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CORPORATEFINANCE
WORKBOOK
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CFA Institute is the premier association for investment professionals around the world, withover 101,000 members in 134 countries. Since 1963 the organization has developed andadministered the renowned Chartered Financial Analysts Program. With a rich history ofleading the investment profession, CFA Institute has set the highest standards in ethics,education, and professional excellence within the global investment community, and is theforemost authority on investment profession conduct and practice.
Each book in the CFA Institute Investment Series is geared toward industry practi-tioners along with graduate-level finance students and covers the most important topics inthe industry. The authors of these cutting-edge books are themselves industry professionalsand academics and bring their wealth of knowledge and expertise to this series.
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CORPORATEFINANCE
WORKBOOK
A Practical Approach
Second Edition
Michelle R. Clayman, CFA
Martin S. Fridson, CFA
George H. Troughton, CFA
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Copyright r 2012 by CFA Institute. All rights reserved.
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New JerseyPublished simultaneously in Canada
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or byany means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted underSection 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of thePublisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.,222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, JohnWiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online athttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
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ISBN 978-1-118-11197-0 (paper); ISBN 978-1-118-21726-9 (ebk);ISBN 978-1-118-21727-6 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-118-21728-3 (ebk)
Printed in the United States of America
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CONTENTS
PART I
Learning Outcomes, Summary Overview, and Problems 1
CHAPTER 1Corporate Governance 3
Learning Outcomes 3Summary Overview 3Problems 5
CHAPTER 2Capital Budgeting 11
Learning Outcomes 11Summary Overview 12Problems 15
CHAPTER 3Cost of Capital 29
Learning Outcomes 29Summary Overview 29Problems 31
CHAPTER 4Measures of Leverage 39
Learning Outcomes 39Summary Overview 39Problems 40
CHAPTER 5Capital Structure 45
Learning Outcomes 45Summary Overview 45Problems 46
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CHAPTER 6Dividends and Share Repurchases: Basics 51
Learning Outcomes 51Summary Overview 51Problems 52
CHAPTER 7Dividends and Share Repurchases: Analysis 57
Learning Outcomes 57Summary Overview 57Problems 59
CHAPTER 8Working Capital Management 63
Learning Outcomes 63Summary Overview 63Problems 64
CHAPTER 9Financial Statement Analysis 67
Learning Outcomes 67Summary Overview 67Problems 68
CHAPTER 10Mergers and Acquisitions 73
Learning Outcomes 73Summary Overview 74Problems 75
PART II
Solutions 83
CHAPTER 1Corporate Governance 85
Solutions 85
CHAPTER 2Capital Budgeting 87
Solutions 87
vi Contents
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CHAPTER 3Cost of Capital 99
Solutions 99
CHAPTER 4Measures of Leverage 103
Solutions 103
CHAPTER 5Capital Structure 107
Solutions 107
CHAPTER 6Dividends and Share Repurchases: Basics 111
Solutions 111
CHAPTER 7Dividends and Share Repurchases: Analysis 113
Solutions 113
CHAPTER 8Working Capital Management 115
Solutions 115
CHAPTER 9Financial Statement Analysis 119
Solutions 119
CHAPTER 10Mergers and Acquisitions 125
Solutions 125
About the CFA Program 131
Contents vii
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PART I
LEARNING OUTCOMES,SUMMARY OVERVIEW,
AND PROBLEMS
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CHAPTER 1CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
LEARNING OUTCOMES
After completing this chapter, you will be able to do the following:
� Explain corporate governance, describe the objectives and core attributes of an effectivecorporate governance system, and evaluate whether a company’s corporate governance hasthose attributes.
� Compare major business forms and describe the conflicts of interest associated with each.� Explain conflicts that arise in agency relationships, including manager-shareholder conflicts
and director-shareholder conflicts.� Describe responsibilities of the board of directors and explain qualifications and core
competencies that an investment analyst should look for in the board of directors.� Explain effective corporate governance practice as it relates to the board of directors, and
evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of a company’s corporate governance practice.� Describe elements of a company’s statement of corporate governance policies that
investment analysts should assess.� Explain the valuation implications of corporate governance.
SUMMARY OVERVIEW
� Corporate governance is the system of principles, policies, procedures, and clearly definedresponsibilities and accountabilities, used by stakeholders to eliminate or minimize conflictsof interest.
� The objectives of a corporate governance system are (1) to eliminate or mitigate conflicts ofinterest among stakeholders, particularly between managers and shareholders, and (2) toensure that the assets of the company are used efficiently and productively and in the bestinterests of the investors and other stakeholders.
� The failure of a company to establish an effective system of corporate governance representsa major operational risk to the company and its investors. To understand the risks inherentin an investment in a company, it is essential to understand the quality of the company’scorporate governance practices.
