabetes.

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8. (iscuss wh! children-s lifest!les havebecome more sedentar! than in previous!ears& particularl! due to technolog!.

. 9esearch current trends in participation for!oung children.

http:77www.abs.gov.au7ausstats7abs.nsf

7474>0B/((>>0C$#8#C44#4>00Jopendocument go place to start loo;ingK
http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/0/0F4B69DDFF667646CA25732C00207F44?opendocumenthttp://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/0/0F4B69DDFF667646CA25732C00207F44?opendocumenthttp://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/0/0F4B69DDFF667646CA25732C00207F44?opendocumenthttp://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/0/0F4B69DDFF667646CA25732C00207F44?opendocumenthttp://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/0/0F4B69DDFF667646CA25732C00207F44?opendocumenthttp://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/0/0F4B69DDFF667646CA25732C00207F44?opendocument

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The determinants of health

&ndividual factors eg. nowledge and skills, attitudes,genetics

3ociocultural factors eg. ;amily, peers, media, religion,culture

3ocioeconomic factors eg. 5mployment, education,income

5nvironmental factors eg. Ieographical location, accessto health services and technology

Syllabus Content

he (eterminants of Health

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e e e a s o ea Health determinants are the individual,

socioeconomic, sociocultural and environmental

factors that can have a positive or negativeinfluence on the health of individuals orpopulations.

Research has shown that health of individuals and

communities is affected $y a $road range offactors relating to the community, environmentand social conte9t in which people live, along withthe health $ehaviours in which people adopt.

he (eterminants of Health)cont.*

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Individual >actors

&ndividual factors are those factors uni7ue toeach person that can determine their level ofhealth. The include

(nowledgewe have a$out health and the

skills we possess that ena$le us to act in wayto promote $etter health.

'ttitudesand values that we place on healthand the importance of leading a healthylifestyle

%enetic factorsthat increase the likelihoodwe may e9perience particular healthpro$lems.

he (eterminants of Health)cont.*Lnowledge 6;ills

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Lnowledge 6;ills nowledge and understandings that we develop

a$out protective and health risk $ehaviours,

health products and people availa$le to supportgood health are an important influence on oura$ility to act in ways that contri$ute to goodhealth.

*hen we compare the level of education $etweenhighly educated people and poorly educatedpeople in /ustralia, those with poorer educationappear to suffer from chronic illness as well they

are more likely to perceive their own health asfair or poor

Lnowledge 6;ills )cont.*he (eterminants of Health)cont.*

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g

Health knowledge comes from a variety of

sources J parents, si$lings, peers, teachers, theinternet and the media all of who play animportant roll in conveying information to us.

2revious e9perience can also contri$ute to what

we know and understand a$out particularhealth pro$lems, although having theknowledge does not always mean that peopleare willing to make healthy choices.

Lnowledge 6;ills )cont *


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Lnowledge 6;ills )cont.*

Health literacy ena$les people to gain access to,understand and use information in ways that canpromote or maintain good health. &t also ena$lespeople to access the accuracy and relia$ility ofinformation they may find.

$ttitudes he (eterminants of Health)cont.*

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3trong link $etween knowledge and attitudes,with a persons level of knowledge more likely to

influence their attitudes they develop and theway they $ehave. 59ample someone who has adetailed understanding of the illnesses that areassociated with to$acco smoking are more likelyto $e against to$acco smoking and not smoke

themselves. The attitudes we develop are usually influenced

$y our family, peers, the media, education andthe culture within our community.

) *

$ttitudes )cont.*he (eterminants of Health)cont.*

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) *

/ person%s attitude towards health $ehaviours,

their willingness to seek help and address anyhealth concerns does play an important role inwhat they see as an important value that isplaced on their health .

Geneticshe (eterminants of Health)cont.*

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Ienetics refers to the characteristics, features orhereditary diseases that are genetically linked

and are passed on within the family. There a num$er of genetic disorders, such

muscular dystrophy and cystic fi$rosis, which canlead to chronic ill health and a decreased life

e9pectancy. These diseases can $e caused $y ourgenetic make up.

Genetics )cont.*he (eterminants of Health)cont.*

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) *

Down syndrome, which can affect aperson%s physical development as well as

intellectual functioning are the result ofchromosomal a$normalities that can occurduring pregnancy.

Genetics )cont.*he (eterminants of Health)cont.*

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+ur genetic make up can make us moresuscepti$le to developing particular diseases such

as $reast cancer, asthma, heart disease anddia$etes which have $een linked to genetics.

Ienetic information that is passed on $y ourparents can $e a positive influence on our health.

These genes we inherit provide us with potentialin terms of intellectual capacity, physical a$ilitiesand life e9pectancy. 59ample how fast we canrun, how coordinated we are and how well suitedwe are to particular sports.


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6ociocultural >actors

3ociocultural factors Relate to the society inwhich people live and the cultural practices ande9pectations that e9ist within these communities.

;amilies, peers, media, religion and cultural groupare the $iggest influences on our level of health.

/ssumptions on how certain groups should look,think and $ehave can create pressure to conformthat leads to risk taking.

