Correctional Populations in the United States 1985 Populations in the United States 1985 ... Bank...

U.S. Department of Justice

Bureau of Justice Statistics

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Correctional Populations in the United States 1985

I¥lFI 4M2 iF It

2~9d4,979 persons under correctional sup~rvision .' . . (1.7% of U.S. adult population) . . . .

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B2U F* ·M; &2

Bureau of Justice Statistics reports (revised February 1988)

Call toll-free 800-732-3277 (local 301-251-5500) to order BJS reports, to be added to one of the BJS mailing lists, or to speak to a re'erence specialist In statistics at the Justice Statistics Clearinghouse, National Criminal Justice Reference Service, Box 6000, Rockville, MD 20850. Single copies of reports are free; use NCJ number to order. Postage and handling are charged for bulk orders of single reports. For Single copies of multiple titles, up to 10 tilles are free: 11-40 titles $10; more than 40, $20; libraries call for special rates.

Public-use tapes of BJS data sets and other criminal justice data are available from the Criminal justice Archive and Information Network, P.O. Box 1248, A'ln Arbor, MI48106 (313-763-5010).

National Crime Survey Criminal Victimization In the U.S.:

1985 (final report), NCJ-1 04273,5/87 1984 (final report), NCJ-l 00435.5/86 1983 (final report), NCJ-96459. 10/85

BJS special reports: Elderly victims, NCJ-l 07676. 11/87 Violent crime trends, NCJ-l07217.

11/87 Robbery victims, NCJ-l04638. 4/87 Violent crime by strangers and

nonstrangers, NCJ-l 03702. 1/87 Preventing domestic Violence against

women, NCJ-l 02037, 8/86 Crime prevention measures,

NCJ-l00438.3/86 The use of weapons in committing

crimes, NCJ-99643. 1/86 Reporting crimes to the police, NCJ-

99432, 12/85 Locating city, suburban, and rural

crime, NCJ-99535. 12/85 The risk of violent crime, NCJ-97119.

5/85 The economic cost of crime to victims,

NCJ-93450. 4/84 Family violence, NCJ-93449.4/84

BJS bulletins; Criminal victimization 1986, NCJ-

106989, 10/87 HouseholdS touched by crime, 1986,

NCJ-l05289. 6/8; The crime of rape, NCJ-96777.3/85 Household burglary, NCJ·96021. 1/85 Violent crime by strangers, NCJ-80829.

4/82 Crime and the elderly, NCJ-79614, 1/82 MeaSUring crime, NCJ-75710,2/81

Series crimes: Report of a field test (BJS technical report), NCJ-l04615,4/87

Crime and older Americans Information package, NCJ-l 04569, $1 0, 5/87

Lifetime likelihOOd of vlctimb:atlon, (BJS technical report). NCJ-l04274, 3/87

Teenage victims, NCJ-l03138, 12/86 Response to screening questions In the

National Crime Survey (BJS technical report), NCJ-97624, 7/85

Victimization and fear of crime: World perspectives, NCJ-93872, 1/85

The National Crime Survey: Working papers, vol. I: CUrrent and historical perspectives, NCJ-75374, 8/82 vol. II! Methodological studies, NCJ-90307, 12/84

Issues In the measurement of victimization, NCJ-74682, 10/61

The cost of negligence: Losses from preventable household burglaries, NCJ-53527, 12/79

Rape victimization in 26 American cities, NCJ-55878,8/79

Criminal victimization In urban schools, NCJ-56396,8/79

An Introduction to the National Crime Survey, NCJ-43732, 4/78

Local victim surveys! A review of the Issues, NC"J-39973, 8/77

Wi 4#" • .+s H*

Corrections BJS bulletins and special reporls:

Capital punlshment1986, NCJ-l06483, 9/87

Prisoners In 1986, NCJ-104864, 5/87 Imprisonment In four coun\rles, NCJ-

103967,2/87 Population density In State prisons,

NCJ-l03204. 12/86 State and Federal prisoners, 192·5,85,

102494, 11/86 Prison admlsssion and releases, 1983,

NCJ·l00582,3/86 Examining recidivism, NCJ-96501, 2/85 Returning to prison, NCJ-95700, 11/84 Time served In prison, NCJ-93924,6/84

Correctional populations In the U.S. 1985, NCJ-l 03957,1/88

1984 census of State adult correctional facilities, NCJ-l 05585,7/87

Hll!torlcal corrections statistics In the U_S" 1850-1984, NCJ-l 02529,4/87

P~isoners In State and Federal Insltitutions on Dec. 31,1984, NCJ-l03768,

3/87 Capital punishment 1984 (final), NCJ-

99562.5/86

1979 survey of inmates 01 State correctional facilities and 1979 r.ensus of State correctional/acilities:

BJS special reports: The prevalence of Imprisonment,

NCJ-93657.7/85 Career patterns in crime, NCJ-88672,

6/83

BJS bulletins: Prisoners and drugs, NCJ-87575.

3/83 Prisoners and alcohol, NCJ-86223,

1/83 Prisons and prisoners, NCJ-80697,

2/82 Veterans In prison, NCJ-79232, 11/81

Census 01 Ja,ls and survey o//all inmates: Jallinmales, 1986, NCJ-l07123,10/87 Jail Inmates 1985, NCJ-l05586, 7/87 The 1983 jail census (BJS bulletin).

NCJ-95536. 11/84 Census of jails, 1978: Data for

individual jails. vols. HV. Northeast, North Central, South. Wesl, NCJ-72279-72282,12/81

Proflte of jail inmates, 1978, NCJ-65412. 2/81

Parole and probation BJS bulletins:

Probation and parole 1986, NCJ-108012,12/87


Setting prison terms, NCJ-76218. 8/83

BJS special reports: Time served In prison and on parole,

NCJ-l08544.1/88 Recidivism of young parolees, NCJ-

104916,5/67

Parole In the U.S., 1980 and 1981, NCJ-87387,3/86

Characteristics of persons entering parole during 1978 and 1979, NCJ-87243,5/83

Characteristics of the parole population, 1978, NCJ-66479, 4/81

Children in custody: public Juvenile facilities, 1985

(bulletin), NCJ-l02457, 10/86 1982-83 census of juvenile detention

and correctional facilitIes, NGJ-101686,9/86

Expenditure and employment BJS bulletins:

Justice expenditure and employment: 1985, NCJ-l 04460,3/87 1983, NCJ-l 01776, 7/86 1982, NCJ-98327, 8/85

Justice expenditure and employm'lnt In the U.S.: 1 980 and 1981 extracts, NCJ-96007,

6/85 1971-79, NCJ-92596, 11/84

Courts BJS bulletins:

State felony courts and felony laws, :'IlCJ-l06273,8187

The ~rowth of appeals: 1973-83 trends, NCJ-96381, 2/85

Case filings In Slate courts 1983, NCJ-95111, 10/84

BJS special reports: Felony case-processing time, NCJ-

101985,8/86 Felony sllntenclng 11118 local jurisdic

tions, NCJ-97681, 6/85 The prevalence of guilty pleas, NCJ-

06018,12/84 Sentencing practices In 13 States,

NCJ-95399. 10/84 Criminal defense systems: A national

survey, NCJ-94630, 8/84 Habeas corpus, NCJ-92948,3/84 State court caseload statistics, 1977

and 1981, NCJ-87587,2/83

Sentencing outcomes In 28 felony courts, NCJ-l05743, 8/87

National criminal defense systems study, NCJ-94702,10/86

The prosecution of felony arrests: 1982, NCJ-l 06990. 1/88 1981, NCJ-l 01380. 9/86. $7.60 1980, NCJ-97684, 10/85 1979, NCJ·88482. 5/84

Felony laws In 50 States and the District 0/Columbla,1g86, NCJ-l05066, 12/87. $14.70

State court model statistical dictionary, Supplement, NCJ-98326, 9/85 1 st edition, NCJ-62320. 9/60

State court organization 1980, NCJ-76711.7/82

Computer crime: BJS spec ,a I reports:

Electronic fund transfer fraud, NCJ-96666.3/85

Electronic fund transfer and crime, NCJ-92650.2/84

ElectroniC fund transfer systems fraud, NCJ-l 00461.4/86

Computer security techniques, NCJ-84049.9/82

Electronic fund transfer systems and crime, NCJ-63736, 9/82

Expe" witness manual, NCJ-77927, 9/81, S11.50

Criminal justice resource manual, NCJ-61550.12/79

Privacy and security Privacy and security of criminal history Information: Compendium of State legislation: 1984 overview, NCJ-

98077,9/85

Criminal justice Info/matlon polley: Automated f1ngefi)rint Identilication

systems: Technology and policy Issues, NCJ-l 04342,4/87

Criminal justice "hof' flies, NCJ-l 01850,12/86

Data quality policies and procedures: Proceedings of a BJS/SEARCH conference, NCJ-l01849, 12/86

Crime control and criminal records (BJS special report), NCJ-99176, 10/85

State criminal records repOSitories (BJS teehnical report). NCJ-99017. 10/85

Data quality of Criminal history records, NCJ-98079. 10/35

Intelligence and Investl9atlve records, NCJ-95787, 4/85

Victim/witness legislation: An overview, NCJ-94365. 12/84

Information policy and crime control strategies (SEARCH/BJS conference), NCJ-93926, 10/84

Research access to criminal Justice data, NCJ-84154, 2/83

Privacy and juvenile Justice records, NCJ-84152,1/83

Federal justice statistics The Federal civil justice system (BJS

bulletin), NCJ-l04769, 7/87 Employer perceptions of workplace

crime, NCJ-l01851. 7/87

Federal offenses and offenders BJS special reports:

7T

White-collar crime, Nr.:J-l06876, 9/87 Pretrla, '9lease and misconduct, NCJ-

96132,1/85

BJS bulletins: Bank robbery, NCJ-94463,8/84 Federal drug law Violators, NCJ-

92692,2/84 Federal Justice statistics, NCJ-

80814,3/82

General BJS bulletins and special rep oris:

BJS telephone contacts '87, NCJ-102909. 12/86

Tracking offenders: Whlte-coliar crime, NCJ-l02867,11/86

Police employment and expenditure, NCJ-l00117,2/86

Tracking offenders: The child victim, NCJ-95785, 1 2/84

Tracking offenders, NCJ-91572, 11/83 Victim and witness assistance: New

State laws and the system's rosponse, NCJ-87934, 5/83

BJS data report, 1986, NCJ-l06619. 10/87

Sourcebook of criminal justice statistics, 1986, NCJ-l05287. 9/87

BJS annual report, fiscal 1986, NCJ-103985,41-97

1986 directory of alltomat<!d criminal justice tnformal/on sytems, NCJ-102260,1/87, $20

PUblications of BJS, 1971-84: A topical bibliography, 1B030012, 10/86, $17.50

BJS publications: Selected library In microfiche, 1971-84, PR030012.

10/86, $203 domestic National survey of crime severity, NCJ-

96017.10/85 Criminal vlctlmlzlltlon of District of

Columbia residents and Capitol Hill employees, 1982-83, NCJ-97962; Summary, NCJ-98567.9/85

DC household Victimization survey data base: Study implementation, NCJ-98595, $7_60 Documentation, NCJ-98596, $6.40 User manual, NCJ-98597, $8.20

How to gain access to BJS data (brochure). BC·000022, 9/84

Report to the nation on crIme and justice: The data, NCJ-87068, 10/83

BJS maintains the following mailing lists: • Drugs and crime data (new) II White-collar crime (new) .. National Crime Survey (annual) • Corrections (annual) .. JuVenile corrections (annual) .. Courts (annual) .. Privacy and security of criminal

history information and information policy

• Federal statistics (annual) II BJS bulletins and special reports

(apprOXimately twice a month) .. Sourcebook of Criminal Justice

Statistics (annual) To be added to these lists, write to: Justice Statistics Clearinghouse/ NCJRS Box 6000, Rockville, MD 20850.

See order form on last page

U.S. Department of JusTice

Bureau of Justice Statistics

II lilli'S·

Correctional Populations in the

iA;

United St~tes, 1985

December 1987, NCJ-I03957

u.s. Department of JUstice National Institute of Justice

103957

This document has been reproduced exactly as received from the person or organization originating it. Points of view or opinions stated in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the National Instilute of Justice.

Permission to reproduce this ~d material has been .9ranted by

PUblic Domain/BJS

U • S-..-D.ep.a.Ument-.G.f~!us.t-i--ee~--to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS).

FUrther reproduction outside of the NCJRS system requires permls. sion of the ~ owner. .

1 ; , • NC-JRS

NAR 1 1988

U.s. Department of ,Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics

Steven R. Schlesinger Director

Acknowledgments

This volume was prepared by Tom Hester, statistician, corrections unit. Editorial assistance was provided by Frank D. Balog and Jeanne IIlU'ris. Marianne Zawitz assisted in table design.

Marilyn Marbrook, publications unit chief, supervised volume production, assisted by Millie J. Baldea, and Arlene F. Jame,s.

The foll(lwing Bureau of the Census personnel collected and collated the data: jails--Carma Hogue, Stephanie Brown, Betty Ford, and Lisa McNelis under the direction of Diana Cull; probation and parole--Stephanie Brown and Art Ciampa, setting prison terms--Gregory Wells; prisoners--Gregory Wells; capital punishment--Arlene Rasmussen.

The Assistant Attorney General, Office of Justice Programs, coordinates the activities of the following program offices and bureaus: the Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Institute of Justice, Bureau of Justice Assistance, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and the Office for Victims of Crime.

ii Con"ectional Populations in the United States, 1985

Foreword

Correctional Populations in the United States, 1985 represents a consolidation of data gathered in various statistical programs currently maintained by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). The goal was to compile in one volume the major components of corrections so that these statistics can be used easily.

This volume, in replacing foul' separate publications, emphasizes the connections between the parts of that large and growing population under correctional supervision. Its format Is designed to promote understanding of the po pula tion as a whole and of its management. Correctional Populations In the United States, 1985 thereby revives some of the aims expressed for the early reporting programs.

Deepest gratitude is extended to the State, Federal, and local respondents who have enabled us to continue this joint venture, which stretches back to 1850. I hope that this and future BJS reports will continue to help us all gain more insight into the important role of corrections agencies and employees throughout the Nation.

Steven R. Schlesinger Director

Making comparisons

Correctional Populations in the United States, 1985 is designed for the comparison of detailed information. Care must be exercised that departures from reporting criteria are taken into account when making comparisons. BJS follows data collection rules and reporting protocols that are the most widely used among the States, that are consistent with historical statistics, and that impose the least burden on respondents. However, some jurisdictions may depart from these conventions and are asked to document such dIfferences.

Many tables have been shortened from what appeared in previous reports. Readers should be aware that footnotes, table notes, and explanatory notes are essential for a full understanding of the data.

The following symbols are used in the tables:

I not reported not known not applicable

* reported in another category

Contents

A

Contents

Foreword iii Making comparisons iii

Introduction 1 Explanatory notes 2 Tables 5

Jail inmates in 1985 7 Tables 8 Explanatory notes 13 Questionnaires 14

Probation in 1985 23 Tables 24 Explanatory notes 34 Questionnaire 36

Setting prison terms 41 Tables 42 Explanatory notes 49

Prisoners in 1985 51 Tables 52 Explana tory notes 75 Questionnaire 82

Parole in 1985 89 Tables 90 Explanatory notes 98 Questionnaire 101

Capital punishment in 1985 105 Tables 106 Questionnaires 143

Index 149

Correctional Populations in the United States, 1985 iii

Introduction

History of U.S. corrections statistics 2

Definition of common terms used in tables 3

Da ta sources 3 Notes to tables 1.1 and 1.2 4

Tables

1.1 Persons on probation, in jail, in prison, or on parole and their percent of the adult population, by State, 1985 5

1.2 Estimated number of adults on probation, in jail, in prison, or on parole and their percent of the adult population, by sex and race, 1985 6

•

Introduction 1

-History of U.S. eorrectional ~tatistics

In 1850 the Federal Government, in cooperation with the States as a part of the Seventh Decennial Census, initiated a count of prisoners in 32 St .. tes and in the territories of Minnesota, New Mexico, Oregon, and Utah. Between 1850 and 1870, U.S. marshals administered the census of prisoners as part of a special schedule of social statistics. The 188() report indicated there were 61 prisone.'rs in State institutions per 100,000 residents. By 1890 Nevada had the highest per capita rate among the States, 203, and Wyoming, the lowest at 16. In that same year New York had 136 prisoners per 100,000 residents, and California had 169.

In 1910 the introduction of the indeterminate sentence was described in prisoner statistics; 21% of State prisoners on January 1 had received such sentences. The 1923 report said that more than one-half the prison admissions that year were under indeterminate sentences and observed that such sentences resulted in wide rBnges between minimum and maximum sentences and disparities in setting release dates. In 1926 the Bur(!au of the Census began the annual collection of prisoner statistics, and the report for thai;: year described the goal of the effC)rt as the collection of data to "show the application of penal policies fer various classes of offenders and in different parts of the country." That first annual report in 1926, provided information by jurisdiction on admissions, releases, sentences and time sel'ved, inmates under sentence of death, recidivism, and crowding-issues of major concern today.

During the past 60 years the partnership between the Federal Government and the States and localities in collecting corrections data has grown and prospered.

In 1950 the program was transferred from the Bureau of the Census to the Bureau of Prisons in the Department of Justice and in 1971 to the prede-

cessor agency of the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the National Criminal Justice Information and Statistics Service of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (J~EAA). LEAA added the statistical series on local jails (1970), probation (1979), and parole (1976).

All of the major reporting series and projects of the corrections unit, Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) are outlined under "Data sources" below. The Bureau of the Census serves as the data collection agency for these series. When Congress created the Bureau of the Census in the late 19th century, it charged the agea.cy with the responsibility to account for prisoners. That involvement has continued intermittently and in various forms until the present, as shown in the following chronology that sketches the evolution of the statistical reports grouped in this volume:

1904. Prisoners and Juvenile Delinquents, 1904 reported movements rather than individuals. Prison officials served as enumerators.

1923. Prisoners, 1923 presented adults separate from juveniles.

1926. Prisoners in State and Federal Prisons and Reformatories began as an annual report that continued until 1946. The report included a special section on prisoners under sentence of death. From 1946 to 1970 the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) published the annual figures. The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEA A) followed for 9 years until BJS was created in 1980. (The Bureau of the Census has acted as collecting agent since 1972.)

2 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1985

1947. Tile Bureau of Prisons began the separate annual reports on prisoners under sentence of deeth. The LEAA and then BJS continued the reports until 1984. The Bureau of Justice Statistics will continue to publish annual bulletins about the death penalty and persoIlS sentenced to death; the mor'e detailed statistics will appear in the corrections volume.

1965. The National Council on Crime and Delinquency (NCCD), a non governmental organization, started the Uniform Parole Reports project under Federal contract.

1970. LEA A conducted its first 1-day count of jails.

1974. LEAA, with the Bureau of the Census, surveyed a national random sample of offenders in State prisons. The survey, repeated in 1979 and 1986, collected information about personal background and criminal history and inquired about drug and alcohol usage.

1976. The NCCD and LEAA annual reports covered parole data beginning in 1976.

1978. The Bureau of the Census counted prisoners In U.S. jails; the Bureau repeated the complete enumeration in 1983.

1979. The first annual report on parole and probation appeared, published by BJS. This Department of Justice agency will continue issuing sum mary reports, reserving detailed data for the corrections statistics volume.

1982. The Bureau of the Census completed the first annual jail sample survey for BJS. Bulletins containing data from the sample survey will be supplemented by the corrections volume.

---------------------------------------------

Definitions of common terms used in the tables

Custody. To have custody of a prisoner, a State must hold that person in one of its facilities. Early statistical reports gave custody counts that largely have been replaced by jurisdiction counts of State prison populations. A State may have custody of a prisoner over whom another State maintains jurisdiction. For example, State A's prison burns, and State Z houses the A inmates temporarily. State Z has custody; State A, jurisdiction. The tables present both kinds of counting procedures, with jurisdiction counts being more complete; States that report only on custody are noted.

Detention status. This term distinguishes between prisoners, usually in jail, who were convicted or who were awaiting judgment.

Discretionary parole. A release from prison to supervision is discretionary when it is decided by a board or other authority.

Good-time. When correctional authorities deduct time from a prison or jail sentence, often to reward or to encourage good behavior, they give good-time. When the good-time is tied to a specific action, such as working in prison industry or performing a meritorious deed, it is called "earned."

mspanic origin. A person of Hispanic origin may be of any race; however, a few States treat the ethnic category as a racial one. Reporting officials usually rely on f1elfdefinition, but some States classify according to surname.

Jurisdiction. Jurisdiction refers to a unit of government or to the legal authority to exercise governmental power. Accor~;ng to the latter meaning~ the prisoners under a State's jurisdiction may be in the custody of local jails. (See "custody.")

Mandatory parole. Mandatory parole results from statutory and correctivnal guidelines, and no judgment by a panel or board is required for release of a prisoner to supervision outside of prison.

Maximum sentence length. Some jurisdictions sentence offenders to a range of years; the larger number in that range is the most that a prisoner may serve on a sentence. Often good-time is subtracted from the maximum sentence. When the tables report on prisoners with sentences longer or shorter than a year, the maximum sentence is used where applicable.

Movement. In corrections, a movement is an admission to or a release from a status--prisoner, parolee, or probationer. A transfer between facilities does not, unless specifically noted, count as a movement.

One-day count. For a I-day count a jurisdiction or facility is asked to report how many people were on its roll on a certain day. The average daily popUlation is a year's total number of people on the roll each day, divided by the number of days. The methods of counting in aggregate do not yield estimates of either the number of persons in a status during a year or the average amount of time persons remain in a status.

Race. Classification by race often depends on the reporting program and the State. A few States reported two categories: white and nonwhite. A few others categorized Hispanic offenders as belonging to Hother race." Numbers of persons with certain racial backgrounds were sometimes estimated.

Reporting time. The prison, probation, parole, and capital punishment figures are from December 31, 1985, unless otherwise noted. The Bureau of the Census surveyed jailS on June 30, 1985; they last took a complete census of jails on June 30, 1983.

Revisions. Many States revise the yearend number reported for the previous year. Those revisions are made in the total, not the detail. For example, the numbers of blacks, whites, and members of other races for 1984 were not changed by a State in 1985 to equal its revised 1984 total.

Youthful offender status. State legislatures create the youthful offender status through statutes that provide for special sentencing, commitment, or record sealing procedures for young adult offenders adjudicated in a crimlne! court, as opposed to a juvenile court. The offenders may be above the statutory age limit for juveniles but below a specified upper age limit.

Data sources

Series that aggregate by reporting unit

NPSI. Annual yearend count of prisoners present by jurisdiction, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and admissio~s and releases during the year

NPSIA. Count of prisoners present on June 30 by jurisdiction

UPS lB. Advance yearend count of prisoners; emergency releases because of prison crowding; rated, operational, and design capacities of prison facilities

NPS8A. Yearend count of persons in prison under sentence of death

NPS8B,C. Complete survey of States to determine any significant changes in statutes or case law relating to the death penalty

NPR1. Yearend count, admissions, and releases of persons on probation by jurisdiction

UPRI. Yearend count, admissions, and releases of persons on parole by jurisdiction

CJS. Annual sample survey of lOClli jails to estimate the population of jails in jurisdictions holding a daily average of more than 100 people,

Introduction 3

CJ5A. Annual sample survey of local jails to estimate the population of jails in jurisdictions holding a daily average of fewer than 100 people

CJ42. Census every 5 years of all State-operated, community-based correctional facilities to record their characteristics

CJ43. Census every 5 years of all State prison facilities to record their characteristics

CJ3. Census every 5 years of all jail facilities to record their characteristics

CJ11. Census every 2 years of privately operated facilities for the detention or commitment of juveniles

CJ29. Census every 2 years of publicly operated facilities for the detention or commitment of juveniles

Series based on reported individual off enders

NPS8. Charaeteristics of persons admitted to, under, or released from a sentence of death during the year

NCRP-IA. Individual record data on each offender admitted to prison during a year, covering race, age, Hispanic origin, jail credits, prior prison credit, offenses and number of counts, and maximum and minimum sentence

NCRP-1B. Individual record data on each offender released from prison during a year, covering data contained in NCRP-IA, offenses and sentences since admittance, time spent in halfway houses, time served, and category of discharge

NCRP-IC. Individual record data on each offender discharged from parole supervision, covering data contained in NCRP-1A and IB, parole discharge, and category of discharge

Series based on interviews of sampled prisoners

SlJ-43. Survey every 5 years of a random sample of prisoners in jails to determine criminal history, drug and alcohol use, and personal background

NP8-25. Survey every 5 years of a random sample of prison inmates to determine criminal history, drug and alcohol use, and personal background

Special studies of recidivism

BJS has conducted two major studies of the arrests and convictions of offenders after they are released from prison.

Recidivism I. This project analyzed arrests and convictions of a cohort of offenders paroled fl'om prison in 20 States. It has incorporated into the parole records FBI data on each parolee's contacts with criminal justice agencies. The selected offenders were 18 to 22 years of age when they were released from prison in 1978.

Recidivism IL This data collection program will permit the analysis of criminal justice contacts for a sample of 15,000 prisoners released from prisons in 10 States in 1983. The effort merges FBI, State, and local police records with correctional records.

4 Correctional PopUlations in the United States, 1985

&S

Notes to tables 1.1 and 1.2

The numbers in this volume come from officials of the Nation's prisons, jails, and probation and parole agencies. They counted about 2.9 million Americans under their supervision on a day in 1985 (table 1.1). Probation agencies accounted for the largest part of that population, about 1.9 mUlion offenders. Prisons held more than half a million persons, and an additional 275,000 were on parole from prison. The remainder, approximately 250,000, were in jail.

Reported figures from 1985, augmented with the complete jail census last taken in 1983, show that the persons in the care, custody, or control of correctional authorities made up about 1.696 of all adults. Most of them were men (table 1.2). About two-thirds of them were white; onethird, black or of another race.

Were it possible to count everyone under correctional supervision at any time during 1985, rather than only on 1 day, the percent of the adult population would be several times 1.6%. The large number of brief stays in jail would be the main source of dif~ ferences between results from the two methods of counting. With a quarter million prisoners on a single day, jails had more than 8 million admissions and 8 million releases in the course of 12 months. How many different persons those 16 million movements represented is not known, but the size of the number leads to the conclusion that the percentage of adults, especially men, involved in corrections during 1985 was substantially more than 1.696.

Table 1.1. Persons on probation, in jail, in prison, or on parole and their percent of the adult population, by State, 1985

Total adult POl2ulation in correctional carel custod:tz or control Percent Regions and resident of adult jurisdictions population Total Jail8 Probation Prison Parole population

U.S. total 175,725,000 2,869,836 218,995 1,870,132 503,271 277,438 1.6%

Federal 175,725,000 112,300 55,217 40,223 16,860 state 175,725,000 2,757,536 '218,995 1,814,915 463,048 260,578 1.6

Northeast 37,709,000 465,528 36,315 296,391 75,706 57,116 1.2%

Connec ticu t 2,418,000 43,551 * 36,805 6,149 597 1.8 Maine 860,000 6,287 542 4,451 1,226 68 .7 Massachusetts 4,458,000 37,827 3,304 24,637 5,390 4,496 .8 New Hampshire 745,000 4,701 469 3,096 683 453 .6 New Jersey 5,700,000 79,142 5,956 48,466 11,335 13,385 1.4

New York 13,414,000 176,684 15,877 100,816 34,712 25,279 1.3 Pennsylvania 8,976,000 101,880 10,167 65,286 14,:<27 12,200 1.1 Rhode Island 743,000 9,245 * 7,536 1,307 402 1.2 Vermont 395,000 6,211 '" 5,298 677 236 1.6

Midwest 43,196,000 553,228 39,200 376,012 95,704 42,312 1.3%

Illinois 8,436,000 113,030 8,819 74,156 18,634 11,421 1.3 Indiana 3,993,000 55,288 3,466 39,121 9,904 2,797 1.4 Iowa 2,111,000 17,694 828 12,063 2,g32 1,971 .8 Kansas 1,785,000 23,792 1,305 15,473 4,732 2,282 1.3 Michigan 6,605,000 107,183 7,627 75,162 17,755 6,639 1.6 Minnesota 3,054,000 38,634 1,941 32,986 2,343 1,364 1.3

Missouri 3,702,000 44,970 3,761 26,760 9,915 4,534 1.2 Nebraska 1,158,000 13,715 817 10,720 1,814 364 1.2 North Dakota 488,000 2,393 236 1,569 422 166 .5 Ohio 7,871,000 95,925 7,087 61,465 20,864 6,509 1.2 South Dakota 502,000 4,021 310 2,249 1,047 415 .8 Wisconsin 3,491,000 36,583 3,003 24,288 5,442 3,850 1.0

South 59,925,000 1,193,538 85,819 795,374 202,926 109,419 2.0% Alabama 2,904,000 34,412 4,452 16,520 11,015 2,425 1.2 Arkansas 1,713,000 19,249 1,540 9,268 4,611 3,830 1.1 Delaware 465,000 10,520 '" 7,103 2,553 864 2.3 Dist. of ColUmbia 494,000 20,521 '" 11,777 6,404 2,340 4.2 Florida 8,830,000 177,894 14,313 130,767 28,600 4,214 2.0 Georgia 4,318,000 129,226 10,213 94,461 16,014 8,538 3.0 Kentucky 2,703,000 27,811 3,652 14,887 5,801 3,471 1.0 Louisiana 3,126,000 52,747 8,501 26,638 13,890 3,7111 1.7 Maryland 3,295,000 92,023 4,572 67,138 13,005 7,308 2.8 Mississippi 1,824,000 18,902 2,482 6,636 6,392 3,392 1.0 North Carolina 4,666,000 80,209 3,474 56,207 17,344 3,184 1.7 Oklahoma 2,377 ,000 32,429 2,164 20,310 , 330 1,625 1.4 South Carolina 2,425,000 34,409 2,674 17,964 10,510 3,261 1.4 Tennessee 3,531,000 45,249 5,975 24,648 7,127 7,499 1.3 Texas 11,572,000 370,088 15,176 269,909 37,532 47,471 3.2 Virginia 4,262,000 40,566 5,616 17,236 12,073 5,641 1.0 West Virginia 1,420,000 7,283 1,015 3,905 1,725 638 .5

West 34,895,000 545,242 57,661 347,138 88,712 51,731 1.6% Alaska 351,000 5,124 34 2,606 2,329 155 1.5 Arizona 2,312,000 31,330 2,906 18,176 8,531 1,717 1.4 California 19,525,000 336,199 41,656 210,449 50,111 33,983 1.7 Colorado 2,367,000 25,723 2,739 17,612 3,369 2,003 1.1 Hawaii 764,000 10,813 >4< 7,986 2,111 716 1.4 Idaho 681,000 5.757 566 3,414 1,294 483 .8 Montana 592,000 4,929 394 2,712 1,129 694 .8 Nevada 716,000 11,377 928 5,365 3,771 1,313 1.6 New Mexico 1,002,000 8,937 1,324 4,185 2,313 1,115 .9 Oregon 1,976,000 31,145 2,304 22,377 4,454 2,010 1.6 utah 1,031,000 10,043 906 6,330 1,633 1,174 1.0 IV ashington 3,229,000 60,791 3,595 44,248 6,909 6,039 1.9 Wyoming 349,000 3,074 309 1,678 758 329 .9

*Included in prison category. 8 Ja il data are from June 30, 1983, census. They InclUde sentenced and unsentenced persons.

Introduction 5

Table 1.2. Estimated number of adults on probation, in jail, in prison, or on parole and their~lcent of the adult population, by sex and race, 1985

Total Sex Race number Male Female White Black other

Total 2,904,979 2,517,318 387,661 1,867,325 998,784 38,870

Probation 1,870,132 1,543,772 327,360 1,312,984 534,588 22,560 Jail 254,094 235,017 19,077 139,220 11 \,515 3,35~ Prison 503,315 480,189 23,126 264,413 231,553 7,349 Parole 277,438 259,240 18,098 151,708 121,128 5,602

United States adult resident population'" 175,727,000 83,905,000 '~l,822,000 151,629,000 19,284,000 4,814,000

Percent in correctional care or custody 1.7% 3.0% .4% 1.2% 5.2% .8% ----Note: Details may not add to totals because "'Resident population age 18 yea:s and over on of rounding. July 1, 1985.

