Corporate Finance Ross Westerfield Jaffe

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

4-1

Corporate Finance Ross Westerfield Jaffe Seventh Edition

Seventh Edition

4Chapter Four

Net Present Value


4-2

Chapter Outline

4.1 The One-Period Case

4.2 The Multiperiod Case

4.3 Compounding Periods

4.4 Simplifications

4.5 What Is a Firm Worth?

4.6 Summary and Conclusions


4-3

4.1 Time Value of Money

• TVM = the relationship between the value of a dollar today and the value of a dollar in the future

• PV = present value = the value of a dollar today

• FV = future value = the value of a dollar a later period of time


4-4

4.1 The One-Period Case: Future Value

• Investment Amount: $10,000 • Interest rate: 5-percent interest• Time length: 1 year• Value of the investment in 1 year = the Future Value

(FV)

• Interest = $10,000 × .05 = 500• Principal = $10,000• Total Value in 1 year = $500 + $10,000 = $10,500• The value can be calculated as:

$10,000×(1.05) = $10,500


4-5

4.1 The One-Period Case: Future Value

• In the one-period case, the formula for FV can be written as:

FV = C0×(1 + r)T

Where C0 is cash flow today (time zero) and

r is the appropriate interest rate.


4-6

4.1 The One-Period Case: Present Value

• Investment amount in 1 year: $10,000 • Interest rate: 5-percent• Investment value today = Present Value (PV) = ??

05.1

000,10$81.523,9$

PV of $10,000 = how much the borrower needs to set aside today to to able to meet the promised payment of $10,000 in one year.

Note that $10,000 = $9,523.81×(1.05).


4-7

4.1 The One-Period Case: Present Value

• In the one-period case, the formula for PV can be written as:

r

CPV

11

Where C1 is cash flow at date 1 and

r is the appropriate interest rate.


4-8

4.1 The One-Period Case: Net Present Value

• The Net Present Value = NPV • NPV of an investment = PV of the expected cash

flows less the cost of the investment.• Suppose an investment that promises to pay $10,000

in one year is offered for sale for $9,500. Your interest rate is 5%. Should you buy?

81.23$

81.523,9$500,9$05.1

000,10$500,9$

NPV

NPV

NPV

Yes!


4-9

4.1 The One-Period Case: Net Present Value

In the one-period case, the formula for NPV can be written as:

NPV = –Cost + PV

If we had not undertaken the positive NPV project considered on the last slide, and instead invested our $9,500 elsewhere at 5-percent, our FV would be less than the $10,000 the investment promised and we would be unambiguously worse off in FV terms as well:

$9,500×(1.05) = $9,975 < $10,000.


4-10

4.2 The Multiperiod Case: Future Value

• The general formula for the future value of an investment over many periods can be written as:

FV = C0×(1 + r)T

Where

C0 is cash flow at date 0,

r is the appropriate interest rate, and

T is the number of periods over which the cash is invested.


4-11

4.2 The Multiperiod Case: Future Value

• Suppose that Jay Ritter invested in the initial public offering of the Modigliani company. Modigliani pays a current dividend of $1.10, which is expected to grow at 40-percent per year for the next five years.

• What will the dividend be in five years?

FV = C0×(1 + r)T

$5.92 = $1.10×(1.40)5


4-12

Future Value and Compounding

• Notice that the dividend in year five, $5.92, is considerably higher than the sum of the original dividend plus five increases of 40-percent on the original $1.10 dividend:

$5.92 > $1.10 + 5×[$1.10×.40] = $3.30

This is due to compounding.


4-13

Future Value and Compounding

0 1 2 3 4 5

10.1$

3)40.1(10.1$

02.3$

)40.1(10.1$

54.1$

2)40.1(10.1$

16.2$

5)40.1(10.1$

92.5$

4)40.1(10.1$

23.4$


4-14

Present Value and Compounding

• How much would an investor have to set aside today in order to have $20,000 five years from now if the current rate is 15%?

0 1 2 3 4 5

$20,000PV

5)15.1(

000,20$53.943,9$


4-15

How Long is the Wait?

TrCFV )1(0 T)10.1(000,5$000,10$

2000,5$

000,10$)10.1( T

2ln)10.1ln( T

years 27.70953.0

6931.0

)10.1ln(

2lnT

If we deposit $5,000 today in an account paying 10%, how long does it take to grow to $10,000?


