CORONAVIRUSES ANDARTERIVIRUSE S

Luis Enjuanes

Stuart G. Siddell

Willy Spaan

;Advances in experimental medicine and biology ; v. 440

Virus Entry

1 . Neutralization of MHV-A59 by Soluble Recombinant Receptor Glycoproteins

3Bruce D . Zelus, David R. Wessner, Gabriela S . Dveksler, an d

Kathryn V. Holme s

2 . Isolation and Characterization of Murine Coronavirus Mutants Resistant t oNeutralization by Soluble Receptors 1 1

Keiichi Saeki, Nobuhisa Ohtsuka, and Fumihiro Taguch i

3 . Mutational Analysis of Fusion Peptide-Like Regions in the Mouse Hepatiti sVirus Strain A59 Spike Protein 1 7

Zongli Luo and Susan R . Weiss

4 . Interactions of Enterotropic Mouse Hepatitis Viruses with Bgp2 ReceptorProteins 2 5

Susan R. Compton

5 . Virus-Receptor Interactions and Interspecies Transfer of a Mouse Hepatitis Virus

3 3Lisa E . Hensley, Kathryn V. Holmes, Nicole Beauchemin, and Ralph S . Bari c

6 . Human Biliary Glycoproteins Function as Receptors for Interspecies Transfer o fMouse Hepatitis Virus 43

Lisa E . Hensley and Ralph S . Bari c

7 . Obtention of Porcine Aminopeptidase-N Transgenic Mice and Analysis of Thei rSusceptibility to Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus 53

L. Benbacer, M .-G. Stinackre, H . Laude, and B . Delmas

8. Molecular Analysis of the Coronavirus-Receptor Function of Aminopeptidase N

6 1Andreas F. Kolb, Annette Hegyi, Julia Maile, Angelien Heister ,

Margitta Hagemann, and Stuart G . Siddel l

9. Feline Aminopeptidase N Is a Receptor for All Group I Coronaviruses

6 9Dina B . Tresnan and Kathryn V. Holmes

10. Differential Receptor-Functionality of the Two Distinct Receptor Proteins fo r

Mouse Hepatitis Virus 7 7

N. Ohtsuka, Y. K . Yamada, K. Saeki, and F. Taguch i

11. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection of Alveola rMacrophages Can Be Blocked by Monoclonal Antibodies against Cel l

Surface Antigens 8 1

X. Duan, H . J . Nauwynck, H. Favoreel, and M . B . Pensaert

12 . Requirement of Proteolytic Cleavage of the Murine Coronavirus MHV-2 Spik eProtein for Fusion Activity 8 9

Yasuko K . Yamada, Kazuhiro Takimoto, Mikiko Yabe, and Fumihiro Taguch i

Replication I : The Polymerase

13 . The Arterivirus Replicase : The Road from RNA to Protein(s), and Back Again

97Eric J . Snijder

14 . Replication and Transcription of HCV 229E Replicons

109Volker Thiel, Stuart G. Siddell, and Jens Herol d

15 . Substrate Specificity of the Human Coronavirus 229E 3C-Like Proteinase

11 5John Ziebuhr, Gerhard Heusipp, Anja Seybert, and Stuart G . Siddel l

16 . Processing of the MHV-A59 Gene 1 Polyprotein by the 3C-Like Proteinase . . . . 12 1M. R . Denison, A . C . Sims, C. A. Gibson, and X. T. Lu

17 . Expression, Purification, and Activity of Recombinant MHV-A59 3CLpro

129A. C . Sims, X. T. Lu, and M . R . Denison

18. Maturation of the Polymerase Polyprotein of the Coronavirus MHV Strain JHMInvolves a Cascade of Proteolytic Processing Events 13 5

Jennifer J. Schiller and Susan C . Baker

19 . Characterization of a Papain-Like Cysteine-Proteinase Encoded by Gene 1 o fthe Human Coronavirus HCV 229E 14 1

Jens Herold, Volker Thiel, and Stuart G . Siddel l

20 . Proteolytic Processing of the Polyprotein Encoded by ORF 1 b of theCoronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) 149

D. X . Liu, S . Shen, H . Y. Xu, and T. D . K. Brown

21 . Further Characterisation of the Coronavirus IBV ORF la Products Encoded bythe 3C-Like Proteinase Domain and the Flanking Regions 16 1

Lisa F. P. Ng and D . X . Liu

22 . Characterisation of a Papain-Like Proteinase Domain Encoded by ORF I a of theCoronavirus IBV and Determination of the C-Terminal Cleavage Site o fan 87 kDa Protein 17 3