6 Correctional Populations in the flnit~d States, 1985

~,~ .. ----------------------------------

-Tables

J ail inmates in 1985

2.1 Jail census: Inmates by jurisdiction, sex, legru. status, and ratio to total resident population, June 30, 1983 8

2.2 Jail population: One-day counts and average dally population, by legal status and sex, 1983-85 9

2.3 Detention status of adult jail inmates, by sex, 1983-85 9

2.4 Jail inmates, by sex, race, and Hispanic origin, 1984 and 1985 10

2.5 Annual jail admissions and releases of adults and juveniles, by sex, 1983-85 10

2.6 Jail capacity and occupancy, 1983-85 10

2.7 Jails in jurisdictions with large jail populations: Impact of crowding elsewhere, 1983-85 11

2.8 Jails in jurisdictions with large jail populations: Rated capacity and percent of capacity occupied, 1984 and 1985 11

2.9 Jails in jurisdictions with large jail populations: Number of jails under court order to reduce population or to improve conditions of confinement, 1985 11

2.10 Jails in jurisdictions with large jail populations: Inmate deaths, 1983-85 12

2.11 Twenty-five largest jails: Average daily population and 1-day count, June 30, 19115 12

Explanatory notes 13

Quest~onnaires 14, 18

Jail Inmates in 1985 7

Table 2.1. Jail census: Inma~es by jurisdiction, sex, legal status, and ratio to total resident population, June 30, 1983

Number of inmates per

Number Number of~ail inmates 100,000 Regions and of AI! mmates A uHs Juvemles resident jurisdictions jails Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female population

U.S. total 3,338 223,551 207,782 15,769 221,815 206,163 15,652 1,736 1,619 117 98

Northeast 223 36,634 34,615 2,019 36,315 34,309 2,006 319 306 1:1 82

Maine 14 560 547 13 542 529 13 18 18 0 49 Massachusetts 17 3,304 3,301 3 3,304 3,301 3 0 0 0 57 New Hampshire 11 475 451 24 469 445 24 6 6 0 50 New Jersey 32 5,971 5,596 375 5,956 5,581 375 15 15 0 80 New York 72 16,154 15,100 1,054 15,877 14,836 1,041 277 264 13 91 Pennsylvania 77 10,170 9,620 550 10,167 9,617 550 3 3 0 85

Midwest 972 39,538 37,000 2,538 39,200 36,689 2,511 338 311 27 67

Illinois 98 8,849 8,468 381 8,819 8,440 379 30 28 2 77 Indiana 93 3,599 3,359 240 3,466 3,235 231 133 124 9 66 Iowa 90 839 798 41 828 787 41 11 11 0 29 Kansas 86 1,328 1,244 84 1,305 1,222 83 23 22 1 55 Michigan 87 7,637 7,064 573 7,627 7,054 573 10 10 0 84 Minnesota 67 1,954 1,849 105 1,941 1,836 105 13 13 0 47 Missouri 129 3,783 3,523 260 3,761 3,503 , 258 22 20 2 76 Nebraska 67 844 796 48 817 773 44 27 23 4 53 North Dakota 31 243 222 21 236 215 21 7 7 0 36 Ohio 121 7,116 6,549 567 7,087 6,526 561 29 23 6 66 South Dakota 31 316 289 27 310 283 27 6 6 0 45 Wisconsin 72 3,030 2,839 191 3,003 2,815 188 27 24 3 64

$outb 1,607 89,479 83,696 5,783 88,639 82,916 5,723 840 780 60 113 Alabama 108 4,464 4,216 248 4,452 4,205 247 12 11 1 113 Arkansas 89 1,602 1,508 94 1,540 1,449 91 62 59 3 69 Dist. of Columbia 2 2,843 2,570 273 2,820 2,547 273 23 23 0 456 Florida 103 14,668 13,489 1,179 14,313 13,157 1,156 355 332 23 137 Georgia 203 10,214 9,659 555 10,213 9,658 555 1 1 ° 178 Kentucky 96 3,711 3,471 240 3,652 3,423 229 59 48 11 100 Louisiana 94 8,507 8,046 461 8,501 8,040 461 6 6 0 192 Maryland 30 4,608 4,343 265 4,572 4,310 262 36 33 3 107 Mississippi 91 2,498 2,374 124 2,4132 2,358 124 16 16 (J 97 North Carolina 99 3,496 3,305 191 3,474 3,286 188 22 19 3 57 Oklahoma 104 2,215 2,034 181 2,164 1,986 178 51 48 3 67 Sou th Carolina 58 2,690 2,572 118 2,674 2,556 118 16 16 0 82 Tennessee 108 6,005 5,614 391 5,975 5,588 387 30 26 4 128 Texas 273 15,224 14,215 1,009 15,176 14,173 1,003 48 42 6 97 Virginia 95 5,719 5,317 402 5,616 5,217 399 103 100 3 103 West Virginia 54 1,015 963 52 1,015 963 52 0 0 0 52

West 536 57,900 52,471 5,429 57,661 52,249 5,412 239 222 17 129 Alaska 5 37 32 5 34 29 5 3 3 0 8 Arizona 31 2,940 2,756 184 2,906 2,722 184 34 34 0 99 California 142 41,720 37,312 4,408 41,656 37,252 4,404 64 60 4 166 Colorado 60 2,747 2,591 156 2,739 2,584 155 8 7 1 88 Idaho 36 604 563 41 566 532 34 38 31 7 61 Montana 50 405 369 36 394 359 35 11 10 1 50 Nevada 23 940 847 93 928 835 93 12 12 0 105 New Mexico 35 1,346 1,273 73 1,324 1,254 70 22 19 3 96 Oregon 39 2,304 2,163 141 2,304 2,163 141 0 0 0 87 Utah 24 906 862 44 906 862 44 0 0 0 56 Washington 65 3,610 3,390 220 3,595 3,375 220 15 15 0 84 Wyoming 26 341 313 28 309 282 27 32 31 1 66

Note: Five States-Connecticut, Delaware, integrated jail-prison systems and therefore has five locally operated jails in addition to HaWaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont-have were excluded from the report. Alaska, which an integrated jail-prison system, is included.


-------------~.~----~----

Table 2.2. Jail population: One-day counts and average daily population, by legal status and sex, 1983-85

Number of jail inmates National Annual survey jail census of jails

1983 1D84 1985 Percent chan~e

1983-85 198 -85

One-day counts

All inmates 223,551 234,500 256,615 15% 9% Mult 221,815 233,018 254,986 15 9

Male 206,163 216,275 235,909 14 9 Female 15,652 16,743 19,077 22 14

Juvenile· 1,736 1,482 1,629 -6 10

Average daily population

All inmates 227,541 230,641 265,010 16% 15% Adult 225,781 228,944 263,543

Male 210,451 212,749 244,711 17 15 16 15

Female 15,330 16,195 18,832 Juvenile· 1,760 1,697 1,467

23 16 -17 -14

Note: Data for I-day counts are for June 30 of each year. ·Juveniles are persons of an age specified by State statute (usually under 18) as initially subject to juvenile court authority even if

they are tried as adults in criminal court. Because juveniles made up less than 1 % of the jail population, caution must be used in interpreting any changes in their number.

Table 2.3. Detention status of adult jail inmates, by sex, 1983-85

Total nu mber 0 f adults with known conviction status

Convicted Male Female

Unconvicted Male Female

National jail census

1983

221,644

107,660 100,557

7,103

).13,984 105,459

8,525

Note: Data are for June 30 of each year.

/i "

Number of jail inmates Annual survey of jails

1984 1985

229,822 250,468

113,491 123,409 105,529 114,131

7,962 9,278

116,331 127,059 107,901 117,560

8,430 9,499


--~~---~~--------------------~-----------------

Table 2.4. Jail inmates, by se:a:, race, and Hispanic origin, 1984 and 1985

Percent of jail inmates

Characteristic 1984 1985

Selt 100% 100%

Male 93 &2 Female 7 8

Raee 100% 100%

White 59 59 Male 55 55 Female 4

Black J..,j 40 Male 3'1 37 Female 3 3

Other· 1 1 Male 1 1 Female

Hispanic origin 100% 100%

Hispanic 13 14 Male 12 13 Female 1 1

Non-Hispanic 87 86 Male 81 80 Female 6 7

Note; Data are for June 30 of each year. Sex was reported for all inmates in both years. Race and Hispanic origin were reported for 88% of the inmates in 1984 and for 80% in 1985. Percents may not add to totals because of rounding. - Less than 0.5% • • Includes American Indians, Aleuts, ASians, and Pacific Islanders.

Table 2.5. Annual jail admissions and relesses or adults and juveniles, by sex, 1983-85


1983

Admissions, total 8,084,344

Adult 7,978,978 Male 7,270,663 Female 708,315

Juvenile· 105,366 Male 86,850 Female 18,516

Releases, total 7,941,236

Adult 7,837,156 Male 7,145,818 Female 691,338

Juvenile· 104,080 Male 85,564 Female 18,516

Number of inmates Annual survey of jails

1984 1985

7,838,521 8,364,533

7,742,941 8,252,427 7,007,292 7,430,148

735,649 822,279

95,580 112,106 79,617 94,579 15,963 17,527

7,716,067 8,279,054

7,622,366 8,169,461 6,904,343 7,359,076

718,023 810,385

93,701 109,593 77,564 92,235 16,137 17,358

Note: Data are for the year ending June 30 • • Juveniles are persons of an age specified by State statute (usually under 18) as initially

subject to juvenile court authority even If they are tried as adults in criminal court.

Table 2.6. Jail capacity and occupancy, 1983-85

Number of inmates

Ra ted capacity of jails

Percent of rated capacity occupied

Note: Data are for June 30 of each year.


1983

223,551

261,556

85%

10 Con'ectional Populations in the United States, 1985

Annual survey of jalls

1984 1985

234,500

261,432

90%

256,615

272,830

94%

Table 2.7. Jails in jurilldictions with large jail populations: Impact ot crowding elllewhere, 1983-85

1983

All jails in jurisdictions with large jail populations 618

Jails holding inmates for other authorities:. 130

Federal 31 state 84 Local 44

All inmates in jurisdictions with large jail populations 168,250

Inmates being held for other authorities: 4,400

Federal 306 state 3,606 Local 488

Note: Data are for June 30 of each year and cover all jails in jurisdictions with an average daily inmate population of 100 or more in the 1983 jail census.

Number 1984 1985

621 614

150 137 35 30

112 100 52 57

173,155 190,221

6,199 6,107 460 534

4,733 4,462 1,006 1,111

·Detail adds to more than total because some jails hold inmates for more than one authority.

Table 2.8. Jails in jurisdictions with large jail populations: Rated capacity and percent of capacity occupied, 1984 and 1985

Number Rated Jails in jurisdictions with of jails ca~acit:i large jail populations 1984 1985 1984 1985

Number of jail inmates

1984 1985

Total 621 614 169,967 179,729 173,155 190,221

Jails not under court order to reduce popUlation 487 477 121,098 126,965 124,567 134,967

Jails under court order to reduce population. 134 137 48,869 52,764 48,588 55,254

Percent of ca~acit:i occu~ied

1984 1985

10296 10696

103 106

99 105

Notu: Data are for June 30 of each year and cover all jails in jurisdictions with an average daily inmate population of 100 or more in the jail census.

~he court-ordered capacity for these jails in 1984 was 49,572-703 inmates higher than the rated capacity. In

1985 it was 54,375-1,611 higher than the rated capacity.

Table 2.9. Jails in jurisdictions with large jail populations: Number of jails under court order to reduce population or to improve conditions of confinement, 1985

Number of jails in jurisdictions with large jail populations

Ordered to Not ordered to Total limit population limit population

Total 614 137 477

Jails under court orders citing spt<cific conditions of confinement 153 120 33

Subject of court order:

Crowded living units 132 114 18 Recreational facilities 88 68 20 Medical facilities or services 83 65 18 Visitation practices or policies 51 51 0 Disciplinary procedures or policies 62 48 14 Food service (quantity or quality) 49 38 11 Administrative segregation procedures or poliCies 57 45 12

Staffing patterns 59 45 14 Grievance procedures or policies 60 46 14 Education or training programs 48 33 15 Fire hazards 51 41 10 Counseling programs 38 29 9 Other 29 18 11

Note: Data are for June 30, 1985, and cover jail census. Some jails were under court all jails in jurisdictions with an average daily order for more than one reason. inmate population of 100 or more in the 1983


Table 2.10. Jails in jurisdictions with large jail populations: Inmate deaths. 1983-85

Total

Cause of death: Natural causes Suicide InjUrYt?Y another person Other

Jails reporting dea ths8 1983 1984 1985

169 150 163

87 83 84 99 96 89 5 5 9

11 10 16

Inmate deaths 1983 1984 1985

276 278 303

129 136 151 130 126 119

5 6 11 12 10 22

Note: Data are for ihe year ending June 30 and cover all jails in jurisdictions with an average daily inmate population of 100 or more in the 1983 jail census.

aDetail adds to more than total because some ialls reported more than one type of death. ~ncludes accidents and undetermined cause of death.


FlEe.

Explanatory notes

The 1985 survey of jails was the third annual survey sponsored by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) and conducted by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. This series follows a similar effort made by the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEA A) during the 1970's.

The sample surveys yield estimates of the national jail population for those years that lack a complete enumeration. Full censuses were done on February 1, 1978, and June 30, 1983.

The 1985 survey, conducted on June 30, included 1,142 jails in 893 jurlsdictions--counties, municipalities, or townships that administer 1 or more jails. A jurisdiction with an average dally inmate population of 100 or more in the 1983 census automatically entered the survey. Such units of government, referred to as certainty jurisdictions, accounted for 614 jails and 189,329 inmates, or 7496 of the total estimated inmate population.

Administrators of jails in jurisdictions with large jail populations reported the number of inmates held because of crowded facilities elsewhere, jail capacity, and reasons for court orders, if any. (See the questionnaire CJ-5.) The other jurisdictions in the survey belonged to a stratified random sample or jurisdictions wi!h an average daily inmate population of less than 100.

The survey excluded five types of facilities from the count:

" lock-ups that house persons for less than 48 hours; • Federal facilities; .. State facilities; ., privately operated facilities; • the combined jail-prison systems of Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont.

Data were obtained through mailed questionnaires. Two follow-up mailings and phone calls elicited a response from every sampled jail not in a certainty jurisdiction (8 jurisdiction with such a large population that it has 10096 certainty of entering the sample). Ninety-five percent of the facilities in jurisdictions with large populations responded.


CJ-5 OMS No. 1121-0094:

U.S. OEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. BUREAU OFTHE CENSUS

I ____ .....!~~~~!!~!.E.L ____ _lFORM CJ-5 "" (6-17·85)

Name 1985 SAMPLE SURVEY OF JAilS

Title

Official address (Number and street, city, State, ZIP code)

Bureau of the Cen:u:: ATTN: Governments Division Washington, D.C. 20233

FROM THE DIRECTOR BUREAU OF THE CENSUS

Please correct any error in name and address including ZIP code.

On behalf of the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), Department of Justice, the Bureau of the Census is conducting a sample survey of jails in the United States. The survey will obtain current information on the Nation's jail facilities and inmate population.

State, local, and Federal officials wi" use the data to assess the changing needs of these facilities and to keep informed of their status. BJS wi"'publish the data in a bulletin scheduled for release in early 1986.

Your facility and other facilities on the scientifically selected sample wi" represent the characteristics and population of all jails in the United States. So that we can produce estimates with a high degree of accuracy and publish the survey results as soon as possible, please complete this questionnaire within the next 3 weeks and return it in the enclosed envelopo.

If ~nswers to questions are not readily available, please provide reasonable estimates and indicate them with an asterisk. If we can help in completing the questionnaire, please call (301) 763-7825.

The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, as amended (42 U.S.C. 3732), authorizes this report. Although you are not legally required to respond, we need your participation to make the results of this survey comprehensive, accurate, and timely.

We will therefore appreciate your cooperation in this voluntary survey.

Sincerely,

JOHN G. KEANE

Enclosures

Note - If your ·facility is only a temporary holding or lock~p facility, i.e., inmates are never held beyond arraignment and are usually transferred within 48 hours or less, please mark (X) the box at the right • 0 and return the questionnaire without completing it.

complete form on reverse side


INSYRUCTIONS

Please answer all questions for only the facility identified on the Please mark (X) the box if more than one ~D mailing label. If you need additional questionnaires please call facility is included on the questionnaire. (301) 763-7825. Please mark (X) the box if your jurisdiction_ D If exact figures are not available, please estimate and mark with has opened a new jail since June 30, 1983 an asterisk. If figures for June 30, 1985 are not availatJle, provide and list the name and address in the Remarks figures for today and mark with an asterisk. section on page 4.

I· · II1!I @NMATE POPULATION Juveniles ~ A. Inmate population at this facility on Adults

(See definition of juvenifes) June 30, 1985 TOTAL

Males Females Males Females

(1 ) (2) (3) 141 (5)

1. TOTAL inmates in facility en June 30, 1985 Should equal sum of 2a through 21 ....

2. What was the number of inmates in the facility on I June 30, 1985 in each of the following categories7

8. Awaiting arraignment/trial or being tried at this I time'

b. Convicted and awaitinQ sentence2

c. Serving sentence (whether appealing or not) 2

d. Technical probation or parole violators only, with no new charges 3 .

e. Juveniles housed for juvenile authorities (i.e., runaways, awaiting transfer to juvenile facility, etc.)

f. Other - Specify '"'1

, Include bail jumpers and escapees, whether convicted or unconvicted, returned with new charges for which they have not been convicted. Include mUltiple offenders who are unconvicted on all current offenses.

2 Include convicted bail jumpers and escapees returned, who have no new charges. Include multiple offenders convicted of any current offense.

3Technical violators only. Those who have been charged with another crime while on probation or parole should be reported undel 2a above, if they have not been convicted of the new charge; under 2b above, if they are convicted of and awaiting sentence on the new charge; or under 2c above, if they are convicted of and serving sentence on the new charge.

~ B. What was the inmate population BY RACE, Adults Juveniles on June 30,19857 TOTAL

Males Females Mal('s Females ;1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

1 • TOTAL inmate population Sum of lines Ii through 8 below IiI1

a. White, not of Hispanic origin

b. Black, not of Hispanic origin

c. Hispanic origin' - Sum of lines c(1} and c(2}

(1) White, Hispanic origin

(2) Black, Hispanic origin

d. American Indian/Alaskan Native

e. Asian/Pacific Islander

, Persons of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or other Spanish culture or origin, excluding persons from Brazil, Jamaica, and Haiti.

Page 2 FOAM CJ.5 16·17·85)


1"1'LO:!.t. 11. INMATE POPULATION Continued

• C. Inmates held for Federal, State, and other local authorities Federal Other on June 30, 1985. State counties

Illegal aliens Other or cities

( 11 (2) (3) (4)

1 . Of the total number of inmates reported in item A how many were being held for Federal, State, and other local authorities? Should equal sum of 2a and 2b(1) and (2) below.

2. Of those prisoners being held for Federal, State, and other local authorities, how many were -

o. Being held as a direct result of overcrowding in Federal, State, and other local institutions? (That is, inmates serving a sentence or in an indefinite status pending availability of space in another institution.)

b. Being held for other reasons:

(1) Whose early transfer is anticipated upon completion of necessary arrangements such as paperwork or transportation.

(2) Other (e.g., trustees, security reasons, or special programs).

~ D. Average daily population and Adults Juveniles population movement TOTAL

Include only inmates who have been admitted and housed in Males Females Males Females

your facility. Count a case only once. Example: A felon who (1 ) (2) (3) (4) (5) is housed at your facility, transferred to a diagnostic center and returned to your facility without being booked on a new charge is considered one admission.

1 . What is the average daily population for your facility for the year ending June 30, 1985?

2. How many persons were admitted between July 1, 1984 and June 30, 1985?

3. How many persons were discharged or transferred between July 1, 1984 and June 30, 1985?

• E. Inmate deaths Adults Juveniles

Please report the number of inmates who died while TOTAL confined in this facility for the period July 1 r 1984 Males femalos Males Female:: to June 30, 1985. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

1. TOTAL number of inmate deaths 2. Cause of death -

iI. Illness/natural causes (exclude "AIDS," and report below)

b. Suicide

c. Homicide by other inmates

d. Homicide - Other

e. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) f. Other deaths - Specify ""1

FORM CJ-5 (6·17-851 Page 3

16 Correctional Populations in the Uma:d States, 1985

Ii ::r.:iIT. ilIl. FACILITY CHARACTERISTICS

~ A. Capacity Rated capacity

1. On June 30, 1985 what was the rated capacity for your facility that was set by State or local authorities?

2. On June 30, 1985 what was the design capacity of your jail, i.e., the number of Design capacity inmates you can house without crowding. (Examples of crowding would include double bunking where the facility was designed for a single bunk, or temporary use of a day room as sleeping quarters that would not ordinarily be used as such.!

~ B. Are you now under court order to limit 1 fJ Yes - Complete item C below the maximum number of inmates you can

2 n No - SKIP to item 0 house? Number of inmates Adults Juveniles

TOTAL Males Females Males Females ~ C. If you are under court order,

(1 ) (2) (3) (4) (5) onter the maximum number of inmates you can house • I

i ~D. Court ordered conditions of confinement I

1 '. 1 Yes I

1. Was your institution under court order for conditions of confinement on June 30, 1985? I 2, -1 No I

2. If "Yes" is marked above, indicate the reasons - Mark (X) as many as apply

10 Crowded living units 9i . Staffing patterns 20 Administrative segregation wi 1 Education/training programs

procedures/policies 111.! Counsf'ling programs 3D Disciplinary procedures/policies

1 Food service (quantity, quality) 40 Grievance procedures/policies 12 )

sO Medical facilities/services d: Other - Specify?

60 Recreation facilities .- --" ~~~-.-~ ...... -~~~-~~-,.-.....~-~~ .... -~~-..

70 Visitation policies/practices

sO Fire hazards ............... "-'_~~" _____ • _____________ • ____ ,, __ ,_v __ ·_·_~ _____ +_~ __ ~. __

DEFINITIONS Local jail - a confinement facility usually administered by a local law enforcement agency, intended for adults but sometimes also containing juveniles, which holds persons detained pending adjudication and/or persons committed after adjudication for sentences usually a year or less. Temporary holding facilities, or lockups, that do not hold persons after being formally charged in court (usually within 48 hours of arrest) are excluded.

Juvenile - a person subject to ~he exerrise of juvenile court jurisdiction for purposes of adjudication and treatment based on age and offense limitations as defined by State law. For the purposes of this report, a person of juvenile age is considered a juvenile even though tried as an adult in criminal court.

AdlJlt criminal offendiJr - a person subject to the original jurisdiction of the criminal court rather than the juver;;,e court because at the time of the offense the person was above a statutory age limit.

Youthful offender - a person adjudicated in criminal court, who may be above the statutory age limit for juveniles but below a specified upper age limit ar;d for whom special correctional commitments and special record-sealing procedures are made available by statute. For the purposes of this report youthful offenders should be considered adults.

REMARKS

CENSUS USE

Page 4 FOAM CJ516·17·8S1

Jail Inmates ill 1985 17

CJ-5A OMB No. 1121·0094: A 30,1987

I ___ .E;~~!Ee~~X-____ ~FORM CJ-SA I- (6.17.85)

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BUREAU OF THE CENSUS

Name 1985 SAMPLE SURVEY OF JAILS

Title

Official address (Number and street, city, State, ZIP code)

Bureau of the Census ATTN: Governments Division Washington, D.C. 20233


SECOND REQUEST Please correct any error in name and address including ZIP code.

On behalf of the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)' Department of Justice, the Bureau of the Census is conducting a sample survey of jails in the United States. The survey will obtain current information on the Nation's jail facilities and inmate population.

State, local, and Federal officials will use the data to assess the changing needs of these facilities and to keep informed of their status. BJS will publish the data in a bulletin scheduled for release in early 1986.

Yourfacility and other facilities on the scientifically selected sample will represent the characteristics and population of all jails in the United States. So that we can produce estimates with a high degree of accuracy and publish the survey results as soon as possible, please complete this questionnaire within the next 3 weeks and return it in the enclosed envelope.

If answers to questions are not readily available, please provide reasonable estimates and indicate them with an asterisk. If we can help in completing the questionnaire, please call (301) 763-7825.

The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, as amended (42 U.S.C. 3732), authorizes this report. Although you are not legally required to respond, we need your participation to make the results of this survey comprehensive, accurate, and timely.

We will therefore appreciate your cooperation in this voluntary survey.

Sincerely,

JOHN G. KEANE

Enclosures

Noto - If your facility is only a temporary holding or lockup facility, i.e., inmates are never held beyond arraignment and are usually transferred within 48 hours or less, please mark (X) the box at the right .0 and return the questionnaire without completing it.

Please complete form on reverse side


INSTRUCTIONS

Please answer all questions for only the facility identified Please mark (X) the box if more than one .. 0 on the mailing label. If you need additional questionnaires facility is included on the questionnaire.

.. 0 please call (301) 763- 7825. Please mark (X) the box if your jurisdiction If exact figures are not available, please estimate and mark has opened a new jail since June 30, 1983 with an asterisk. If figures for June 3D, 1985 are not available, and list the name and address in the provide figures for today and mark with an asterisk. Remarks section on page 4.

I- • 1111 INMATE POPULATION

• A .Inmato population at this facility on Adults Juveniles (See definition of juveniles)

Juno 30, 1985 TOTAL Males Females Males Females

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

1 • TOTAL inmates in facility on Juno 30, 1985 Should equal sum of 28 through 2f ....

2. What was tho number of inmates in the facility on June 30, 1985 in each of the following categories? a. Awaiting arraignment/trial or being tried at this

timet

b. Convicted and awaiting sentence2

c. Serving sentence (whether appealing or not)2

d. Technical probation or parole violators only, with no new charges3

o. Juveniles housed for juvenile authorities (j.e., runaways, awaiting transfer to juvenile facility, etc.) .

f. Other - Specify ~

, Include bail jumpers and escapees, whether convicted or unconvicted, returned with new charges for which they have not been convicted. Include mUltiple offenders who are unconvicted on all current offenses.

2 Include convicted bail jumpers and Ei\scapees returned, who have no new charges. Include multiple offenders convicted of any current offense.

3 Technical violators only. Those who have been charged with another crime while on probation or parole should be reported under 2a above, if they have not been convicted of the new charge; under 2b above, if they are convicted of and awaiting sentence on the new charge; or under 2c above, if they are convicted of and serving sentence on the new charge.

~ B. What was the inmate population BY RACE, TOTAL

Adults Juveniles on Juno 30, 1985?

Males Females Males Females (1 ) (2) (3) (4) (5)

1 • TOTAL inmate population Sum of lines a through e below .. a. White, not of Hispanic origin

~~k. not of Hispanic origin

c. Hispanic origin' - Sum of lines c(1} and c(2)

(1) White, Hisp:.'lnic origin

(2) Black, Hispanic origin

d. American Indtan/'6.laskan Native

I o. Asian/Pacific Islander

1 Persclns of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or ether Spanish culture or origin, eXcluding persons from Brazil, Jamaica, and Haiti • .

Page 2 HlRM OJ-5A 16-17-851


.,orn INMATE POPULATION - Continued

~ C. Average daily population and Adults Juveniles

population movement TOTAL

Include only inmates who have been admitted and housed in Males Females Males Females

your facility. Count a case only once. Example: A felon who ( 11 (2) (31 (4) (5)

is housed at your facility, transferred to a diagnostic center and returned to your facility without being booked on a new charge is considered one admission.

1 . What is the average daily population for your facility for the year ending June 30, 19857

2. How many persons were admitted between July 1, 1984 and June 30, 19857

3. How many persons were discharged or transferred between July 1, 1984 and June 30, 19857

1"1':·r.li' .ITIIIIIIIII FACILITY CHARACTERISTICS

~ A. Capacity Rated capacity

1. On June 30, 1985 what was the rated capacity for your faciiity that was set by State or local authorities7

.•. -2. On June 30, 1985 what was the design capacity of your jail, i.e., the number Design capacity

of inmates you can house without crowding. (Examples of crowding would include double bunking where the facility was designed for a single bunk, or temporary use of a day room as sleeping quarters that would not ordinarily be used as such.)

DEFINITIONS

local jail - a confinement facility usually administered by a local law enforcement agency, intended for adults but sometimes also containing juveniles, which holds persons detained pending adjudication andloi persons committed after adjudication for sentences usually a yea, or less. Temporary holding facilities, or lockups, that do not hold persons after being formally charged in-:::ourt (usually within 48 hours of arrest) are excluded.

Juvenile - a person subject to the exercise of juvenile court jurisdiction for purposes of adjudication and treatment based on age arid offense limitations as defined by State law. For the purposes of this report, a person of juvenile age is con!;.idered a juvenile even though tried as an addt in criminal court.

Adult criminal offender - a person subject to the original jurisdic(ion of the criminal court rather than the juvenile court because at the time of the offense the person was above a statutory age limit.

Youthful offender - a person adjudicated in criminal court, who may be above the statutory age limit for juveniles but below a specified upper age limit and for whom special correctional commitments and special record-sealing procedures are made available by statute. For the purposes of this report youthful offenders should be considered adults.

REMARKS

CENSUS USE

FOR CJ·5A M 1617851 Page 3


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OTHER REMARKS

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Page 4 FORM CJ·5A (6·17·851


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Probation in 1985

Tables

3.1 Adults on probation, by national totals for characteristics, 1985 24

3.2 Adults on probation, 19G:.l 25

3.3 Adults on probation, by status of probation, 1985 26

3.4 Adults on probation, by status of supervision. 1985 27

-

3.5 Adults entering probation, by type of sentence, 1985 28

3.6 Adults leaving probation, by type of exit, 1985 29

3.7 Adults on probation, by SI'lX,

1985 30 3.8 Adults on probation, by race,

1985 31 3.9 Adults on probation, by

Hispanic origin, 1985 32, 3.10 Adults on probation, by type

of offense, 1985 33

Explanatory notes by jurisdiction 34

Questionnaire 36

Probation in 1985 23

~-~~~ ~~-------,--

Table 3.1. Adults on probation, by national totals for characteristics, 1985

Characteristics

Total number of adults on probation

Status ot probation

Execution of sentence suspended Imposition of sentence suspended Direct imposition of probation Other specified status

Status of sttlervision

Active supervision Inactive supervision Absconded from supervision Supervised out of State

Adu!ts entering probation

Probation without jail Probation with jail Probation of other types

Adults leaving probation

Successful completions Discharged absconders Discharged to detainer/warrants Returned to prison

With new sentence With the same sentence

Other type of exit Death

Sex of adults on probation

Male Female

Race of adults on probation

White Black American Indian/Alaska native AsianIPaciflc Islander Other races

Hispanic origin of adults on probation

Hispanic Non-Hispanic

Type of offense of adults on probation

Felony Misdemeanor Infractions

Numbe~ of adults on proba tion fro m S ta te or Federal courts

1,870,432

1,071,339

502,540 90,662

475,631 2,506

1,697,114

1,440,460 120,865

98,738 37,051

985,650

916,307 49,205 20,138

851,592

681,207 20,647 33,888

26,721 39,855 45,273 4,001

1,657,516

1,384,878 272,638

1,243,311

872,905 355,408

9,349 2,071 3,578

768,596

109,532 659,064

1,346,924

677,074 657,114

12,706

Percent of those persons with a known status

100'0

47 8

44 1

100%

85 7 6 2

100%

93 5 2

100%

80 2 4

3 5 5 1

100%

84 16

70

70 29 1

100%

14 86

100%

50 49 1

Note: See the detailed tables, the questionnaire, and the explanatory notes for definitions, limitations, and exceptions. For each characteristic there existed persons of unknown status or type; their numbers are in

the detailed tables. More than a third of the responses for status of probation, race, and Hispanic origin were in the unknown or not reported category. -Under .5%.


Table 3.2. Adults on probation, 1985

Percent Number on pro-change in bation in 1985

Probation Probation probation per 100,000 Regions and population 1985 population population resident jurisdic tions 1/1/85 Entries Exits 12/31/85 1984-85 population

U.S. total 1,740,948 1,174,832 1,046,383 1,870,132 7.4% 1,064

Fedet"al 52,351 24,293 21,427 55,217 5.5 State 1,688,597 1,150,539 1,024,956 1,814,915 7.4 1,033

Northeast 287,728 182,169 173,506 296,391 3.0 786

Connecticuta 46,681 37,486 47,362 36,805 1,522 Maine 4,368 3,124 3,041 4,451 1.9 518 Massachuse tts 23,141 18,005 16,509 24,637 6.5 553 New Hampshire 3,126 2,338 2,368 3,096 -1.0 416 New Jersey 44,208 26,704 22,446 48,466 9.6 850

New York 90,011 39,360 28,555 100,816 12.0 752 Pennsylvaniab 64,310 47,830 46,854 65,286 1.5 727 Rhode Island 7,147 3,946 3,557 7,536 5.4 1,014 YermontC 4,736 3,376 2,814 5,298 11.9 1,341

Midwest 347,357 257,300 229,380 376,012 8.1 869

lllinoisd 63,477 40,990 30,311 74,lJ6 16.8 879 Indiapae 36,004 37,167 34,050 39,121 8.7 980 Iowa 11,924 12,693 12,554 12,063 1.2 571 Kansas 15,576 8,235 8,338 15,473 - .7 867 Michigan 70,948 54,456 50,242 75,162 5.9 1,138 Minnesota 31,440 29,101 27,555 32,986 4.9 1,080

Missouri 23,574 17,063 13,877 26,760 13.5 723 Nebraska 10,763 12,200 12,243 10,720 - .4 926 North Dakota 1,517 822 770 1,569 3.4 322 Ohio 58,194 33,734 30,463 61,465 5.6 781 South Dakota 1,514 / / 2,249 48.5 448 Wisconsin 22,426 10,839 8,977 24,288 8.3 696

South 730,682 513,2U 448,519 795,374 8.9 1,327

Alabamac 16,338 5,399 5,217 16,520 1.1 569 Arkansasc 8,238 2,049 1,019 9,268 12.5 541 Delaware 6,373 4,316 3,586 7,103 11.5 1,528 Dist. of Columbia 10,319 10,455 8,997 11,777 14.1 2,384 Florida 118,318 142,021 129,572 130,767 10.5 1,481 Georgia 90,057 52,820 48,416 94,461 4.9 2,188 Kentucky 15,004 4,493 4,610 14,887 - .8 551 Louisiana 26,733 12,779 12,874 26,638 -.4 852 Marylandg 64,827 39,297 36,986 67,138 3.6 2,038 Mississippi 6,570 2,647 2,581 6,636 1.0 364 North CarRlina 52,600 31,874 28,267 56,207 6.9 1,205 Oklahoma 18,809 9,445 7,944 20,310 8.0 854 Sou th Carolina 17,043 9,606 8,685 17,964 5.4 741 Tennessee 23,598 16,464 15,414 24,648 4.5 698 Texas 235,568 160,267 125,926 269,909 14.6 2,332 Yirginia i 16,690 7,000 6,454 17,236 3.3 404 West Virginia 3,597 2,279 1,971 3,905 8.6 275

West 322,830 197,859 173,551 347,138 7.5 995

Alaska 2,064 1,196 654 2,606 26.3 742 Arizona 16,687 7,911 6,422 18,176 8.9 786 California 195,864 108,979 94,394 210,449 7.4 1,078 Colorado 16,693 10,462 9,543 17,612 5.5 744 Hawaii 6,686 5,252 3,952 7,986 19.4 1,045 Idaho 3,151 2,135 1,872 3,414 8.3 501 Montanae 2,471 1,172 931 2,712 9.8 458 Nevadac 5,226 2,351 2,212 5,365 2.7 749 New Mexico 3,926 3,151 2,892 4,185 6.6 418 oregyn 21,452 13,961 13,036 22,377 4.3 1,132 Utah 7,721 3,541 4,932 6,330 -18.0 614 Washington 39,181 36,674 31,607 44,248 12.9 1,370 Wyoming 1,708 1,074 1,104 1,678 -1.8 481

Note: Figures for January I, 1985, may e1ndiana and Montana reported their 1984 differ from the previously reported numbers p,gures for 1985. for December 31, 1984, because of revisions Iowa inclUded 3,198 reinstatements and by the jurisdictions in the counts or in the transfers to probation as entries and 2,954 coun ting procedures. transfers as exits. / Jurisdiction did not report category. gMaryland traced cases, not individuals, and 8Connecticut's probation staff no longer reduced its case counts by 10% to estimate supervise pre-trial alcohol cases. Jurisdiction the nroba tion popula tion • over 12,990 such cases was transferred to the . Okiahoma estimated entries. Ere-Trial Bail Commission. IYirginia's reporting period went from July 1,

Pennsylvania estimated entries and E'xits. 1.984, to June 30, 1985. CJurisdiction estimated the data. Alabama JA Utah statute has restricted the length of sstlmated data in the detail categories. probation. Judges stopped giving probated Illinois estimated exits. sentences for less serious offenses.