4-16

Assume the total cost of a college education will be $50,000 when your child enters college in 12 years. You have $5,000 to invest today. What rate of interest must you earn on your investment to cover the cost of your child’s education?

What Rate Is Enough?

TrCFV )1(0 12)1(000,5$000,50$ r

10000,5$

000,50$)1( 12 r 12110)1( r

2115.12115.1110 121 r

About 21.15%.


4-17

4.3 Compounding Periods

Compounding an investment m times a year for T years provides for future value of wealth:

Tm

m

rCFV

10

For example, if you invest $50 for 3 years at 12% compounded semi-annually, your investment will grow to

93.70$)06.1(50$2

12.150$ 6

32

FV


4-18

Effective Annual Interest Rates

A reasonable question to ask in the above example is what is the effective annual rate of interest on that investment?

The Effective Annual Interest Rate (EAR) is the annual rate that would give us the same end-of-investment wealth after 3 years:

93.70$)06.1(50$)2

12.1(50$ 632 FV

93.70$)1(50$ 3 EAR


4-19

Effective Annual Interest Rates (continued)

So, investing at 12.36% compounded annually is the same as investing at 12% compounded semiannually.

93.70$)1(50$ 3 EARFV

50$

93.70$)1( 3 EAR

1236.150$

93.70$31

EAR


4-20

Effective Annual Interest Rates (continued)

• Find the Effective Annual Rate (EAR) of an 18% APR loan that is compounded monthly.

• What we have is a loan with a monthly interest rate rate of 1½ percent.

• This is equivalent to a loan with an annual interest rate of 19.56 percent

19561817.1)015.1(12

18.11 12

12

mn

m

r


4-21

EAR on a financial Calculator

keys: display: description:

12 [gold] [P/YR] 12.00 Sets 12 P/YR.

[gold] [EFF%] 19.56

Hewlett Packard 10B

18 [gold] [NOM%] 18.00 Sets 18 APR.

keys: description:

[2nd] [ICONV] Opens interest rate conversion menu

[↓] [EFF=] [CPT] 19.56

Texas Instruments BAII Plus

[↓][NOM=] 18 [ENTER] Sets 18 APR.[↑] [C/Y=] 12 Sets 12 payments per year


4-22

Continuous Compounding (Advanced)

• The general formula for the future value of an investment compounded continuously over many periods can be written as:

FV = C0×erT

Where

C0 is cash flow at date 0,

r is the stated annual interest rate,

T is the number of periods over which the cash is invested, and

e is a transcendental number approximately equal to 2.718. ex is a key on your calculator.


4-23

4.4 Simplifications

• Perpetuity– A constant stream of cash flows that lasts forever.

• Growing perpetuity– A stream of cash flows that grows at a constant rate

forever.

• Annuity– A stream of constant cash flows that lasts for a fixed

number of periods.

• Growing annuity– A stream of cash flows that grows at a constant rate for a

fixed number of periods.


4-24

Perpetuity

A constant stream of cash flows that lasts forever.

0

…1

C

2

C

3

C

The formula for the present value of a perpetuity is:

32 )1()1()1( r

C

r

C

r

CPV

r

CPV


4-25

Perpetuity: Example

What is the value of a British consol that promises to pay £15 each year, every year until the sun turns into a red giant and burns the planet to a crisp?

The interest rate is 10-percent.

0

…1

£15

2

£15

3

£15

£15010.

£15PV


4-26

Growing Perpetuity

A growing stream of cash flows that lasts forever.

0

…1

C

2

C×(1+g)

3

C ×(1+g)2

The formula for the present value of a growing perpetuity is:

3

2

2 )1(

)1(

)1(

)1(

)1( r

gC

r

gC

r

CPV

gr

CPV


4-27

Growing Perpetuity: Example

The expected dividend next year is $1.30 and dividends are expected to grow at 5% forever.

If the discount rate is 10%, what is the value of this promised dividend stream?

0

…1

$1.30

2

$1.30×(1.05)

3

$1.30 ×(1.05)2

00.26$05.10.

30.1$

PV


4-28

Annuity

A constant stream of cash flows with a fixed maturity.