K. P. Lim and D. X . Liu

Replication II : RNA Synthesis

23 . Role of the Nonstructural Polyproteins in Alphavirus RNA Synthesis

18 7Dorothea L . Sawicki and Stanley G . Sawick i

24 . An Infectious cDNA Clone of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrom eVirus 19 9

J . J . M. Meulenberg, J. N. A. Bos-de Ruijter, G. Wensvoort, andR. J . M . Moorman n

25 . The Spike Protein of Transmissible Gastroenteritis Coronavirus Controls th eTropism of Pseudorecombinant Virions Engineered Using Syntheti cMinigenomes 207

A. Izeta, C . M. Sanchez, C . Smerdou, A . Mendez, S . Alonso, M . Balasch ,J. Plana-Duran, and L . Enjuanes

26 . A New Model for Coronavirus Transcription

21 5S . G. Sawicki and D . L . Sawick i

27 . Negative Strand RNA Synthesis by Temperature-Sensitive Mutants of Mous eHepatitis Virus 22 1

D . R . Younker and S . G. Sawick i

28. Cellular Protein hnRNP-Al Interacts with the 3'-End and the Intergeni cSequence of Mouse Hepatitis Virus Negative-Strand RNA to Form aRibonucleoprotein Complex 22 7

Xuming Zhang, Hsin-Pai Li, Wenmei Xue, and Michael M . C. La i

29 . Cell Proteins Bind to a 67 Nucleotide Sequence within the 3' Noncoding Regio n(NCR) of Simian Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (SHFV) Negative-Strand RNA 23 5

You-Kyung Hwang and Margo A . Brinto n

30. Studies of Murine Coronavirus DI RNA Replication from Negative-Stran dTranscripts 24 1

S . Banerjee and S . Makin o

31 . The Effect of Deletion of a Conserved 11 Nucleotide Sequence on Mous eHepatitis Virus RNA Replication 24 7

J. F . Repass and S . Makino

32. Sequence Elements Involved in the Rescue of IBV Defective RNA CD-91

253Kevin Dalton, Z . Penzes, C . Wroe, K . Stirrups, S . Evans, K. Shaw,

T. D . K. Brown, P. Britton, and D. Cavanagh

33 . Rescue of IBV D-RNA by Heterologous Helper Virus Strains

259Kathleen Stirrups, Kathleen Shaw, Sharon Evans, Kevin Dalton ,

David Cavanagh, and Paul Britton

34 . A Strategy for the Generation of Infectious RNAs and Autonomousl yReplicating RNAs Based on the HCV 229E Genome 265

J . Herold, V. Thiel, and S . G. Siddell

35 . Long Distance RT-PCRS of Human Coronavirus 229E RNA

26 9Volker Thiel, Jens Herold, and Stuart G. Siddell

36 . Subgenomic RNA7 Is Transcribed with Different Leader-Body Junction Sites i nPRRSV (Strain VR2332) Infection of CL2621 Cells 27 5

Kay S . Faaberg, Margaret R . Elam, Chris J. Nelsen, and Michael P. Murtaugh

37 . Organization of the Simian Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Genome and Identificatio nof the sgRNA Junction Sequences 28 1

X. C . Wang, S . L . Smith, and E . K . Godeny

Protein Expression and Assembly I : Expressio n

38 . Construction of a Mouse Hepatitis Virus Recombinant Expressing a ForeignGene 29 1

Francoise Fischer, Carola F. Stegen, Cheri A . Koetzner, and Paul S . Masters

39 . An Essential Secondary Structure in the 3' Untranslated Region of the MouseHepatitis Virus Genome 29 7

Bilan Hsue and Paul S . Master s

40 . Regulation of mRNA 1 Expression by the 5'-Untranslated Region (5'-UTR) o fthe Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) 303

D. X . Liu, H . Y. Xu, and K. P. Lim

41 . Mouse Hepatitis Virus Nucleocapsid Protein as a Translational Effector of Vira lmRNAs 31 3

Stanley M. Tahara, Therese A. Dietlin, Gary W. Nelson ,Stephen A . Stohlman, and David J . Manno

42. Progress towards the Construction of a Transmissible Gastroenteriti sCoronavirus Self-Replicating RNA Using a Two-LayerExpression System 31 9

Zoltan Penzes, Jose Manuel Gonzalez, Ander Izeta, Maria Muntiön, an dLuis Enjuane s

Protein Expression and Assembly II : Assembly

43 . Molecular Events in the Assembly of Retrovirus Particles

329Michael Sakalian and Eric Hunter

44 . Structure and Intracellular Assembly of the Transmissible Gastroenteriti sCoronavirus 34 1