Table 3.3. Adults on probation, by status of probation, 1985

Probation Number on I2roba tion b~ 5ta tus

Execution Imposition Direct im- Unknown Regions and population of sentence of sentence position of or not jurisdictions 1?/31/85 s\!spended suspended probation Other reported

U.s. total 1,870,132 502,540 90,662 475,631 2,506 798,793

Federal 55,217 / / / / 55,217 State 1,814,915 502,540 90,662 475,631 2,506 743,576

Northeast 296,391 33,836 21,710 160,203 3 80,639

Connecticut 36,805 26,848 / 9,957 / / Maine 4,451 1,571 12 2,868 / / Massachusetts 24,637 / / / / 24,637 New Hampshire 3,096 119 5 2,969 3 / New Jersey 48,466 / / / / 48,466

New York 100,816 I / 100,816 / / Pennsylvania 65,286 / 21,693 43,593 / / Rhode Island 7,536 / / / / 7,536 Vermontft 5,298 5,298 / / / /

Midwest 376,012 58,457 25,096 81,554 901 210,004

IUlnoisb

74,156 / / / / 74,156 Indiana 39,121 / / / / 39,121 Iowa 12,063 / / / / 12,063 Kansas 15,473 15,473 / / / / Michigan 75,162 1,391 1,697 40,736 150 31,188 Minnesota 32,986 / / / / 32,986 Missouri 26,760 3,629 806 21,973 352 / Nebraska 10,720 / / / / 10,720 North Dakota 1,569 972 597 / / / Ohio 61,465 36,992 4,742 11,811 399 7,521 South Dakota 2,249 / / / / 2,249 Wisconsin 24,288 / 17,254 7,034 / /

South 795,374 406,539 35,847 182,73/ 1,005 169,253

Alabama 16,520 / / / / 16,520 Arkansass 9,268 / / 9,268 / / Delaware 7,103 / / / / 7,103 Dist. of Columbia 11,777 / / 11,777 / / Florida 130,767 604 4,878 56,859 / 68,426 Georgia 94,461 1,654 13,774 79,033 / / Kentucky 14,887 / / 14,731 156 / Louisiana 26,638 / I / / 26,638 MarylandC 67,138 55,799 11,339 / / / Mississippi 6,636 6,636 / / / / North Carolina 56,207 55,358 / / 849 / Oklahoma 20,310 215 400 / / 19,695 Sou th Carolina 17,964 17,964 / / / / Tennessee 24,648 1,364 1,666 7,983 / 13,635 Texas 269,909 266,130 3,779 / / / Virginiad 17,236 / / / / 17,236 West Virginia 3,905 815 11 3,079 I /

West 347,138 3,708 8,009 51,144 597 283,680 Alaska 2,606 / / / I 2,606 Arizona 18,176 / / / / 18,176 California 210,449 I / / / 210,449 Colorado 17,612 156 5,459 11,997 / / Hawaii 7,986 / / 7,689 297 / Idaho 3,414 / / / / 3,414 Montanab 2,712 1,352 1,360 / / / Nevadas 5,365 / / / / 5,365 New Mexico 4,185 I I 4,185 / / Oregon 22,377 / / / / 22,377 Utah 6,330 / / 6,33/ / / Washington 44,248 1,492 933 20,23/ 300 21,293 Wyoming 1,678 708 257 713 / /

/ Jurisdiction did not report category. reduced its case counts by 10% to estimate sAll data were estimated. ~e probation POPUlation. i>fudiana and Montana repeated their 1984 irginia's reporting period went from figures for 1985. July 1, 1984, to June 30, 1985. CMaryland traced cases, not individuals, and


Table 3.4. Adults on probation, by status of supervision, 1985

Number on probation in Probation each status of su~ervision Unknown

Regions and por 'Ila tion Ab- Out of or not jurisdictions 12. J1/85 Active Inactive sconded state Other reported

U.s. total 1,870,132 1,440,460 120,865 98,738 37,051 1,270 171,748

Federal 55,217 50,757 1,286 3,174 / / State 1,814,915 1,389,703 119,579 95,564 37,051 1,270 171,748

Northeast 296,391 218,158 30,762 13,968 8,862 4 24,637

Connecticut 36,805 16,562 19,415 / 828 / / Maine 4,4;i1 3,926 / 358 167 / / Massachusetts 24,6l7 / I / I / 24,637 New Hampshire 3,f.96 3,001 44 44 3 4 / New Jersey 48,,166 41,425 / 5,068 1,973 / / New York 100,816 87,002 I 8,498 5,316 I I Pennsylvania 65,286 58,582 6,563 / 141 / I Rhode Island 7,536 3,371 3,731 I 434 I / Vermonta 5,298 4,289 1,009 I I I /

Midwest 376,012 228,491 30,313 9,023 2,125 516 105,544

Illinois b 74,156 53,191 20,965 / / / / Indiana 39,121 / / / / / 39,121 Iowa 12,063 11,277 / / 786 / / Kansas 15,473 13,650 / 1,520 303 / / Michigan 75,162 37,163 6,276 509 18 8 31,188 Minnesota 32,986 / / / / / 32,986 Missouri 26,760 26,611 95 / / 54 / Nebraska 10,720 9,852 / 268 600 / / North Dakota 1,569 1,292 / 21 256 / / Ohio 61,465 54,268 2,977 3,984 162 74 / South Dakota 2,249 I / / / / 2,249 Wisconsin 24,288 21,187 / 2,721 / 380 /

South 795,374 618,097 53,521 68,052 21,373 750 33,581

Alabama 16,520 10,118 2,283 3,444 675 / / Arkansas8 9,268 8,673 / / 595 / / Delaware 7,103 5,144 '168 459 732 / / Dist. of Columbia 11,777 10,207 926 / 644 / / Florida 130,767 106,962 22,970 823 12 / / Georgia 94,461 88,503 / 4,779 1,179 / / Kentucky 14,887 5,969 8,330 / 588 / / Louisiana 26,638 26,638 / I / I I MarylandC 67,138 39,453 10,479 14,244 2,212 750 I Mississippi 6,636 5,847 77 / 712 / / North Caroli:1a 56,207 45,305 3,21<1 6,004 1,684 I I Oklahoma 20,310 615 / I / I 19,695 South Carolina 17,964 15,684 I 1,685 595 I I Tennessee 24,648 6,155 4,455 152 I / 13,886 Texas 269,909 223,893 I 36,456 9,560 / I Virginiad 17,236 15,161 I / 2,075 / I West Virginia 3,905 3,770 19 6 110 I I

West 347,138 324,957 4,983 4,521 4,691 / 7,986

Alaskae 2,606 2,606 I / I I / Arizona 18,176 13,939 / 2,156 2,081 I / California 210,449 210,449 I I I / I Colorado 17,612 15,851 1,761 I I / I Hawaii 7,986 I I / / / 7,986 Idaho 3,414 2,666 / / 748 / I Montanab 2,712 2,291 / / 421 I / Nevada8 5,365 5,091 / I 274 / I New Mexico 4,185 4,185 I I I I I Oregon 22,377 21,033 I 1,344 I I I utah 6,330 5,375 / 906 49 / I Washington 44,248 40,182 3,222 115 729 I / Wyoming 1,678 1,289 I I 389 I I

Note: See page two of the questionnaire for brndiana and Montana repeated their 1984 detailed explanations of categories of super- figures for 1985. vision. The absconded cases were those per- CMaryland traced cases, not indivit'uals, and sons who left probation without permission reduced its case counts by 10% to estimate before the end of the sentence. The cases y!e probation population. being supervised out of State remained in the Virginia's reporting period went from July 1, jurisdiction of the State where the sentence 1984, to June 30, 1985. was imposed. eAlaska could not identify the number of ,Jurisdiction did not report category. absconders who were InclUded in the active

All data were estimated. category.


Table 3.5. Adults entering probation, by type oC sentence, 1985

Probation Number of adults entering: erobation Regions and population Probation Probation Other Unknown or jurisdictions 12/31/85 without jail with jail type& no t reported

U.s. total 1,870,132 916,307 49,205 20,138 189,182

Federal 55,217 19,596 4,555 142 / State 1,814,915 896,711 44,650 19,996 189,182

Northeast 296,391 98,346 12,912 1,130 69,781

Connecticut 36,805 37,486 / / / Maine 4,451 2,482 642 / / Massachusetts 24,637 / / / 18,005 New Hampshire 3,096 2,312 13 13 / New Jersey 48,466 21,923 3,664 1,117 / New York 100,816 32,658 6,702 / I Pennsylvania 65,286 / / / 47,830 Rhode Isl,and 7,536 / / I 3,946 Vermont 5,298 1,485 1,891 / /

Midwest 376,012 172,361 10,962 3,886 70,091 Illinois 74,156 / I / 40,990 Indianac 39,121 33,883 3,284 / / Iowa 12,063 9,495 / 3,198 / Kansas 15,473 8,235 / / / Michigan 75,162 49,608 4,815 33 / Minnesota 32,,,Q6 / / / 29,101 Missouri 26,76L 16,581 482 / / Nebraska 10,72Q 12,200 / / / North Dakota 1,569 822 / / / Ohio 61,465 30,698 2,381 655 / South Dakotad 2,249 / / / / Wisconsin 24,288 10,839 / / /

South 795,374 474,609 14,289 14,980 9,333 Alabamab 16,520 5,399 / / / Arkansas 9,268 / / / 2,049 Delaware 7,103 3,712 604 / / District of Columbia 11,777 10,455 / / / Florida 130,767 139,313 2,646 62 / Georgia 94,461 50,246 / / 2,574 Kentucky 14,887 4,493 / / / Louisiana 26,638 12,779 / / / Marylande 67,138 37,159 2,138 / / Mississippi 6,636 2,396 251 / / North Carplina 56,207 28,418 3,456 / / Oklahoma 20,310 8,987 458 / / Sou th Carolina 17,~64 8,321 1,285 I / Tennessee 24,648 9,236 2,518 I 4,710 Texas 269,909 144,728 621 14,918 / Virginia' 17,236 7,000 / I / West Virginia 3,905 1,967 312 / /

West 347,138 151,395 6,487 I 39,977 Alaska 2,606 / / / 1,196 Arizona 18,176 / / / 7,911 California 210,449 97,322 / / 11,657 Colorado 17,612 10,462 / / / Hawaii 7,986 / / / 5,252 Idaho 3,414 1,494 641 / / Montange 2,712 1,051 121 / / Nevada 5,365 2,351 / / / New Mexico 4,185 3,151 / / / Oregon 22,377 / / / 13,961 Utah 6,330 2,225 1,316 / / WaShington 44,248 32,265 4,409 / I Wyoming 1,678 1,074 / / /

/ Jurisdiction did not report category. gersons entering probation. SOther type of sentence included reinstate- Maryland traced cases, not individuals, and ments, transfers, and entries other than reduced its case counts by 1096 to estimate glrect commitment from court. ~e probation population.

All data were estimated. Oklahoma estimated the number of entries "Indiana and Montana repeated their 1984 to balance yearend population. fi:ures for 1985. gVirglnia's reporting period went from July 1,

outh Dakota could not report number of 1984, to June 30, 1985.


Table 3.6. Adults leaving probation, by type of exit, 1985

Number of adults leaving: ~roba tiC:!1 Discharged

Total to custody, Incarcera ted Other Unknown Regions and leaving Successful detainer or New Same type or not jurisdictions probation completion Absconded warrant sentence sentence Death of exit reported

U."I. total 1,046,383 681,207 20,647 33,888 26,721 39,855 4,001 45,273 194,791

Federal 21,427 18,304 148 / / 2,265 252 458 / State 1,024,956 662,903 20,499 33,888 26,721 37,590 3,749 44,815 194,791

Northeast 173,506 83,430 1,334 1 3,325 3,672 675 12,991 68,078

Connecticuta 47,362 34,372 / / / / / 12,990 / Maine 3,041 2,060 12 / 505 461 3 / / Massachusetts 16,509 / / / / / / / 16,509 New Hampshire 2,368 2,316 12 1 22 15 1 1 / New Jersey 22,446 20,890 1,310 / / / 246 / / New York 28,555 20,449 / / 2,798 2,982 425 / 1,901 Pennsylvaniab 46,854 / / / / / / / 46,854 Rhode Island 3,557 3,34:) / / / 214 / / / Vermont 2,814 / / / / / / / 2,814

Midwest 229,380 142,441 3,402 3,939 3,929 9,439 508 4,219 61,503

Illinolsb 30,311 / / / / / / / 30,311 IndiaaaC 34,050 28,183 1,500 1,080 1,403 1,149 / 735 / Iowa 12,554 7,876 593 / / 1,131 I 2,954 / Kansas 8,338 7,637 / / / 701 / / / Michigan 50,242 43,810 346 2,171 1,111 2,571 199 34 I Minnesota 27,555 / / / / / / / 27,555

Missouri 13,877 8,972 3 508 295 372 90 / 3,637 Nebraska 12,243 12,243 / / / / / / / North Dakota 770 588 21 / 54 105 2 / / Ohio 30,463 26,206 933 180 1,056 1,679 159 250 / South Dakotae / / / / / / / / / Wisconsin 8,977 6,926 6 / 10 1,731 58 246 /

South 448,519 324,925 14,094 22,819 18,872 21,128 2,409 27,460 16,812

Alabama! 5,217 4,446 / / 385 386 / / / Arkansas 1,019 / / / / / / / 1,019 Delaware 3,586 3,201 / 364 / / 21 / / Dist. of Columbia 8,997 7,022 / / / 1,046 / 929 / Florida 129,572 94,667 9,767 17,613 121 120 9 447 6,828 Georgia 48,416 35,326 2,901 276 1,576 3,396 287 / 4,654

Kentucky 4,610 3,114 / / 151 351 30 964 / Louisiana 12,874 11,035 / 458 339 973 69 / / Marylandg 36,986 27,533 911 ~17 2,564 2,210 356 2,595 / Mississippi 2,581 1,863 / / 312 352 24 30 / North Carolina 28,267 22,941 / / 4,512 / 283 531 / Oklahoma 7,944 6,252 / 567 / 802 57 266 / Sou th Carolina 8,685 6,162 330 / 1,240 847 106 / / Tennessee 15,414 8,975 152 1,976 I / / / 4,311 Texas 125,926 86,028 / / 7,652 9,739 1,096 21,411 / Virginiah 6,454 4,576 / 726 / 806 59 287 / West Virginia 1,971 1,784 33 22 20 100 12 / /

West 173,551 112,107 1,669 7,129 595 3,351 157 145 48,398 Alaska' 654 384 / 265 / / 5 / / Arizona 6,422 5,068 / / / 1,354 / / / California 94,394 55,272 / / / / / / 39,122 Colorado 9,543 7,721 1,036 / / 786 / / / Hawaii 3,952 / / / / / / / . 3,952 I&ho :',872 1,358 I 514 I / I / / Montange 931 749 38 / 41 95 8 I / Nevada 2,212 1,948 / / / 249 15 / / New Mexico 2,892 1,621 173 / / 250 3 / 845 Oregon 13,036 8,476 / / / / 81 / 4,479 Utah 4,932 4,290 380 119 74 31 38 / / Washington 31,607 24,457 42 6,147 457 498 6 / / Wyoming 1,104 763 I 84 23 88 1 145 /

I Jurisdiction did not report category. ygures for 1985. gMaryland traced cases, not individuals, and aConnecticut tra!lsferred supervision of Iowa included 2,954 transfers under "other reduced its case counts by 10% to estimate 12,990 pre-trial s:cohol cases from the ~pe of exit." hhe proba tion popula tion. probation s~aff to the Pre-Trial Bail outh Dakota could not estimate the number Virginia's reporting period went from July 1, ~mmission. ?f adults leaving probation. (984, to June 30, 1985.

he State estimated the number of exits and Alabama based the number of exits on the final Alaska could not separate absconders from the number in types of exits. population count and known entries. It other types. cIndiana and Montana repeated their 1984 estimated the number of persons in each type.


---------------------------

Table 3.7. Adults on probation, by sex, 1985

Probation Number of adults on I2robation Regions and population Sex jurisdictions 12/31/85 Male Female unreported

·U.S. total 1,870,132 1,284,878 272,638 312,616

Feeleral 55,217 42,077 13,140 / State 1,814,915 1,242,801 259,498 312,516

Northeast: 296,391 177,292 33,162 85,937

Connecticut 36,805 29,444 7,361 / Maine 4,451 3,810 641 / Massachusetts 24,637 / / 24,637 New Hampshire 3,096 2,604 492 / New Jersey 48,466 / / 48,466

New York 100,816 87,247 13,569 / Pennsylvania 65,286 54,187 11,099 / Rhode Island 7,536 / / 7,536 Vermont 5,298 / / 5,298

Midwest 376,012 168,186 41,528 166,298

Illinois 74,156 / / 74,156 Indiana8 39,121 / / 39,121 Iowa 12,063 / / 12,063 Kansas 15,473 12,576 2,897 / Michigan 75,162 35,115 8,859 31,188 Minnesota 32,986 27,444 5,542 / Missouri 26,760 22,157 4,603 / Nebraska 10,720 8,576 2,144 / North Dakota 1,569 1,345 224 / Ohio 61,465 41,358 12,586 7,521 South Dakota 2,249 / / 2,249 Wisconsin 24,288 19,615 4,673 /

South 795,374 630,904 135,948 28,522

Alabama: 16,520 16,025 495 / Arkansas 9,268 7,229 2,039 / Delaware 7,103 5,871 1,232 / Dist. of Columbia 11,777 9,657 2,120 / Florida 130,767 102,264 28,503 / Georgia 94,461 78,663 15,798 / Kentucky 14,887 / / 14,887 Loulsianab 26,638 21,509 5,129 / MarylandC 67,138 56,664 10,474 / MissiSSippi 6,636 5,441 1,195 / North Carolina 56,207 46,552 9,655 / Oklahoma 20,310 16,300 4,010 / South Carolina 17,964 15,164 2,800 / Tennessee 24,648 8,558 2,455 13,635 Texas 269,909 224,024 45,885 / Vlrginiab,d 17,236 13,720 3,516 / West Virginia 3,905 3,263 642 /

West 347,138 266,419 48,860 31,859 Alaska 2,606 2,343 263 / Arizona 18,176 / I 18,176 California 210,449 179,092 31,357 / Colorado 17,612 14,354 3,258 / Hawaii 7,986 / / 7,986 Idaho 3,414 3,027 387 / MontanaD. 2,712 2,332 380 / Nevada 5,365 / / 5,365 New Mexicob 4,185 3,348 837 / Oregon 22,377 19,276 3,101 / Utah 6,330 4,999 999 332 Washington 44,248 36,236 8,012 I Wyoming 1,678 1,412 266 /

/ Jurisdiction did not report category. CMaryland traced cases, not Individuals, aIndlana and Montana repeated their 1084 and reduced Its case counts by 10% to egures for 1985. attlmate the probation population.

All data are estimated. Alabama and New Irglnia's reporting period went from Mexico estimated the number of men and July 1, 1984, to June 30, 1985. women.


Table 3.8. Adults on probation, by race, 1985

Number of adu1 ~s on E!roba tion American

Probation Indian/ Aslan/ Unknown Regions and population Alaska Pacific or not jurisdictions 12/31/85 White Black native Islander Other reported

U.S. total: 1,8,0,132 1172,905 355,408 9,349 2,071 3,578 626,821

Federal 55,217 40,350 13,220 720 701 / 226 State 1,814,915 832,555 342,1,88 8,629 1,370 3,578 626,595

Northeast 296,391 117,696 50,650 274 443 / 127,328

Connec ticu t 36,805 / / I / / 36,805 Maine 4,151 4,321 54 76 / / / Massachusetts 24,637 / / / / / 24,637 New Hampshire 3,096 498 37 1 / / 2,560 New Jersey 48,466 / / / / / 48,466

New York 100,816 65,807 32,802 197 441 / 1,569 Pennsylvania 65,286 47,070 17,757 / 2 / 457 Rhude Island 7,536 / / / I / 7,536 Vermont 5,298 / / / / / 5,298

Midwest 376,012 136,615 42,133 2,733 256 421 193,854

illinois 74,156 / / / / / 74,156 Indianaa 39,121 / / / / / 39,121 Iowa 12,063 / / / / / 12,063 Kansas 15,473 12,152 3,040 144 26 111 I Michigan 75,11)2 26,770 3,856 272 72 70 44,122 Minnesota 32,~86 28,038 3,068 1,253 65 / 562

Missouri 26,760 19,392 6,933 16 23 / 396 Nebraska 10,720 9,166 911 295 26 / 322 North Dakota 1,569 1,402 13 149 5 / / Ohio 61,465 21,877 18,736 4 2 240 20,606 South Dakota 2,249 / / / / / 2,249 Wisconsin 24,288 17,818 5,576 600 37 / 257

South 795,374 489,707 242,369 2,554 181 3,037 57,526

Alabamat 16,520 6,608 9,912 / / / / Arkansas 9,268 4,674 4,592 / 1 1 / Delaware 7,103 4,278 2,821 4 / I / Dlst. of Columbia 11,777 / / / / / 11,777 Florida 130,767 87,455 31,822 10 15 4 11,461 Georgia 94,461 49,125 39,841 / / / 5,495 Kentucky 14,887 / / / / / 14,887 Louisianab 26,638 15,184 11,454 / / / / MarylandC 67,138 34,902 32,010 106 120 / I Mississippi 6,636 2,944 3,679 3 10 / / North Carolina 56,207 31,578 23,046 1,316 / 267 / Oklahoma 20,130 15,562 3,518 1,095 7 / 128 Sou th Carolina 17,964 9,649 8,266 / / / 49 Tennessee 24,648 5,185 5,765 4 25 / 13,669 Texas 269,909 207,831 59,379 / / 2,699 / Virginlab,d 17,236 11,136 5,991 14 3 66 26 West Virginia 3,905 3,596 273 2 / / 34

West 347,138 88,537 7,036 3,068 490 120 247,887 Alaska 2,606 1,729 194 654 26 / 3 Arizona 18,176 / / / / / 18,176 California 210,449 / / / / / 210,449 Colorado 17,612 15,409 1,849 / / / 354 Hawaii 7,986 / / / / / 7,986 Idaho 3,414 3,224 69 105 16 / / Montana- 2,712 2,355 28 317 6 / 6 Nevada 5,365 / / / / / 5,365 New Mexicob 4,185 3,693 280 175 / / 37 Oregon 22,377 20,649 1,123 516 46 43 / Utah 6,330 5,522 216 188 50 / 354 Washington 44,248 34,355 3,240 1,079 340 77 5,157 Wyoming 1,678 1,601 37 34 6 / /

, JUrisdiction did not report ea tegory. CMaryland traced cases, not individuals, and Indiana and Montana repeated their 1984 reduced its case counts by 10% to estimate

R¥ures for 1985. t4e proba tion popula tlon. he State estimated numbers for each racial lrginia's reporting period went from

group. JUly 1, 1984, to June 30, 1985.

l, r


Table 3.9. Adults on probation, by Hispanic origin, 1985

Probation Number of adults on (!robation Regions and population Non-jurisdictions 12/13/85 Hispanic Hispanic Unknown

u.s. total 1,870,132 109,532 659,064 1,101,536

Federal 55,217 5,183 36,663 13,371 State 1,814,915 104,349 622,401 1,088,165

Northeast 296,391 14,660 149,919 131,812

Connecticut 36,805 / / 36,805 Maine 4,451 / / 4,4.51 Massachusetts 24,637 / / 24,637 New Hampshire 3,096 11 492 2,593 New Jersey 48,466 / / 48,466

New York 100,816 13,148 86,099 1,569 Pennsylvania 65,286 1,501 63,328 457 Rhode Island 7,536 / / 7,536 Vermont 5,298 / / 5,298

Midwest 376,012 3,426 104,464 268,122

illinois 74,156 / / 74,156 Indiana8 39,121 / / 39,121 Iowa 12,063 / / 12,063 Kansas 15,473 541 14,932 / Michigan 75,162 537 19,212 55,413 Minnesota 32,986 462 31,962 562 Missouri 26,760 / / 26,760 Nebraska 10,720 268 10,130 322 North Dakota 1,569 8 1,561 / Ohio 61,465 625 9,261 51,579 South Dakota 2,249 / / 2,249 Wisconsin 24,288 985 17,406 5,897

South 795,374 77,367 282,256 435,751

Alabama 16,520 / / 16,520 Arkansas 9,268 / / 9,268 Delaware 7,103 158 6,945 / Dist. of Columbia 11,777 / / 11,777 Florida 130,767 1,203 51,272 78,292 Georgia 94,461 60 2,938 91,463 Kentucky 14,887 / / 14,887 Louisiana 26,638 / / 26,638 Maryland 67,138 I / 67,138 Mississippi 6,636 13 6,623 / North Carolina 56,207 / / 56,207 Oklahoma 20,310 359 19,823 128 South Carolina 17,964 / / 17,964 Tennessee 24,648 / / 24,648 Texas 269,909 75,574 194,335 / Virginia 17,236 / / 17,236 West Virginia 3,905 / 320 3,585

West 347,138 8,896 85,762 252,480 Alaska 2,606 40 2,563 3 Arizona 18,176 / / 18,176 California 210,449 / / 210,449 Colorado 17,612 3,680 13,578 354 Hawaii 7,981) / / 7,986 Idaho 3,414 271 3,143 / Montana4 2,712 50 2,662 / Nevada 5,365 / / 5,365 New Mexicob 4,185 1,800 2,385 / Oregon 22,377 442 21,935 / Utah 6,330 522 5,454 354 Washington 44,248 1,977 32,478 9,793 Wyoming 1,678 114 1,564 I

'Jurisdiction did not report category. bNew Mexico estimated the number of His-Indiana and Montana repeated their 1984 panic and non-HispaniC! persons on proba tion.

figures for 1985.


Table 3.10. Adults on probation, by type of offense, 1985

Probation Number of adults on (!robation Regions and population Unknown or jurisdictions 12/31/85 Felony Misdemeanor not reported

U.s. total 1,870,132 677,074 657,144 523,208

Federal 55,217 27,741 14,061 13,415 State 1,814,915 649,333 643,083 509,793

Northeast 296,391 72,055 75,227 149,096

Connecticut 36,805 14,809 21,996 / Maine 4,451 3,201 1,250 / Massachusetts 24,637 / / 24,637 New Hampshire 3,096 / 523 2,560 New Jersey 48,466 / / 48,466

New York 100,816 48,237 49,730 2,849 Pennsylvania 65,286 / I 65,286 Rhode Island 7,536 5,808 1,728 I Vermont 5,298 / / 5,298

Midwest 376,012 163,553 159,780 39,999

Illinoia8 74,156 25,935 H,lU 26,076 Indianab 39,121 13,506 25,615 / Iowa 12,063 4,107 7,170 786 Kansas 15,473 7,723 6,059 52 Michigan 75,162 31,613 43,549 / Minnesota 32,986 21,485 11,501 / MissouriQ 26,760 14,442 7,507 4,811 Nebraska 10,720 2,316 8,404 / North Dakota 1,569 1,417 152 / Ohio 61,465 29,179 24,758 7,521 South Dakota 2,249 1,175 1,074 / Wisconsin 24,288 10,655 12,880 753

South 795,374 327,556 363,157 104,661

Alabamac 16,520 14,868 1,652 / Arkansasc 9,268 9,268 / / Delaware 7,103 / / 7,103 Dist. of Columbia 11,777 2,709 9,068 / Florida 130,767 67,673 63,094 / Geol'gla 94,461 46,962 47,499 / Kentucky 14,887 5,213 1,344 8,330 Louisianac 26,638 10,655 15,983 / Maryland 67,138 / / 67,138 Mississippi 6,636 6,636 / / North Carolina 56,207 14,864 41,343 / Oklahoma 20,310 / 615 19,695

South Carolina 17,964 4,564 13,400 / Tennessee 24,648 13,917 10,731 I Texas 269,909 114,441 155,468 / Virginiad 17,236 13,778 1,383 2,075 West Virginia 3,905 2,008 1,577 320

West 347,138 86,169 44,919 216,037

Alaska 2,606 2,606 I / Arizona 18,176 16,255 1,921 / California 210,449 / / 210,449 Colorado 17,612 11,555 5,854 203 Hawaii 7,986 5,795 2,191 / Idaho 3,414 3,375 39 / Montanab 2,712 2,629 83 / Nevada 5,365 / / 5,365 New Mexico 4,185 4,185 / / Oregon 22,377 13,647 8,730 / Utah 6,330 3,144 3,186 / Washington 44,248 21,300 22,915 20 Wyoming 1,678 1,678 / /

Note: Five States reported adults on / Jurisdiction did not report category. probation for violations or regulations or aIllinois reported under "other" type of statutes not classified as Celonies or offense 11,034 persons given probated sen-misdemeanors. In Illinois 11,034 persons ~ences for driving while Intoxicated. received probated sentences for driving while Indiana and Montana repeated their 1984 Intoxicated. States reporting adults on figures for 1985. probation In similar categories Included cAll offense da ta were estima ted. Kansas, 1,639; New Jersey, 13; Washington, dVlrglnia's reporting period went from 13; and Ohio. 7. July 1, 1984, to June 30, 1985.

Probation ill 1985 33

us

Explanatory notes by jurisdiction

Alabama Alabama der.ived the number of

persons leaving pr'obation from the number of persons entering and the number present at the end of the year.

Alabama estimated all detail except status of supervision.

Alaska Alaska could not give the number

of absconders and included them under "active supervision."

Arkansas Arkansas revised its previously

reported estimate of December 31, 1984, to include local offices. Arkansas estimated all data.

California The January 1, 1985, probation

population differs from the December 31, 1984, population because of a caseload audit.

Connecticut The probation stllff before 1985

supervised pre-trial alcohol cases, During the year the State transferred 12,990 such cases to the Pre-Trial Bail Commission and classified them as "other" persons leaving probation.

Florida The January 1, 1985, probation

population differs from the December 31, 1984, population because the survey added local agencies to the count. (See table at end of notes.)

Georgia The January 1, 1985, probation

population differs from the December 31, 1984, population; Georgia changed from counting cases to counting people and corrected a double counting in De Kalb and Fulton counties.

Dlinois Illinois estimated the number of

persons leaving probation.

Indiana Indiana reported 1984 data for

1985.

.~

Iowa For persons entering probation,

3,198 were classified as "othel',tI ~-Ihich were reinstatements and transfers. Ofiicials could not separate the two. For persons transferred from probation, 3,954 were classified as "other type of exit.1I

Kansas The January 1, 1985, probation

population differs from the December 31, 1984, population because of corrections made by Kansas.

Kentucky In 1985 Kentucky <-eaRed to

report data on inactive probation cases, estimated to have been 8,330.

Louisiana Louisiana estimated counts for

sex, race, and offense type.

Maryland Maryland estimated the number

of persons on probation by reducing its count of probation cases 1096.

Michigan The January 1, 1985, probation

population differs from the December 31, 1984, pop',/lation because local agencies were added to the survey. (See table at end of notes.) Many of the persons reporting to local probation agencies were sentenced for drunk driving.

Missouri The January 1, 1985, probation

population differs from the December 31, 1984, population because of computer problems.

Missouri estimated all felony figures.

Montana Montana reported 1984 data for

1985 because it was installing a new computer system at the time of reporting.

Nevada Nevada estimated all data.

New Hampshire The January 1, 1985, probation

population differs from the December 31, 1984, population because local agencies were added to the survey. (See table at end of notes.)


• fIIrwx ..... New Jersey

The January 1, 1985, probation count differs from the December 31, 1984, count because New Jersey inventoried the probation population.

New Mexico The January 1, 1985, probation

population diffel's from the December 31, 1984, population because of corrections made by the State.

New Mexico estimated counts for sex, race, and Hispanic origin.

New York The January 1, 1985, probation

population differs from the December 31, 1984, population because of corrections made by the State.

Ohio The January I, 1985, probation

population differs from the December 31, 1984, population because Ohio substituted a complete enumeration of local offices for estimates.

Oklahoma The January 1, 1985, probation


Oklahoma estimated the number of persons entering probation to balance the yearend population.

Oregon The January 1, 1985, probation


Pennsylvania Pennsylvania estimated the

number of persons entering and leaving probation. The large increase in counts from 1984 to 1985, according to Pennsylvania officials, resulted from a computer's replacing manual reporting and from more DWI cases.

South Carolina The January 1, 1985, probation

population differs from the December 31, 1984, populatiM because of corrections made by the State.

P .. ,

South Dakota South Dakota did not report the

number of persons entering or leaving probation, and officials did not want to estimate. South Dakota authorities attributed the increased number on probation to an increase in DWI cases.

Utah The January 1, 1985, probation


To account for the decline in the number of persons on probation, Utah officials cited a law that restricts the length of probation and the fact that probation was no longer being used for less serious offenses.

Vermont Vermont estimated all data.

Virginia The January 1, 1985, probation


Virginia reported for its fiscal year, July 1, 1984, to June 30, 1985.

Virginia estimated counts for sex and race.

Washington The January 1, 1985, probation

population differs from the December 31, 1984, population because Washington substituted a complete count of local offices for estimates.

west Virginia The January 1, 1985, probation


Wisconsin The January 1, 1985, probation


& -Local probation agencies and the number of persons entering, leaving, or remaining on probation, 1985

Number of local offices that Population

State supply data 1/1/85

Florida 11 52,788 Georgia 2 7,511 Michigan 70 39,4411 Missouri 1 2,944 New Hampshire 10 510

Ohio 52 50,783 Oklahoma 1 704 Tennessee 2 10,362 Washington 25 21,061

Note: The above table indicates the number of local probation agencies that supply data which could not be reported by the State

Wyoming The January 1, 1985, probation


Federal probation The J'anuat'y 1, 1985, probation

population differs from the December 31, 1984, population because of a corr'ection made by a reporting official.

Probation Probation Population entries exits 12/31/85

78,212 68,659 62,342 4,619 4,156 '1,974

43,596 39,068 43,974 5,385 3,637 4,692

545 519 536

31,043 27,882 53,944 2,178 2,267 615

11,754 11,103 11,013 21,938 20,044 22,955

respondent. The numbers reported above are Included in the overall probation figures for each State.

Probatlon in 1985 35

FORM CJ-8 (1-22-BBI

OMB No. 1121-0064:

REPORT PERIOD COVERED January 1, 1985 - December 31,1985


1985 PROBATiON DATA SURVEY

Bureeu of the Census ATTN: Governments Division Washington, D. C. 20233


SECOND REQUEST Please correct arrors in or ZIP code

On behalf of the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). Department of Justice, the Bureau of the Census is conducting the National Probation Data Survey. The survey will obtain current information on the probation population in calendar year 1985 and the population movement.

State, local, and Federal officials will use the data to assess the changing needs of probation systems and monitor their status. The BJS will publish the data in a bulletin entitled Probation and Parole 1985 scheduled for release in fall 1986.

Expires 12/31/88

So that we can finish data collection and publish the survey results as soon as possible, please complete this questionnaire within the next 3 weeks and return it in the enclosed envelope. If we can help in completing the questionnaire, please call Arthur Ciampa at (301) 763- 7825.

The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Street Act of 1968, as amended (42 U.S.C. 3732), authorizes this report. Although you are not required legally to respond, we need your participation to make the results of this survey comprehensive, accurate, and timely.

Thank you for your cooperation in the survey,

Sincerely,

JOHN G. KEANE

Enclosure

Pl •••• continue on pllfle 2 ______


Page 2

INSTRUCTIONS

Please complete each of the items on the questionnaire. When an exact amount is not available, please estimate the figure and mark with an asterisk. Do not leave blanks or mark dashes. Mark a "0" if your State can have probationers in the particular category, but has nono at this time. Mark "NA" (not applicable) if the item coes not apply in your State. Mark "OK" (don't know) if the item applies to probationers in your State, but yoo are unable to provide the number and/or have included it in another category. Describe difficulties encountered and items which cannot be estimated in the Remarks section.

THE PROBATION POPULATION

Probationers are those who have been placed under the supervision of a probation agency as part of a court order - regardless of whether they have been convicted.

Please include only adult probationers.

Include both active and inactive supervisory cases.