>amil!he (eterminants of Health)cont.*

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>amil!Research has shown that a person%s family

and their home environment cansignificantly influence their health andwell8$eing.

;amilies are responsi$le for ensuring

physical needs are meet such as food, safehousing, clothing and medicalre7uirements, they also provide emotionalsupport such as love and care.

>amil! )cont *


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>amil! )cont.*

Children living in situations of violence, a$use orneglect are at risk of immediate physical in

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>amil! )cont.*

;amilies are also an important source ofinformation and support when people e9periencehealth related pro$lems. They provide someoneto talk to and gain advice off.

5eers


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5eers 2eers have a powerful influence

on the decisions people makerelating to health and the type of$ehaviours they undertake.

&f peer groups share commoninterests and similar values it can

$e easier to make healthy choicese.g. $eing part of a peer groupthat en

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5eers )cont.*

Making healthy choices can $e difficult when thepeer group is not supportive or when the valuesare held $y those in the group differ from thoseheld $y the individual.

59ample, it can $e difficult to maintain a decisionnot to drink alcohol if you attend a party where

everyone else is drinking and you are commonlyoffered a drink or 7uestioned a$out why you arenot drinking.

Media Th di h f l i fl


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The media can have a powerful influence on aperson%s opinions, $eliefs and ha$its. The media

is seen as a social cultural determinant of health. 5lectronic media such as T@, movies, internet,

newspapers and magaines play an importantrole in spreading information a$out health e.g.skin cancer and domestic violence. &t has thea$ility to raise awareness and enhances peoplesunderstanding on a particular issue.

Media )cont.*

& f ti th t i i $ th di d t


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&nformation that is given $y the media needs toensure it is accurate, fair and $alanced, as $ias orinaccuracies can lead to misconceptions andconfusion that can endanger someoneKs health.

Research has shown that media imagesglamourising drug use can have a significantinfluence on a person%s attitude towards that drug

and the likelihood they will use the drug. 59ampleincludes in the movies that associate smokingwith positive personal 7ualities such as popularity,success and $eing cool.

Media )cont.*


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&mages conveyed through the media can alsohave a significant impact on e9pectations that

society forms and the risk $ehaviours that resultfrom these e9pectations. Males driving fast carsat high speeds, all night drinking sessions theseimages can lead to immediate long term healthharms.

The constant portrayal of images of people whoare tanned, attractive and slim can contri$ute towhat society sees as $eing the ideal $ody shape.

M di ) t *


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Media )cont.*

The media can assist to shift societies attitudes a$out particularhealth $ehaviours. Health promotion campaigns on T@ and radio,

such as those a$out drink driving, $inge drinking are fre7uentlyused to raise awareness of these issues. They also act to reducemortality and mor$idity rates.


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9eligion Religious $eliefs are another sociocultural factor that can influence

a person%s health decisions and $ehaviours. :eliefs relating to food, se9ual activity and drug use are e9amples

where religious faith can affect a person%s lifestyle choices.

3ome religious $eliefs do not $elieve in se9ual activity $eforemarriage.


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9eligion )cont.*

Muslims, 3eventh day /dventists and :uddhists for$id or

discourage the consumption of alcohol, meaning that the risk ofsuffering health pro$lems related to alcohol is reduced for peoplewho adhere to these $eliefs.

9eligion )cont *


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9eligion )cont.*

Religion also has the a$ility to govern what foods can and cannot$e consumed, $ased on religious $elief.

Having a strong religious faith can also $enefit a person%s spiritualhealth and well8$eing, $y adding meaning to their life, creating asense of hope and optimism and providing support during times ofadversity.


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Culture Culture can simply $e descri$ed as #patterns of human activity

including the values and knowledge shared $y society%

/ustralia is often descri$ed as a multicultural society, referring toour diverse ethnic and cultural $ackgrounds

Different cultural groups practice different eating patterns, dailyrituals, religious patterns of physical activity, gender roles,patterns of employment, ways of communicating, family

structures etc


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Culture )cont.*

/ccording to /ustralian Health !""), the death and hospitalisation

rates for people $orn overseas who migrated to /ustralia aregenerally lower than those people $orn here.

Rates of disa$ility and lifestyle related risk factors are also lower.

Diet is a ma

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Culture )cont.*

anguage difficulties can $e a $arrier for cultures in terms ofhealth. &n terms of the /ustralian health cared system, a lack offluency in 5nglish or cultural insensitivities can prevent or make itdifficult for migrants to access the appropriate health care.

Culture )cont *


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Culture )cont.*

/ttitudes and $eliefs a$out 2/ can restricts the level ofparticipation in 2/, particularly $y women and girls. / survey in

!""! found that rates of participation in sports and 2/ weresignificantly lower in those $orn in a non85nglish speaking countrycompared to those $orn in /ustralia.

:eing an /T3& descent also had a significant influence on health.&ndigenous people e9perience much poorer health than other/ustralians.


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6ocioeconomic >actors

3ocioeconomic factors relate to a persons level of income,education and employment.

ow socioeconomic status -low 353 has a detrimental influenceon health in terms of poor health and disa$ility, this affectseducation and employment opportunities.