C . Risco, I . M . Anton, M . Muntiön, J. M. Gonzalez, J . L . Carrascosa, andL. Enjuane s

45 . Characterization of Coronavirus DI RNA Packaging

347K. H. Kim, K. Narayanan, and S . Makino

46. Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Protein : RNA Interactions

35 5Raymond Cologna and Brenda G. Hogu e

47 . Coronavirus Envelope Glycoprotein Assembly Complexes

36 1Vinh-Phuc Nguyen and Brenda G . Hogu e

48 . Coronavirus Envelope Assembly Is Sensitive to Changes in the Termina lRegions of the Viral M Protein 36 7

C . A. M. de Haan, H . Vennema, and P. J . M. Rottier

49 . Interferon Alpha Inducing Property of Coronavirus Particles and Pseudoparticles 37 7P. Baudoux, L. Besnardeau, C . Can-at, P. Rottier, B . Charley, and H . Laud e

50 . Expression and Processing of Nonstructural Proteins of the Human Astroviruses 38 7C. A. Gibson, J . Chen, S . A. Monroe, and M . R. Denison

Pathogenesis I : The Immune System

51 . Extracellular Enveloped Vaccinia Virus : Entry, Egress, and Evasion

39 5Geoffrey L . Smith and Alain Vanderplasschen

52 . Resistance of Naive Mice to Murine Hepatitis Virus Strain 3 Require sDevelopment of a Thl, but Not a Th2, Response, whereas Pre-Existin gAntibody Partially Protects against Primary Infection 41 5

M. F. Liu, Q . Ning, M. Pope, T. Mosmann, J . Leibowitz, J . W. Ding ,L . S . Fung, O. Rotstein, R. Gorczynski, and G . A. Levy

53 . Apoptosis of JHMV-Specific CTL in the CNS in the Absence of CD4 ' T Cells

42 5S . A. Stohlman, C. C . Bergmann, D . J . Cua, M. T. Lin, S . Ho, W. Wei, and

D. R . Hinton

54 . Mechanisms of Viral Clearance in Perforin-Deficient Mice

43 1M. T. Lin, D . R. Hinton, and S . A. Stohlman

55 . Coronavirus Infection and Demyelination : Development of InflammatoryLesions in Lewis Rats 437

Helmut Wege, Hermann Schluesener, Richard Meyermann ,Vesna Barac-Latas, Gerda Suchanek, and Hans Lassmann

56 . MHV-Induced Fatal Peritonitis in Mice Lacking IFN-y

445S. Kyuwa, Y. Tagawa, K. Machii, S . Shibata, K . Doi, K. Fujiwara, and

Y. Iwakura

57 . Coronavirus MHV-A59 Causes Upregulation of Interferon-ß RNA in Primar yGlial Cell Cultures 45 1

Q. Wang, J . A. Haluskey, and E . Lav i

58 . Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Responses to Infectious Bronchitis Virus Infection . . . 455Sang Heui Seo and Ellen W. Collisson

59 . In Vivo and in Vitro Interferon (IFN) Studies with the Porcine Reproductive an dRespiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) 46 1

W. Buddaert, K . Van Reeth, and M . Pensaert

60 . Identification of a Common Antigenic Site in the Nucleocapsid Protein o fEuropean and North American Isolates of Porcine Reproductive andRespiratory Syndrome Virus 469

J . I . Casal, M. J . Rodriguez, J . Sarraseca, J . Garcia, J . Plana-Duran, andA. San z

61 . Intrahepatic aß-TcR'ntermediate LFA 1 h 'gh T Cells Are Stimulated during Mous eHepatitis Viral Infection 47 9

L. Lamontagne, E . Massicotte, and C . Page

62 . Clonal Deletion of Some Vß+ T Cells in Peripheral Lymphocytes fro mC57BL/6 Mice Infected with MHV3 48 5

S. Gagne, L . Thibodeau, and L . Lamontagne

63 . A Serological Survey of Human Coronavirus in Pigs of the Tohoku District ofJapan 49 1

N. Hirano and K . Ono

64 . A Monoclonal Antibody Blocking ELISA for the Detection of IBV Antibodies inFowl 495

V. Moving, G . Czifra, and L . Renström

Pathogenesis II : Pathology

65 . Pathogenesis of Coronavirus-Induced Infections : Review of Pathological andImmunological Aspects 503

S. Perlma n

66 . Role of CTL Mutants in Demyelination Induced by Mouse Hepatitis Virus ,Strain JHM 51 5