Exclude persons on "bench probation," "court probation," or "summary probation," who have not been placed under the supervision of a probation agency.

For interstate compacts, include those probationers who are sent to anothar State for supervision, but exclude those whom your State supervises for another State.

Itam 1 - PROBATION POPULATION (JANUARY 1,1985)

Provide the population at the beginning of the year in item 1. Please describe in the Remarks section any differences between this figure and the one which was reported last year. (Last year's figure has been entered on the worksheet.)

Itema 2 and 3 - POPULATION MOVEMENT IN 1985

Please enter the number of cases that entered and exited the probation system during 1985. Individuals should be counted separately each time they entered or exited.

2. Entries - Include those who have entered the probation system. (Exclude those sentenced to serve probation, whose terms have not actually begun.)

a. Probation without Incarceration - Include those sentenced to probation with no jail or prison term.

b. Probation with prison or Jail sentence - Enter those on probation whose sentence included incarceration. (That is, they entered probation from a correctional facility.)

3. Exits

iii. Completion of probation - Include all probationers who completed their term and were discharged during 1984. (Consider early term discharges to be the completion of a shortened term.)

b. Discharged absconder. - Include absconders who were discharged from probation while on absconder status. (Report absconders who were incarcerated under e.)

c. Discharged to custody, detainer, or warrant

d.lncarcerated with new sentence - Include all probationers removed from probation supervision because of incarceration on a new offense.

e .Incarcorated under current 80ntence - Include all probationers whose probation was revoked.

Item 4 - PROBATION POPULATION (DECEMBER 31, 1985)

Please provide the year end population. (This figure shou!d equal the population in item 1 plus the number of entries In item 2 minus the number of exits in item 3.)

Items 5 through 7 - SEX, RACE, ETHNICITY

These items are self explanatory.

Item 8 - OFFENSE TYPE (DECEMBER 31,1985)

a. Felonv - Include all probationers who were felony cases, regardless of whether convicted or unconvicted.

b. Misdemeanor - Include all probationers who were misdemeanor cases, regardless of whether convicted or unconvicted.

Item 9 - PROBATION STATUS (DECEMBER 31, 1985)

a. Suspended exocutlon of 8entenc9 - Include all probationers whose sentence of confinement was imposed and then suspended.

b. Suspended Imposition of 8entence - Include all probationers whose sentence of confinement was not imposed (e.g., case continued without finding, deferred sentence, and probation before verdict).

c. Direct 8entence to probation - Include all probationers whose probation was imposed and executed as the final sentence.

Item 10 - SUPERVISION STATUS (DECEMBER 31,1985)

a.Actlve - Include all probationers who were reporting on some regular basis. (Do not include probationers who were under supervision out of State.)

b.lnactlve - Include all probationers who were excused from regular reporting. (Do not include probationers who were under supervision out of State.)

c.Absconder - Include all probationers who were on absconder status. (Do not include probationers who were under supervision out of State.)

d. Supervl8ed out of State - Include all probationers who were under your jurisdiction but are supervised out of State.

Item8 11 through 13 - COVERAGE AND AVAILABILITY OF DATA

Please answer these items relating to your ability to report data on all adult probationers.

FORM CJ·B ,1-22·861


1986 PROBATION DATA SURVEY

Note: December 31, 1984 Number Number population reported in the 1984 Probation Data Survey was G.Race If line 1 differs, please explain

a.White discrepancy in Remarks section. 1 • Probation population

b.Black on January 1, 1985 ~

Population movement In 1985: c.American Indian or Alaskan Native

2. Entrlas

a. Probation without incarceration d.Asian or Pacific Islander a. Other - Specify ~

b. Probation with prison or jail sentence

c. Other - Specify ~ f. Not known

g. TOTAL - Sum of lines 6a through 6f 7. Ethnicity

d. TOTAL- Sum of lines 2a through 2c ill. Hispanic

3. Exits b. Not Hispanic

a. Completion of probation c. Not known

b. Discharge absconders d. TOTAL - Sum of lines 7a through 7c

8 • Offense type c. Discharge to custody, a.Felony

detainer, or warrant b. Misdemeanor

d.lncarceration with new sentence c. Other - Specify ~

a.lncarceration under current sentence d. Not known

f. Death a. TOTAL - Sum of lines 8a through 8d g. Other - Specify ~ 9. Probation status

a. Sus~ended execution of sentence

b.Suspended imposition of sentence

h. TOTAL - Sum of lines 3a through 3g c. Direct sentence to probation

4. Probation population on d. Other - Specify ~ Decamber 31,1985 »

(Note: This figure should equa/line 1 e. TOT AL- Sum of lines 9a through 9d plus line 2d minus 3h.J 10. Supervision status

• Note: The total number in items 4, 5c, 6g, 7d, 8e, ge, a.Active

and 1 Of should be identical. b.lnactive

Number

5.Sax c. Absconder

a.Male d. Supervised out of State

b. Female a. Other - Specify ~

f. TOTAL - Sum of lines 70a c. TOTAL - Sum of lines 5a and 5b through 10e

FORM CJ 8 (1 22 86) .. Page 3


11 . Coverage of reported data

Does your State have adult probationers other than those reported in this survey (e.g., probationers supervised by county probation authorities or inactive cases)?

DYes - Explain

ONo

12. Reporting period

Does the information reported in this survey represent the calendar year ending on December 31, 1985?

DYes Month Year

o No - Specify the ending date of your year • 13. Current Absconderu

a. Current absconders are -

o Inch,.Ided in your year end probation populations (items 1 and 4) o Terminated from probation (omitted from items 1 and 4) o Placed indefinitely on inactive status (included in items 1 and 4) o Placed indefinitely on inactive status (omitted from items 1 and 4) o Other - Describe

b.Of the absconders reported in item 10c, how many were changed to absconder status in 1985? 14. Data supplied by

Name Title Date Telephone Area code I Number I Extension

15. Remarks

Page 4 FORM CJ·a (1·22·06)


'-----~--~~-.-.. - .. ~~.-~~-"--.~ ... '

Setting • prIson

terms

Tables

4.1 Parole and sentencing characteristics of selected jurisdictions, January 1, 1985 42

4.2 Youthful offender status in 28 jurisdictions, January 1, 1985 43

4.3 Application of good-time to prison sentences, by State 44

4.4 Automatic and earned goodtime applied by correctional authorities, January 1, 1985 45-47

4.5 Statutory, administrative and court provisions to reduce prison crowding, January 1, 1985 48

Explanatory notes 49

Setting Prison Terms 41

T,able 4.1. PlU'()le I'M sentencing characteristics of selected jurisdictions, January 1, 1985

Jurisdictions Sentencing guidelines

JuriSdiction Year initiated With mandatory With parole

Florida Louisiana Maryland Massachusetts Minnesota New Jersey Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Tennjlssee Utah WiSconsin

1983 1977 1983 1980 1980 1979 1983 1982 1980 1982 1979 1981

parole release guidelines

Alaskas Californla8

Illinois Indiana Missouri New Mexico

Alaska Californiab

Dlst. of Columbia Georgia Maryland Missouri New Jersey New York Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island Utah Federal system

Abolition of discretionar>;;aarole JuriSdiction Year of a Iihon

California Colorado Connecticut Florida lllinois Indiana Maine Minnesota New Mexico North Carolina Washington

1977 1981 1981 1983 1978 1977 1976 1982 1981 1984 1984

aFor offenders who have presumptive or determinate sentences.

~ororrenders with life In prison or indeterminate sentences.


Table 4.2. Youthful offender status in 28 jurlsdicdons, January 1, 1985

Alabama Judges may grant youthful offender status to persons under 21 years of age, based on the offenders' records and the gravity of their offenses. The maximum length of incarceration is 3 years; the maximum fine, $1,000. Court records are not public, and the trials have no jury.

Arkansas The Alternative Service Act of 1975 permits courts to sentence to supervision outside of prison those lirst offenders under 26 who have not committed capital crimes, rape, robbery, or murder. An offender may receive a suspended or probated sentence, II term not longer than 3 years In an alternative service program, or a sentence to the Department of Corrections with the stipulation of immediate parole or pardon. When the sentence or proba tion is completed, the record of the offense may be expunged. The 1971 Youthful Offender Act provides that first-time male offenders under 21 may be confined In a separate facility.

California The California Youth Author:ty has jurisdiction over all offenders under 25. Arter successful completion of parole an offender may petition the court to set aside the conviction. Adjudication of youthful offenders occurs In juvenile court under a separate children's code. Minors may be committed for less than 3 years to the Department of Institutions. In some circumstances minors may be prosecuted as adults and receive sentences to the Department of Corrections.

Colorado First offenders who are 16 or 17 years old may use the youthful offender plea.

Connecticut The sentence can be a fine of less than $1,000, imprisonment, conditional or unconditional discharge, community service, or a suspended sentence. With no more felony convictions before the offender reaches 21, the sealed records of the offense are erased.

District of Columbia The Federal Youthful Corrections Act was repealed. The D.C. youth Corrections Act had not taken effect at the time of the survey.

Florkla First-time defendants, 18 to 20 years old at the time of the offense, may be tried as youthful offenders for felonies that have maximum sentences less than life in prison. An offender may receive a probated or suspended sentence, incarceration for no more than 6 years, or placement in a community control program for no more than 2 years. Certain nonviolent first offenders under 25 and with maximum sentences under 10 years may be treated as youthful offenders. First offenders under 19 and with sentences more than 10 years but less than life may also be considered youthful offenders If they face mental or physical harm In an adult facility.

Georgia Offenders who are between 17 and 25 years old may be given youthful offender status which accords separate prison facilities and more program opportunities. Youthful offender records are not sealed unless the defendant Is a first offender.

Note: State legislatUres create youthful offender status through statutes that provide for special sentencing, commitment,

Hawaii First offenders between 16 and 21 years old may qualify for special terms of commitment: Class A, 8 years; Class B, 5 years; and Class C, 4 years •. Idaho The youth Rehabilitation Act provides that juvenile court waives jurisdiction for the following offenses: murder, robbery, rape, forcible sexual penetration with a foreign object, Infamous crimes against nature, mayhem, or assault and battery committed while attempting a crime just listed.

Maine Courts may give indeterminate sentences to offenders under 18; in some specific cases, usually severe, offenders younger than 21 receive indeterminate sentences.

Massachusetts In certain circumstances an offender under age 27 may recel're a reformatory or indeterminate sentence.

Michigan The Holmes. Youthful 'rralnee Act of 1967 provides that courts may assign offenders 17 to 21 years old to a minimum security facility of the Department of Corrections or to probation less than 4 years. Persons who have committed murder or major controlled substance offenses are not eligible. The youthful trainee status is not a conviction.

Nebraslca For those offenders under age 16 juvenile court has exclusive jurisdiction over misdemeanants and concurrent jurisdiction with district court over felons. For all offenders 16 and 17 years old both types of court have concurrent jurisdiction. Concurrent jurisdiction requires that cClunty a ttorneys decide in which court to file. Juvenile courts seal their records and provide a variety of alternatives to incarceration. Two State correction centers, one for each sex, imprison juvenile offenders.

New Hampshire Delinquent minors, 17 to 18 years old, may be sent to the House of Correction or jail for no longer time than adul'. offenders would receive for like offenses. Two limitations must be observed: the offenders cannot be incarcerated past their 19th birthday and they must be separated from adults. New Jersey Offenders under 26 who have never before served a state prison sentence may be committed to the youth correctional institution to serve indeterminate sentences. The sentences must not exceed 5 years or the maximum time that the law specifies for the. offense, whichever is shorter.

New Yoric Offenders between the ages of 16 and 19 at the time of the offense may have their convictions replaced by youthful offender adjudication. The sentence to an Indeterminate term may not exceed 4 years. Records are confidential and proceedings are private. Class A felons and armed robbers do not qualify for this adjudication.

North Carolina Legislation in 1983 permits judges to designa te certain offenders Committed Youthful Offender (CYO). If

or record sealing procedures for young adult offenders adjudicated In a criminal court, as opposed to a juvenile court. The offenders

misdemeanants, offenders must be under 25, and if Class H or A felons, offenders must be under 21. They may be sentenced to a 20-year maximum term with no minimum. They are im mediately eligible for parole with good-time or gain-time deducted from the maximum,

North Dakota Felonious offenders between the ages of 16 and 18 are treated as adults except that they are sentenced to the State Industrial School for Juveniles. If they pose behavior problems at the school, they may face a hearing and be transferred to the State penitentiary.

Ohio First offenders under age 30 may be committed as reformatory inmates who receive about 1096 more good-time than prison Inmates.

Oklahoma Nonviolent offenders under 22 may be sentenced to the Department of Corrections or to com munity corrections. If they are not arrested for other offenses during the parole period, they can petition to have their criminal record dismissed.

Pennsylvania The Camp Hill or Youthful Offenders Act provides that offenders who are 16 or 17 and certified as adults, or who are under 25 may be given maximum sentences without minimums. The sentences may be 6 years or the maximum prescribed for an offense, whichever is less. The inmates are eligible for parole at any time. The act was used to sentence about 100 offenders a year. Legislative repeal of the act was in progress in January 1985.

South C.arolina Offenders under 21 may be sentenced one time to special youthful offender treatment for not more than 6 years. With their consent offenders between 21 and 25 years old can also be sentenced as special youthful offenders.

South Dakota Offenders younger than 21 may be committed to the State Training School or a youth forestry camp.

Vermont Offenders 10 to 17 years old may be prosecuted as adults for serious felonies including murder, rape, aggravated assault, and robbery.

Virginia First offenders, 18 to 21 years old, or juveniles certified as adults may receive indeterminate senteMes no longer than 4 years. Before returning to society olfenders must pass tests that show that they are capable of being productive citizens. The Parole Board has the authority to release the offender at any time after rehabilitation.

West Virginia Offenders from 18 to 20 years old may be sentenced for certain crimes committed before their 21st birthday. The sentences to a special facility are from 6 months to 2 years long. At the end ot their terms the inmates return to sentencing court with recommendation of probation, release, or remand to an adult prison.

Federal The Federal youth Corrections Act was repealed, effective October 1984.

may be above the statutory age limit for juveniles but below a specified upper age limit.

Setting Prison Tenns 43

Table 4.3. Application of good-time to prison sentences, b!! State

Minimum sentences

Alabama Delaware Hawaii Idaho Kansas Kentucky Maryland Massachusetts Michigan MissiSSippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada North Dakota Ohio Wisconsin

'r'/pes of sentences reduced by good-time

Maximum sentences

Alaska Arizona Arkansas Dlst. of Columbia Louisiana New Hampshire New York Oklahoma Oregon Rhode Island South Dakota Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia West Virginia Federal system

Definite or determinate sentences

California Colorado Connecticut Florida Illinois Indiana Maine Minnesota New Mexico North Carolina Washington

£loth minimum and maximum sentences

Iowa New Jersey South Carolina Wyoming

Note: Georgia, PennS'Jlvanill, and Utah have no provisions for good-time reductions.

44 Correctional Populations in the Unite" Stptes, 1985

Table •••• Automatic and earned good-time applied by correctional authorities, January 1, 1985

Alabama

Automatic good-time For every 30 days in prison:

75 days for class 1 felonies 40 days for class 2 felonies 20 days for class 3 felonies Class 4 felonies not eligible

Earned good-time 30 days credit for each year for

blood donatio!'

A1anIcIla


10 days

Earned good-time None

Arizona


15 days for class 1 felonies 10 days for class 2 felonies


ArIamsas

Automatic good-time For evel'y 30 days in prison:

30 daya for class I felonies 20 days for class II felonies 8 days for class ill felonies Class IV felonies not eligible


Califomia

Automatic good-time None

Earned good-time Up to 1 year credit for heroism or

exceptional help in the maintenance of prison security

Up to half of sentence for program participation

Colotado


15 days

Earned good-time 30 days credit for eaClh 6 months for

meritorious conduct

Note: See the explanatory notes for a definition and discussion of good-time. Good-time may be applied differently depending on the offense, sentence length, time served, or criminal history of the prisoner. Earned good-time may be applied, when appropria te, after subtraction of automatic go()!j-time. Those States that credit automatic good-

Connecticut


10 days for sentences under 5 years 12 days for scntences of 5 years or

more

Earned good-time Up to 120 days deducted from term

for meritorious conduct 1 day credit for every 7 work days

Delaware


5 days during the first year 7 days during second year 9 days during third year 10 days during subsequent years

Earned good-time 5 days credit per month of work or,

with special permission, 1 day credit for every 2 days of work

5 days credit per month of program participation

Dtstrict of Columbia


5 days during the first year 6 days for second up to the third year 7 days for the th;rd up to the fifth

year 8 days for the firth up to the tenth

year 10 days for 10 years or more

Earned good-time Up to 3 days credit for each month

for meritorious conduct

Florldab


10 days for basic gain time

Earned good-time 1 to 60 days credit for each incident of

meritorious conduct Up to 20 days credit for each

month for incentive gain time

Georgiac



Hawslld


10 days


Idaho


5 days during the fit'st year 6 days during second up to third year 7 days during the third up to fifth

year 8 days during the fifth up to the tenth 10 days for 10 years or more

Earned good-time 5 days credit for each month for

meritorious conduct

lllloots


30 days

Earned good-time Up to 90 days per sentence for

meritorious conduct

Indiana


30 days for class 1 felonies 15 days for class 2 felonies Class 3 felonies not eligible


Iowa


30 days

Earned good-time 5 days credIt for each month for

program participation

Kans.sse


10 days

Earned good-time Up to 90 days credit for each incident

of meritorious conduct

time according to classes of offenders do not observe the same categories for earned iood-time ul\less otherwise noted.

cGeorgia's earned good-time was repealed a? January 1, 1984.

Hawaii applies no good-time for persons under life sentences. Alaska may alternatively deduct up to 1/4

Qf the imposed sentence. "Florida calls good-time "gain-time," Inmates with mandatory sentences for firearm offenses receive no gain time until completion of the mandatory term.

Cj{ansas applies, in addition to 10 days of good-time a month, 1 month of good-time for each year in prison.

Setring Prison Tenns 45

Table 4.4 continued. Automatic and earned good-time, January 1, 1985

Kentucky


Up to 10 days

Earned good-time 5 days credit tor each month for

meritorious conduct

Louilllana


15 days

Earned good-time 1 day from maximum sentence for each

day of public work

Maine


10 days

Earned good-time For meritorious conduct up to 3 days

credit for each month in maximum security Inside prison and up to 5 days credit for each month In minimum security outside the prison

M/ll'yland

Automatic good-time FOl' every 30 days in prison:

5 days


meritorious conduct, work, or program participa tion

Massachlllletts


o days for less than 4 months 2.5 days tor 4 months up to 1 year 5 days tor 1 year up to 2 7.5 days for 2 years up to 3 10 days for 3 years up to 4 12.5 days for 4 or more years

Earned good-time 5 days credit tor a pint of blood for those

In prison between 30 days and 1 year 10 days credit for a pint of blood for

those in prison a year or more 7.5 days credit for each month of

participation In work and education programs

2.5 days of credit per month of prison camp

Michigan


5 days during the first and second years

6 days during the third and fourth years

7 days during the fifth and sixth years 9 days during the seventh to ninth year 10 days during the tenth to fourteenth 12 days during fifteenth to nineteenth 15 days for 20 years or more

Earned good-time Up to 84 days credit for each year for

disciplinary credits (may lose 5 days a month for a major rule Infraction)

1 day credit for 4 days worked In public work camps

Minnesota

Automatic good-time For every 30 days in prison: 15 days


Millsissippi

Automatic good-time For every 30 days In prison:

30 days for class I felonies 20 days for class II felonies 8 days for class III felonies Class IV felonies not eligible


Missouri!

Automatic good-time For every 30 days In prison: 2.5 days


Montana

Automatic good-time For every 30 daysTn prison:

10 days for medium I felonies 13 days for medium II felonies 15 days for medium IT felonies (after

first year)

FArned good-time 13 days credit per month for education

progl'am participation Up to 3 days credit per month tor parti

cipation In self-improvement programs

Nebraska

Automatic good-time For every 30 days in prison;

5 days during first and second year 7.5 days during third year 10 days during subsequent years

Earned good-time Up to 5 days per month for performance

of duties

Nevada

Automatic gOOd-time For every 30 days in prison:

5 days during first and second year 10 days during third and fourth year 12.5 days during subsequent years

Earned good-time Discretionary amounts of cI'edit for

blood donation, meritorious conduct, and work

New Hampshire

Automatic good-time 150 disciplinary days added to each year

of the minimum sentence with goodtime credits being deducted from this disciplinary period; minimum sentence never reduced

Earned good-time Up to 12.5 days credit per month

deducted from the disciplinary period tha t is added to the minim urn sentence

Nelf Jerse~

Automatic good-time For every year in prison:

6 days durIng the first year 7 days durIng second year 8 days during third year Add 1 day per year for subsequent

years

Earned good-time 1 day credi t for 5 work days Up to 5 days credit for each month for a

minimum security prisoner or trustee

New Mexico


Earned good-time Discretionary amount of credit up to 1

year for meritorious conduct 10 to 20 days per month for work Up to 5 days credit Cor each month of

program participation (prison industry inma tes ineligible)

New York

Automatic good-time Up to 1/3 maximum term


(Missouri excludes specific offense and parole violators.

gNew Jersey calculates automatic goodtime from the number of years that an

inmate has been In prison.


Table 4.4 continued. Automatic and earned good-time, January 1, 1985

North Carolina


30 days

Earned good-time DlScrebonary amounts of credit fOl'

work and meritorious conduct

North Dakota

Automatic good-time For every 30 days in prison,

6 days during up to 3 years 7 days during 3 years up to 5 8 deys during 5 years up to 10 10 days during 10 or more years

Earned good-time

Ohio

Discretionary credit given for ex(!eptional conduct


8 days for time in prison 12 days for time in reformatory


Oklaboma


Earned good-time 20 days credit on maximum sentence for

each blood donation 1 day for each day of work or program

participation

Oregon


15 days

Earned good-time From 1 day good-time for 15 days of

participation up to 1 day for 5 days of participation in prison industry and education programs, depending on numbel' ot years spent In prison

io'l:Om 1 day for 10 worked in prioon agriculture up to 1 day for 6, depending on time in prison

PeMBylvania


Earned good-time Governor's clemency or commutation

only

Rhode Island

Automatic good-time Varies according to years in prison

Earned good-time 10 days credit for each blood donation,

up to 4 dona tlons a year Discretionary amounts for meritorious

conduct

South Carolioah

Automatic good-time For every 3D clays in prison:

20 days

Earned gOOd-time Up to 1 day credit on minimum sentence

for 2 days worked with a maximum of 180 days a year

South Dakota

Automatic good-time For every 3D days in prison:

5 days during the first and second year 7.5 days during the third year 10 days during the fourth to ninth year 15 days during subsequent years

Earned good-time Governor's clemency or commutation for

exceptional behavior or falling health

Tennesseei

Automatic good-time 80% of sentence for mitigated category 70% of sentence for standard category 60% of sentence for aggravated category 60% of sentence for persistent ca tegory 50% of sentence for aggravated &.

persistent category

Earned good-time Up to 15 days per month for prison performance credits

Texas


20 days for class I felonies 10 days for class II felonies Class III felonies not eligible 40 days for trustee I, !I, III 45 days for trustee IV

Earned good-time 30 days credit for annual blood donation 5 to 15 days credit per month for

program participation

Utah


Earned good-time Available only to misdemeanants

Vermont


10 days


meritorious conduct

Vit'gInia


30 days for class I felonies 20 days for class II felonies 10 days for class III felonies Class IV felonies not eligible

Earned good-time Discretionary amount for extraordinary

service

Washington1

Automatic good-time Up to 1/3 of the sentence

Earned good-time Calculated with automatic good-time

west Virginia

Automatic good-time For every 30 days in prison

30 days

Earned good-time Discretionary amount for exceptional

work or service

Automatic good-time Up to 1/3 of sent.ence

Wyoming


10 days

Earned good-time 15 days credit for each month of

minimum sentence for meritorious conduct

Federal


o days during the first 6 months 5 days during seventh to twelfth month 6 days for 1 year &. 1 day up to 3 years 7 days for 3 years up to 5 years 8 days for 5 years up to 10 years 10 days fQr 10 or more years

Earned good-time Extra good-time: 3 days credit for

meritorious conduct and work for each month served during the first year; 5 days credit during the thirteenth month and above

lisouth Carolina deducts automatic goodtime from the maximum sentence and earned good-time from the minimum ~entence.

estimated dates. The time that a standard offender, for example, would expect to stay in prison would be 30% of his maximum sentence, unless he committed Infractions. JWashington may reduce up to 1/3 of a sentence. Of that gooo-time 2/3 is earned and cannot be lost as a result of

misbehavior; the remaining 1/3, which is automatically credited, can be taken away feor misconduct.

Wisconsin sets a mandatory release date at 2/3 of a sentence or 1 day for every 2 days in prison. A minimum of 1/4 of a sentence must be completed.

'Tennessee assigns inmates "release eligibility dates." Good-time credits cannot advance those dates; rule violations can result in pushing back the

Setting Prison Terms 47

Table 4.5. Statutory, administrative, and court provisloIlll to reduce prison crowding, January 1, 1985

Type of Details 'l'ype of Details provision State of provision provision State of provision

Emergency release Texas Advances trustees' releases up to

Alaska 'l'he Governor may condi tionally 30 days if the prison population exceeds 95% of facility capacity.

commute terms of nonviolent offenders who are within 4 months Early parole of release.

Arizona May release first offenders up to Alabama Applies supervised intensive restitution, a program that returns 180 days before completion of their prisoners to the community wlth-imposed terms. out the formality of parole deter-

Wisconsin When the Secretary of Health and mination (1983). Human Services rflcommends, Arizona First offenders, felony classes Wisconsin may release prisoners 4 through 5, may be released to who are within 135 days of their work furlough or parole. mandatory release date.

Iowa All except class A felons become Court orders eligible for parole if they are

within 9 months of release. West Virginia Was under court order, January 1,

Montana If prison exceeds design capacity 1985, to reduce crowding. for 30 days, Montana considers

Hawaii Was under a consent decree. paroling Inmates who stand within 120 days of parole eligibility.

Sentence rollbacks New Jersey May parole to Intensive supervision

Connecticut Advances by 90 days the releases of those nonviolent offenders who

prisoners with the oldest sentences have served 30 to 60 days. if a facility Is above 109% of No. Carolina The Secretary of Corrections may designa ted capacity for 30 days. direct the Parole Commission to

Florida If prlson population reaches 98% reduce crowding by releasing eligible inmates 6 months before of capacity, Florida advances their discharge dates (1983). releases of eligible Inma tes up to

30 days (1983). Ohio After the Governor declares a Georgia If the number of prisoners exceeds state of emergency, the Parole

capacity for 30 days, Georgill Board may grant ellrly paroles. IIdvances prisoners' releases 90 days So. Carolinll Selected prisoners may be released (1982). on furlough to supervision before

Iowa If fllcilities lire over capllcity 45 they parole eligibility. days, Iowa advances selected

Other methods prisoners' releases 90 days. Michigan Advances prisoners' relellse da tes Washington If the Governor declares a state of

90 days if the number of prisoners emergency because of prison exceeds prison capacity (1980). crowding, the Sentencing Guide-

Oklahoma Advances prisoners' release dates lines Commission and the Clem-ency Pardon Board convene to 60 days if the number of prisoners eCfect reductions. The Leglslll-exceeds prison capacity. ture has also specified early

So. Carolina Advances prisoners' release dates release procedures for selec ted up to 90 days if the popUlation Inmates to reach the target exceeds capacity for 30 days. percent oC capacity (1983).

Tennessee Advances prisoners' release dates up to 6 months (1983).

48 Correctional Populations ill the United States, 1985

. --Explanatory notes

In l'ecent years many jurisdictions have begun to modify their statutes and regulations governing sentences to prison and the means by which convicted offenders are discharged from their prison terms. Generally, such reforms have been designed to reduce the amount of discretion available to sentencing or release authorities, to promote a greater degree of uniformity and certainty in sentencing and release decisions, and to define punishment policies more clearly and explicitly.

This chapter provides data derived from a survey of chief judges, attorneys general, and paroling authorl-· ties In each State in January 1985. In general the survey obtained information on these reforms, specifically as they may relate to a prison sentence.

The five tables that summarize the findings of the survey reveal the following:

• Which States use sentencing and parole guldellnes--measures that can encourage greater uniformity in sentence and release decision making (table 4.1);

• Some of the special provisions available for differential handling of youthfUl offenders (table 4.2);

• Detailed information on how sentences are combined with incentive good-time systems to encourage inmate conformity with institutional rules and expectations for behavior (tables 4.3 and 4.4);

• Information on how prison crowding may affect the time that prisoners serve (table 4.5).

=tpg •

Earned and automatic good-time

Good-time Is defined as credits toward a sentence, which may be authorized in statute or regulation (automatic good-time) or allocated on the basis of specific activities or achievements, frequently on a discretionary basis (earned good-time). Good-time provides a system of incentives to assure inmate cooperation in managing the institution, to deter rule-violating behavior, and to encourage maximum participation in programs of work and education.

Laws and regulations vary as to whether good-time credits may be withheld at the time of a disciplinary action against future earnings or whether deductions are ninde from cumulative credits earned at that time. Generally, good-time is awarded on the basis of days served (for example, 10 days credit for 30 days served) or of days spent in a particular activity or program (such as 1 day credit for 5 days worked). Automatic or statutory good-time generally provides for specific rates of award as the duration of confinement increases; earned good-time usually reflects a greater degree of discretion in the size of the credit.

Earned good-time may be awarded for a variety of activities like:

• meritorious or exceptional conduct, for example, fighting forest fires or assisting a correctional officer;

/I program participation, for example, attending school or working in a prison Industry;

• institutional classification, for example, achieving minimum security or transfer to a camp or reformatory;

• situational factors, for example, donating blood or suffering ill health.

Setting Prlson Tenns 49

Tables

5.1 Prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction, by sentence length, 1984 and 1985 52

5.2 Male prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction, by sentence length, 1984 and 1985 53

5.3 Female prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction, by sentence length, 1984 and 1985 54

5.4 Incarceration rates for pris-oners under State or Federal jurisdiction or in State or Federal custody, by sentence length, 1985 55

5.5 Prisoners housed in jails because of overcrowded State facilities, by sex, 1984 and 1985 56

5.6 Prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction, by race, 1985 57

5.7 Male prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction, by race, 1985 58

5.8 Female prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction, by race, 1985 59

5.9 Prisoners l nder jurisdiction of State or Federal correctional authorities, by sex and Hispanic origin, 1985 60

5.10a Sentenced prisoners admitted to State or Federal jurisdiction, by type of admission, 1985 61

5.10b Sentenced prisoners released from State or Federal jurisdiction, by type of release, 1985 62

5.11a Sentenced male prisoners admitted to State or Federal jurisdiction, by type of admission, 1985 63

5.11b Sentenced male prisoners released from State or Federal jurisdiction, by type of release, 1985 64

5.12a Sentenced female prisoners admitted to State or Federal jurisdiction, by type of admission, 1985 65

5.12b Sentenced femaie prisoners released from State or Federal jurisdiction, by type of release, 1985 66

a.~

Prisoners in 1985

5.13 Sentenced prisoners released conditionally or unconditionally from State or Federal jurisdiction, by type of release, 1985 67

5.14 Sentenced male prisoners released conditionally or unconditionally from State or Federal jurisdiction, by type of release, 1985 68

5.15 Sentenced female prisoners released conditionally or unconditionally from State or Federal jurisdiction, by type of release, 1985 69

5.16 Sentenced prisoners admitted to State or Federal jurisdiction for violation of parole or other conditional release, by sex and status of sentence, 1985 70

5.17 Deaths among senter!ced prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction, by sex and cause of death, 1985 71

5.18 Prisoners in custody of State or Federal correctional authorities, by sentence length, 1984 and 1985 72

5.19 Male prisoners in custody of State or Federal correctional authorities, by sentence length, 1984 and 1985 73

5.20 Female prisoners in custody of State or Federal correctional authorities, by sentence length, 1984 and 1985 74

Exp~natory notes by jurisdiction 75

Questionnaire 82

Prisoners in 1985 51

Table 5.1. Prisonel'l! under state or Federal jurisdiction, by sentence ler.gth, 1984 and 1985

Maximum sentence length Year or less/unsentenced

Total More than a :lear Total Year or less Unsentenced

Per- Per- Per-

Regions and cent cent cent

I jurisdic tions 12/31/85 12/31/84 change 12/31/85 12/31/84 change 12/31/85 12/31/84 change 12/31/85 12/31/84 12/31/85 12/31/84

U.s. total 502,376 462,002 8.7% 480,268 443,398 8.3% 22,108 18,604 18.8% 11,429 10,324 10,679 8,280

I Federala 40,223 34,263 17.4 32,695 27,602 18.5 7,528 6,661 13.0 2,860 2,704 4,668 3,957

state 462,153 427,739 8.0 447,573 415,796 7.6 14,580 11,943 22.1 8,569 7,620 6,011 4,323

Northeast: 75,706 70,498 7.4% 72,426 67,653 7.1% 3,280 2,845 15.3% 1,771 1,458 1,509 1,387

Connecticutb 6,149 5,718 7.5 4,043 3,748 7.9 2,106 1,970 6.9 924 869 1,182 1,101

Maine 1,226 1,032 18.8 967 847 14.2 259 185 40.0 259 185

Mllssachusetts 5,390 4,883 10.4 5,160 4,738 8.9 230 145 58.6 230 145 New Hampshire 683 581 17.6 683 581 17.6 New Jersey 11,335 10,363 9.4 11,335 10,363 9.4 0 0 0 0

New York 34,712 33,109 4.8 34,712 33,109 4.8 Pennsylvllnia ,b 14,227 13,090 8.7 14,119 12,998 8.6 108 92 17.4 108 92

Rhode Isgmd4 1,307 1,221 7.0 964 891 8.2 343 330 3.9 111 100 232 230

Vermont 677 501 35.1 443 378 17.2 234 123 90.2 130 67 95 56

Midwest 95,585 85,664 11.6% 95,126 85,237 11.6% 459 427 7.5% 459 427 0 0

Illinois 18,634 17,114 8.9 18,634 17,114 8.9 f.ldiana 9,904 9,328 6.2 9,615 9,063 6.1 289 265 9.1 289 265 Iowa 2,832 2,836 - .1 2,832 2,836 - .1 Kansas 4,732 4,244 11.5 4,732 4,244 11.5 Michigan 17,755 14,604 21.6 17,755 14,604 21.6 Minnesota 2,343 2,167 8.1 2,343 2,167 8.1

Missouri 9,796 8,770 11.7 9,796 8,770 11.7 Nebraska 1,814. 1,655 9.6 1,733 1,567 10.6 81 88 -8.0 81 88 North Dakota 422 432 -2.3 375 375 0 47 57 -17.5 47 57 Ohioc 20,864 18,619 12.1 20,864 18,619 12.1 / / / / South Dakota 1,047 921 13.7 1,035 904 14.5 12 17 -29.4 12 17 Wisconsin 5,442 4,974 9.4 5,412 4,974 8.8 30 30