5ducation, income and employment are closely interrelated.Higher education usually leads to a higher paying

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2mplo!ment /n individuals pattern of employment, including unemployment, is

a ma

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2mplo!ment )cont.*

nemployment has $een linked to a loss of confidence, limitedsocial contract, feelings of depression, this can affect a person

emotional and social health. Types of occupation can also determine health such as manual

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Higher levels of education contri$ute to $etterhealth status for individuals and their families.

Ienerally related to higher incomes and $etteremployment opportunities.

5ducation also provides people with greaterknowledge and skills for accessing healthservices, facilities and information.

Incomehe (eterminants of Health)cont.*

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&ncome is closely related to education andoccupation

Higher income provides access to $etter 7ualitygoods and services to support health. 59amplesinclude $etter housing, food health services andpreventative health.

;inancial security can lead to greater sense ofcontrol over work and life that contri$utes tohigher self esteem and emotional well $eing.

2nvironmental >actorshe (eterminants of Health)cont.*

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2nvironmental >actors 5nvironmental factors are those things present in

the environment in which people live and workthat can affect their health in a positive ornegative way.

;actors that relate to environmental factors arewhere you live, 7uality of air, food, wateravaila$le, climate conditions.

2oor $uilding design, increasing level of pollutionand climate change all contri$ute to poor health.

Geographic Focation


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Geographic Focation Rural defined $y the /ustralian :ureau of 3tatics

as populations $etween 0""" and '' """. Remote have populations of less than 0"""

2eople living in rural and remote parts of/ustralia have poorer health outcomes than

people living in ma

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2eople living in rural and remote areas normally have todrive long distances which can lead to accidents caused $y

speed, fatigue, animals on the road etc. They are also more likely to face harsh living and working

conditions and e9perience severe climatic conditions suchas e9treme heat, drought and floods which can have anegative impact on $oth physical and emotional health.

The remoteness of communities and the distance $etweenpeople may make it harder to create or maintain socialsupport. This may lead to poorer mental health anddepression.

Geographic Focation )cont.*


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&ndigenous /ustralians make up a significantproportion of the population living in rural and

remote areas. Current statistics estimate !(L ofindigenous people live in remote areas, while(0L are in isolated areas.

There a num$er issues that relate to /$originals

who live in remote areas these include diseaseout$reaks, contaminated water, andovercrowding. These factors contri$uting to illhealth

Geographic Focation )cont *


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Geographic Focation )cont.*

iving in cities and large $uilt up areas may also have anaffect a person health. High levels of air pollution, moremotor vehicles and industrial comple9es.

2oor air 7uality resulting from the production and release ofpoisonous emissions from vehicles and heavy industryincreases the risk of respiratory infections, asthma,$ronchitis and C@D conditions.

Traffic congestion can contri$ute to high levels of stress asmotorists can $ecome angry and frustrated, this alsoincrease the chance of crashes.


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$ccess to Health 6ervices 3ome groups within the

community may have difficultyaccessing, understanding or

using information a$out health.

$ccess to Health 6ervices )cont.*


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2eople who are geographically isolated haveless access to health care and specialist

treatment services. / range of health care options in rural and

remote areas is less than in ur$an areas, suchas access to screening programs and support

groups, alternative health professionals -eg.Chiropractor, acupuncturist and specialisttreatment services.

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3ome people may have to wait longer forhealth care or travel long distances toreceive the necessary health care.

Those with ongoing conditions may $ere7uired to $e away from home for longperiods of time while undergoingtreatment, result in distress and financial

hardship.


2eople from non85nglish speaking $ackgrounds may


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eop e o o g s spea g $ac g ou ds aynot assimilate new information as 7uickly as native5nglish speakers.

3tudies have shown that certain people from somenon85nglish speaking $ackgrounds are not asinformed a$out risky health $ehaviours as their5nglish speaking counter parts -eg. in some places

smoking is seen as the norm so the are not aware ofthe health and social pro$lems associated withsmoking


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2eople living in ma

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Those without private health needing non8essential -eg. knee replacementsprocedures may have a lengthy waitingperiod.

3ome health care treatment is not coveredor only partially covered $y Medicare,meaning not everyone can afford e7ualhealth care.

$ccess to echnolog!


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$ccess to echnolog!

&ncreasing use of technology, such as computers, mo$ilephones and electronic games, has impacted significantly onpeople%s health, particularly the health of young people.

3tudies have found that young people spend significantamounts of time involved in small screen recreation -watchingT@, playing computer games, using the internet, etc often atthe e9pense of physical activity.

59cessive small screen recreations are associated withincreased risk of overweight and o$esity.

$ccess to echnolog! )cont.*

/dvances in technology have helped address some


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/dvances in technology have helped address somepro$lems associated with living in rural and remote areas.

The internet allows people to access accurate health

information and allows health professionals in rural andremote areas to keep up to date with the latest researchand advances.

5mail, social network sites, skype, etc have reducedpeople%s sense of isolation $y allowing them to keep in

touch. This technology also allows doctors in rural andremote areas 7uickly and easily communicate with patientsand consult with health care providers6specialists indifferent locations., which can reduce travel time.