� The core attributes of an effective corporate governance system are:a. Delineation of the rights of shareholders and other core stakeholdersb. Clearly defined manager and director governance responsibilities to the stakeholders
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3
c. Identifiable and measurable accountabilities for the performance of the responsibilitiesd. Fairness and equitable treatment in all dealings between managers, directors, and
shareholderse. Complete transparency and accuracy in disclosures regarding operations, performance,
risk, and financial position� The specific sources of conflict in corporate agency relationships are
a. Manager-shareholder conflicts—Managers may, for example:� Use funds to try to expand the size of a business even when this is not in the best
interests of shareholders� Grant themselves numerous expensive perquisites that are treated as ordinary busi-
ness expensesb. Director-Shareholder Conflicts—Directors may, for example, identify with the man-
agers’ interests rather than those of the shareholders as a result of personal or businessrelationships with the manager.
� The responsibilities of board members, both individually and as a group, are toa. Establish corporate values and governance structures for the company to ensure that the
business is conducted in an ethical, competent, fair, and professional mannerb. Ensure that all legal and regulatory requirements are met and complied with fully and
in a timely fashionc. Establish long-term strategic objectives for the company with a goal of ensuring that the
best interests of shareholders come first and that the company’s obligations to others aremet in a timely and complete manner
d. Establish clear lines of responsibility and a strong system of accountability and perfor-mance measurement in all phases of a company’s operations
e. Hire the chief executive officer, determine the compensation package, and periodicallyevaluate the officer’s performance
f. Ensure that management has supplied the board with sufficient information for it tobe fully informed and prepared to make the decisions that are its responsibility, andto be able to adequately monitor and oversee the company’s management
g. Meet regularly to perform its duties and in extraordinary session as required by eventsh. Acquire adequate training so that members are able to adequately perform their duties
� An investor or investment analyst must assessa. Board composition and independenceb. Whether the chairman of the board is independentc. The qualifications of the directorsd. Whether the board is elected on an annual or staggered basise. Board self-assessment practicesf. The frequency of separate sessions of independent directorsg. The audit committee and audit oversighth. The nominating committeei. The compensation committee and compensation awards to managementj. The use (or not) of independent legal and expert counsel
� Companies committed to corporate governance often provide a statement of corporategovernance policies. Analysts should assess: the code of ethics; statements of the oversight,monitoring, and review responsibilities of directors; statements of management’s respon-sibilities with respect to information and access of directors to internal company functions;reports of directors’ examinations, evaluations, and findings; board and committee self-assessments; management self-assessments; and training policies for directors.
4 Learning Outcomes, Summary Overview, and Problems
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� Weak corporate governance systems give rise to risks including accounting risk, asset risk,liability risk, and strategic policy risk. Such risks may compromise the value of investmentsin the company.
PROBLEMS
1. Which of the following best defines the concept of corporate governance?A. A system for monitoring managers’ activities, rewarding performance, and disciplining
misbehavior.B. Corporate values and governance structures that ensure the business is conducted in
an ethical, competent, fair, and professional manner.C. A system of principles, policies, and procedures used to manage and control the
activities of a corporation so as to overcome conflicts of interest inherent in the cor-porate form.
2. Which of the following is an example of a conflict of interest that an effective corporategovernance system would mitigate or eliminate?A. A majority of the board is independent of management.B. Directors identify with the managers’ interests rather than those of the shareholders.C. Directors have board experience with companies regarded as having sound gover-
nance practices.
3. Which of the following best describes the corporate governance responsibilities ofmembers of the board of directors?A. Establish long-term strategic objectives for the company.B. Ensure that at board meetings no subject is undiscussable and dissent is regarded as
an obligation.C. Ensure that the board negotiateswith the companyover allmatters such as compensation.
4. Which of the following is least likely to be useful in evaluating a company’s corporategovernance system for investment analysis purposes?A. Assess issues related to the board, managers, and shareholders.B. Review the company’s regulatory filings and financial information provided to
shareholders.C. Flag items such as egregious use of insider transactions for users of the financial
statements.
5. The objectives of an effective system of corporate governance include all of the followingexcept:A. ensure that the assets of the company are used efficiently and productively.B. eliminate or mitigate conflicts of interest among stakeholders.C. ensure complete transparency in disclosures regarding operations, performance, risk,
and financial position.
6. All of the following are core attributes of an effective corporate governance system except:A. fairness and accuracy in identifying inherent conflicts of interest.B. clearly defined governance responsibilities for managers and directors.C. delineation of shareholders and other core stakeholders’ rights.
Chapter 1 Corporate Governance 5
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