South 202,100 192,265 5.1% 195,042 186,881 4.4% 7,058 5,384 31.1% 5,391 4,856 1,667 528

Alabama 11,015 10,482 5.1 10,749 10,246 4.9 266 236 12.7 266 236 Arkansas4 4,611 4,482 2.9 4,611 4,482 2.9 / / / / Delawarea,b 2,553 2,202 15.9 1,759 1,546 13.8 794 656 21.0 368 298 426 358 Dist. of Col.a,b 6,404 4,521 41.7 4,604 3,718 23.8 1,800 803 124.2 559 633 1,241 170 Florida 28,600 26,914 6.3 28,482 26,759 6.4 118 155 -23.9 118 155 Georgia 16,014 15,404 4.0 15,115 14,596 3.6 899 808 11.3 899 808

Kentucky 4,975 4,820 3.2 4,975 4,820 3.2 Louisiana 13,890 13,659 1.7 13,890 13,659 1.7 Maryland 13,005 13,124 - .9 12,303 12,442 -1.1 702 682 2.9 702 682 Mississippi 6,392 6,115 4.5 6,208 5,974 3.9 184 141 30.5 184 141 North Carolinaa 17,344 16,371 5.9 16,007 15,219 5.2 1,337 1,152 16.1 1,337 1,152 Oklahomaa 8,330 7,872 5.8 8,330 7,872 5.8 / / / / Sou th Carolina 10,510 9,892 6.2 9,908 9,315 6.4 602 577 4.3 602 577 Tennessee 7,127 7,307 -2.5 7,127 7,307 -2.5 0 ° 0 0 ° Texas 37,532 36,682 2.3 37,532 36,682 2.3 Virginia 12,073 10,839 11.4 11,717 10,665 9.9 356 174 104.6 356 174 West Virginia 1,725 1,579 9.2 1,725 1,579 9.2

We..'lt 88,762 79,312 11.9% 84,979 76,025 11.8% 3,783 3,287 15.1% 948 879 2,835 2,408

Alaskab 2,329 1,967 18.4 1,530 1,293 18.3 799 674 18.5 216 200 583 474 Arizona 8,531 7,845 8.7 8,273 7,646 8.2 258 199 29.6 258 199 California 50,111 43,197 16.0 48,:1.79 41,652 15.9 1,832 1,545 18.6 1,832 1,545 coloraioS 3,369 3,231 4.3 3,369 3,231 4.3 / / / / HaweD 2,111 1,965 7.4 1,428 1,330 7.4 683 635 7.6 263 246 420 389 Idaho 1,344 1,253 7.~ 1,344 1,253 7.3 0 0 0

Montana 1,129 964 17.1 1,129 964 17.1 ° 0 ° 0 0 Nevada 3,771 3,488 8.1 3,771 3,488 8.1 New Mexico 2,313 2,129 8.6 2,112 1,908 10.7 201 221 -9.0 201 221 Oregon 4,454 4,224 5.4 4,454 4,224 5.4 Utah 1,633 1,504 8.6 1,623 1,491 8.9 10 13 -23.1 10 13 Washington 6,909 6,821 1.3 6,909 6,821 1.3 Wyoming 758 724 4.7 758 724 4.7

Note: See the questionnaire for category more; the explanatory notes may provide brigures inClude both jail and prison inmates; definitions and the explanatory notes for further detail. bails and prisons are combined in one system. State-by-State variations from definitions. ~. Not applicable. The yearend total of prisoners sentenced All dllta for Arizona, Californil'l, the District , Not reported. to more than 1 year in Ohio includes 1,582 men of ColUmbia, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Counts of inmates by sentence length may be ~nd 181 women with sentences of a year or less. Massachusetts, Michigan, Texas, and West slightly incorrect. See "Sentencin~ infor- Bureau of Justice Statistics has estimated all Virginia are custody, rather than jurisdiction mation ll for the relevant jurisdictions in the Idaho fi~ures from monthly prison reports of the counts, Most, but not all States, reserve explanatory notes. Idaho Department of Corrections. prison for offenders sentenced to a year or


------------_ .. _---

Table 5.2. Male prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction, by sentence length, 1984 and 1985


Total More than a :lear Total Year or less Unsentenced Per- Per- Per-

Regions and cent cent cent jurisdictions 12/31/85 12/31/84 change 12/31/85 12/31/84 change 12/31/85 12/31/84 change 12/31/85 12/31/84 12/31/85 12/31/84

U.s. total 479,277 441,208 8.6% 458,972 424,193 8.2% 20,305 17,015 19.3% 10,463 9,339 9,842 7,676

Federala 37,819 32,267 17.2 30,579 25,958 17.8 7,240 6,309 14.8 2,688 2,463 4,552 3,846 State 441,458 408,941 8.0 428,393 398,235 7.6 13,065 10,7fl6 22.0 7,775 6,876 5,290 3,830

Northeast 73,022 67,999 7.4% 70,106 65,447 7.1% 2,916 2,552 14.3% 1,492 1,227 1,424 1,325

Connecticutb 5,826 5,431 7.3 3,893 3,608 7.9 1,933 1,823 6.0 824 773 1,109 1,050 Maine 1,194 1,005 18.0 942 826 14.0 252 179 40.0 252 179 Massachusetts 5,079 4,6J9 10.0 4,987 4,584 8.8 92 35 1.62.9 92 35 New Hampshire 665 567 17.3 665 567 17.3 New Jersey 10,947 9,995 9.5 10,947 9,995 9.5 0 0 0 0

New York 33,656 32,091 4.9 33,656 32,091 4.9 Pennsylvania ,b 13,727 12,615 8.8 13,637 12,535 8.8 90 80 12.5 90 80 Rhode Tslfnda 1,268 1,188 6.7 946 872 6.5 322 316 1.9 100 96 222 220 Vermont 660 488 35.2 433 369 17.3 227 119 90.8 134 64 93 55

Midwest 91,263 81,827 11.5% 90,841 81,433 11.6% 422 394 7.1% 422 394 0 0

illinois 17,961 16,479 9.0 17,961 16,479 9.0 Indiana 9,453 8,933 5.8 9,189 8,686 5.8 264 1:47 6.9 264 247 Iowa 2,716 2,733 - .6 2,716 2,733 - .6 Kansas 4,459 4,009 11.2 4,459 4,009 11.2 Michigan 16,941 13,921 21.7 16,941 13,921 21.7 Minnesota 2,252 2,088 7.9 2,252 2,088 7.9

Missouri 9,415 8,425 11.8 Q,H5 8,425 11.8 Nebraska 1,744 1,582 10.2 1,671 1,505 11.0 73 77 -5.2 73 77 North Dakota 413 420 -1.7 367 367 0.0 46 53 -13.2 46 53 Ohioc 19,711 17,601 12.0 19,711 17,601 12.0 / I / I South Dakota 1,008 889 13.4 996 872 14.2 12 17 -29.4 12 17 Wisconsin 5,190 4,747 9.3 5,163 4,747 8.8 27 27

South 193,114 183,706 5.1% 186,623 178,844 4.3% 6,491 4,862 33.5% 4,972 4,426 1,519 436 Alabama 10,453 9,961 4.9 10,209 9,'1'49 4.7 244 212 15.1 244 212 Arkansas8 4,394 4,286 2.5 4,394 4,286 2.5 / / / / Delawarea,b ,b 2,422 2,095 15.6 1,687 1,488 13.4 735 607 21.1 341 272 394 335 Dist. of Col.s 6,176 4,315 43.1 4,538 3,633 24.9 1,638 682 140.2 513 581 1,125 101 Florida 27,296 25,764 5.9 27,182 25,624 6.1 114 140 -18.6 114 140 Georgia 15,181 14,641 3.7 14,368 13,907 3.3 813 734 10.8 813 734

Kentucky 4,751 4,617 2.9 4,751 4,617 2.9 Louisiana

d 13,280 13,051 1.8 13,280 13,051 1.8 Maryland 12,594 12,683 - .7 11,942 12,059 -1.0 652 624 4.5 652 624 Mississippi 6,103 5,855 4.2 5,934 5,728 3.6 169 127 33.1 169 127 North caro~a& 16,597 15,669 5.9 15,349 14,612 5.0 1,248 1,057 18.1 1,248 1,057 Oklahoma8 7,823 7,400 5.7 7,823 7,400 5.7 / / I I South Carolina 10,009 9,455 5.9 9,460 8,943 5.8 549 512 7.2 549 512 Tennessee 6,825 6,993 -2.4 6,825 6,993 -2.4 ° 0 0 0 0 Texas 35,938 34,987 2.7 35,938 34,987 2.7 Virginia 11,604 10,406 11.5 11,275 10,239 10.1 329 167 97.0 329 167 West Virginia 1,668 1,528 9.2 1,668 1,528 9.2

West 84,059 75,409 11.5% 80,823 72,511 11.5% 3,236 2,89.3 11.7% 889 829 2,347 2,069 Alaskab 2,207 1,888 16.9 1,476 1,251 18.0 731 637 14.8 195 189 536 448 Arizona 8,134 7,482 8.7 7,894 7,290 8.3 240 192 25.0 240 192 California 47,205 40,892 15.4 45,761 39,623 15.5 1,444 1,269 13.8 1,444 1,269 COlora~o: 3,238 3,091 4.8 3,238 3,091 4.8 / / I I Hawaii • 1,963 1,858 5.7 1,348 1,273 5.9 615 585 5.1 248 233 367 352 Idahoo 1,293 1,203 7.5 1,293 1,203 7.5 0 ° ° Montana 1,090 929 17.3 1,090 929 17.3 0 ° 0 0 0 Nevada 3,512 3,260 7.7 3,512 3,260 7.7 New Mexico 2,187 2,044 7.0 1,991 1,839 8.3 196 205 -4.4 196 205 Oregon 4,265 4,054 5.2 4,265 4,054 5.2 Utah 1,570 1,456 7.8 1,560 1,446 7.9 10 10 0 10 10 Washington 6,679 6,567 1.7 6,679 6,567 1.7 Wyoming 716 685 4.5 716 685 4.5

Note: See the questionnaire for category more; the explanatory notes may provide jalls and prisons are combined in one system. definitions and the eXDlanatory notes for further detail. <l<rhe yearend total of prisoners sentenced to State-by-8tate variations from definitions. _. Not applicable. more than 1 year In Ohio includes 1,582 men All datil for Arizona, California, the District 'Jurisdiction did not report category. W,1d 181 women with sentences of a year or less. of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, IOWa, Counts of inmates by sentence length may be Hawaii, Maryland, and Oklahoma estimate the Massachusetts, Michigan, Texas, and West slightly incorrect. See "Sentencing Infor- number of women and men. Virginia are custody, rather than jurisdiction mation" for the relevant jurisdictions In the "Bureau of Justice Statistics has estimated all counts. Most, but not all StateR, reserve ~Planatory notes. Idaho figures from monthly prison reports of the prIson for offenders sentenced to a year or iQ"res Include both jail and prison Inmatesl Idaho Department of Correotlons.


Table 5.3. FemllIe prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction, by sentence lengtb, 1984 and 1985


Total More than a :tear Total Year or less Unsentenced Per- Per- Per-

Regions and cent cent cent 12/31/84 jurisdictions 12,'31/85 12/31/84 change 12/31/85 12/31/84 change 12/31/85 12{31/84 change 12/31/85 12/31/84 12/31/85

U.s. total 23,099 20,';'94 11.1% 21,296 19,205 10.9% 1,803 1,589 13.5% 966 985 837 604

Federale. 2,404 1,996 20.4 2,116 1,644 28.7 288 352 -18.2 172 241 116 111 State 20,695 18,798 10.1 19,180 17,561 9.2 1,515 1,237 22.5 794 744 721 493

Northeast 2,684 2,499 7.4% 2,320 2,206 5.2% 364 293 24.2% 279 231 85 62

Connecticl,tb 323 287 12.5 150 140 7.1 173 147 17.7 100 96 73 51 Maine 32 27 18.5 25 21 19.0 7 6 16.7 7 6 Massachusettts 311 264 17.8 173 154 12.3 138 110 25.5 138 110 New Hampshire 18 14 28.6 18 14 28.6 New Jersey 388 368 5.4 388 368 5.4 0 0 0 0 0

New York 1,056 1,018 3.7 1,056 1,018 3.7 Pennsylvania 500 475 5.3 482 463 4.1 18 12 50.0 18 12 Rhode I~anda,b 39 33 18.2 18 19 -5.3 21 14 50.0 11 4 10 10 Vermont 17 13 30.8 10 9 11.1 7 4 75.0 5 3 2 1

Midwest 4,322 3,837 12.6% 4,285 3,804 12.6% 37 33 12.1% 37 33 0 0

illinois 673 635 6.0 673 635 6.0 Indiana 451 395 14.2 426 377 13.0 25 13 38.9 25 18 Iowa 116 103 12.6 116 103 12.6 Kansas 273 235 16.2 273 235 16.2 Michigan 814 683 19.2 814 683 19.2 Minnesota 91 79 15.2 91 79 15.2

Missouri 381 345 10.4 381 345 10.4 Nebraska 70 73 -4.1 62 62 .0 8 11 -27.3 8 11 North Dakota 9 12 -25.0 8 8 .0 1 4 -75.0 1 4 Ohioc 1,153 1,018 13.3 1,153 1,018 13.3 / / / / South Dakota 39 32 21.9 39 32 21.9 0 0 0 0 0 Wisconsin 252 227 11.0 249 227 9.7 3 3

South 8,986 8,559 5.0% 8,419 8,037 4.S% 567 522 8.6% 419 430 148 92 Alabama 562 521 7.9 540 497 8.7 22 24 -8.3 22 24 Arkansas4 217 196 10.7 217 196 10.7 / / / / Delawarea,b 131 107 22.4 72 58 24.1 59 49 20.4 27 26 32 23 Dist. of Col.a,b 228 206 10.7 66 85 -22.4 162 121 33.9 46 52 116 69 Florida 1,304 1,150 13.4 1,300 1,135 14.5 4 15 -73.3 4 15 Georgia 833 763 9.2 747 689 8.4 86 74 16.2 86 74 Kentucky 224 203 10.3 224 203 10.3 Louisiana

d 610 60S .3 610 S08 .3

Maryland 411 441 -6.8 361 383 -5.7 50 58 -13.8 50 58 Mississippi 289 260 11.2 274 246 11.4 15 14 7.1 15 14 North carolJfAa 747 702 6.4 658 607 8.4 89 95 -6.3 89 95 Oklahomaa, 507 472 7.4 507 472 7.4 / / / / South Carolina 501 437 14.6 448 372 20.4 53 65 -18.5 53 65 Tennessee 302 314 -3.8 302 314 -3.8 0 0 0 0 0 Texas 1,594 1,695 -6.0 1,594 1,695 -S.O Virginia 469 433 8.3 442 426 3.8 27 7 285.7 27 7 West Virginia 57 51 11.8 57 51 11.8

West 4,703 3,903 20.5% 4,156 3,514 18.3% 547 389 40.6% 59 50 488 339 Alaskab 122 79 54.4 54 42 28.6 68 37 83.8 21 11 47 26 Arizona 397 363 9.4 379 356 6.5 18 7 157.1 18 7 California 2,906 2,305 26.1 2,518 2,029 24.1 388 276 40.6 388 27& COlora~o; 131 140 -6.4 131 140 -6.4 / / / / Hawaii 148 107 38.3 80 57 40.4 68 50 36.0 15 13 53 37 Idahoe 51 50 2.0 51 50 2.0 0 0 0 Montana 39 35 11.4 39 35 11.4 0 0 0 0 0 Nevada 259 228 13.6 259 228 13.6 New Mexico 126 85 48.2 121 69 75.4 5 16 -68.8 5 16 Oregon 189 170 11.2 189 170 11.2 Utah 63 48 31.3 63 45 40.0 0 3 -100.0 0 3 Washington 230 254 -9.4 230 254 -9.4 Wyoming 42 39 7.7 42 39 7.7

Note: See the questionnaire for category morel the explanatory notes may provide jails and prisons are combined in one system. definitions and the explanatory' notes for further detail. ~he yearend total of prisoners Gentenced to State-by-State variations from definitions. ... Not applicable. more than 1 year in Ohio includes 1,582 men All data for Arizona, California, the District / Jurisdiction did not report category. ~nd 181 women wlth sentences of a year or less. of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, acounts of inmates by sentence length may be Hawall, Me.ryland, and Oklahoma estimate the Massachusetts, Michigan, Texas, and West slightly incorrect. See "Sentencin,~; In for- number of women and men. Virginia are custody, rather than jurisdiction mation" fOr the relevant jurisdictions in the Elaureau of Justice Statistics has estimated all counts. Most, but not all States, reserve Iixplanatory notes. Idaho figures from monthly prison reports of the prison for offenders sentenced to a year or Figures include both jail and prison inmates; Idaho Department of Corrections.


Table 5.4. Inoorceration rates for prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction or in State or Federal custody, by sentence length, 1985

Number of Erlsoners Eer 1001°00 resident EOEulation

Sentenced with sentence Unsentenced or with

Regions and Total number of erisoners

Under Federal or 10 Federal or length of more than 1 :tear sentences of a :lear or less

Under Federal or In Federal or Under Federal or In Federal or jUrisdictions State jurisdiction State custody State jurisdiction Sta te custody State jurisdiction S ta te custody

U.s. total 209 203 200 194 9 9 Federala 17 15 14 12 3 3 State 193 188 187 182 6 7

Northeast 152 152 145 146 7 7 Connecticutb 193 189 127 124 66 65 Maine 105 96 83 78 22 17 Massachusetts 92 94 88 88 4 5 New Hampshire 68 64 68 63 1 New Jersey 149 149 149 149 0 0 New York 195 199 195 199 0 Pennsylvania ,b 120 120 119 119 1 1 Rhode lslfnda 135 136 99 100 35 37 Vermont 126 121 82 78 44 44

Midwest 161 160 161 156 1 4 illinois 161 158 161 158 0 10dlana 180 182 175 175 5 7 Iowa 98 98 98 98 Kansas 192 186 192 186 0 Michigan 196 196 196 196 0 Minnesota 56 59 56 59 0 Missouri 194 194 194 194 0 Nebraska 113 117 108 109 5 8 North Dakota 61 64 55 57 7 7 Ohloc 194 191 194 175 / 16 South Dakota 147 147 146 141 2 6 Wisconsin 114 110 113 109 1 0

South 245 235 236 227 9 8 Alabama 273 266 267 259 7 7 Arkansasft 195 190 195 190 J 0 Delawarea,b 408 351 281 247 127 104 Dist. of Columbiaa,b 1,026 1,026 738 738 288 288 Florida 248 245 247 244 1 1 Georgia 266 266 251 251 15 15 Kentucky 133 133 133 133 0 Louisiana 308 244 308 244 0 Maryland 295 292 279 276 16 16 Mississippi 244 208 237 205 7 4 North Carolinas 276 278 254 254 21 24 Oklahomas 250 214 250 214 / 0 South Carolina 312 292 294 273 18 19 Tennessee 149 145 149 145 ° ° Texas 226 226 226 226 0 Virginia 210 188 204 188 6 ° West Virginia 89 91 89 89 1

West 184 180 176 172 8 7 Alaskab 438 363 288 235 150 128 Arizona 264 264 256 256 8 8 California 188 188 181 181 7 7 Coloraio8 103 103 103 103 / 0 HawaN 199 177 134 124 64 53 Idaho 133 130 133 130 0 Montana 136 132 136 132 0 0 Nevada 397 400 39'1' 398 2 New Mexico 158 152 144 139 14 13 Oregon 165 138 165 138 0 Utah 98 100 98 98 1 3 Washington 156 146 156 146 0 Wyoming 148 142 148 142 0

Note: See the questionnaire for category sentenced to a year or more; the explana tory jails and prisons are combined in one system. defhitions and the explanatorY notes for notes may provide fUrther detail. '1'he yearend jurisdiction total of prisoners State-by-State variations from definitions. _. Not applicable. sentenced to more than 1 year in Ohio Includes All data for Arizona, California, the J Jurisdiction did not report category. 1,582 men and 181 women with sentences of a District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, aCounts of Inmates by sentence length may be iiear or less. Indiana, Iowa, Massachusetts, Michigan, slightly incorrect. See "Sentencing Informa- Bureau of Justice Statistics has estimated all Texas, and West Virginia are custody, rather tlon" for the relevant jurisdictions in the Idaho figures from monthly prison reports of than jurisdiction counts. Most, but not all fiflanatory notes. the Idaho Department of Corrections. States, reserve prison for offenders igures inclUde both jail and prison inmates;


'J,'dble 5.5. Prisoners housed in jails because of overcrowded state facilities, by sex, 1984 and 1985

Prisoners in jails as percent

Number of Erisoners housed in jails of all

Regions and Total Male Female erisoners

jurisdictions 12/31/85 12/31/84 12/31/85 12/31/84 12/31/85 12/31/84 12/31/85

U.s. total 10,169 11,494 9,593 10,872 576 622 2.2%

Northeast 1,549 1,589 1,528 1,578 21 11 2.0

Maine 51 53 46 51 5 2 4.2 Massachusetts 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 New Jersey 1,486 1,536 1,470 1,527 16 9 13.1 Vermont 10 0 10 0 0 0 1.5

Midwest 132 135 89 97 43 38 .1

illinois 43 60 0 22 43 38 .2 Wisconsin 89 75 89 75 0 0 1.6

South 7,039 8,005 6,654 7,579 385 426 3.5

Alabama 398 457 382 436 16 21 3.6 Arkansas 115 0 115 0 0 0 2.5 Kentucky 826 715 800 700 26 15 16.6 Louisiana 2,923 2,885 2,677 2,659 246 226 21.0 Mississippi 933 1,296 899 1,237 34 59 14.6 South Carolina 430 474 430 474 0 0 4.1 Tennessee 628 1,515 628 1,450 / 65 8.8 Virginia 786 663 723 623 63 40 6.5

West 1,449 1,765 1,322 1,618 127 147 1.7

California 1,122 1,513 995 1,366 127 147 2.2 Colorado 245 159 245 159 0 0 7.3 Utah 33 32 33 32 0 0 2.0 Washington 49 61 49 61 0 0 .7

Note: See the questionnaire for category inmates In jails in their jurisdiction counts; definitions and the explanatory notes for however, the percent of jurisdiction popu-State-by-state variations from definitions. lation was calculated for all persons serving Unlisted jurisdictions either had combined sentences to prison, whether in prison or in jail-prison systems or did not report prisoners jail. held in local jails. Arkansas, Colorado, New Jersey, and Tennessee did not include the

/ Jurisdiction did not report category.

56 Con·eetional PopUlations in the United States, 1985

Table 5.S. Prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction, by race, 1985

Number of erisoners American

Prisoner Indian or Asian or Regions and population Alaskan Pacific Not jurisdic tions 12/31/85 White Black native .Islander known

U.S. total 502,376 260,847 227,137 4,790 1,904 7,698

Federal 40,223 26,123 13,066 710 324 ° State 462,153 234,724 214,071 4,080 1,580 7,698

Northeast 75,706 35,582 38,036 96 110 1,882

Connecticuta 6,149 2,210 2,765 5 7 1,162 Maine 1,226 1,193 15 18 ° ° Massachusetts 5,390 3,527 1,849 9 5 ° New Hampshire 683 669 14 ° ° ° New Jersey 11,335 3,841 7,483 ° ° 11

New York 34,712 17,032 17,497 58 93 32 Pennsylvania 14,227 6,184 8,035 6 2 ° Rhode islandll 1,307 926 378 ° 3 ° Vermonta 677 ° ° ° ° 677

Midwest 95,585 48,922 43,543 936 41 2,143

Illinois b 18,634 6,052 11,132 25 5 1,420 Indiana 9,904 6,433 3,464 7 ° ° Iowa 2,832 2,177 568 37 4 46 Kansas 4,732 2,975 1,678 65 14 ° Michigan 17,755 7,332 10,076 82 I 265 Minnesota 2,343 1,563 502 181 4 93

Missourib 9,796 5,878 3,918 ° ° 0 Nebraska 1,814 1,173 553 80 8 ° North Dakota 422 344 5 71 2 0 Ohio 20,864 10,986 9,553 12 2 311 South Dakota 1,047 785 22 240 ° ° Wisconsin 5,442 3,224 2,072 136 2 8

South 202,100 90,917 109,663 852 152 516 Alabama 11,015 4,436 6,560 8 11 ° Arkansasb 4,611 2,347 2,264 ° ° 0 Delawarell 7.,553 1,107 1,443 2 1 ° Dist. of Columbiaa,b 6,404 172 6,232 ° ° ° Florida b 28,600 14,330 14,142 ° 128 ° Georgia 16,014 6,483 9,531 / / I Kentucky 4,975 3,382 1,592 1 ° ° Louisiana 13,890 3,858 10,032 ° ° ° Maryland 13,005 3,609 9,370 6 ° ~ii Mississippi 6,392 1,940 4,324 7 7 114 North Carolina 17,344 7,591 9,341 352 ° 60 Oklahoma 8,330 5,259 2,434 472 2 163 South Carolina 10,510 4,159 6,326 4 3 18 Tenneaseec 7,127 3,904 3,153 / I 70 Texas 37,532 21,961 15,548 0 0 23 VirginiaC 12,073 4,914 7,111 0 0 48 West Virginia 1,725 1,465 260 ° ° 0

West 88,762 59,303 22,829 2,196 1,277 3,157 Alaskaa 2,329 1,309 218 780 22 0 Arizona 8,531 6,813 1,362 315 8 33 CaJiforni~ 50,111 31,027 16,954 245 66 1,819 Colorado 3,369 2,624 705 28 12 ° Hawaiia 2,111 504 102 12 1,045 448 Idahoe 1,344 1,258 32 48 6 0 Montanab 1,129 889 16 212 6 6 Nevada 3,771 2,236 1,240 40 40 215 New Mexico 2,313 1,935 239 71 4 64 Oregon 4,454 3,718 503 112 4 117 Utah 1,633 1,437 149 35 12 0 Washington 6,909 4,863 1,273 267 51 455 Wyoming 758 690 36 31 1 0

Note: See the questionnaire for category bThe jurisdiction estimates racial group definitinns and the explana tory notes for membership of population. See relevant State-by-8tate variations from definitions. iurJsdictions in the explanatory notes. All data for Arizona, California, the District 'rennessee and Virginia categorize persons of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, whose race Is neither black nor white as ~' >«sachusetts, Michigan, Texas, and West "Other," here reported as "Not known." VirgInia are custody, rather than jurisdiction dTexas l'eports only two racial categories: counts. white and non white. ,Jurisdiction did not report category. CSureau of Justice Statistics has estimated

Figures include both jail and prison inmates; all Idaho figures from monthly prison reports jails and prisons are combined in one system. of the Idaho Department of Corrections.


Table 5.'1. Male prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction, by race, 1935

Number of male !2risoners American

Prisoner Indian or Asian or Regions and population Alaskan Pacific Not jurisdictions 12/31/85 White Black native Islander known

U.s. total 479,277 249,418 216,344 4,480 1,800 7,235

Federal 37,819 24,771 12,064 681 303 0 State 441,458 224,647 204,280 3,799 1,497 7,235

Northeast 73,022 34,353 36,675 92 110 1,792

ConnecticutS 5,826 2,094 2,620 4 7 1,101 Maine 1,194 1,161 15 18 0 0 Massachusetts 5,079 3,326 1,740 8 5 0 New Hampshire 665 654 11 0 0 0 New Jersey 10,947 3,709 7,238 0 0 0

New York 33,656 16,518 16,958 56 93 31 Pennsylvania 13,727 5,988 7,731 6 2 0 Rhode islands 1,268 903 362 0 3 0 Vermont II 660 0 0 0 0 660

Midwest 91,263 47,064 41,221 883 38 2,057

illinois 17,961 5,828 10,721 18 4 1,390 Indianab 9,453 6,198 3,249 6 0 0 Iowa 2,716 2,088 545 35 4 44 Kansas 4,459 2,827 1,556 63 13 0 Michigan 16,941 7,108 9,497 80 / 256 Minnes~ta 2,252 1,504 480 174 3 91

Missourib 9,415 5,649 3,766 0 0 0 Nebraska 1,744 1,136 524 76 8 0 North Dakota 413 339 4 68 2 0 Ohio 19,711 10,523 8,904 12 2 270 South Dakota 1,008 760 21 227 0 0 Wisconsin 5,190 3,104 1,954 124 2 6

South 193,114 86,950 104,733 800 146 485

Alabamab 10,453 4,210 6,227 5 11 0 Arkansas 4,394 2,241 2,153 0 0 0 Delawares 2,422 1,063 1,356 2 1 0 Dist. of Columbiaa,b 6,176 155 6,021 0 0 0 Florida b 27,296 13,747 13,427 0 122 0 Georgia 15,181 6,138 9,043 / / / Kentucky 4,751 3,230 1,520 1 0 0 Louisiana 13,280 3,718 9,562 0 0 0 MarylandO 12,594 3,476 9,093 6 0 19 Mississippi 6,103 1,831 4,156 6 7 103 North Carolina 16,597 7,276 8,930 332 0 59 Oklahomac 7,823 4,952 2,271 444 2 154

South Ca~na 10,009 3,953 6,032 4 3 17 Tennessee 6,825 3,716 3,045 / / 64 Texase 35,938 21,087 14,828 0 0 23 Virginiad 11,604 4,733 6,825 / / 46 West Virginia 1,668 1,424 244 0 0 0

West 84,059 56,280 21,651 2,024 1,203 2,901 Alaskan 2,207 1,238 198 749 22 0 Arizona 8,134 6,499 1,297 298 8 32 Californi~ 47,205 29,173 16,138 179 63 1,652 Colorado 3,238 2,534 665 27 12 0 HawapB,o 1,963 491 98 8 982 384 Idaho 1,293 1,215 31 41 6 0 Montana 1,090 861 16 201 6 6 Nevada 3,512 2,109 1,123 35 35 210 New Mexico 2,187 1,826 230 68 4 59 Oregon 4,265 3,582 462 100 4 117 utah 1,570 1,384 142 32 12 0 Washington 6,679 4,712 1,218 260 48 441 Wyoming 716 656 33 26 1 0

Note: See the questionnaire for category membership of population. See relevant definitions and the explanatory notes for ~risdictions in the explanatory notes. State-by-8tate variations from definitions. Hawaii, Maryland, and Oklahoma estimate All data for Arizona, California, the District ~e number of male and female prisoners. of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, ennessee and Virginia categorize persons Massachusetts, Michigan, Texas, and West whose race is neither black nor white as Virginia are custody, rather than jurisdiction "Other," here reported as "Not known." counts. eTexas reports only two racial ca tegories: , Jurisdiction did not report category. r,hlte and non white.

Figures Include both jail and prison inmates; Bureau of Justice Statistics has estimated ~lS and prisons are combined in one system. all Idaho figures from monthly prison reports

he jurisdiotion estimates racial group of the Idaho Department of Corrections.


Table 5.8. Female prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction, by race, 1985

Number of female erison",,':; Amerioan

Prisoner Indian or Asian or Regions and population Alaskan Pacific Not jurisdictions 12/31/85 White Black native lslander known

U.s. total 23,099 11,429 10,793 310 104 463

Federal 2,404 1,352 1,002 29 21 0 etate 20,695 10,077 9,791 281 83 463

Northeast 2,684 1,229 1,361 4 0 90

Connecticuta 323 116 145 1 0 61 Maine 32 32 0 0 0 0 Massachusetts 311 201 109 1 0 0 New Hampshire 18 15 3 0 0 0 New Jersey 388 132 245 0 0 11

New York 1,056 514 539 2 0 1 Pennsylvania 500 196 304 0 0 0 Rhode Island/! 39 23 16 0 0 0 Vermont8 17 0 0 0 0 17

Midwest 4,322 1,858 2,322 53 3 86

illinois 673 224 411 7 1 30 Indianab 451 235 215 1 0 0 Iowa 116 89 23 2 0 2 Kansas 273 148 122 2 1 0 Michigan 814 224 579 ~ I 9 Minnesota 91 59 22 7 1 2

Missourib 381 229 152 0 0 0 Nebraska 70 37 29 4 0 0 North Dakota 9 5 1 3 0 0 Ohio 1,153 463 649 0 0 41 South Dakota 39 25 1 13 0 0 Wisconsin 252 120 118 12 0 2

South 8,986 3,967 4,930 52 6 31

Alabamab

562 226 333 3 0 0 Arkansas 217 106 111 0 0 0 Delaware4 131 44 87 0 0 0 Dist. of Columbiaa,b 228 17 211 0 0 0 Florida b 1,304 583 715 0 6 0 Georgia 833 345 488 / / / Kentucky 224 152 72 0 0 0 Louisiana 610 140 470 0 0 0 MarylandC 411 133 277 0 0 1 Mississippi 289 109 168 1 0 11 North Carolina 747 315 411 20 0 1 Oklahomac 507 307 163 28 0 9

South Ca~na 501 206 294 0 0 1 Tennessee 302 188 lOB / / 6 Texase 1,594 374 720 0 0 0 Virginiad 469 181 286 0 0 2 West Virginia 57 41 16 0 0 0

West 4,703 3,023 1,178 172 74 256

Alaskaa 122 71 20 31 0 0 Arizona 397 314 65 17 0 1 Californi~ 2,906 1,854 816 66 3 167 Colorado 131 90 40 1 0 0 Hawap4,c 148 13 4 4 63 64 Idaho 51 43 1 7 0 0

Montana 39 28 0 11 0 0 Nevada 259 127 117 5 5 5 New Mexico 126 109 9 3 0 5 Oregon 189 136 41 12 0 0 Utah 63 53 7 3 0 0 Washington 230 151 55 7 3 14 Wyoming 42 34 3 5 0 0

Note: See the qUestionnaire for category membership of population. See relevant definitions and the explanatory notes for turlsdictions in the explanatory notes. State-by-State variations from definitions. Hawaii, Maryland, and Oklahoma estimate All data for Arizona, California, the District ~ number of male and female prisoners. of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, ennessee and Virginia categorize persons Massachusetts, Michigan, Texas, and West whose race is neither black nor white as Virginia are custody, rather than jurisdiction "Other," here reported as "Not known." counts. e.rexas reports only two racial categories: / Jurisdiction did not report category. r,hite and non white. 8FIgures include both jail and prison inmates; Bureau of Justice Statistics has estimated l:;IS and prisons are combined in one system.

he jurisdiction estimates racial group all Idaho figures from monthly prison reports of the Idaho Department of Corrections.