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3canners and digital imaging technologyallows images to $e sent to specialists inur$an areas and reduces the amount oftime the patient is re7uired to spend awayfrom family and work.

Mo$ile phone technology and coveragehas improved meaning a reduced time toget medical help or assistance.


/ num$er of difficulties still e9ist that limit or prevent the


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/ num$er of difficulties still e9ist that limit or prevent theeffective use of technology to support people%s health, suchas

ack of infrastructure in rural and remote areas can restrictaccess to fast and relia$le technology

The cost of purchasing a mo$ile phone or computer,software and connection fees -people living in rural andremote areas statistically have a lower income than those inma

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Clic;

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?uestions

1. Create a mind map to help remember the(eterminants of health.

#. 2nvironmental factors can greatl!inuence an individual-s health.

Investigate wh! not all people have eEualopportunities to achieve and maintainoptimal levels of health and ph!sicalactivit!.

. Investigate how the determinants ofhealth e3plain wh! some individuals andgroups have better or worse health thanothers.

Syllabus Content

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The degree of control individuals can e9ertover their health

Modifia$le and non8modifia$le healthdeterminants

The changing influence of determinantsthrough different stages of life

Syllabus Content

he (egree of Control Individualscan have over their Health

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Many health pro$lems that are currentlyprevalent-widespread or predominant in/ustralia are linked to the decisions people makea$out their health and the lifestyle that they lead.

However, a person%s level of health is not solelydetermined $y individual choices.

Fot all /ustralians are a$le to e9ert the samedegree of control over their health, which hasresulted in ine7ualities arising in the health status

of particular population groups.

"ne)ualityis the une7ual distri$ution of illness orconditions throughout the population.

(isadvantaged 5opulation Groups

he (egree of Control Individuals canhave over their Health )cont.*

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(isadvantaged 5opulation Groups

Modi'able Health (eterminants

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Modi'able Health (eterminants

Modifia$le health determinants are thosethat can $e changed or controls so theyhave a different level of influence on our

health. There are 0 main factors that are central

to the control we are likely to e9ert overour health, socioeconomic advantage, self8

efficiency, health knowledge and skills,interest or desire and attitude.

Modi'able Health (eterminants )cont.*

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6ocioeconomic $dvantage :eing in a position of socioeconomic advantage

provides us access to physical and social resourcessuch as education, money and health services that

can make our life $etter.

;or some people, modifying the socioeconomicdeterminants that influence their health, such aseducation, employment and income, can $e

difficult. Their overall outlook on life can help them to

overcome $arriers created $y their socioeconomicconditions and change their health $ehaviours.

6elf%2Ncienc! 3 lf ffi i f t $ li f i


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3elf8efficiency refers to our $elief in oura$ility to $ring a$out change.

The stronger our self8efficiency, thegreater our levels of perseverance andpersistence and feelings of control.

&f we have low self8efficiency we are more

likely to feel powerless and producenegative self8evaluations that can lead tolower self8esteem.


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Health Lnowledge and 6;ills

The health knowledge and skills that peoplepossess is one area that can $e modified toena$le them to assert greater control overtheir health.

Relia$le and accurate information on issues

such as how to prepare healthy meals orincrease our physical activity are availa$le inplaces such as doctor%s surgeries, localnewspapers and on the internet.

Fot everyone will have the same access to thisinformation. The long term unemployed,homeless and some &ndigenous people arelikely to find it most difficult to improve theirhealth knowledge and skills.

Interest or (esire


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2eople need to possess an interest ordesire to improve their health knowledgeand skills. Health is not always the centralconsideration when people makedecisions. +ften the immediate demandsand pressures of daily life take

precedence.

$ttitudes 2eople%s attitudes to health are another


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2eople s attitudes to health are anotherdeterminant that may $e modified.

Different e9periences in our life -eg. Developingskin cancer or losing a friend in a road accidentmay lead to a change in our health attitudes.

Health promotion campaigns are a commonly used

strategy that seek to change people%s attitudes and$eliefs.

;actors that influence a persons attitude includeage, society attitudes, self8efficiency, individual

$eliefs.

on%Modi'able Health

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(eterminants

Fon8modifia$le health determinantsare determinants that cannot $echanged or altered.

The only factors that might $e seen

as non8modifia$le determinants ofhealth are genetics6heredity andsome environment factors.

Genetics The genetic material we receive from our parents can pass on

certain health conditions increase our suscepti$ility to

on%Modi'able Health (eterminants )cont.

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certain health conditions, increase our suscepti$ility toparticular illnesses or see us inherit characteristics that can

affect our health. This genetic material cannot $e altered, although tests for

certain conditions such as Down 3yndrome can $e performedprior to conception and during pregnancy.

2rogress in treatments of particular genetic conditions, has

meant that people $orn with conditions that use to $e lifethreatening, such as haemophilia, can generally now leadhealthy, normal lives.

2eople with a family history of a particular illness such as$reast cancer can also undergo monitoring, screening and

surgery $efore symptoms are detected in an effort to reducethe risk of cancer developing.

i l

on%Modi'able Health (eterminants )cont.