S. Perlman and L . Pewe

67 . Using a Defective-Interfering RNA System to Express the HE Protein of Mous eHepatitis Virus for Studying Viral Pathogenesis 52 1

Xuming Zhang, David Hinton, Sungmin Park, Ching-Len Liao ,Michael M . C . Lai, and Stephen Stohlma n

68 . The Mouse Hepatitis Virus A59 Spike Protein Is Not Cleaved in Primar yHepatocyte and Glial Cell Cultures 52 9

Susan T. Hingley, Isabelle Leparc-Goffart, and Susan R . Weiss

69 . The Pathogenesis of MHV Nucleocapsid Gene Chimeric Viruses

53 7E. Lavi, J . A. Haluskey, and P. S . Masters

70 . Targeted Recombination between MHV-2 and MHV-A59 to Study Neurotropi cDeterminants of MHV 54 3

E . Lavi, L . Kuo, J . A. Haluskey, and P. S . Masters

71 . Mouse Hepatitis Virus Receptor Levels Influence Virus-Induced Cytopathology

549P. V. Rao and T. M. Gallagher

72 . Is the Sialic Acid Binding Activity of the S Protein Involved in th eEnteropathogenicity of Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus? 55 7

C. Krempl, H . Laude, and G. Herrle r

73 . Isolation of Hemagglutination-Defective Mutants for the Analysis of the Siali cAcid Binding Activity of Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus 563

C. Krempl, M. L . Ballesteros, L . Enjuanes, and G. Herrler

74 . Role of Mouse Hepatitis Virus-A59 Receptor Bgp la Expression i nVirus-Induced Pathogenesis 56 9

Catherine Godfraind, Kathryn V. Holmes, and Jean-Paul Coutelie r

75 . Persistent Infection of Neural Cell Lines by Human Coronaviruses

57 5Nathalie Arbour and Pierre J . Talbot

76 . Neuropathogenicity and Susceptibility to Immune Response Are Interdependen tProperties of Lactate Dehydrogenase-Elevating Virus (LDV) an dCorrelate with the Number of N-Linked Polylactosaminoglycan Chains o nthe Ectodomain of the Primary Envelope Glycoprotein 58 3

Zongyu Chen, Kehan Li, Raymond R. R . Rowland, andPeter G. W. Plagemann

77 . Arterivirus PRRSV: Experimental Studies on the Pathogenesis of RespiratoryDisease 59 3

Jörg Beyer, Dieter Fichtner, Horst Schirrmeier, Harald Granzow, Ulf Polster,Emilie Weiland, Angela Berndt, and Helmut Wege

78. Spread of Swine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus from Periphera lNerves to the CNS 60 1

N. Hirano, K . Tohyama, and H . Taira

79. Expression of the fg12 and Its Protein Product (Prothrombinase) in Tissue sduring Murine Hepatitis Virus Strain-3 (MHV-3) Infection 60 9

J. W. Ding, Q . Ning, M . F. Liu, A . Lai, K . Peltekian, L . Fung, C . Holloway,

H. Yeger, M. J . Phillips, and G . A. Levy

80 . The Pattern of Induction of Apoptosis during Infection with MHV-3 Correlate swith Strain Variation in Resistance and Susceptibility to Lethal Hepatitis

61 9Michail Belyavskyi, Gary A . Levy, and Julian L . Leibowitz

81 . The C12 Mutant of MHV-A59 Is Very Weakly Demyelinating and Has Fiv eAmino Acid Substitutions Restricted to the Spike and Replicase Genes . . . 627

Isabelle Leparc-Goffart, Susan T . Hingley, Xinhe Jiang, Ming Ming Chua ,

Ehud Lavi, and Susan R . Weiss

82 . Human Macrophages Are Susceptible to Coronavirus OC43

63 5Arlene R . Collin s

83 . Transmissible Gastroenteritis Coronavirus Carrier Sow

64 1Roger D. Woods and Ronald D . Wesley

84. Equine Viral Arteritis : Current Status in Finland

64 9Anita Huovilainen and Christine Ek-Kommone n

Strategies to Control Coronavirus-Induced Disease s

85. Isolation and Recombinant Expression of an MHV-JHM Neutralisin gMonoclonal Antibody 65 7

Andreas F . Kolb, Monika Lechermaier, Angelien Heister, Atiye Toksoy, andStuart G . Siddell

86 . Interference of Coronavirus Infection by Expression of IgG or IgA Viru sNeutralizing Antibodies 665