, ,

Table 5.9 Prisoners under jurisdiction of State or Federal correctional authorities, by sex and Hispanic origin, 1985

Number of [2risoners Total Male Female

l'rlsoner Non- Non- Non-Regions and population Hls- His- Not His- His- Not His- His- Not jurisdictions 12/31/85 panic panic known Total panic panic known Total panic panic known

U.s. total 502,376 54,672 292,394 155,310 479,277 52,460 278,556 148,261 23,099 2,212 13,838 7,049

Federal 40,223 10,053 30,170 0 37,819 9,606 28,213 0 2,404 447 1,957 0 state 462,153 44,619 257,224 155,318 441,458 42,854 250,343 148,261 20,695 1,765 11,881 7,049

Northeast 75,706 12,654 48,105 14,947 73,022 12,272 46,332 14,418 2,684 382 1,773 529

Connee ticu ta 6,149 1,162 4,987 0 5,826 1,101 4,725 0 323 61 262 0 Maine 1,226 2 1,224 0 1,194 2 1,192 0 32 0 32 0 Massachusetts 5,390 542 4,848 0 5,079 514 4,565 0 311 28 283 0 New Hampshire 683 7 676 0 665 6 659 0 18 1 17 0 New Jersey 11,335 1,565 9,759 11 10,947 1,533 9,414 0 388 32 345 11 New York 34,712 9,273 25,407 32 33,656 9,016 24,609 31 1,056 257 798 1 Pennsylvania 14,227 0 0 14,227 13,727 0 0 13,727 500 0 0 500 Rhode Islanda 1,307 103 1,204 0 1,268 100 1,168 0 39 3 36 0 Vermonta 677 0 0 677 660 0 0 660 17 0 0 17

Midwest 95,585 2,494 82,898 10,193 91,263 2,443 79,057 9,763 4,322 51 3,841 430

Illinois b 18,634 1,345 17,214 75 17,961 1,320 16,571 70 673 25 643 5 Indiana 9,904 88 9,816 0 9,453 85 9,368 0 451 3 448 0 Iowa 2,832 46 2,786 0 2,716 44 2,672 0 116 2 114 0 Kansas 4,732 181 4,551 0 4,459 174 4,285 0 273 7 266 0 MichiganC 17,755 206 17,549 0 16,941 199 16,742 0 814 7 807 0 Minnesota 2,343 86 2,255 2 2,252 84 2,166 2 91 2 89 0 Missouri 9,796 0 0 9,796 9,415 0 0 9,415 381 0 0 381 Nebraska 1,814 59 1,754 1 1,744 59 1,685 0 70 0 69 1 Norta Dakota 422 2 420 0 413 2 411 0 9 0 9 0 Ohio 20,864 165 20,388 311 19,711 165 19,276 270 1,153 0 1,112 41 South Dakota 1,047 9 1,038 0 1,008 9 999 0 39 0 39 0 Wisconsin 5,442 307 5,127 8 5,190 302 4,882 6 252 5 245 2

South 202,100 10,167 98,583 93,350 193,114 9,830 93,837 89,447 8,986 337 4,746 3,903 Alabama 11,015 1 11,014 0 10,453 1 10,452 0 562 0 562 0 Arkansasb 4,611 23 4,588 0 4,394 23 4,371 ° 217 ° 217 ° Delawares 2,553 74 2,479 ° 2,422 73 2,349 0 131 1 130 ° Dist. of Columbiaa 6,404 0 0 6,404 6,176 0 ° 6,176 228 ° ° 228 Florida 28,600 2,088 26,512 0 27,296 1,993 25,303 0 1,304 95 1,209 0 Georgia 16,014 0 ° 16,014 15,181 0 0 15,181 833 0 0 833 Kentucky 4,975 0 0 4,975 4,751 0 0 4,751 224 0 0 224 Louisian~ 13,890 0 0 13,890 13,280 0 0 13,280 610 0 0 610 Maryland 13,005 0 ° 13,005 12,594 0 0 12,594 411 0 0 411 MissiSSippi 6,392 13 6,265 114 6,103 11 5,989 1(}3 289 2 276 11 North Carglina 17,344 0 0 17,344 16,597 0 0 16,597 747 0 ° 747 Oklahoma 8,330 112 8,167 51 7,823 108 7,669 46 507 4 498 5 South Carolina 10,510 34 8,123 2,353 10,009 33 7,686 2,290 501 1 437 63 Tennessee 7,127 0 0 7,127 6,825 0 ° 6,825 302 0 0 302 Texas 37,532 7,821 29,711 0 35,938 7,587 28,351 ° 1,594 234 1,360 ° Virginia 12,073 0 0 12,073 11,604 !i ° 1l,604 469 0 0 469 West Virginia 1,725 1 1,724 0 1,668 1 1,667 0 57 0 57 0

West 88,762 19,304 32,638 36,820 84,059 18,309 31,117 34,633 4,703 995 1,521 2,187 Alaskaa 2,329 5 2,324 0 2,207 4 2,203 0 122 1 121 ° Arizona 8,531 2,164 6,367 0 8,134 2,081 6,053 ° 397 83 314 ° Callforni~c 50,111 13,793 0 36,318 47,205 13,014 0 34,191 2,906 779 0 2,127 COlorad~ 3,369 833 2,536 0 3,238 802 2,436 ° 131 31 100 0 Hawell 2,111 73 1,697 341 1,963 70 1,607 286 148 3 90 55 Idaho 1,344 128 1,216 0 1,293 125 1,168 0 51 3 48 0 Montanab 1,129 34 1,095 0 1,090 34 1,056 ° 39 0 39 ° Nevada 3,771 215 3,556 ° 3,512 210 3,302 ° 259 5 254 0 New Mexico 2,313 1,161 1,088 64 2,187 1,098 1,030 59 126 63 58 5 Oregon 4,454 158 4,200 96 4,265 158 4,01l 96 189 ° 189 ° Utah 1,633 292 1,341 0 1,570 282 1,288 0 63 10 53 0 Washington 6,909 384 6,524 1 6,679 370 6,308 1 230 14 216 0 Wyoming 758 64 694 0 716 61 655 0 42 3 39 0

Note: See the questionnaire for category SFigures inclUde both iail and prison inmates; Mexican Americans as Hispanic prisoners and de finition~ and the explanatory notes for ~ails and prisons are combined in one system. reported other Hispanic inmates to be non-State-by-5tate variations from definitions_ Arkansas, Colorado, Hawaii, Indiana, and Hispanic. Ohio reported only on Hispanic All data for California, the District of Montana estimated the number of Hispanic srisoners in custody. ColUmbia, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, prisoners. Hawaii, Maryland, and Oklahoma Bureau of Justice Statistics has estimated Massachusetts, Michigan, Texas, and West estimated the number of male and female all Idaho figures fl-om monthly prison reports Virginia are custody, rather than jurisdiction grisoners. of the Idaho Department of Corrections. counts. Callfornia and Michigan categorized only


~"---------------------------~.----

Table 5.10a. Sentenced prisoners admitted to state or Federal jurisdiction, by type of admission, 1985

Number of sentenced I2risoners admitted during 1985 Parole or other con-

New ditional Returns Transfers Prisoner court release Escapees from from other

Regions and population commit- violators and AWOLS appeal jurls- Other jurisdictions 12/31/84 Total ments returned returned or bond dictions admissions

U.s. total 443,398 271,366 198,499 58,694 8,305 362 4,547 959

Federala 27,602 19,364 15,368 2,502 628 46 820 state 415,796 252,002 183,131 56,192 7,677 316 3,727 959

Northeast 67,653 35,461 25,962 6,954 671 115 1,722 37

Connecticutb 3,748 2,740 2,305 345 85 4 1 0 Maine 847 510 410 76 6 11 7 0 MassachusettsC 4,738 3,305 1,823 653 239 I 590 0 New Hampshire 581 340 254 76 10 I 0 0 New Jersey 10,363 5,893 4,038 1,773 52 30 / 0

New York 33,109 15,569 12,420 2,151 173 39 749 37 Pennsylvania 12,998 6,172 4,083 1,651 48 21 369 0 Rhode Isbanda,b 891 517 319 152 30 10 6 0 Vermont 378 415 310 77 28 / I I

Midwest 85,237 49,742 36,195 11,164 1,960 34 364 25

Illinois 17,114 10,787 7,407 3,228 130 I / 22 Indiana 9,063 4,404 4,135 183 86 I 0 0 Iowa 2,836 2,244 1,456 484 141 23 139 1 Kansas 4,244 2,229 1,487 694 31 / 17 0 Michigan 14,604 8,373 5,093 1,967 1,219 / 94 / Minnesota 2,167 t,634 1,243 373 18 0 0 0

Missouri 8,770 4,781 3,397 1,098 279 7 0 0 Nebraska 1,567 710 614 72 16 0 8 0 Norta Dakota 375 242 215 26 1 0 0 0 Ohio 18,619 11,118 8,633 2,349 36 4 96 0 South Dakota 904 631 546 72 3 0 10 0 Wisconsin 4,974 2,589 1,969 618 / I / 2

South 186,881 107,827 85,005 18,204 2,800 106 1,405 307 Alabama 10,246 4,407 4,133 52 29 88 8 97 Arkansasa 4,482 2,316 1,681 620 15 I 0 0 Delawarea,b 1,546 920 672 21 177 0 0 50 Dist. of Columbia/l,b 3,718 3,450 1,662 579 207 I 1,002 0 Florida 26,759 16,416 14,525 1,058 685 I 60 88 Georgia 14,596 9,897 7,858 1,816 169 / 54 0 Kentucky 4,820 3,112 2,042 978 78 I 0 14 Louisiana 13,659 3,893 3,547 298 45 0 3 0 MarylandC 12,442 4,051 3,564 371 87 I 27 2 Mississippi 5,974 2,925 2,316 495 77 I 11 26 North Carolinaa 15,219 9,269 8,274 534 418 0 1<1 29 Oklahomaa 7,872 4,354 3,997 '(4 275 0 8 0 South Carolina 9,315 4,949 3,750 987 194 18 I 0 Tennessee 7,307 4,855 3,535 1,106 214 0 0 0 Texas 36,682 26,759 18,467 8,261 28 / 3 0 Virginia 10,665 5,357 4,158 915 71 / 213 0 West Virginia 1,579 897 824 39 31 0 2 1

West 76,025 58,972 35,969 19,870 2,246 &1 236 590 Alaskab 1,293 903 825 49 7 1 21 0 Arizona 7,646 4,125 3,244 743 89 2 47 0 California 41,652 37,883 20,864 15,786 667 41 / 525 Colora~oa 3,231 2,627 1,931 458 222 8 8 0 Hawaii ,c 1.330 437 377 56 0 0 4 0 Idahoe 1,253 957 603 243 16 5 87 3 Montana 964 555 380 139 35 1 0 0 Nevada 3,488 1,739 1,475 227 37 / 0 0 New Mexico 1,908 1,797 1,369 359 46 2 21 0 Oregon 4,224 3,711 2,138 835 722 0 15 1 Utah 1,491 995 525 374 96 0 0 0 Washington 6,821 2,842 1,883 569 296 / 3!l 61 Wyoming 724 401 355 32 13 1 0

Note: See the questionnaire for category , Jurisdiction did not report ca tegory. drhe yearend total' of prisoners sentenced definitions and the explanatory notes for Counts of inmates by sentence iength may to more than 1 year in Ohio includes 1,582 State-by-State variations from definitions. be slightly incorrect. See "Sentencing infor- men and 181 women with sentences of a year All data for Arizona, California, the District mation" under the relevant jUrisdictions in or less. of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, tha explana tory notes. eBureau of Justice Statistics has estimated Massachusetts, Michigan, Texas, and West bFigures include both jail and prison inmates) all Idaho figures from monthly prison reports Virginia are custody, rather than jurisdiction tails and prisons are combined in one system. of the Idaho Department of Corrections. counts. Hawaii, Maryland, and Massachusetts ••• Not applicable. estimate for admission categories •

Prisoners ill 1985 61

Table 5.10b. Sentenced prisoners released (rom state or Federal jurisdiction, by we of release, 1985

Number of sentenced I2rlsoners released during: 1985 Transfers

Condi- Uncondl- Escapes Out on to other Prisoner Regions and tional tional and appeal juris- Other population jurisdictions Total releases releases AWOLs 01' bond dictions Deaths releases 12/31/85

U.s. total 234,496 174,916 41,915 9,578 542 4,433 1,175 1,937 480,268

Federala 14,271 8,748 4,188 515 51 259 87 423 32,695 state 220,225 166,168 37,727 9,063 491 4,174 1,088 1,514 447,573

Northeast 30,688 23,832 3,653 786 253 1,787 294 83 72,426

Connecticu tb 2,445 781 1,437 138 33 45 11 0 4,043 Maine 390 184 177 8 10 5 6 0 967 MassachusettsC 2,883 1,302 679 264 / 628 10 0 5,160 New Hampshire 238 162 58 8 6 0 4 0 683 New Jersey 4,921 4,480 266 53 61 0 61 0 11,335

New York 13,966 12,362 414 181 87 ns 163 31 34,712 Pennsylvania ,b 5,051 4,016 472 74 39 365 35 50 14,119 Rhode lslanda 444 353 29 29 15 16 2 0 964 Vermonta 350 192 121 31 2 0 2 2 443

Midwest 39,853 31,457 5,182 2,376 48 565 153 72 95,126

illinois 9,267 S,290 791 123 / / 28 35 18,634 Indiana 3,852 3,616 87 131 I 0 18 0 9,615 Iowa 2,248 1,763 184 147 15 136 3 0 2,832 Kansas 1,741 1,630 5 39 6 52 9 0 4,732 Michigan 5,222 3,281 280 1,522 I 103 36 I 17,755 Minnesota 1,458 1,327 104 22 0 0 5 0 2,343 Missouri 3,755 2,835 531 340 13 16 20 0 9,796 Nebraska 544 273 227 9 10 22 3 0 1,733 Nort~ Dakota 242 204 37 1 0 0 0 0 375 Ohio 8,873 5,908 2,669 37 4 230 25 0 20,864 South Dakota 500 319 166 5 0 6 4 0 1,035 Wisconsin 2,151 2,011 101 / / 0 2 37 5,412

South 99,666 67,928 25,900 3,339 89 1,368 488 554 195,042

Alabama 3,904 1,930 1,694 149 35 61 23 12 10,749 Arkansasa 2,187 1,849 308 17 / 2 11 0 4,611 Delawarea,b 707 439 94 135 0 0 2 37 1,759 Dist. of Columbiaa,b 2,564 805 571 279 / 885 24 0 4,604 Florida 14,693 3,020 10,577 898 / 28 49 121 28,482 Georgia 9,378 6,221 2,690 200 31 201 35 0 15,115

Kentucky 2,957 2,316 492 85 / 0 9 55 4,975 Louisiana 3,662 2,194 1,406 37 2 6 17 0 13,890 MarylandC 4,190 3,558 488 86 / 36 21 1 12,303 MiSSissippi 2,691 1,968 549 88 / 38 12 36 6,208 North Carolina 8,481 5,708 2,343 400 0 5 19 6 16,007 Oklahomaa 3,896 924 2,529 391 2 19 31 0 8,330

South Carolina 4,356 2,959 1,117 246 13 0 21 0 9,908 Tennessee 5,035 4,374 394 245 0 0 22 0 7,127 Texas 25,909 25,171 355 25 / 3 110 245 37,532 Virginia 4,305 3,896 217 28 4 82 78 0 11,717 West Virginia 751 596 76 30 2 2 4 41 1,725

West 50,018 42,951 2,992 2,562 101 454 153 805 84,979

Alaskab 666 488 116 9 11 37 5 0 1,530 Arizona 3,498 3,095 245 121 0 23 14 0 8,273 California 31,256 28,938 306 892 45 273 69 733 48,279 COIora~o 2,489 2,088 90 220 15 4 4 68 3,369 Hawaii ,c 339 327 12 0 0 0 0 0 1,428 Idahoe 866 254 494 20 5 37 2 4 1,344 Montana 390 276 74 32 2 2 4 0 1,129 Nevada 1,456 850 564 31 3 0 8 0 3,771 New Mexico 1,593 918 622 45 0 4 4 0 2,112 Oregon 3,481 2,555 114 791 0 3 18 0 4,454 Utah 81;a 721 49 87 0 0 6 0 1,623 Washington 2,754 2,234 166 300 17 21 16 0 6,909 Wyoming 367 207 140 14 3 3 0 758

Note; See the qUestionnaire for category 'JUrisdiction did not report category. estimate the numbers for release categories. definitions and the explanatory notes for Counts of inmates by sentence length ~he yearend total of prisoners sentenced State-by-State variations from defini- may be slightly Incorrect. See "Sen- to more than 1 year In Ohio includes 1,582 tions. All data for Arizona, California, teneing information" under the relevant men and 181 women with sentences of a the District of ColUmbia, Florida, ~urisdictions in the eXplanatory notes. ~ar or less. Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Massachusetts, Figures include both jail and prison ureau of Justice Statistics has esti-Michigan, Texas, and West Virginia are inmates; jails and pl'lsons are combined in mated all Idaho figures from monthly custody, rather than jurisdiction cOlintS. one system, prison reports of the Idaho Department ••• Not applicable. cHawail, Maryland, and Massachusetts of Corrections.


Table S.l1a. Sentenced male prisoners admitted to State or Federal jurisdiction, by type or admission, 1985

Number of male ~risoners admitted during: 1985 Parole or other con-

Number New ditional Escapees Returns of male court release and from Transfers

Regions and prisoners commit- violators AWOLS appeal from other other jurisdictions 12/31/84 Total ments returned returned or bond jurisdictions admissions

U.s. total 424,193 253,821 184,594 55,996 7,779 336 4,280 8:16

Federala 25,958 17,824 14,133 2,342 578 45 726 / state 398,235 235,997 170,461 53,654 7,201 291 3,554 836

Northeast 65,447 33,841 24,636 6,733 651 109 1,675 37

Connecticutb 3,608 2,638 2,224 332 78 3 1 0 Maine 826 496 397 76 6 10 7 0 MassachusettsC 4,584 2,996 1,542 636 234 / 584 ° New Hampshire 567 329 245 75 9 / ° ° New Jersey 9,995 5,603 3,817 1,706 52 28 / 0 New Yorl<' 32,091 14,959 11,925 2,068 169 37 723 37 Pennsylvania ,b 12,535 5,911 3,878 1,612 46 21 354 0 Rhode Isbanda 872 500 304 151 29 10 6 ° Vermont 369 409 304 77 28 / / /

Midwest 81,433 46,456 33,663 10,640 1,786 31 333 3 Illinois 16,479 W,187 7,006 3,083 98 I / ° Indiana 8,686 4,081 3,835 175 71 / 0 0 Iowa 2,733 2,115 1,372 456 133 22 131 1 Kansas 4,009 2,053 1,349 660 29 / 15 0 Michigan 13,921 7,867 4,779 1,885 1,120 I 83 / Minnesota 2,088 1,527 1,161 351 15 ° ° 0 Missouri 8,425 4,517 3,187 1,057 267 6 0 0 Nebraska 1,505 662 581 65 16 / 0 0 Norta Dakota 367 235 209 25 1 0 ° ° Ohio 17,601 10,184 7,841 2,212 33 3 95 ° South Dakota 872 588 508 68 3 0 9 ° Wisconsin 4,747 2,440 1,835 603 / / / 2

South 178,844 100,681 78,876 17,480 2,706 96 1,316 207 Alabama 9,749 4,050 3,795 49 29 79 8 90 Arkansase 4,286 2,124 1,528 582 14 / ° 0 Delawarea,b 1,488 859 629 19 164 ° ° 47 Dist. of Columbiall,b 3,633 3,263 1,554 563 201 / 945 ° Florida 25,624 15,249 13,491 1,035 665 / 58 / Georgia 13,907 9,225 7,283 1,743 152 I 47 ° Kentucky 4,617 2,910 1,877 944 75 / ° 14 Louisiana 13,051 3,657 3,325 287 43 0 2 0 MarylandC 12,059 3,837 3,366 361 86 / 22 2 Mississippi 5,728 2,768 2,171 485 77 / 11 24 North Carolinaa 14,612 8,731 7,764 511 413 ° 14 29 Oklahomaa,c 7,400 4,076 3,741 70 257 0 8 0 South Carolina 8,943 4,622 3,455 960 190 17 / 0 Tennessee 6,993 4,517 3,217 1,086 214 0 0 0 Texas 34,987 24,910 16,995 7,887 27 / 1 0 Virginia 10,239 5,026 3,895 861 70 I 200 0 West Virginia 1,528 857 790 37 29 / 0 1

West 72,511 55,019 33,286 18,801 2,058 55 230 589 Alaskab 1,251 867 792 47 7 1 20 0 Arizona 7,290 3,885 3,023 730 85 2 45 0 California 39,623 35,230 19,170 14,889 610 36 / 525 COlora~Oa 3,091 2,477 1,798 442 222 7 8 0 Hawaii ,e 1,273 396 348 44 0 0 4 0 ldahoe 1,203 924 582 235 15 5 84 3 Montana 929 519 362 125 31 1 0 0 Nevada 3,260 1,605 1,355 213 37 / ° 0 New Mexico 1,839 1,643 1,244 335 41 2 21 ° Oregon 4,054 3,456 1,993 814 633 ° 15 1 Utah 1,446 933 493 350 90 0 0 0 Washington 6,567 2,711 1,798 546 274 / 33 60 Wyoming 685 373 328 31 13 1 0

Note: See the questionnaire for category aCounts of inmates sentenced to more gories. Hawaii, Marylalld, and Oklahoma definitions and the explana tory notes for than 1 year may include some sentenced to ~timate the number of women and men. State-by-State variations from defini- a year or less. See "Sentencing informa- he yearend total of prisoners sentenced tions. All data for Arizolll1, California, the tlon'! under the relevant jurisdictions in the to more than 1 year in Ohio includes 1,582 District of ColumbIa, Florida, Georgia, sxplanatory notes. men and 181 women with sentences of a Indiana, IOWa, MlIssschusetts, Michigan, Figures include both jail and prison ~ar or less. Texas, and West Virginia are custody, inmates; jails and prisons are combined in Ureau of Justice Statistics has estl-rather than jUrisdiction counts. one system. mated all Idaho figures from monthly ••• Not applicable. cHawaif, Maryland, and Massachusetts prison reports of the Idaho Department of I Jurisdiction did not report category. estimate the numbers in admission cate- Correc tions.


Table 5.11b. sentenced male prisoners released from State or Federal jurisdiction, by type of release, 1985

Number of male I2l'1soners released during: 1985 Transfers Number

Condi- Uncondi- Escapes Out on to other of male Regions and tiona I tional and appeal juris- Other prisoners jurisdictions Total releases releases AWOLs or bond dictions Deaths releases 12/31/85

U.s. total 219,042 163,486 39,158 8,968 509 4,137 1,148 1,636 458,972

Federals 13,203 8,027 3,895 495 47 244 82 413 30,579 state 205,839 155,459 35,459 8,473 462 3,893 1,066 1,223 428,393

}{ortheast 29,182 22,727 3,371 758 240 1,727 281 78 70,106

Connecticutb 2,353 752 1,399 123 30 38 11 0 3,893 Maine 380 180 171 8 10 5 6 0 942 MassachusettsC 2,593 1,213 489 259 / 622 10 0 4,987 New Hampshire 231 158 57 7 5 0 4 0 655 New Jersey 4,651 4,236 250 53 55 0 57 0 10,947

New York 13,394 11,844 399 178 85 700 157 31 33,656 Pennsylvania /J 4,809 3,820 458 70 38 346 32 45 13,637 Rhode Tslandll 426 336 28 29 15 16 2 0 946 Vermonta 345 186 120 31 2 / 2 2 433

Midwest 37,048 29,337 4,763 2,167 45 517 149 70 90,841

lllinois 8,705 7,807 756 80 / / 27 35 17,961 Indiana 3,578 3,365 78 118 / 0 17 0 9,189 Iowa 2,132 1,672 175 139 14 129 3 0 2,716 Kansas 1,603 1,504 5 34 6 45 9 0 4,459 Michigan 4,847 3,0~5 253 .1,408 / 95 36 / 16,941 Minnesota 1,363 1,240 102 17 0 0 4 0 2,252

Missouri 3,527 2,646 515 321 11 14 20 0 9,415 Nebraska 496 261 213 9 10 0 3 0 1,671 Norta Dakota 235 198 36 1 0 0 0 0 367 Ohio 8,074 5,401 2,381 35 4 229 24 0 19,711 South Dakota 464 298 152 5 0 5 4 0 996 Wisconsin 2,024 1,890 97 / / 0 2 35 5,163

South 92,902 63,296 24,301 3,208 78 1,206 485 328 186,623

Alabama 3,590 1,752 1,584 134 30 56 23 11 10,209 Arkansasa 2,016 1,713 274 16 / 2 11 0 4,394 Delawarea/J 660 419 84 124 0 0 2 31 1,687 Dist. of Columbiaa/J 2,358 764 547 273 / 750 24 0 4,538 Florida 13,691 2,759 9,86l! 867 / 27 49 121 27,182 Georgia 8,764 5,778 2,552 178 30 191 35 0 14,368 Kentucky 2,776 2,164 467 84 / 0 9 52 4,751 Louisiana 3,428 2,030 1,337 37 2 6 16 0 13,280 MarylandC 3,954 3,387 430 82 / 33 21 1 11,942 Mississippi 2,562 1,859 531 88 / 38 12 34 5,934 North Carolinall 7,994 5,331 2,241 398 0 5 19 0 15,349 Oklahomall,c 3,653 865 2,366 370 2 19 31 0 7,823 South Carolina 4,105 2,788 1,047 240 11 0 19 0 9,460 Tennessee 4,685 4,066 360 237 0 0 22 0 6,825 Texas 23,959 23,445 341 25 / 1 110 37 35,938 Virginia 3,990 3,604 199 28 3 78 78 0 11,275 West Virginia 717 572 73 27 / 0 4 41 1,668

West 46,707 40,099 2,828 2,340 99 443 151 747 80,823 Alaskab 642 470 112 9 11 36 4 0 1,476 Arizona 3,281 2,893 237 116 0 21 14 0 7,894 California 29,092 26,922 290 818 44 270 68 680 45,761 Coloraioa 2,330 1,951 87 208 14 3 4 63 3,238 Hawaii ,c 321 309 12 0 0 0 0 0 1,:)48 Idahoe 834 245 475 19 5 84 2 4 1,293 Montana 358 253 69 28 2 2 4 0 1,090 Nevada 1,353 783 534 25 3 0 8 0 3,512 New Mexico 1,491 871 571 42 0 3 4 0 1,991 Oregon 3,245 2,415 107 702 0 3 18 0 4,265 Utah 819 685 48 80 0 0 6 0 1,560 Washington 2,599 2,110 156 279 17 21 16 0 6,679 Wyoming 342 192 130 14 3 3 0 716

Note: See the questlrmnaire for category / Jurisdiction did not report category. Maryland, and Oklahoma estimate the definitions and the explanatory notes for aCounts of inmates sentenced to more than 1 ~mber of women and men. State-by-State variations from definitions. year may include some sentenced to a year or he yearend total of prisoners sentenced All data for Arizona, California, the District less. See "Sentencing informa tkm" under the to more than 1 year in Ohio includes 1,582 of ColUmbia, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, ~evant jurisdictions in the explanatory notes. men and 181 women with sentences of a year Massachusetts, Michigan, Texas, and West igures include both jail and prison inmates; or less. Virginia are custody, rather than jurisdiction ~ails and prisons are combined in one system. Ilaureau of Justice Sta tis tics has estimated counts. Hawaii, Maryland, and Massachusetts estimate all Idaho figures from monthly prison reports ... Not applicable. the numbers in release categories. Hawall, of the Idaho Department of Corrections.


Table 5.12a. Sentenced female prisoners admitted to State or Federal jurisdiction, by type of admission, 1985

Number of female Erisoners admitted during: 1985 Parole or othel' con-

Number of New ditional Escapees Retul'ns Transfers female court release and from from other

RegfCJils and prisoners commlt- violators AWOLS appeal juris- Othel' jurlsdietions 12/31/84 Total ments returned r~~llrned or bond dictions admissions

U.s. total 19,205 17 ,545 13,905 2,698 526 26 267 123

Federals 1,644 1,540 1,235 160 50 1 94 1 State 17,561 16,005 12,670 2,538 476 25 173 123

Northeast 2,206 1,620 1,326 221 20 6 47 0

Connecticutb 140 102 81 13 7 1 0 0 Maine 21 14 13 0 0 1 0 0 MassachusettsC 154 309 281 17 5 I 6 0 New Hampshire 14 11 9 1 1 I 0 0 New Jersey 368 290 221 67 0 2 I 0

New York 1,018 610 495 83 4 2 26 0 Pennsylvania ,b 463 261 205 39 2 0 15 0 Rhode IslandS 19 17 15 1 1 0 0 0 Vermonta 9 6 6 I I I /

Midwest 3,804 3,286 2,532 524 174 3 31 22

Illinois 635 600 401 145 32 I I 22 I:,jlana 377 323 300 8 15 1 0 a Iowa 103 129 84 28 8 1 8 0 Kansas 235 176 138 34 2 I 2 0 Michigan 683 506 314 82 99 I 11 / Minnesota 79 107 82 22 3 0 0 0

Missouri 345 264 210 41 12 1 0 0 Nebraska 62 48 33 7 0 0 8 0 Norta Dakota 8 7 6 1 0 0 0 0 Ohio 1,018 934 792 137 3 1 1 0 south Dakota 32 43 38 4 0 0 1 0 Wisconsin 227 149 134 15 I I I 0

South 8,037 7,146 6,129 724 94 10 89 100

Alabama 497 357 338 3 0 9 0 7 Arkansas8 196 192 153 38 1 I 0 0 Delawarea,b 58 61 43 2 13 0 0 3 Dist, of Columblas,b 85 187 108 16 6 I 57 0 Florida 1,135 1,167 1,034 23 20 1 2 88 Georgia 689 672 575 73 17 / 7 0 Kentucky 203 202 165 34 3 I 0 0 Louisiana 608 236 222 11 2 0 1 0 MarylandQ 383 214 198 10 1 I 5 0 MiSSissippi 246 157 145 10 0 I 0 2 North Carolina- 607 S3C 510 23 5 0 0 0 Oklahomaa,e 472 278 256 4 18 0 0 0 South Carolina 372 327 295 27 4 1 1 0 Tennessee 314 338 318 20 0 0 0 0 Texas 1,695 1,849 1,472 374 1 / 2 0 Virginia 426 331 263 54 1 I 13 0 West Virginia 51 40 34 2 2 0 2 0

West 3,514 3,953 2,683 1,069 188 6 6 1 Alaskab 42 36 33 2 0 v 1 0 Arizona 356 240 221 13 4 0 2 0 California 2,OZ9 2,653 1,694 891 57 5 1 0 cOloraiod 140 150 133 16 1 1 0 0 Hawaii ,e 57 41 29 0 0 0 0 0 Idllhoe 50 33 21 8 1 0 3 0 Montana 35 36 18 14 <1 0 0 0 Nevada 228 134 120 14 0 / 0 0 New Mexico 69 154 125 24 5 0 0 0 Oregon 170 255 145 21 89 0 0 0 Utah 45 62 32 24 6 0 0 0 Washington 254 131 85 23 22 / 0 1 Wyoming 39 28 27 1 0 0 0

Note: See the questionnaire for category 8Counts of Inmates sentenced to more than 1 categories. Hawaii, Maryland, and Oklahoma definitions and the explanatory notes for year may inclUde some inmates sentenced to 8 ~tlmate the number of women and men. State-by-Btate variations from definitions. year or less. See "Sentencing information" he yearend totai of prisoners sentenced to All data for Arizona, California, the District under the relevant jUrisdictions in the more than 1 year in OhIo includes 1,582 men of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, RFPlanatory notes. and 181 women with sentences of a year or Massachusetts, Michigan, Texas, and West igures include both jail and prison Inmates; less. Virginia are custody, rather than jurisdiction ~ails and prisons are combined In one system. Gaureau of Justice Statistics has estimated counts. Hawaii, Maryland, and Massachusetts estimate all Idaho figures from monthly prison reports ... Not applicable. the nUmbers in admission and release of the Idaho Department of Corrections. I Jurisdiction did not report category.

Prisoners in 1985 6S

Table 5.12b. Se!ltenced female prisonern released rrom State 01' Federal jurisdiction, by type or release, 1985

Number of female I2risoners released during: 1985 Number Condi- Uncondi- Escapes Out on Transfers o( female

Regions and tional tiona I and appeal to other Other prisoners jurisdic tions Total releases releases AWOLs or bond jurisdictions Deaths releases 12/31/85

U.s. total 15,454 11,430 2,757 610 33 296 27 301 21,296

Federala 1,068 721 293 20 4 15 5 10 2,116 State 14,386 10,709 2,464 590 29 281 22 291 19,180

Northeast 1,506 1,105 282 28 13 60 13 5 2,320

Connecticutb 92 29 38 15 3 7 0 0 150 Maine 10 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 25 MassachusettsC 290 89 190 5 / 6 0 0 173 New Hampshire 7 4 1 1 1 0 0 0 18 New Jersey 270 244 16 0 6 0 4 0 388

New York 572 518 15 3 2 28 6 0 1,056 Pennsylvanias,b 242 196 14 4 1 19 3 5 482 Rhode Island 18 17 1 0 0 0 0 C 18 VermontS 5 4 1 0 0 0 0 ° 10

Midwest 2,805 2,120 419 209 3 48 4 2 4,285

Illinois 562 483 35 43 / / 1 0 673 Indiana 274 251 9 13 / 0 1 0 426 Iowa 116 91 9 8 1 7 0 0 116 Kansas 138 126 0 5 0 7 0 0 273 Michigan 375 226 27 114 / 8 0 / 814 Minnesota 95 87 2 5 0 0 1 0 91

Missouri 228 189 16 19 2 2 0 0 381 Nel)raska 48 12 14 0 0 22 0 0 62 Norta Dakota 7 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 Ohio 799 507 288 2 0 1 1 0 1,153 South Dakota 36 21 14 0 0 1 0 0 39 Wisconsin 127 121 4 / / 0 0 2 249

South 6,764 4,G32 1,599 131 11 162 3 226 8,419

Alabama 314 178 110 15 5 5 0 1 540 Arksnsasll 171 136 34 1 / 0 0 0 217 Delawares,b 47 20 10 11 0 0 0 6 72 Dist. of Columbiall,b 206 41 24 6 / 135 0 0 66 Florid!! 1,002 261 709 31 / 1 0 / 1,300 Georgia 614 443 138 22 1 10 0 0 747

Kentucky 181 152 25 1 / 0 0 3 224 Louisiana 234 164 69 0 0 0 1 0 610 MarylandC 236 171 58 4 / 3 0 0 361 Mississippi 129 109 18 0 / 0 0 2 2".) North Carolinaa 487 377 102 2 0 0 0 6 65t! Oklahomall,c 243 59 163 21 0 0 0 0 507 South Carolina 251 171 70 6 2 0 2 0 448 Tennessee 350 308 34 8 0 0 0 0 302 Texas 1,950 1,726 14 0 / 2 0 208 1,594 Virginia 315 292 18 0 1 4 0 0 442 West Virginia 34 24 3 3 2 2 0 0 57

West 3,311 2,852 164 222 2 11 2 58 4,156 Alaskab 24 18 4 0 0 1 1 0 54 Arizona 217 202 8 5 0 2 0 0 379 California 2,164 2,016 16 74 1 3 1 53 2,518 C:>loraio 159 137 3 12 1 1 0 5 131 Hawaii ,c 18 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 80 Idahoe 32 9 19 1 0 3 0 0 51 Montana 32 23 5 4 0 0 0 0 39 Nevada 103 67 30 6 () 0 0 0 259 New Mexico 102 47 51 3 0 1 0 0 121 Oregon 236 140 7 89 (I 0 0 0 189 Utah 44 36 1 '7 () 0 0 0 63 Washington 155 124 10 21 (I 0 0 0 230 Wyoming 25 15 10 0 CI 0 0 42

Note: See thE: questionnaire for category "counts of inmates sentenced to more than categories. HawaII, Maryland, and Oklahoma definitions and the e"1>lanatory notes for 1 year may include some inmates ~:entenced to ~t1mate the number of women and men. State-by-State variations from definitions. a year or less. See "Sentencing information" he yearend total of prisoners sentence<;l to All data for Arizona, California, the District under the relevant jurisdictions in the explan- more than 1 year in Ohio includes 1,582 men of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, ~ory notes and 181 women with sentences of a year or Massachusetts, Michigan, TeKas, and West igures include both jail and prison inmates; less. Virginia are custody, rather than jurisdiction ~alls and prisons are combined in one system. ~ureau of Justice Sta tistics has estimated counts. Hawaii, Maryland, and Massachusetts esti- ali Idaho figures from monthly prison reports ••• Not applicable. mate the numbers in admission and release of the Idahu Department of Corrections. I JUrisdiction did not report category.