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2nvironmental >actors

;actors such as geographic location,access to health care, availa$ility oftechnology and other environmentalfactors are also largely non8modifia$le.

2eople living in rural and remote areashave little control over the limited healthservices availa$le, the sparseinfrastructure, the occupational haards,social isolation or natural disasters.

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2eople living in areas surrounded $y heavy

industry or high volumes of traffic havelittle control over the levels of air pollutionthat may $e present in the environment.

2recautions can $e taken such as stayingindoors when there is high levels ofpollution.

3ome people lo$$y governments forincreased e9penditure for health servicesor tighter controls on factory

emissions, however, high levelsof knowledge are usual re7uired toinitiate change.

Changing Inuence of(eterminants through (i=erent

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(eterminants through (i=erentFife 6tages

The influence of health determinants changesthrough the different life stages. Children ofless affluent families are more likely toe9perience failure at school, work in the more

disadvantaged sectors of the workforce, ande9perience unemployment early in theirworking lives.

2oorer families are more likely to produce$a$ies of lower $irth weight. Children with low$irth weight have an increased risk ofsocioeconomic disadvantaged during childhoodand adolescence and an increased risk ofchronic disease in middle age.

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The transition from school to work is

regarded as having influence on thedeterminants of health.

2eople who enter less well paidemployment are at greater risk of

e9periencing insecurity and $eing e9posedto physical and chemical haards at work.

They are also more likely to live in lesswell constructed housing in more polluted

neigh$ourhoods, and retire on no morethan the $asic pension.

Changing Inuence of (eterminantsthrough (i=erent Fife 6tages )cont.*

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/s people age they $ecome more

suscepti$le to disease. These areknown as D5I5F5R/T&@5D&35/353.

$ctivit!

9elate to how the 2lderl! can modif!their lifest!le to decrease their

susceptibilit! to degenerative disease.

Syllabus Content

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Health as a social construct

Recognises the interrelationship

of determinants Challenges the notion that

health is solely the individual%s

responsi$ility

Syllabus Content

Health as a 6ocial Construct

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Health as a 6ocial Construct

The social construct of health recognises thatpeople have different views of health $asedon their social circumstances and ways ofinterpreting, interrelating and interacting withtheir environment.

&t varies from one society to another.

Recognising health as a social construct helps

us to e9plain why some groups or individualse9perience $etter or worse health thanothers.

9ecognises the Interrelationship

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of (eterminants

Health is a dynamic 7uality that isaffected $y a comple9interrelationship $etween individualsand their physical, social, economicand political environments.

Recognition of the interrelationshipof the determinants of health is

reflected in a social view of health.This sees health as $eing created inthe settings where people live andwork.

&t recognises the need for

2ersonal skills development

9ecognises the Interrelationship o(eterminants )cont.*

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2ersonal skills development

5mpowerment of communities to take action topromote health

The creation of social and physical environments thatare supportive to health

/n awareness of the impacts on health of pu$licpolicies

Health services that are orientated towards healthpromotion and the prevention of ill8health

The interrelationship that e9ists $etween our socialenvironments8 the care and nurturing we receivewhen young, our interactions with others and oursense of inclusion8 determine our health andwell$eing.

Challenges the notion that healthis solel! an individual-s

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is solel! an individual sresponsibilit!

/ social view of health recognises thathealth risk cannot $e attri$uted solely toindividual risk $ehaviours. &t understands

that a person%s health and well$eing areassociated with social institutions, such asfamilies, communities, workplaces and thehealth care system.

These institutions can support or diminishthe health of the individual.

@i i h lth i l t t h l l i

Challenges the notion that health issolel! an individual-s responsibilit!)cont.*

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@iewing health as a social construct helps e9plain

*hy certain groups $ehave in particular ways

*hy certain groups do not have the sameopportunity

How $ehaviour can $e associated with social and

cultural meanings ;actors influencing the health $ehaviours of a person

or group are often categorised as

2redisposing factors that increase the likelihood of

the $ehaviour 5na$ling factors that support the $ehaviour

Reinforcing factors that help the $ehaviour tocontinue

?uestions

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1. Identif! ris; factors that can be modi'ed andcannot be modi'ed.

#. (iscuss to what degree an individual is able todetermine his or her own health status.

. 23plain whether the level of control is the samefor ever!one.

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0. Imagine a !oung person who has two to the belowcharacteristics:

Fives in a remote or rural area

Has a disabilit!

Fives in a low socioeconomic area

Is homeless

Has a culturall! diverse bac;ground

(iscuss how the two characteristics !ou selected wouldinuence the !oung person-s health behaviours.

8. (escribe the factors that support better health.

. (escribe the factors that act as barriers to better health.. 23plain whether individuals can achieve better health

despite these barriers.

Syllabus Content

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*hat is health promotion=

Syllabus Content

"hat is Health 5romotion

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"hat is Health 5romotion

Health promotion aims to increaseawareness of hypokinetic diseases inan attempt to empower individuals

to make positive lifestyle changes.&t is a$le to deliver awareness

through a range of mediums such as5DC/T&+F, 3C&5FC5 and through

health promotion C/M2/&IF3 thatare advertised through the media.