0 1

C

2

C

3

C

The formula for the present value of an annuity is:

Tr

C

r

C

r

C

r

CPV

)1()1()1()1( 32

Trr

CPV

)1(

11

T

C


4-29

Annuity: ExampleIf you can afford a $400 monthly car payment, how much

car can you afford if interest rates are 7% on 36-month loans?

0 1

$400

2

$400

3

$400

59.954,12$)1207.1(

11

12/07.

400$36

PV

36

$400


4-30

How to Value Annuities with a Calculator

First, set your calculator to 12 payments per year.

PMT

I/Y

FV

PV

N

–400

7

0

12,954.59

36

PV

Then enter what you know and solve for what you want.


4-31 What is the present value of a four-year annuity of $100 per year that makes its first payment two years from today if the discount rate is 9%?

22.297$09.1

97.327$0

PV

0 1 2 3 4 5

$100 $100 $100 $100$323.97$297.22

97.327$)09.1(

100$

)09.1(

100$

)09.1(

100$

)09.1(

100$

)09.1(

100$4321

4

11

tt

PV


4-32

How to Value “Lumpy” Cash Flows

First, set your calculator to 1 payment per year.

Then, use the cash flow menu:

CF2

CF1

F2

F1

CF0

1

0

4

297.22

0

100

I

NPV

9


4-33

Growing AnnuityA growing stream of cash flows with a fixed maturity.

0 1

C

The formula for the present value of a growing annuity:

T

T

r

gC

r

gC

r

CPV

)1(

)1(

)1(

)1(

)1(

1

2

T

r

g

gr

CPV

)1(

11

2

C×(1+g)

3

C ×(1+g)2

T

C×(1+g)T-1


4-34

PV of Growing Annuity

You are evaluating an income property that is providing increasing rents. Net rent is received at the end of each year. The first year's rent is expected to be $8,500 and rent is expected to increase 7% each year. Each payment occur at the end of the year. What is the present value of the estimated income stream over the first 5 years if the discount rate is 12%?

0 1 2 3 4 5

500,8$

)07.1(500,8$ 2)07.1(500,8$

095,9$ 65.731,9$ 3)07.1(500,8$

87.412,10$

4)07.1(500,8$

77.141,11$

$34,706.26


4-35

PV of Growing Annuity Using TVM Keys

First, set your calculator to 1 payment per year.

PMT

I/Y

FV

PV

N

7,973.93

4.67

0

– 34,706.26

5

PV

100107.1

12.1

07.1

500,8


4-36

How the TVM Keys Work:

We can value growing annuities with our calculator using the following modifications:

PMT

I/Y

FV

PV

N

0

PV

10011

1

g

r

g

PMT

1


4-37

Growing AnnuityA defined-benefit retirement plan offers to pay $20,000 per

year for 40 years and increase the annual payment by three-percent each year. What is the present value at retirement if the discount rate is 10 percent?

0 1

$20,000

57.121,265$10.1

03.11

03.10.

000,20$40

PV

2

$20,000×(1.03)

40

$20,000×(1.03)39


4-38

PV of Growing Annuity: BAII Plus

PMT

I/Y

FV

PV

N

19,417.48 =

6.80 =

0

– 265,121.57

40

PV

A defined-benefit retirement plan offers to pay $20,000 per year for 40 years and increase the annual payment by three-percent each year. What is the present value at retirement if the discount rate is 10 percent per annum?

20,0001.03

1.101.03

–1 ×100


4-39

PV of a delayed growing annuityYour firm is about to make its initial public offering of stock and your job is to estimate the

correct offering price. Forecast dividends are as follows.

Year: 1 2 3 4

Dividends per share

$1.50 $1.65 $1.82 5% growth thereafter

If investors demand a 10% return on investments of this risk level, what price will they be willing to pay?


4-40

PV of a delayed growing annuity

Year 0 1 2 3

Cash flow

$1.50 $1.65 $1.82

4

$1.82×1.05

…

The first step is to draw a timeline.

The second step is to decide what we know and what we are trying to find.


4-41

PV of a delayed growing annuity

Year 0 1 2 3

Cash flow

$1.50 $1.65 $1.82 dividend + P3

PV of cash flow

$32.81

22.38$05.10.