Table 5.13. Sentenced prisoners released conditionally or unconditionally from State or Federal jurisdiction, by type of release, 1985

Number of I2risoners released conditionall:z: Supervised

Number of I2risuners released unconditionall:z:

Regions and Pro- mandatory Expiration Commu-jurisdictions Total Parole bation release Other Total of sentence tation Other

U.s. total 174,916 93,905 9,319 65,763 6,052 41,915 38,458 8!l9 2,568

Federals 8,748 5,836 / 2,912 0 4,188 3,969 2 217 State 166,168 88,069 9,319 62,851 6,052 37,727 34,489 887 2,351

Northeast 23,832 20,596 314 2,051 871 3,653 3,371 2 280

Conne()-ticutb 781 200 / 581 1,437 1,~,60 1 76 Maine 184 8 176 0 0 177 177 0 0 MassachusettsC 1,302 1,302 / 0 679 618 0 61 New Hampshire 162 159 3 58 28 0 30 New Jersey 4,430 4,193 287 266 266 0 0

New York 12,362 10,311 2,051 0 414 414 ° 0 Pennsylvania J;, 4,016 4,016 0 472 362 0 110 Rhode lsband8 353 282 71 0 29 26 0 3 Vermont 192 125 67 0 121 120 1 0

Midwest 31,457 14,312 3,337 11,771 2,037 5,182 4,990 1 191

Illinois 8,290 297 7,993 0 791 766 0 25 Indiana 3,616 223 874 1,621 898 87 8 0 79 Iowa 1,763 1,515 248 ° 184 180 I 4 Kansas 1,630 1,095 447 88 5 4 1 0 Michigan 3,281 3,281 0 280 280 0 ° Minnesota 1,327 110 1,059 158 104 75 / 29 Missouri 2,835 2,549 286 0 531 502 ° 29 Nebraska 273 273 0 227 227 0 0 Norta Dakota 204 134 66 4 37 37 0 0 Ohio 5,908 3,768 1,375 765 2,669 2,645 0 24 South Dakota 319 278 41 0 166 166 0 0 Wisconsin 2,011 789 0 1,098 124 101 100 0 1

South 67,928 42,038 5,1l26 19,314 1,550 25,900 23,703 779 1,418 Alabama 1,930 1,430 454 46 1,694 1,651 0 43 Arkansass 1,849 1,534 315 308 280 ° 28 Delawares,b 439 181 I 258 0 94 58 ° 36 Dist. of Columbias,b 805 656 / 149 0 571 571 0 0 Florida 3,020 1,894 1,126 0 10,577 10,344 13 220 Georgia 6,221 5,965 54 202 2,690 2,662 23 5 Kentucky 2,316 2,160 156 / 492 492 0 / Louisiana 2,194 1,036 1,158 0 1,406 1,356 9 41 MarylandC 3,558 1,634 1,391 33 488 58 54 376 Mississippi 1,968 1,443 263 262 549 532 2 15 North CarolinaS 5,708 3,234 35 2,439 0 2,343 1,984 251 108 Oklahomsa 924 489 435 0 2,529 1,715 385 429 Sou th Carolina 2,959 1,853 467 0 639 1,117 1,094 0 23 Tennessee 4,374 4,204 0 170 0 394 3R7 18 9 Texas 25,171 11,480 1,815 11,824 52 355 353 0 2 Virginia 3,896 2,471 1,425 0 217 110 24 83 West Virginia 596 374 221 1 76 76 0 0

West 42,951 11,123 642 29,715 1,594 2,992 2,425 105 462 Alaskab 488 104 242 111 31 116 112 0 4 Arizona 3,095 824 42 666 1,563 245 245 0 a California 28,938 / 28,938 I 306 306 0 / Colora?,o· 2,088 2,003 85 0 90 90 0 0 Hawaii ,c 327 295 32 0 12 12 0 0 Idahoe 254 241 l36 0 0 494 102 0 392 Montana 276 200 76 0 74 74 0 0 Nevada 850 850 0 564 557 0 7 New Mexico 918 918 0 622 622 0 0 Oregon 2,555 2,555 / 0 114 113 0 1 Utah 721 721 0 49 0 0 49 Washington 2,234 2,234 / 166 147 19 0 Wyoming 207 178 29 0 140 45 86 9

Note: See the questionnaire for category , Jurisdiction did not report category. ~tCgories. definitions and the explanatory notes for Counts of inmates sentenced to more than 1 he yearend total of prisoners sentenced to State-{)y-State variations frum definitions. year may include some sentenced to a year or more than 1 year in Ohio includes 1,582 men All data for Arizona, California, the District less. See "Sentencing information" under the and t81 women with sentences of a year or of ColUmbia, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, belevant jurisdictions in the explanatory notes. less. Massachusetts, Michigan, Texas, and West Figures include both jail and prison inmates; eBureau of Justice Statistics hs.s estimated Virginia are custody, rather than jurisdiction tails and prisons are combined in one system. all Idaho figures from monthly prison reports counts. Hawaii, Maryland, and Massachusetts estimate of the Idaho Department of Corrections. ... Not applicable. the numbers in admission and release


Table 5.14. Sentenced male prisonefS released conditionally or unconditionally from state or Federal jurisdiction, by type of release, 1985

Number of male I2risoners released conditionall:t Number of male prisoners Supervised released unconditionall:t

Regions and Pro- mandatory Expiration Commu-jurisdictions Total Parole bation rel"ase Other Total of sentence tation Other

U.s. total 163,486 87,619 8,575 61,752 5,540 39,158 35,991 821 2,346

Federala 8,027 5,302 I 2,725 0 3,895 3,713 2 180 state 155,459 82,317 8,575 59,027 5,540 25,263 32,278 819 2,166

Northeast 22,727 19,598 308 1,997 824 3,371 3,121 2 248

Connecticutb 752 193 / 559 1,399 1,331 1 67 Maine 180 8 172 0 0 171 171 0 0 MassachusettsC 1,213 1,213 / 0 489 446 0 43 New Hampshire 158 155 3 57 28 0 29 New Jersey 4,236 3,974 262 250 250 0 0

New York 11,844 9,847 1,997 0 399 399 0 0 Pennsylvania ,b 3,820 3,820 0 458 351 0 107 Rhode IsLanda 336 267 69 0 28 26 0 2 Vermont 188 121 67 0 120 119 1 0

Midwest 29,337 13,394 2,967 11,151 1,825 4,763 4,581 1 181

Illinois 7,807 294 7,513 0 756 731 0 25 Indiana 3,365 219 780 1,569 797 78 7 0 71 Iowa 1,672 1,437 235 0 175 171 I 4 Kansas 1,504 1,023 398 83 5 4 1 0 Michigan 3,055 3,055 0 253 253 0 0 Minnesota 1,240 107 1,006 127 102 73 I 29

Missouri 2,646 2,396 250 0 515 487 0 28 Nebraska 261 261 0 213 213 0 0 Norta Dakota 198 130 64 4 36 36 0 0 Ohio 5,401 3,499 1,201 701 2,381 2,358 0 23 South Dakota 298 259 39 0 152 152 0 0 Wisconsin 1,890 714 0 1,063 113 97 96 0 1

South 63,296 38,878 4,810 18,199 1,409 24,301 22,296 713 1,292

Alabl\ma 1,752 1,302 407 43 1,584 1,543 0 41 Arkansasa 1,713 1,448 265 274 246 0 28 Delaware4 ,b 419 176 / 243 0 84 53 0 31 Dist. of Columbiaa,b 764 619 / 145 0 547 547 0 0 Florida 2,759 1,703 1,056 0 9,868 9,654 12 202 Georgia 5,778 5,549 49 180 2,552 2,526 21 5 Kentucky 2,164 2,026 138 / 467 467 0 I Louisiana 2,030 950 1,080 0 1,337 1,287 9 41 Marylandc 3,387 1,561 1,793 33 430 54 51 325 Mississippi 1,859 1,370 247 242 531 515 2 14 North Carolina 5,331 3,030 35 2,266 0 2,241 1,913 231 97 Oklahoma8 ,c 865 458 407 0 2,366 1,605 360 401 South Carolina 2,788 1,754 441 0 593 1,047 1,030 0 17 Tennessee 4,066 3,896 0 170 0 360 343 8 9 Texas 23,445 10,418 1,812 11,163 52 341 339 0 2 Virginia 3,604 2,265 1,339 0 199 101 19 79 West Virginia 572 353 218 1 73 73 0 0

West 40,099 10,447 490 27,680 1,482 2,828 2,280 103 445 Alaskab 470 100 232 107 31 112 108 0 4 Arizona 2,893 750 41 651 1,451 237 237 0 0 California 26,922 / 26,922 / 290 290 0 / Coloraioa 1,951 1,877 74 0 87 87 0 0 Hawaii ,c 309 279 30 0 12 12 0 0 Idahoe 245 232 13 0 9 475 98 0 377 Montana 253 179 74 0 69 69 0 0 Nevada 783 783 0 534 527 0 7 New Mexico 871 871 0 571 571 0 0 Oregon 2,415 2,415 / 0 107 106 0 1 Utah 685 685 0 48 0 0 48 Washington 2,110 2,110 I 156 137 19 0 Wyoming 192 166 26 0 130 38 84 8

Note: See the questionnaire for category / Jurisdiction did not report category. categories. Hawaii, Maryland, and Oklahoma definitions and the explanatory notes for 8Counts of inmates sentenced to more than 1 ~tjmate the number of women and men. state-by-State variations from definitions. year may Include some sentenced to a year or he yearend total of prisoners sentenced to All data for Arizona, California, the District less. See "Sentencing informa tion" under the more than 1 year in Ohio Includes 1,582 men of Columbia, Florid!l, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, ~evant jurisdictions in the explanatory notes. and 181 women with sentences of a year or Massachusetts, Michigan, Texas, and West igures inclUde both jail and prison inmates; less. VirgInia are custody, rather than jurisdiction ~ails and prisons are combined in one system. 6aureau of Justice Sta tistics has estimated counts. Hawaii, Maryland, and Massachusetts esti- all Idaho figures from monthly prison reports ••• Not applicable. mate the numbers in admission and release of the Idaho Department of Corrections.

68 Correctional Populations in the United States, 198:"

'l'able 5.15. Sentenced female prisoners released conditionally or unconditionally from State or Federal jurisdiction, by type of release, 1985

Number of female I2risoners released conditionall:i Number' of female prisoners Supervised released unconditionall:i

Regions and Pro- mandatory Expiration Commu-jurisdictions Total Parole bation release Other Total of sentence tation Other

U.s. total 11,430 6,286 621 4,011 512 2,757 2,467 68 222

Federald 721 534 / 187 0 293 256 0 37 State 10,709 5,752 621 3,824 512 2,464 2,211 68 185

Northeast 1,105 998 6 54 47 282 250 0 32

Connecticutb 29 7 / 22 38 29 0 9 Maine 4 0 4 0 0 6 6 J 0 MassachusettsO 89 89 / 0 190 172 0 18 New Hampshire 4 4 0 1 0 0 1 New Jersey 244, 219 25 16 16 0 0 New York 518 464 54 0 15 15 0 0 Pennsylvania ,b 196 196 0 14 11 0 3 Rhode Isgmda 17 15 2 0 1 0 0 1 Vermont 4 4 0 0 1 1 0 0

Midwest 2,120 918 370 620 212 419 409 0 10 Illinois 483 3 480 0 35 35 0 0 Indiana 251 4 94 52 101 9 1 0 8 Iowa 91 78 13 0 9 9 / 0 Kansas 126 72 49 5 0 0 0 0 Michigan 226 226 0 27 27 0 0 Minnesota 87 3 53 31 2 2 / 0 Missouri 189 153 36 0 16 15 0 1 Nebraska 12 12 0 14 14 0 0 NortS Dakota 6 4 2 0 1 1 0 0 Ohio 507 269 174 64 288 287 0 1 South Dakota 21 19 2 0 14 14 0 0 Wisconsin 121 75 0 35 11 4 4 0 0

South 4,632 3,160 216 1,115 141 1,599 1,407 66 126 Alabama 178 128 47 3 110 108 0 2 Arkansasa 136 86 50 34 34 0 0 Delawarea,b 20 5 / 15 0 10 5 0 5 DIst. of Columbias,b 41 37 / 4 0 24 24 0 0 Florida 261 191 70 0 709 690 1 18 Georgia 443 416 5 22 138 136 2 0 Kentucky 152 134 18 / 25 25 0 / Louisiana 164 86 78 0 69 69 0 0 Marylandc 171 73 98 0 58 4 3 51 Mississippi 109 73 16 20 18 17 0 1 North Carolinas 377 204 0 173 0 102 71 20 11 Oklahomas,c 59 31 28 0 163 110 25 28 South Carolinn 171 99 26 0 46 70 64 0 6 Tennessee 308 308 0 0 0 34 24 10 0 Texas 1,726 1,062 3 661 0 14 14 0 0 Virginia 292 206 86 0 18 9 5 4 West Virginia 24 21 3 0 3 3 0 0

West 2,852 676 29 2,035 112 164 145 2 17 Alaskab 18 4 10 4 0 4 4 0 0 Arizona 202 74 1 15 112 8 8 0 0 California 2,016 / 2,016 / 16 16 0 / cOlora'i,oD 137 126 11 0 3 3 0 0 Hawaii ,e 18 16 2 0 0 0 0 0 Idahoe 9 9 0 0 0 19 4 0 15 Montana 23 21 2 0 5 5 0 0 Nevada 67 67 0 30 30 0 0 New Mexico 47 47 0 51 51 0 0 Oregon 140 140 / 0 7 7 0 0 Utah 36 36 0 1 0 0 1 Washington 124 124 I 10 ~I) 0 0 Wyoming 15 12 3 0 10 ? 2 1

Note: See the questionnaire for category I Jurisdiction did not report category. categories. Hawaii, Maryland, and Oklahoma definitions and the explanatory notes for sCounts of inmates sentenced to more than 1 ~timate the number of women and men. St'lte-by-5tate variations from definitions. year may include some sentenced to a year or he yearend total of prisoners sentenced to All data for Arizona, California, the District less. See "Sentencing informa tion" under the more than 1 year in Ohio includes 1,582 men of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, belevant jurisdictions in the explana tory notes. and 181 women with sentences of a year or ~!assachusetts, Michigan, Texas, and West Figures include both jail and prison Inmates; less. Virginia are custody, rather than jurisdiction balls and prisons are combined in one system. eBureau of Justice Statistics has estimated counts. Hawaii, Maryland, and Massachusetts esti- all Idaho figures from monthly prison reports ... Not applicable. mate the numbers in admission and release of the Idaho Department of Corrections •


Table 5.16. Sentenced prisoners admitted to State or Federal jurisdiction for violation ot parole or other conditional release, by sex and status of sentence, 1985

Parole viola tors Other conditional release violators Regions and New sentence No new sentence New sentence No new sentence jurisdictions Total Total Male Female Male Female Total Male Female Male Female

U.s.total 58,694 31,629 15,221 594 15,146 668 27,065 11,541 599 14,088 837

Federala 2,502 2,250 42 4 2,060 144 252 / / 240 12 State 56,192 29,379 15,179 590 13,086 524 26,813 11,541 599 13,848 825

Northeast 6,954 6,488 1,667 39 4,607 175 466 115 0 344 7

Connecticutb 345 345 76 3 256 10 / / / / /

~:!:chusettsC 76 5 ? 0 3 0 71 71 0 0 0 653 653 / / 636 17 / / / / /

New Hampshire 76 76 / / 75 1 / / / / J New Jersey 1,773 1,700 691 19 949 41 73 / / 66 7

New York 2,151 1,907 / / 1,824 83 244 / / 244 0 Pennsylvania c,b 1,651 1,651 859 17 753 22 0 0 0 0 0 Rhode ISl,anda 152 74 34 0 39 1 78 44 0 34 0 Vermont 77 77 5 / 72 / / / / / /

Midwest 11,164 6,625 2,857 141 3,472 155 4,539 1,719 '(3 2,592 155

illinois 3,228 / / / / / 3,228 1,271 56 1,812 89 Indiana 183 / / / / / la3 175 8 / / Iowac 484 398 147 9 228 14 86 29 2 52 3 Kansas 694 330 127 3 192 8 364 117 6 224 17 Michigan 1,967 1,967 1,017 52 868 30 0 0 0 0 0 Minnesota 373 373 142 4 209 18 / / / / / Missouri 1,098 1,098 / / 1,057 41 / / / / / Nebraska 72 72 / 3 65 4 0 0 0 0 0 Norta Dakota 26 6 / 0 6 0 20 0 0 19 1 Ohio 2,349 2,031 1,287 69 643 32 318 / / 282 36 South Dakota 72 58 11 0 45 2 14 0 0 12 2 Wisconsin 618 292 126 1 159 6 326 127 1 191 7

South 18,204 12,715 9,831 370 2,430 84 5,489 4,834 260 385 10 Alabama 52 52 49 3 / / I / I / / Arkansasll 620 553 537 16 / / 67 45 22 / / Delawarea,b 21 21 3 0 16 2 / I / / I Dist. of Columbiaa,b 579 458 320 16 122 / 121 100 / 21 I Florida 1,058 1,058 441 9 594 14 / / / / / Georgia 1,816 1,816 1,743 73 / / / / / / / Kentucky 978 912 274 9 607 22 66 10 0 53 3 Louisiana 298 219 66 1 146 6 79 32 1 43 3 MarylandC 371 365 286 8 69 2 6 1 0 5 0 Mississippi 495 465 348 3 108 6 30 16 1 13 0 North Carolina8 534 534 511 23 / / / / / I I Oklahoma8 ,c 74 74 25 1 45 3 / I I I / South Carolina 987 552 16 0 519 17 435 176 6 249 4 Tennessee 1,106 l,lC6 1,086 20 / / / / I / / Texas 8,261 3,715 3,558 157 / / 4,546 4,329 217 / / Virginia 915 777 568 31 168 10 138 125 13 0 0 West Virginia 39 38 / 0 36 2 1 / 0 1 0

West 19,870 3,551 824 40 2,577 110 16,319 4,873 266 10,527 653 Alaskab 49 49 19 1 28 1 / / / / / Arizona 743 434 56 0 366 12 309 34 1 274 0 California 15,786 / / / / / 15,786 41778 264 10,111 633 coloraioC 458 417 112 3 290 12 41 15 0 24 1 Hawaii ,c 56 10 8 2 0 0 46 0 0 36 10 Idahoe 243 138 19 1 113 5 105 44 1 59 1 Montana 139 108 27 / 75 6 31 / / 23 8 Nevada 227 227 40 4 173 10 0 0 0 0 0 New Mexico 359 359 / / 335 24 0 0 0 0 0 Oregon 835 334 226 9 587 12 1 1 0 0 0 Utah 374 374 153 10 197 14 0 0 0 0 0 Washington 569 569 156 10 390 13 0 0 0 0 0 Wyoming 32 32 8 0 23 1 0 0 0 0 0

Note: See the questionnaire, for category 6Counts of inmates sentenced to more than 1 sentence. See "Category estimates" for the definitions and the explanatory notes, for year may include some sentenced to a year or rtievnnt jurisdiction in the explanatory note? State-by-State variations from definitions. less. See "Sentencing information" under the he yearend total of prisoners sentenced to All data fOr Arizona, California, the District relevant jurisdictions in the explanatory more than 1 year in Ohio includes 1,582 men of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Indiann, Iowa, Botes. and 181 women with sentences of a year or MassachUsetts, Michigan, Texas, and West Figures inclUde both jail nnd prison inmates; less. Virginia are Ilustody, rather than jurisdiction ~ails nnd prisons are combined in one system. €aureau of Justice Statistics has estimated counts. The jurisdiction estimates the number of aU Idaho figures from monthly prison reports / Jurisdiction did not report category. inmates for admissions, sex, or status of of the Idaho Department of Corrections.


-------------~----

Table 5.17. Deaths among sentenced prisoners under state or Federal jurisdiction, by sex and cause or death, 1985

Number of deaths among sentenced ~risoners

Illness or Caused Unspec-natural Accidental by ified

Regions and Total cause Suicide self-injur~ Execution another cause jUrisdictions Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Male Maie Maie

U.S. total 1,175 1,148 27 731 708 23 112 109 3 33 32 1 18 105 176

Federal 87 82 5 68 64 4 8 7 1 2 2 0 0 9 0 State 1,088 1,066 22 663 644 19 104 102 2 31 30 1 18 96 176

Northeast 294 281 13 248 235 13 14 14 0 6 6 0 0 8 18

Connec ticu ta 11 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 Maine 6 6 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 Massachusetts 10 10 0 7 7 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 New Hampshire 4 4 0 3 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 New Jersey 61 57 4 58 54 4 2 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0

New York 163 157 6 141 135 6 6 6 0 5 5 0 0 4 7 Pennsylvania 35 32 3 32 29 3 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Rhode Islanda 2 2 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vermonta 2 2 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Midwest 153 149 4 79 77 2 20 18 2 7 7 0 1 10 36

Illinois 28 27 1 18 17 1 6 6 0 1 1: 0 0 3 0 Indiana 18 17 1 11 10 1 4 4 0 2 2 0 1 0 0 Iowa 3 3 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kansas 9 9 0 4 4 0 1 1 0 3 3 0 1 0 Michigan 36 36 0 12 12 0 4 4 0 1 1 0 5 14 Minnesota 5 4 1 2 2 0 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 Missouri 20 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 Nebraska 3 3 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 North Dakota 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ohio 25 24 1 23 23 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 South Dakota 4 4 0 3 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Wisconsin 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

South 488 485 3 272 269 3 33 33 0 13 13 0 16 54 100 Alabama 23 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 Arkansas 11 11 0 10 10 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Delawarea 2 2 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dist. of Columbiaa 24 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 Florida 49 49 0 39 39 0 5 5 0 1 1 0 3 1 0 Georgia 35 35 0 21 21 0 5 5 0 0 I 0 3 1 5 Kentucky 9 9 0 7 7 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Louisiana 17 16 1 16 15 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Maryland 21 21 0 18 18 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Mississippi 12 12 0 12 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 North Carolina 19 19 0 17 17 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oklahoma 31 31 0 11 11 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 0 12 4 Sou th Caro lina 21 19 2 14 12 2 2 2 0 1 1 0 1 2 1 Tennessee 22 22 0 11 11 0 3 3 0 1 1 0 0 7 0 Texas 110 110 0 62 62 0 8 8 0 6 6 0 6 27 1 Virginia 78 78 0 31 31 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 42 West Virginia 4 4 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 0

West 153 151 2 64 63 1 37 37 0 5 4 1 1 24 22 Alaskaa 5 4 1 2 2 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 Arizona 14 14 0 4 4 0 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 California 69 68 1 38 37 1 16 16 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 Colorado 4 4 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 Haw~t 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Idaho 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Montana 4 4 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nevada 8 8 0 3 3 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 New Mexico 4 4 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 Oregon 18 18 0 I I / / / / I I / 0 0 18 Utah 6 6 0 1 1 0 3 3 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 Washington 16 16 0 9 9 0 3 3 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 Wyoming 3 3 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Note: See the questionnaire for category custody, rather than jurisdiction, counts. aFlgures include both jail and prison definitions and the explanatory notes for Most, but not all States, reserve prison for Inmates; jailS and prisons are combined in State-by-state variations from definl- offehders sentenced to a year or more; the ~e system. tions. All data for Arizona, California, explana tory notes may provide further ureau of Justice Statistics has estimated the District of Columbia, Florida, detail. all Idaho figures from monthly prison Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Massachusetts, ••• Not applicable. reports of the Idaho Department of Michigan, Texas, and West Virginia are I Jurisdiction did not report detail. Corrections.


Table 5.18. Prisoners in custody ot State or Federal correctional authorities, by sentence length, 1984 and 1985

Maximum sentence length Year or less7unsentenced

Total More than a ;tear Total Year or less Unsentenced Per- Per- Per-


U.s. total 487,359 448,264 8.7% 464,804 429,050 8.3% 22,555 19,214 17.4% 11,411 10,520 11,144 8,694

Federa18 35,781 30,875 15.9 29,215 24,805 17.8 6,566 6,070 8.2 1,898 2,113 4,668 3,957 State 451,578 417,389 8.2 435,589 404,245 7.8 15,989 13,144 21.6 9,513 8,407 6,476 4,737

Northeast 76,139 71,092 7.1% 72,850 68,106 7.0% 3,289 2,986 10.1% 1,706 1,446 1,583 1,540

Connecticutb 6,010 5,611 7.1 3,955 3,665 7.9 2,055 1,946 5.6 921 860 1,134 1,086 Maine 1,118 98i 13.8 916 802 14.2 202 180 12.2 197 180 5 0 Massachusetts 5,453 4,974 9.6 5,160 4,738 8.9 293 236 24.2 230 145 63 91 New Hampshire 643 548 17.3 630 521 20.9 13 27 -51.9 0 0 13 27 New Jersey 11,328 10,345 9.5 11,328 10,345 9.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

New York 35,346 33,782 4.6 35,346 33,782 4.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pennsylvania ,b 14,267 13,126 8.7 14,132 13,004 8.7 135 122 1D.7 108 92 27 30 Rhode lsl:nd8 1,323 1,233 7.3 966 888 8.8 357 345 3.5 111 100 246 245 Vermont 651 491 32.6 417 361 15.5 234 130 80.0 139 69 95 61

Midwest 94,889 85,119 11.5% 92,463 83,263 11.0% 2,426 1,856 30.7% 2,248 1,762 178 94

Illinois 18,279 16,912 8.1 18,279 16,912 8.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Indiana 10,022 9,392 6.7 9,615 9,063 6.1 407 329 23.7 289 265 118 64 Iowa 2,832 2,836 - .1 2,832 2,836 - .1 Kansas 4,573 4,134 10.6 4,565 4,130 10.5 8 4 100.0 0 0 8 4 Michigan 17,755 14,604 21.6 17,755 14,604 21.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Minnesota 2,495 2,331 7.0 2,495 2,331 7.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Missouri 9,780 8,685 12.6 9,780 8,685 12.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nebraska 1,886 1,690 11.6 1,753 1,582 10.8 133 108 23.1 81 84 52 24 North Dakota 443 446 - .7 395 389 1.5 48 57 -15.8 48 57 0 0 Ohio 20,539 18,332 12.0 18,776 16,993 10.5 1,763 1,339 31.7 1,763 1,339 0 0 South Dakota 1,042 912 14.3 998 893 11.8 44 19 131.6 44 17 0 2 Wisconsin 5,243 4,845 8.2 5,220 4,845 7.7 23 0 23 0 0 0

South 193,721 183,924 5.3% 187,042 178,819 4.6% 6,679 5,105 30.8% 4,796 4,428 1,883 677 Alabama 10,715 10,025 6.92 10,449 9,824 6.4 266 201 32.3 266 201 0 0 Arkansas8 4,504 4,346 3.6 4,504 4,346 3.6 0 0 0 / / 0 0 DelawareS,!> 2,192 1,893 15.8 1,541 1,340 15.0 651 553 17.7 225 195 426 358 Dist. of Col. s,b 6,404 4,521 41.7 4,604 3,718 23.8 1,800 803 124.2 559 633 1,241 170 Florida 28,172 26,906 4.7 28,054 26,751 4.9 118 155 -23.9 118 155 0 0 Georgia 16,014 15,404 4.0 15,115 14,596 3.6 899 808 11.3 899 808 0 0 Kentucky 4,956 4,710 5.2 4,956 4,710 5.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Louisi&na 10,977 10,685 2.7 10,977 10,685 2.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Maryland 12,879 12,991 - .9 12,183 12,316 -1.1 696 675 3.1 696 675 0 0 Mississippi 5,459 4,819 13.3 5,364 4,766 12.5 95 53 79.2 95 53 0 0 North Carolinaa 17,501 16,469 6.3 16,007 15,219 5.2 1,494 1,250 19.5 1,337 1,152 157 98 Oklahoma8 7,108 6,960 2.1 7,108 6,960 2.1 0 0 0 / / 0 0 South Carolina 9,829 8,894 lo.s 9,202 8,316 10.7 627 578 8.5 597 554 30 24 Tennessee 6,943 7,227 -3.9 6,943 7,227 -3.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Texas 37,532 36,682 2.3 37,532 36,682 2.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Virginia 10,782 9,786 10.2 1il,778 9,784 10.2 4 2 100.0 4 2 0 0 West Virginia 1,754 1,606 9.2 1,725 1,579 9.2 29 27 7.4 0 0 29 27

West 86,829 77,254 12.4% 83,234 74,057 12.4% 3,595 3,197 12.4% 763 771 2,832 2,426 Alaskab 1,929 1,698 13.6 1,250 1,052 18.8 679 646 5.1 103 176 576 470 Arizona 8,531 7,845 8.7 8,273 7,646 8.2 258 199 29.6 258 199 0 0 California 50,111 43,197 16.0 48,279 41,652 15.9 1,832 1,545 18.6 0 0 1,832 1,545 Colorai08 3,369 3,230 4.3 3,369 3,230 4.3 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 Hawaii 1,881 1,734 8.5 1,317 1,244 5.9 564 490 15.1 197 170 367 320 Idahoc 1,317 1,186 11.0 1,317 1,185 11.1 0 1 -100.0 0 0 0 1 Montana 1,096 826 32.7 1,096 826 32.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nevada 3,794 3,470 9.3 3,774 3,430 10.0 20 40 -50.0 0 0 20 40 New Mexico 2,223 2,035 9.2 2,028 1,814 11.8 195 221 -11.8 195 213 0 8 Oregon 3,714 3,439 8.0 3,714 3,439 8.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Utah 1,670 1,546 8.0 1,623 1,491 8.9 47 55 -14.5 10 13 37 42 Washington 6,468 6,342 2.0 6,468 6,342 2.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Wyoming 726 706 2.8 726 706 2.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Note: See the questionnaire for category prison for offenders sentenced to a year or maHon" for the relevant jUrisdictions in the definitions and the explanatory notes for more; the explanatory notes may provide ~Planatory notes. State-by-Btate variations from definitions. further details. igures include both jail and prison inmates; All data for Arizona, California, the District _. Not applicable. jails and prisons are combined in one system. of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, IndiaM, IOWa, / Jurisdiction did not report category. cBureau of Justice Statistics has estimated all Massachusetts, Michigan, Texas, and West aCounts of inmates by sentence length may ldaho figures from monthly prison reports of the Virginia are custody, rather than jurisdictiQn be slightly incorrect. See "Sentencing infor- Idaho Department of Corrections. counts. Most, but not all States, reserve


Table 5.19. Male prisoners in custody of State or Federal correctional authorities, by sentence length, 1984 and 1985


Total More than a :lear Total Year or less Unsentenced Pel'- Per- Per-


U.s. total 465,283 428,491 8.6% 444,658 410,974 8.2% 20,625 17,517 17.7% 10,376 9,478 10,249 8,039

Federala 33,644 29,188 15.3 27,308 23,416 16.6 6,336 5,772 9.8 1,784 1,926 4,552 3,846 State 431,639 399,303 8.1 417,350 387,558 7.7 14,289 11,745 21.7 8,592 7,552 5,697 4,193

Northeast 73,400 68,537 7.1% 70,531 65,899 7.0% 2,869 2,638 8.8% 1,428 1,211 1,441 1,427

Connecticutb 5,699 5,325 7.0 3,808 3,527 8.0 1,891 1,798 5.2 822 764 1,069 1,034 Maine 1,091 958 13.9 896 788 13.7 195 170 14.7 190 170 5 0 Massachusetts 5,079 4,662 8.9 4,987 4,584 8.8 92 78 17.9 92 35 / 43 New Hampshire 642 547 17.4 629 520 21.0 13 27 -51.9 0 0 13 27 New Jersey 10,940 9,977 9.7 10,940 9,977 9.7 ° 0 0 0 0 0 0

New York 34,273 32,744 4.7 34,273 32,744 4.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pennsylvania ,b 13,761 12,651 8.8 13,645 12,541 8.8 116 110 5.5 90 80 26 30 Rhode !s/,andS 1,281 1,195 7.2 946 866 9.2 335 329 1.8 100 96 235 233 Vermont 634 478 32.6 407 352 15.6 227 126 80.2 134 66 93 60

Midwest 90,655 81,406 11.4% 88,452 79,723 10.9% 2,203 1,683 30.9% 2,029 1,590 174 93

Illinois 17,626 16,314 8.0 17,626 16,314 8.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Indiana 9,569 8,997 6.4 9,189 8,686 5.8 380 311 22.2 264 247 116 64 Iowa 2,716 2,733 - .6 2,716 2,733 - .S Kansas 4,321 3,920 10.2 4,313 3,916 10.1 8 4 100.0 0 0 8 4 Michigan 16,941 13,921 21.7 16,941 13,921 21.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Minnesota 2,408 2,254 6.8 2,408 2,254 6.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Missouri 9,401 8,343 12.7 9,401 8,343 12.7 0 0 0 0 ° 0 0 Nebraska 1,818 1,614 12.6 1,695 1,518 11.7 123 96 28.1 73 73 50 23 North Dakota 433 434 - .2 387 381 1.6 46 53 -13.2 46 53 0 0 Ohioc 19,416 17,364 11.8 17,834 16,164 10.3 1,582 1,200 31.8 1,582 1,200 0 0 South Dakota 1,003 880 14.0 959 861 11.4 44 19 131.6 44 17 0 2 Wisconsin 5,003 4,632 8.0 4,983 4,632 7.6 20 0 20 0 0 0

South 185,312 175,879 5.4% 179,176 171,281 4.6% 6,136 4,598 33.4% 4,415 4,025 1,721 573

Alabama 10,171 9,525 6.8 9,927 9,348 6.2 244 177 37.9 244 177 0 0 Arkansasa 4,292 4,156 3.3 4,292 4,156 3.3 0 0 0 / / 0 0 Delawarea,b 2,087 1,805 15.6 1,485 1,291 15.0 602 514 17.1 208 179 394 335 Dist. of Col.a,b 6,176 4,315 43.1 4,538 3,633 24.9 1,638 682 140.2 513 581 1,125 101 Florida 26,886 25,757 4.4 26,772 25,617 4.5 114 140 -18.6 114 140 0 0 Georgia 15,181 14,641 3.7 14,368 13,907 3.3 813 734 10.8 813 734 0 0

Kentucky 4,749 4,527 4.9 4,749 4,527 4.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Louisiana

d 10,603 10,303 2.9 10,603 10,303 2.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Maryland 12,468 12,550 - .7 11,822 11,933 - .9 646 617 4.7 646 617 0 0 Mississippi 5,204 4,618 12.7 5,122 4,567 12.2 82 51 60.8 82 51 0 0 North caro!Jfall 16,742 15,762 6.2 15,349 14,612 5.0 1,393 1,150 21.1 1,248 1,057 145 93 Oklahoma a 6,706 6,542 2.5 6,706 6,542 2.5 0 0 0 / 0 0 0

South Carolina 9,364 8,502 10.1 8,791 7,994 10.0 573 508 12.8 544 487 29 21 Tennessee 6,646 6,929 -4.1 6,646 6,929 -4.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Texas 35,938 34,987 2.7 35,938 34,987 2.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Virginia 10,403 9,409 10.6 10,400 9,407 10.6 3 2 50.0 3 2 0 0 West Virginia 1,696 1,551 9.3 1,668 1,528 9.2 28 23 21.7 0 0 28 23

West 82,292 73,481 12.0% 79,191 70,655 12.1% 3,081 2,826 9.0% 720 726 2,361 2,100

Alaskab 1,826 1,627 12.2 1,205 1,015 18.7 621 612 1.5 91 167 530 445 Arizona 8,134 7,482 8.7 7,894 7,290 8.3 240 192 25.0 240 192 0 0 California 41 ,~~: 40,892 15.4 45,761 39,623 15.5 1,444 1,269 13.8 0 0 1,444 1,269 COlora~~ 3,238 3,089 4.8 3,238 3,089 4.8 0 0 0 / 0 0 0 Hawaii 1,770 1,647 7.5 1,250 1,189 5.1 520 458 13.5 189 160 331 298 Idahoe 1,266 1,139 11.2 1,266 1,138 11.2 0 1 -100.0 0 0 0 1 Montana 1,057 788 34.1 1,057 788 34.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nevada 3,562 3,270 8.9 3,542 3,230 9.7 20 40 -50.0 0 0 20 40 New Mexico 2,102 1,954 7.6 1,912 1,749 9.3 190 205 -7.3 190 197 0 8 Oregon 3,556 3,313 7.3 3,556 3,313 7.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Utah 1,606 1,495 7.4 1,560 1,446 7.9 46 49 -6.1 10 10 36 39 Washington 6,266 6,118 2.4 6,266 6,118 2.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Wyoming 684 667 2.5 684 667 2.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Note: See the questionnaire for category more; the explanatory notes may provide ~IS and prisons are combined in one system. definitions and the explanatory notes for further detail. he yearend total of prisoners sentenced to State-by-state variations from definitions. _. Not applicable. more than 1 year in Ohio includes 1,582 men All data for Arizona, California, the District 'Jurisdiction did not report category. and 181 women with sentences of a year or less. of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Counts of inmates by sentence length may Hawaii, Maryland, and Oklahoma estimate the Massachusetts, Michigan, Texas, and West be slightly Incorrect. See "Sentencing info\'- number of women and men. Virginia are custody, rather than jurisdiction mation" for the relevant jurisdictions In the eaureau of Justice Statistics has estimated all counts. Most, but not all States, reserve gxplana tory notes. Idaho figures from monthly prison reports of prison for offenders sentenced to a year or Figures include both jail and prison inma tes; the Idaho Department of Corrections.