"hat is Health 5romotion)cont.*

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Syllabus Content

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Responsi$ility for health promotion

&ndividuals

Community groups6schools Fon8government organisations

Iovernment

&nternational organisations eg. *H+,

nited Fations

Syllabus Content

9esponsibilit! for Health Care

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p !

/ wide range of people and groupsare responsi$le for promotinghealth. These include

&ndividuals Community groups and schools

Fon8government organisations

@arious levels of government &nternational organisations

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;or health promotion to $e effective thereneeds to $e &FT5R35CT+R/C+/:+R/T&+F-forming partnerships$etween organisations, schools,cooperation of professional personnel, etc.

to instigate positive health outcomes / coordinated approach $y all people and

organisations involved is needed tosuccessfully plan, develop and deliver

initiatives that address identified areas ofconcern.

Individuals

&ndividuals play a key role in promoting

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&ndividuals play a key role in promoting

their own health, $ecause personal$ehaviour is the ma

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Health promotion includes andencourages individual responsi$ilityand action.

&ndividuals can take advantage ofhealth professions -I2s, dieticians,counsellors, dentists, health workersand community nurses to improve

their lifestyle.

Communit! Groups and 6chools

Community health programs may have

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y p g ytargets on varying scales. They may $e

directed at individuals, local communities,states or the entire country.

Health information is provided to thegeneral pu$lic through mass media.

>ournalists have an influential role indelivering health information.

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/rchitects, engineers and ur$an plannersalso contri$ute to health through they way

they plan and $uild houses and ur$aninfrastructure, such as roads and $ridges.They health determine the structure of theenvironment in which people live, workand play.

Health education and personaldevelopment are important parts of the

Communit! Groups and 6chools)cont.*

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development are important parts of theschool curriculum, and teachers play a keyrole in their delivery.

3chools also implement health8promotingpolicies, such as using sun protection inthe playground, $anning smoking onschool grounds and providing healthy foodchoices in canteens.

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3chools have an important role inhealth promotion as they are the

sites where health knowledge isgained, healthy $ehaviour isencouraged and health skillsdeveloped.

on%government rganisations )Gs* FI+s are non8profit making organisations that

operate at local national and

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operate at local, national andinternational levels.

FI+s focus on specific disease or health issues.

They are funded $y a variety of sources, includingpu$lic donations, fundraising and governmentgrants.

59amples of FI+s are The Heart ;oundation, >umpRope for Heart, Cancer Council and /sthma;oundation, Headspace and Aouthsafe.

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Iovernments work closely with FI+s toimprove the 7uality and availa$ility ofhuman and financial resources directed at

health promotion. FI+s are not controlled $y governments

and their work is not controlled or limited$y government policy.

Government

/ll levels of government8 local, state and federal8 have to

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gplay a key role in health promotion.

Focal Government ocal government has significant responsi$ilities for health

promotion as its decisions and policies affect a num$er ofthe determinants of health. &t is responsi$le for many

aspects of community living, including environmental andland use planning, recreational facilities, communitydevelopment, environmental and heritage conservation,home care, child care and community transport. &t is alsoresponsi$le for waste management and food safety. 5ach

of these areas of responsi$ility makes a su$stantialcontri$ution to the health and well$eing of the community.

6tate Government

3tate governments are responsi$le for supervision ofh l h i f i h f d f

Government )cont.*

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health protection functions, such as food safety,

environmental health and use of drugs and poisons. &tis also responsi$le for disease prevention and control,which involves health education, immunisation,refugee screening and cancer screening. 3tategovernments also have an important role indetermining the strategic direction of healthpromotion, such as in the areas of nutrition, physicalactivity, women%s health, in

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Iovernment is responsi$le for how well

the health system serves the needs of thepeople, health financing, policies andprogram implementation. 3pecialistagencies have $een set up at the federallevel to regulate and monitor health. They

include ;ood 3tandards /ustralia FewNealand.

International rganisations

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To assist and guide countries in achieving the$est health for their citiens, a

num$er of international health organisations

have $een esta$lished. The nited Fations,*orld Health +rganiation and nited FationsChildren%s ;und are three such organisations. /llthree $odies are involved in promoting glo$al

health.

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The nited Fations -F maintains

international peace and security developsfriendly relations $etween countries $asedon respect for the principle of e7ual rightsand self8determination of peoples

cooperates in solving internationaleconomic, social, cultural andhumanitarian pro$lems and promotesrespect for human rights and fundamentalfreedoms.

*ithin the F are administrative $odies

International rganisations )cont.*

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*ithin the F are administrative $odies

that play a key role in health promotion,including the *H+ and nited FationsChildren%s ;und -F&C5;.

*H+ is the directing and coordinatingauthority on international health within theF.

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*H+ e9perts produce guidelines andstandards and help countries to addresspu$lic health issues. &t also supports and

promotes health research. Through *H+, governments can work

together to address glo$al healthpro$lems and improve people%s well$eing,eg. polio free &ndia.