05.182.13

P

81.32$)10.1(

22.38$82.1$

)10.1(

65.1$

)10.1(

50.1$320

P

= $1.82 + $38.22


4-42

4.5 What Is a Firm Worth?

• Conceptually, a firm should be worth the present value of the firm’s cash flows.

• The tricky part is determining the size, timing and risk of those cash flows.


4-43

4.6 Summary and Conclusions

• Two basic concepts, future value and present value are introduced in this chapter.

• Interest rates are commonly expressed on an annual basis, but semi-annual, quarterly, monthly and even continuously compounded interest rate arrangements exist.

• The formula for the net present value of an investment that pays $C for N periods is:

N

ttN r

CC

r

C

r

C

r

CCNPV

1020 )1()1()1()1(


4-44

4.6 Summary and Conclusions (continued)

• We presented four simplifying formulae:

r

CPV :Perpetuity

gr

CPV

:Perpetuity Growing

Trr

CPV

)1(

11:Annuity

T

r

g

gr

CPV

)1(

11 :Annuity Growing


4-45

So, are you an expert now?

• Probably not.

• How do you get to be an expert?

Practice, practice, practice.

• You have to get out YOUR calculator and work through these problems until you’ve mastered them.

• Note: The professor WILL NOT be taking your exam for you!


4-46

Your calculator is your friend!

• Your financial calculator has two major menus that you must become familiar with:– The time value of money keys:

• N; I/YR; PV; PMT; FV

• Use this menu to value things with level cash flows, like annuities, e.g. student loans.

• It can even be used to value growing annuities.

– The cash flow menu• CFj et cetera

• Use the cash flow menu to value “lumpy” cash flow streams.


4-47

Problems

• You have $30,000 in student loans that call for monthly payments over 10 years. – $15,000 is financed at seven percent APR – $8,000 is financed at eight percent APR and – $7,000 at 15 percent APR

• What is the interest rate on your portfolio of debt?

15,000 30,000

× 7% 8,00030,000

× 8% 7,00030,000

× 15%

Hint: don’t even think about doing this:


4-48

ProblemsFind the payment on each loan, add the payments to get your

total monthly payment: $384.16. Set PV = $30,000 and solve for I/YR = 9.25%

PMT

I/Y

FV

PV

N

PV

0

7

120

15,000

–174.16

0

8

120

8,000

–97.06

0

15

120

7,000

–112.93 –384.16

30,000

120

0

9.25

+

+

+

+

=

=


4-49

Problems

• You are considering the purchase of a prepaid tuition plan for your 8-year old daughter. She will start college in exactly 10 years, with the first tuition payment of $12,500 due at the start of the year. Sophomore year tuition will be $15,000; junior year tuition $18,000, and senior year tuition $22,000. How much money will you have to pay today to fully fund her tuition expenses? The discount rate is 14%

CF2

CF1

F2

F1

CF0

9

$12,500

1 $14,662.65

0

0

I

NPV

14CF4

CF3

F4

F3 9

$18,000

1

15,000 CF4

F4

$22,000

1


4-50

Problems

You are thinking of buying a new car. You bought you current car exactly 3 years ago for $25,000 and financed it at 7% APR for 60 months. You need to estimate how much you owe on the loan to make sure that you can pay it off when you sell the old car.

PMT

I/Y

FV

PV

N

PV

0

7

60

25,000

–495.03 PMT

I/Y

FV

PV

N

PV

0

7

24

11,056

–495.03 PMT

I/Y

FV

PV

N

25,000

7

36

11,056

–495.03


4-51

Problems

You have just landed a job and are going to start saving for a down-payment on a house. You want to save 20 percent of the purchase price and then borrow the rest from a bank.

You have an investment that pays 10 percent APR. Houses that you like and can afford currently cost $100,000. Real estate has been appreciating in price at 5 percent per year and you expect this trend to continue.

How much should you save every month in order to have a down payment saved five years from today?


4-52

Problems

• First we estimate that in 5 years, a house that costs $100,000 today will cost $127,628.16

• Next we estimate the monthly payment required to save up that much in 60 months.

PMT

I/Y

FV

PV

N

100,000

5

5

127,628.16

0 PMT

I/Y

FV

PV

N

0

10

60

$25,525.63 = 0.20×$127,628.16

–329.63

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Corporate Finance Ross Westerfield Jaffe

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