Isabel Sola, Joaquin Castilla, and Luis Enjuane s

87 . Lactogenic Immunity in Transgenic Mice Producing Recombinant Antibodie sNeutralizing Coronavirus 675

J. Castilla, I . Sola, B . Pintado, J . M. Sanchez-Morgado, and L . Enjuane s

88 . Utilising a Defective IBV RNA for Heterologous Gene Expression wit hPotential Prophylactic Application 687

S. A. Evans, K. Stirrups, K. Dalton, K . Shaw, D . Cavanagh, and P. Britton

89 . Intramuscular Injection of Plasmid DNA Expressing mRNA7 Coding th eNucleocapsid Protein of JHMV Partially Protected Mice against Acut eInfection with JHMV 693

M. Hayashi, K . Ishida, A . Maeda, Y. Kon, T. Mizutani, T. Watanabe, S . Arai ,and F. Okada

90 . Inhibitory Effects of Modified Oligonucleotides Complementary to the Leade rRNA on the Multiplication of Mouse Hepatitis Virus 70 1

M. Hayashi, A . Maeda, M . Kihara, S . Mai, K. Hanaki, and T. Nozaki

91 . Adaptation and Serial Passage of Bovine Coronavirus in an Established Diploi dSwine Testicular Cell Line and Subsequent Development of a Modifie dLive Vaccine 707

Mark W. Welter

92 . European Serotype PRRSV Vaccine Protects against European Serotyp eChallenge whereas an American Serotype Vaccine Does Not 713

P. A. M. van Woensel, K . Lieflcens, and S . Demaret

Variability and Evolution

93 . Population Dynamics in the Evolution of RNA Viruses

72 1Esteban Domingo, Cristina Escarmis, Noemi Sevilla, and Eric Baranowsk i

94. Does IBV Change Slowly Despite the Capacity of the Spike Protein to Var yGreatly? 729

D. Cavanagh, K . Mawditt, A . Adzhar, R. E . Gough, J .-P. Picault, C . J . Naylor,D. Haydon, K. Shaw, and P. Britton

95 . Selection in Persistently Infected Murine Cells of an MHV-A59 Variant wit hExtended Host Range 73 5

Jeanne H. Schickli, David E . Wentworth, Bruce D . Zelus ,Kathryn V. Holmes, and Stanley G. Sawick i

96 . Receptor Homologue Scanning Functions in the Maintenance of MHV-A5 9Persistence in Vitro 74 3

Wan Chen, Boyd Yount, Lisa Hensley, and Ralph S . Bari c

97 . Viral Evolution and CTL Epitope Stability during JHMV Infection in th eCentral Nervous System 75 1

C . C. Bergmann, E. Dimacali, S . Stohl, N. Marten, M. M. C . Lai, andS. A. Stohlman

98. Quasispecies Development by High Frequency RNA Recombination duringMHV Persistence 75 9

C . L . Rowe, S . C . Baker, M . J. Nathan, J.-Y. Sgro, A. C. Palmenberg, an dJ . O. Fleming

99 . Coronavirus Infection and Demyelination : Sequence Conservation of th eS-Gene during Persistent Infection of Lewis-Rats 76 7

Helmut Wege, Albert Stabler, Hans Lassmann, and Hanna Weg e

100 . Prokaryotic Expression of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea Virus ORF3

77 5A. Schmitz, K. Tobler, M . Suter, and M . Ackerman n

101 . Further Analysis of the Genome of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea Virus

78 1A. Bridgen, R . Kocherhans, K . Tobler, A . Carvajal, and M . Ackermann

102. Genetic Variation in the PRRS Virus

78 7Michael P. Murtaugh, Kay S . Faaberg, Judy Laber, Margaret Elam, an d

Vivek Kapur

103 . Sequence Analysis of the Nucleocapsid Protein Gene of the PorcineReproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Taiwan MD-001 Strain . . . 795

L. L . Chueh, K . H. Lee, F. I . Wang, V. F. Pang, and C . N. Weng

104 . Comparison of the Di- and Trinucleotide Frequencies from the Genomes o f

Nine Different Coronaviruses 80 1Kurt Tobler and Mathias Ackermann

105 . Sequence Determination and Genetic Analysis of the Leader Region of Variou sEquine Arteritis Virus Isolates 80 5

A. Kheyar, G . St-Laurent, M. Diouri, J . Dufresne, and D . Archambault

106. Genetic Variation and Phylogenetic Analysis of Open Reading Frames 3 and 4of Various Equine Arteritis Virus Isolates 81 3

D. Archambault, G . Laganiere, and G . St-Laurent

Participants Photograph 82 1

Index 823