$ctivities7?uestions

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1. Create a mind map on the 9esponsibilit!for Health 5romotion.

#. (escribe the role and responsibilit! ofcommunit! groups7schools in healthpromotion

Syllabus Content

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Health promotion approaches andstrategies

lifestyle6$ehavioural approaches eg. 7uit

smoking programs, health education 2reventative medical approaches eg.

childhood immunisation, cancer screening

2u$lic health approaches eg. health8

promoting schools and workplaces

y

Health 5romotion $pproachesand 6trategies

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Health promotion is aimed at improving the health of anindividual or community or changing $ehaviour that mayhave a negative influence on health.

Health promotion approaches and strategies range fromindividually focused interventions -such as posters providingpositive health messages through to the development of anational health promoting policy -such as the Fational MentalHealth 3trategy.

The approaches include

ifestyle and $ehavioural approaches

2reventative medical approaches 2u$lic health approaches

Fifest!le7Behavioural $pproaches

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/ lifestyle approach to health promotionaims to reduce or prevent the incidence ofrisk $ehaviours that contri$ute to poor

health &t is $ased on the premise that the ma

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This approach is directed at improving riskfactors related to individual $ehavioursuch as poor eating ha$its, physicalinactivity, smoking, unsafe se9ual activity

and drug and alcohol a$use. Health education programs, social

marketing campaigns, the promotion ofself8help or self8care practices and pu$lic

policies are strategies that are commonlyused.

59ample of health promotion programs

Fifest!le7Behavioural $pproaches )cont.*

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that work within this model include

*e$ $ased services such as Reach +utGThat seek to enhance health knowledgeand skill to support and improve mentalhealth and well$eing

2hysical activity initiatives targeting schoolaged children that aim to increase levelsof regular physical activity and reducesedentary $ehaviours

Ouit smoking campaigns and strategies to

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encourage people to stop smoking or

remain smoke free

Road safety campaigns that challengepeoples attitudes towards unsafe driving$ehaviours such as speeding

%&SC'SS&O(

Fifest!le7Behavioural $pproaches )cont.*

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%&SC'SS&O(

Har Miniisation Approach vs)ero Tolerance Approach*Both ofthese are included in thelifest!le7behavioural approaches tohealth promotion approaches andstrategies.

5reventative Medical $pproaches 2reventative medical approaches are those that use

medical treatments or interventions to promote

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medical treatments or interventions to promote

health. &t is a more traditional approach to healthpromotion.

This approach is directed at improving thephysiological risk factors, that is those relating to the

way living things function, such as high $loodpressure, a$normal cell production or lack ofimmunisation.

Health promoting action used in preventativedi l h l i

5reventative Medical $pproaches)cont.*

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medical approaches commonly occurs in a

series of stages primary, secondary andtertiary prevention.

2rimary prevention8 preventing initialoccurrence of an illness, such as through

childhood immunisation programs. 3econdary 2revention8 stopping or slowing an

e9isting illness, such as provision of cervicalscreening services

Tertiary prevention8 reducing the re8occurrenceand esta$lishment of chronic illness, such asprovision of effective reha$ilitation services.

5ublic Health $pproaches

The pu$lic health approach to health promotion

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involves esta$lishing programs, policies and services

that create environments that support health. 2u$lic health approaches are a more recent trend in

health promotion.

They have $een significantly influenced $y the

*H+%s policies and philosophies.

2u$lic health approaches aim to provide thema9imum $enefit for the largest num$er of people.

They are concerned with preventing disease and

in

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y p p ppinclude

Defining and monitoring the e9tent of thepro$lem

&dentifying the cause of the pro$lem

;ormulating and testing ways of dealingwith the pro$lem

/pplying widely the measures that arefound to work

3ettings for health promotion to reach alarge num$er of people include schoolsand the workplace

Health *romoting #chools

5ublic Health $pproaches )cont.*

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Health *romoting #chools

/ health promoting school is one that operates in away that demonstrates a whole8school commitmentto improving and protecting the health and well$eingof the school community. The 4 components of thehealth promoting school framework are

curriculum, teaching and learningwhat is taughtand learnt and how it is taught and learnt

3chool organisation, ethos and environmenthow

the school #feels% eg. safe, fun, stimulating 2artnerships and servicespartnerships formed with

the wider community and with the families of thestudents.

5ublic Health $pproaches )cont.*

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Health *romoting +orkplace

The workplace influences the physical,social, mental and economic well$eing ofworkers and, in turn, the health of theirfamilies, communities and society.

*orkplace promotion includes activitiesand strategies that are designed toimprove the health of workers and thecommunity.

&t includes programs such as occupationalhealth and safety.

Health Prootion Capai#ns

;or each campaign identify the health promotion

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;or each campaign identify the health promotionmessage and what it is trying to prevent.

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The +ttawa Charter as an effective healthpromotion framework

Developing personal skills

Creating supportive environments

3trengthening community action

Reorienting health services

:uilding healthy pu$lic policy

he ttawa Charter

&n 1'), the +ttawaCharter marked the

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$eginning of a new eraof pu$lic health. +ttawaCharter $ecame the firstconference forinternational healthwhere the initial goal

was to achieve health for!""" and $eyond.

The +ttawa Charter recognised that in order forhealth to $e achieved, it needed to focus on a

colla$orative approach.The thrust of the charter was to esta$lish healthas a human right that should $e incorporated in allpu$lic policy and decision making.The +ttawa Charter clearly reflects the $elief thathealth is socially $ased.

The charter is significant $ecause itgave direction to health promotion

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gave direction to health promotion

through clear definitions, actionplans and positive involvement./greement to the principles of the

+ttawa Charter saw countries acrossthe world adopt the pu$lic health

approach as a new way ofapproaching health promotion

&t acknowledges the role of healthand social factors, such as housing,

water and food 7uality, education,transport, employment, governmentsocial support policy and access tohealth care.

$ction $reas of thettawa Charter

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- Developing *ersonal #kills -empowerthe individual to make positivehealth6lifestyle choices

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.- /uilding Healthy *ublic *olicy -2olicyand legislation that supports health

0- #trengthening &ommunity 'ction-Community working together to enhancehealth

1- &reating #upportive Environments-creating safe, healthy, stimulating work,school and community environments

2- Reorienting Health #ervices -takingthe emphasis away from #curing% diseaseto #preventing% disease

(eveloping 5ersonal 6;ills

Health promotion supports personal andi l d l t th h idi

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social development through providing

information, education for health andenhancing life skills. By so doing, itincreases the options available to peopleto exercise more control over their

environment, and to make choicesconductive to health.

59tract from the +ttawa Charter

These skills -communication, pro$lem

solving, planning, decision making, conflictresolution and goal setting can $edeveloped in schools, workplaces and inother community settings.

59amples of this action in /ustraliainclude

(eveloping 5ersonal 6;ills )cont.*

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include

Health education in schools Media campaigns encouraging

healthy life choices

/nti8smoking programs The work of FI+s, such as Cancer

Council and the Fational Heart;oundation

Creating 6upportive2nvironments he overall guiding principle for the !orld, nations,

regions and communities alike, is the need tol k f

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encourage reciprocal maintenance" to take care ofeach other, our communities and our naturalenvironment. he conservation of natural resourcesthroughout the !orld should be emphasised as aglobal responsibility.

59tract from the +ttawa Charter This action area focuses on the places where people

live, work and play and on increasing people%sa$ility within these settings to make health8

promoting choices.*orkplaces, support groups, health services, school

the media and family can all help to providesupportive environments

59amples of this action area in /ustraliainclude

Creating 6upportive 2nvironments )cont

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include

The use of unleaded petrol /lcohol free areas at sporting venues and

in the community

Recycling programs conducted $y local

councils Healthy school canteens

+n the sporting field8 padded areas,modified rules and protective e7uipment

The policy of speeding in school ones

&n the home8 smoke alarms, smoke freeone

6trengthening Communit! $ction

Health promotion !orks through concreteand effective community action in setting

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y g

priorities, making decisions, planningstrategies and implementing them toachieve better health. At the heart of thisprocess is the empo!erment ofcommunities" their o!nership and controlof their o!n endeavours and destinies.


The focus of this area is the empowermentof communities to identify and implementactions to address their health concerns.

Communities will respond more positivelyto initiatives that they have had a role indeveloping.

59amples of resources that can work

6trengthening Communit! $ction)cont.*

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59amples of resources that can work

effectively together are schools,workplaces, self8help groups, localgovernments, community health centres,doctors and the media.


Health promoting in schools

3elf8help groups, such as /lcoholics

/nonymous and CanTeen ions Clu$ Driver Reviver stations

9eorienting Health 6ervices

he responsibility for health promotion inhealth services is shared among individuals,

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health services is shared among individuals,

community groups, health professionals,health service institutions and governments.hey must !ork together to!ards a healthcare system !hich contributes to the pursuitof health. he role of the health sector must

move increasingly in a health promotiondirection, beyond its responsibility forproviding clinical and curative services.


The reorientating of health services hasfocused on the well$eing of the whole personpromoting ill health and supporting well$eing.3imply, focusing on prevention rather than acure.

Reorientation means ad

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include

&ncreased funding for health promotionand research

Doctors working with child8care centres topromote immunisation programs

2harmacists working with communityhealth centres in order to engage inimproved preventative strategies

2olice working with schools to address

issues such as drink8driving, $ullying andother crimes.

Build Health! 5ublic 5olic!

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Health promotion combines diverse butcomplementary approaches includinglegislation, fiscal measures -governmentspending, taxation and organisational

change. #t is coordinated action that leadsto health, income and social policies thatfoster e$uity. %oint action contributes toensuring safer and healthier goods andservices, healthier public services andcleaner, more en&oyable environments.


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This relates to the decisions made at alllevels of government and $y organisationsthat work towards health improvement.

The purpose of this principle is to guidepu$lic policy so that it provides anenvironment in which healthy choices aremade easy.


Build Health! 5ublic 5olic!)cont.*

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egislation to restrict advertising ofcigarettes

3moke8free workplaces and pu$lic$uildings

Reduc

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