Table 5.20. Female prisoners in custody or, state or Federal correctional authorities, by sentenee length, 1984 and 1985

Maximum sentence length Year or lessiunsentenced

Total More than a :lear Total Year or less Unsentenced Per- Pel'- Per-


U.s. total 22,076 19,773 11.6% 20,146 18,076 11.5% 1,903 1,697 13.7% 1,035 1,042 895 655

Federala 2,137 1,687 26.7 1,907 1,389 37.3 230 298 -22.8 114 187 116 111 State 19,939 18,086 10.2 18,239 16,687 9.3 1,700 1,399 21.5 921 855 779 544

Northeast 2,739 2,555 7.2% 2,319 2,207 5.1% 420 348 20.7% 278 235 142 113

Connecticutb 311 286 8.7 147 138 6.5 164 148 10.8 99 96 65 52 Maine 27 24 12.5 20 14 42.9 7 10 -30.0 7 10 ° ° Massachusetts 374 312 19.9 173 154 12.3 201 158 27.2 138 110 63 48 New Hampshire 1 1 .0 1 1 ,0 ° 0 0 0 0 0 0 New Jersey 388 368 5.4 388 368 5.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 ° New York 1,073 1,038 3.4 1,073 1,038 3.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pennsylvania p 506 475 6.5 487 463 5.2 19 12 58.3 18 12 1 0 Rhode ISl,and ll 42 38 10.5 20 22 -9.1 22 16 37.5 11 4 11 12 Vermont 17 13 30.S 10 9 11.1 7 4 75.0 5 3 2 1

Midwest 4,234 3,713 14.0% 4,011 3,540 13.3% 223 173 28.9% 219 172 4 1

lllinois 653 598 9.2 653 598 9.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Indiana 453 395 14.7 426 377 13.0 27 18 50.0 25 18 2 ° Iowa 116 103 12.6 116 103 12.6 Kansas 252 214 17.8 252 214 17.8 ° 0 ° ° ° ° 0 Michigan 814 683 19.2 814 683 19.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Minnesota 87 77 13.0 87 77 13.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Missouri 379 342 10.8 379 342 10.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nebraska 68 76 -10.5 58 64 -9.4 10 12 -16.7 8 11 2 1 North Dakota 10 12 -16.7 8 8 .0 2 4 -50.0 2 4 0 0 Ohioc 1,123 968 16.0 942 829 13.6 181 139 30.2 181 139 0 0 South Dakota 39 32 21.9 39 32 21.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Wisconsin 240 213 12.7 237 2t3 11.3 3 0 3 0 0 0

South 8,409 8,045 4.5% 7,866 7,538 4.4% 543 507 7.1% 381 403 162 104

Alabama 544 500 8.8 522 476 9.7 22 24 -8.3 22 24 0 0 Arkansasa p 212 190 11.6 212 190 11.6 0 0 0 / / 0 0 Delawarea 105 88 19.3 56 49 14.3 49 39 25.6 17 16 32 23 Dist. of Col.a,b 228 206 10.7 66 85 -22.4 162 121 33.9 46 52 116 69 Florida 1,286 1,149 11.9 1,282 1,134 13.1 4 15 -73.3 4 15 0 0 Georgia 833 763 9.2 747 689 8.4 86 74 16.2 86 74 0 0

Kentucky 207 183 13.1 207 183 13.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Louisiana

d 374 382 -2.1 374 382 -2.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Maryland 411 441 -6.8 361 383 -5.7 50 58 -13.8 50 58 0 0 Mississippi 255 201 26.9 242 199 21.6 13 2 550.0 13 2 0 0 North caro~aa 759 707 7.4 658 607 8.4 101 100 1.0 89 95 12 5 Oklahomaa 402 418 -3.8 402 418 -3.8 0 0 0 / / 0 0

South Carolina 465 392 18.6 411 322 27.6 54 70 -22.9 53 67 1 3 Tennessee 297 298 - .3 297 298 - .3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Texas 1,594 1,695 -6.0 1,594 1,695 -6.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Virginia 379 377 .5 378 377 0.3 1 0 1 0 0 0 West Virginia 58 55 5.5 57 51 11.8 1 4 -75.0 0 0 1 4

West 4,557 3,773 20.8% 4,043 3,402 18.8% 514 371 38.5% 43 45 471 326

Alaskab 103 71 45.1 45 37 21.6 58 34 70.6 12 9 46 25 Arizona :197 363 9.4 379 356 6.5 18 7 157.1 18 7 0 0 Callfornia 2,906 2,305 26.1 2,518 2,029 24.1 388 276 40.6 0 0 388 276 COlora~o; 131 141 -7.1 131 141 -7.1 0 0 0 / 0 0 0 Hawaii ' 111 87 27.6 67 55 21.8 44 32 37.5 8 10 36 22 Idahoe 51 47 8.5 51 47 8.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Montana 39 38 2.6 39 38 2.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nevada 232 200 16.0 232 200 16.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 New Mexico 121 81 49.4 116 65 78.5 5 16 -68.8 5 16 0 ° Oregon 158 126 25.4 158 126 25.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Utah 64 51 25.5 63 45 40.0 1 6 -83.3 0 3 1 3 Washington 202 224 -9.8 202 224 -9.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 ° Wyoming 42 39 7.7 42 39 7.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Note: SIlC the questionnaire for category more; the explanatory notes may provide tails and prisons are combined in one system. definitions and the explanatory notes for further details. The yearend total of prisoners sentenced State-by-State variations from definitions. _. Not applicable. to more than 1 year in Ohio includes 1,582 men All data for Arizona, California, the District I Jurisdiction did not report category. ~nd 181 women with sentences of a year or less. of ColumbIa, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, aCounts of inmates by sentence length may be Hawa:l, Maryland, and Oklahoma estimate the Massachusetts, Michigan, Texas, and West slightly incorrect. Sec "Sentencing infor- number of women and men. Virginia are cUstody, ra ther than jurisdiction mation'l for the relevant jurisdictions in the eSureau of Justice Statistics has estimated all counts. Most, but not all States, reserve explana tory notes. Idaho figures from monthly prison reports of the prison for offenders sentenced to a year or !>Figures include both jail and prison Inmates; Idaho Department of Corrections.

74 Correctional Populations in the United States. 1985

.1iLZ

Explanatory notes by jurisdiction

Alabama New court commitments: Include

parole and other conditional release violators with or without new sentences.

Parole violators with new sentences: Include parole violators without new sentences.

Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Counted as a single category.

Other admissions: Unspecified to the Alabama data system.

Other unconditional releases: Court-ordered releases.

Other conditional releases: Unspecified to the Alabama data system.

Cause of death: Can specify only execution.

Other releases: Unspecified to the Alabama data system.

Alaska New court commitments: Include

other conditionall'elease violators, with or without new sentences.

Transfers to and from other jurisdictions: Include custody transfers of inmates under Alaska's jurisdiction from and to Federal maximum security facilities.

Other unconditional releases: Court-ordered releas"'s.

Other conditional releases: Emergency releases.

Arizona Other conditional releases:

Include supervised discretionary releases and supervised work furloughs.

Arkansas Arkansas revised the previously

reported December 31, 1984, population of inmates of more than 1 year maximum sentences.

Sentencing information: Reported population includes a small number of inmates with sentences of a year or less.

Parole violators with new sentences: Include parole violators without new sentences.

Conditional release violators with new sentences: Include conditional release violators without new sentences.

A


Other conditional releases: Persons released under the provisions of Arkansas' Acts 309, 378, and 814 to some type of supervision.

California California revised the previously

reported December 31, 1984, population of inmates with more than 1 year maximum sentences.

New court commitments: May include a small number of transfers from other jurisdictions.

Conditional release violators with new sentences: Include some parole violators with new sentences.

Conditional release violators without new sentences: Include some parole violators without new sentences.

Other admissions: Prisoners returned from supervised, mandatory release or parole and awaiting a revocation hearing.

Unconditional releases, expil1l.: tions of sentence: Include some court-ordered releases.

Supervised mandatory releases: Include some releases to parole.

Other releases: Residual not accounted for in other release categories. May include prisoners released to court, county jail, hospital, or fire fighting, as well as court-ordered conditional releases.

Unsentenced inmates: Include civil commitments of narcotic addicts and county diagnostic cases.

Total custody population and count of State prisoners in jails: Include 995 men and 127 women housed in jails and work release facilities to ease prison crowding.

Hispanic prisoners: Include only Mexican Americans. Other Hispanic prisoners categorized as nonHispanic.

Colorado Sentencing information: Report

ed population includes a very small number of inmates with 1 year maximum sentences.

Jurisdiction counts ~or admissions, releases, and population characteristics: Exclude 245 men held in jails solely to ease prison crOwding.

Escapees returned: Number estimated.

5",

Transfers to other jurisdictions: Number estimated.

Unconditional releases, expirations of sentence: Include some court-ordered releases.

Other releases: Court-ordered releases for which conditions, if any, are unknown.

Custody population counts: Made on January 3, 1986.

Connecticut New court commitments: May

include a small number of prisoners returned from appeal or bond and some probation violators entering with or without new sentences.

Parole violators with new sentences: May include a small number of other conditional release violators returned with new sentences.


Unconditional releases, expirations of sentence: Include some probation releases.

Other unconditional releases: Court-ordered releases and pardon discharges.

Other conditional. releases: "Community Residence" releases under supervision similar to that for parolees.

Unspecified causes of death: Unspecified to the Connecticut data system.

Hispanic prisoners: Categorized as prisoners of unknown race.

Delaware Sentencing information, partially

suspended sentences: Some prisoners serve sentences in which the term in prison is partially suspended, to be completed under probation. They were categorized with inmates sentenced to a year or more only when the prison portion of their sentences exceeded 12 months. As a result, the population and movement counts of inmates with maximum sentences of more than 1 year are understa ted, and the population count of inmates with a year or less maximum sentences is overstated.

New court commitments: InclUde some conditional release violators other than parolees, with or without new sentences.

Escapees and A WOL prisoners: Counted as a single category.


Other admissions: Prisoners for whom type of admission was unknown at time of data collection.

Unconditional releases, expirations of sentence: Include some releases to probation.


Other releases: Prisoners for whom type of release was unknown at time of data collection.

District of Columbia In 1985 the District of Columbia

began to include in its prison counts inmates in the jail and the detention center.

Sentencing information, partially suspended sentences: Some prisoners serve sentences in which the term in prison is partially suspended, to be completed under probation. They were categorized with inmates sentenced to a year or more only when the prison portion of their sentences exceeded 12 months. As a result, the population and movement counts of inmates with maximum sentences of more than 1 year are understated, and the population count of inmates with a year or less maximum sentences is overstated.

Sentencing information, short sentences: An undetermined number of inmates housed in neither the District of Columbia jail nor the detention center, and having either no sentence or a maximum sentence of a year or less, was included in the admissions, releases, and population counts of inmates with more than 1 year maximum sentence. As a result, the population and movement counts of inmates with maximum sentences of more than 1 year are overstated, and the population count of inmates with a year or less maximum sentences is understated.

Parole and other conditional release violators: The total number is actual; counts of men within categories of violation are estimates. The female parole violators are counted as having new sentences.

Transfers from other jurisdictions: Transfers from mental hospitals and Federal facilitiea.

Unconditional releases, expirations of sentence: Include some inmates with partially suspended sentences and released to probation.

Cause of death: No cause is specified.

Other transfers to other jurisdictions: Transfers to mental hospitals and to Federal facilities.

Jurisdictional population totals: Include unsentenced inmates held for the first time in the District jail or detention center.

Federal prisons Sentencing information, partially

suspended sentences: Some prisoners serve sentences in which the term in prison is partially suspended, to be completed under probation. They were ca tegorized with inma tes sentenced to a year or more only when the prison portion of their sentences exceeded 12 months. As a result, the population and movement counts of inmates with maximum sentences of more than 1 year are understated, and the population count of inmates with a year or less maximum sentences is overstated.

New court commitments: Include other conditional release violators with new sentences.

Parole violators with and without new sentences: The total number of parole violators is actual; however, the numbers in sentencing categories are estimated.

Other admissions: Include an adjustment for inmates counted as being released even though they remained in jurisdiction of a prison. Include prisoners returning from a release on writs or from authorized temporary absences that became long-term.

Unconditional releases, expirations of sentence: Include some inmates with partially suspended sentences released subject to conditions of probation.

Other releases: Include an adjustment for inmates counted as being admitted although they were already in jurisdiction of a prison. Include prisoners released on writs or authorized temporary absences that became long-term.


It

other unconditional releases: Include court-ordered releases and prisoners released by pardons or clemency.

Population total, unsentenced inmates: Includes 1,882 men and 6 women held under the jurisdiction of the Immigration and Naturalization Service.

Florida New coul't commitments: Include

other conditional release violators, with or without new sentences.

Admissions, returns from appeal or bond hearin s and other admissions for men): Include an adjustment for inmates counted as being released even though they remained in jurisdiction of a prison. May include admissions from authorized temporary absences and from appeal or bond.

Admissions, returns from appeal or bond hearin s and other admissions (for women: InclUde an adjustment for inmates counted as being released even though they remained in jurisdiction of a prison. Also include the residual not accounted for in other admissions categories.

Other unconditional releases: Include pardons, vacated sentences, and unconditional releases ordered by the Probation and Parole Commission.

Releases on appeal or bond and other releases (for men): Include an adjustment for inmates counted as being admitted although they were already in jurisdiction of a prison. May include releases for authorized temporary absences and for appeal or bond.

Releases on a eal or bond and other releases for women: Include the prisoners for whom type of release was not known at the time of data collection. Also include the difference between the total number of releases and the total of releases classified in other categories.

Georgia Georgia revised the previously

reported December 31, 1984, population of inmates with more than 1 year maximum sentences.

New court commitments: May include some prisoners returning from appeal or bond.

Parole violators with new sentences: Include parole violators without new sentences and other conditional release violators with or without new sentences.

Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Counted as a single category. .

Other unconditional releases: Include three inmates whose convictions were overturned and two inmates whose sentences were revoked after they had paid a fine.

Other conditional releases: The Parole Board controls the conditional reprieve releases.

Unspecified causes of death: Cannot specify cause which may include accidents.

Jurisdiction population: Excludes inmates awaiting pick-up from jails.

Black prisoners: Include all persons 0 a race other than white.

Hawaii Category estimates: Jurisdiction

and custody totaIs represent actual counts. Admissions, releases, race, and Hispanic origin are estimated from the 1985 fiscal year report.

Prisoners of unknown race: Include Puerto Ricans, prisoners of other Hispanic origin, and inmates who identified more than one racial background; however, prisoners of part-Hawaiian ancestry are counted as Asians or Pacific Islanders.

Idaho The Bureau of Justice Statistics

estima ted all figures reported in 1985. It used the monthly prison management reports of the Idaho Department of Corrections. Thus, the Idaho counts represent estimated rather than actual data. The totals also revise numbers previously reported for 1985.

illinois Conditional release violators with

new sentences: Include some parole violators with new sentences.

Conditional release violators without new sentences: Include some parole violators without new sentences. Also include some returned violators with charges pending.

Other admissions: Include an adjustment for inmates counted as being released even though they remained in jurisdiction of a prison.

Include transfers and prisoners returning from a release on medical furlough, writ, appeal, or bond.


Other releases: Include an adjustment for inmates counted as being admitted although they were already in jurisdiction of a prison. Include transfers and prisoners leaving for a release on medical furlough, writ, appeal, or bond.

Jurisdiction population (over 1 year maximum sentence) total: Includes 223 men and 7 women serving concurrent Illinois sentences While in other States' prisons.

His(?anic (?risoners: Categorized as prisoners of unknown race.

Indiana Conditional release violators with

new sentences: InclUde parole violators with or without new sentences and other conditional release violators without new sentences.

Unconditional releases, commutations: Parole Board determines the termination of sentences.

Conditional releases, probations: Number estimated. -Other conditional releases: Releases to Regulated Community Assignment.

Iowa Category estimates by sex:

Numbers of admissions and releases estimated from the sex ratio present on December 31, 1985.

Parole violators without a new sentence: Number estimated. Include remanded parolees awaiting formal revocation hearings.

Other admissions: Include prisoners returning from "probation other than shock."

Unconditional releases, expirations of sentence: Include prisoners who received executive commutations that free inmates immediately and unconditionally.

Other unconditional releases: Court-ordered discharges.

zm=R

Conditional releases, paroles: Number estimated. Include prisoners remanded to prison prior to a formal revocation hearing at which they were returned to parole. Also include inma tes released to parole by Conditional Commutation Orders.

His(?anic prisoners: Categorized as prisoners of unknown race.

KanstlS New court commitments: May

include a small number of prisoners returning from appeal or bond.

Other conditional release violators, with or without new sentences: InclUde some probation violators who should be categorized as new court commitments.


Other conditional releases: Prisoners under supervision similar to that of parole.

Kentucky Escapees and AWOL prisoners:

Counted as a single category. Other admissions: Prisoners

returned to prison by C!ourt. May include some prisoners returning from appeal or bond.

Other releases: Court-ordered releases, conditional or unconditional. May include some releases for appeal or bond.

Total jurisdiction population: Excludes prisoners in jails awaiting pick-up because of prison crowding.

State prisoners in jail because of crowding: The total number is actual count; the number of men and women are estimated.

Louisiana Escapees and AWOL prisoners:

Counted as a single category. Other unconditional releases:

Court-ordered releases:'

Maine Escapees and A WOL prisoners

returned to prison: Counted as single category.


IlL

Maryland Category estimates: The .

admissions, releases, and populatIon totals are actual counts. Categories for admissions and releases are estimated by applying percents from automated data to the totals which are made manually. The automated data count only inmates with a sentence longer than 1 year while the detailed categories in the manual data include inmates with a maximum sentence of a year or less.

New court commitments: May include a small number of prisoners returning from appeal or bond.

Escapees and AWOL prisoners returned to prison: Counted as single group.

Other admissions: Prisoners readmitted after a court, in error, had ordered their release.

Other unconditional releases: Court-ordered releases. May include a small number of releases to appeal or bond.

Other conditional releases: Inmates from Patuxent Institution released to halfway houses.

Other releases: Inmates admittea In error and released.

M8SS8.chusett.s Category estimates: The totals

for admissions and releases are actual; the categories are estimated.

New court commitments: Include some parole VIOlatOrs with new sentences and other conditional release violators, with or without new sentences.

Unconditional releases, expirations of sentence: Include some releases to probation.

Other unconditional releases: Court=<i'rdered releases.

Michigan Transfers from other jurisdic

tions: Include transfers from mental hospitals and may include other longterm admissions like writs or medical cases.

Unspecified causes of death: Thirteen inmates who had been temporarily released died for unspecified reasons; lehe cause of one other death was unknown at the time of data collection.

Asian and Pacific Islander risoners: Categorized as prisoners

o un nown race.

Hispanic prisoners: Include only Mexican Americans who are also categorized as prisoners of unknown race. Other Hispanic pl'isoners are classified as non-Hispanic.

Minnesota Parole violators with new sen

tences: Include other conditional release violators from supervised mandatory releases and work releases, with new sentences.


Other unconditional releases: Include prisoners discharged after the Office of Adult Releases modified their sentences or after a court or executive order. May include some commutations.

Other conditional releases: Work releases.

Prisoners of unknown race: Five non-Hispanic men categorized as prisoners of unknown race.

Hispanic prisoners and prisoners of unknown race: Include 84 men and 2 women, Hispanics, categorized as prisoners of unknown race.

Mississippi New court commitments: Include

a small number of shock probation violators.

Other admissions: Include 24 men and 2 women returned to prison to await revocation hearings.


Other conditional releases: Include supervised earned releases, supervised work releases, Governor's Suspension and Emergency Powers Act releases.

Other releases: Include those prisoners who had been returned to prison before revocation hearings that then released them again to community supervision. Also include an adjustment for inmates counted as being admitted although they were already in the jurisdiction of a prison.

Missouri Missouri revised the previously

reported December 31, 1984, population of female inmates with more than 1 year maximum sentences. The total number of male inmates for 1985 also differs from an earlier one reported.


TE •

New court commitments: Include some "shock probation" commitments and may include other conditional release violators who were returned to prison.

Parole violators, without new sentences: Include some parole violators with new sentences.



Conditional releases, paroled women: Number estimated. ---unspecified causes of death: No cause specified.

Montana Montana revised the previously

reported December 31, 1984, population of female inmates with more than 1 yeat' maximum sentences.

Parole violators without new sentences, women: Include some female parole violators with new sentences.

Other conditional release violators with new sentences: Include some other conditional release violators with new sentences.

Male escapees and male AWOL prisoners: Counted as a single category.

Race and Hispanic origin of male prisoners: Numbers estimated.

Nebraska Nebraska revised the previously

reported December 31, 1984, population of female inmates with more than 1 year maximum sentences.

New court commitments, men: May include some prisoners returned from appeal or bond.

Parole violators without new sentences, men: Include some parole violators with new sentences.

Transfers, women: Prisoners admitted from and released to a work release center (custody movements only).

Nevada New court commitments: May

include a small number of prisoners returned from appeal or bond.




w WI

New Hampshire New court commitments: Include

some prisoners returned from appeal or bond and may include other conditional release violators with or without new sentences.

Parole violators without new ~~ntences: Include parole violators who reCe1Ve new sentences after readmission to prison.


Other conditional releases: Court-ordered releases to Marathon House Program, a 24-month, inhouse drug addiction treatment program.

New Jersey New court commitments: May

include some transfers from other jurisdictions.

Other conditional release violators without new sentences: Prisoners returned (some with new sentences) from the Intensive Supervision Program, an experimental program operated by the Administrative Office of the Courts. The program provides a sanction that in severity lies between incarceration and probation.

Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Counted as a Single category.

Other conditional releases: Prisoners released to the Intensive Supervision Program.

Total jurisdiction POPUlation and categories for admissions and releases: Exclude 1,1;; 4 male and 16 lemale prisoners held in jails to ease prison crowding.

New Mexico Parole violators without new sen

tences: May include parole Violators 'W'i'fii""ii"ew sentences.

New York New court commitments: Include

parole violators and other conditional release violators with new sentences.

Transfers from and to other jurisdictions: Transfers from and to the Department of Mental Hygiene for psychiatric treatment.

Other admissions: Type of admissions unknown at the time of data collection.

Other causes of death: Causes unknown at the time of data collection.

Custody popUlation with sentences more than 1 year and total: Include 617 male and 17 female alleged parole violators detained on warrant and awaiting revocation hearings.

!iispanic prisoners and race: All Puerto Rican inmates, white and black, are categorized as white.

North Carolina Sentencing information, partially

suspended sentences: Some prisoners serve sentences in which the term in prison is partially suspended, to be completed under probation. The prisoners are categorized with inmates sentenced to a year Ol' more oilly when the prison portion of their sentences .exceed 12 months. Although the maximum sentences of all such prisoners were more than 1 year, nearly all of them are included with those prisoners having sentences of a year or less. During 1985 there were 1,228 uncounted admissions and an almost equal number of uncounted releases of inmates with partially suspended sentences. As a result, the counts of population, admissions, and releases of inmates with more than 1 year maximum sentences are understated, and the population of inmates with a year or less maximum sentences is oversta ted.

Parole violators with new sentences: Include some parole violators without new sentences and other conditional release violators, with or withoui new sentences.


Other admissions: Residual not accounted for in other categories, used to adjust the movement data to the yearend total.


Other releases: Residual not accounted for in other categories, used to adjust the movement data to the yearend total.

Category estimates, sentencing: Population totals represent actual counts; however, sentence length populations, more or less than 1 year, are estimates.

North Dakota New court commitments: Include

some parole violators with new sentences.

Other conditional releases: Court-ordered releases.

Ohio Sentencing information: The

yearend total of inmates with over 1 year maximum sentences included 1,582 male and 181 female inmates with sentences shorter than a year and a day. Admissions and releases reflect those 1,763 short-sentence prisoners.

New court commitments: Include some other conditional release violators with new sentences.

Other unconditional releases: Sentences vacated by courts.

Other conditional releases: Extended furloughs from prison to parole supervision, as in pre-parole and medical furloughs.

Race and Hispanic origin: Actual counts only of jurisdictional inmates in Ohi:..,'s custody.

Oklahoma category estimates, admissions

by sex: Number of men and women in each admission category estimated.

Sentencing information: Population, admissions, and releases may include a very small number of inmates with a 1 year sentence.

New court commitments: Include other conditional release violators returned, with or without new sentences.


Other unconditional releases: Include 400 male and 28 female legislative CAP releases (Senate Bill 445) and 1 I1ll!n .. eleased by court order.

Cause of death: Under investigation at the time of data collection.


Oregon Parole violators without new

sentences: Include some returned parolees whose revocation status was unknown at the time of admission.



='"M'.

other admissions: Inmate recommitted after a court-ordered release.

Unconditional releases, expirations of sentence: Include some supervised mandatory releases.


Pennsylvania Parole violators, with or without

new sentences: Include 690 men and 6 women returned to state incarcerfltion by the Board of Probation and Parole. They entered on their original sentences and not as technical or convicted parole viola tors. Their count was divided between violators with new sentences and violators without new sentences according to the ratios of actual convicted or technical parole violators. Hence j

382 men and 3 women were categorized as parole violators with new sentences; 308 men and 3 women were considered to be parole violators without new sentences.

Oth~r unconditional releases: Court-ordered releases.

Conditional releases, paroles: Include 116 men who had been a.dmitted to prison for parole viola tions and then released after revocation hearings on their original paroles.

Other releases: The reason for these releases was unknown at the time of data coliection.

Rhode Island Sentencing information: Some

prisoners serve sentences in which the term in prison is partially suspended, to be completed under probation. They were categorized with inmates sentenced to a year or more only when the prison portion of their sentences exceeded 12 months. As a result, the population and movement counts of inmates with maximum sentences of more than 1 year are understated, and the population count of inmates with a year or less maximum sentences is overstated.

Other unconditional releases: Convictions overturned.

South Carolina South Carolina revised the pre

viously reported December 31, 1984, population of male inmates with more than 1 year maximum sentences.

New c ')urt commitments: Include a very sniall number of transfers from other jurisdictions.


Other corditional releases: Inmates released to the jurisdiction of the Department of Parole and Community Corrections under the Emergency Powers Act.

Unspecified causes of deaths: Death of escaped prisonel'.

Tennessee Tennessee revised the previously

reported Decembet' 31, 1984, population of inmates with more than 1 year maximum sentences.

Parole violators with new sentences: Include parole violators withOUt new sentences and other conditional release violators with or without new sentences.


Total jurisdiction population: Excludes 628 male and female sentenced inmates housed in jails solely to ease prison crowding.

Men in jails to relieve prison crowding: The 628 male inmates include some femal~ inmates.

Prisoners of unknown race: Include all inmates not classified as white or black.

'rexas Pal'ole violators with or without

new sentences: All parole violators reported as having new sentences.

Transfers from other jurisdictions: Transfers from State hospitals.

Other admissions, men: Include an adjustment for inmates counted as being released even though they remained in the jurisdiction of a prison. Include prisoners returning from long-term bench warrants aild medical furloughs.


Other conditional releases: Conditional pardon releases.


-~---------

.... Unspecified causes of death:

Cause of death not determined at the time of data collection.

Transfers to other jurisdictions: Transfers to State hospitals.

Other releases, women: Adjustment to account for an unexplained difference between yearend populations, 1984 and 1985.

Race: Two categories used: white and nonwhite.

Utah Utah revised the previously re

I?orted December 31, 1984, population of inmates with more than 1 year maximum sentences.

Other unconditional releases: The Board of Pardona determines terminations of sentences.

Vermont Vermont revised the previously

reported December 31, 1984, population of inmat~s with over 1 year maximum sentences.

New court commitments, men: May include some other conditional release violators and prio;oners returned from appeal or bond.

New court commitments, women: Include all female admissions.

Other releases: Type of release not known at the time of data collection.

Combined prison and jail populations: Numbers reflect population of integrated jail &nd prison system. "Lockups" operated by some cities and counties are excluded.

PopUlation counts: Made December 21, 1985.

Virginia New court commitments: May

include a small number of prisoners returning from appeal or bond.

Transfers from other jurisdictions: Include inmates admitted to begin Virginia sentences or to continue Virginia sentences. ThUS, transfers from other jurisdictions may be slightly overstated, and new court commitments slightly understated,

Other unconditional releases: Administrative releases.

I,

7 -uns~€cified causes of death:

UnspecIfied to the Virginia data system for some deaths.

Prisoners of unknown race: Include all inmates who are neither ,¥lhite nor black.

Washington New court commitments: May

include a small number of prisoners returned from appeal or bond.


Other admissions: Reflect the difference 6etween the numbers in two categories: parole violators returned to prison to await revocation hearings and parolees who leave prison after a hearing does not revoke their paroles.

Other releases: See "Other admissions."

Unspecified causes of death: Include a car accident that killed an escapee and a shooting by police of an inmate on work release.

Hispanic prisoners and prisoners of unknown race: Prisoners of unknown race include Hispanics and inmates with mixed racial origins.

West Virginia West Virginia revised the previ

ously reported December 31, 1984, populations of male and female inmates with more than 1 year maximum sentences.

Poeulation, admissions and releases counts, men: Based on custody data.

New court commitment;;: Include parole violators and other conditional release violators with new sentences.

Other admissions: Return from Medical Respite.

Conditional releases, probations: Include rome releases to court jurisdiction of inmates declared unfit to remain in a particular minimum security facility.

Other conditional releases:, Released to Medical Respite.

Other releases: Court-ordered releases for which conditions, if any, are unknown.

I:::;

-Wisconsin

Wisconsin revised the previously reported December 31, 1984, population of inmates with more thlln 1 year maximum sentence!":.

Other admissions: 'Type unknown at the time or data collection.

Other unconditional releases: Pardons.

Other conditional releases: SpeCial Action early releases.

Unseecified causes of death: Unspecified to the Wisconsin data system.

Other releases: Court-ordered releases for whIch conditions, if any, are unknown.

Wyoming New court commitments: May

include a small number of administrative turnovers-the start of a consecutive sentence.

Unconditional releases, exeirations of sentence: May include a small number of administrative turnovers-the end of one sentence to be followed by another.

Unconditional releases, commutations: Court-ol'dered releases.

~ ~ ,. '-"-____ '-=_'~~~"'-~ .. . !l',"-' ~ __ .=--~'--

.

Prisoners in 1985 ~J

----------~------------------------------------------

REPORT PERIOO COVERED: JanlJary l,19861hroIJgh December 31,1986

FORM NPS-1 tlO-15·B5T NOTICE - These datu are being collected In accordance with the 1979 Crime Control Act.

U.S, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE aUREAIJ OF THE CENSUS

ACTING AS COI,lECTlNG AGi:NT FOR THE BUREAU OF JUSTICe 5T ATISTICS

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICt;

SUMMARY OF SENTENCED POPULATION MOVEMENT

NATIONAL PRISONER STATISTICS

1985


fFIt..'tlSl! correct arty error In name and address Includmg ZIP code}

The Bureau of the Census, at the request of the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJSl, collects data on the inmates of prisons in each state, the District of Columbia, and the Federal Bureau of Prisons. This has been done by the Bureau of Prisons, the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, or the Bureau of the Census each year since 1926. The collection of these data is iluthorized by Title 42, United States Code, Section 3732, and is designed to provide annual summary measures of movement into and out of the Nation'S correctional systems.

This report form concerns inmates with maximum sentences greater than 1 year who moved into or out of the jurisdiction of your State during the period January 1, 1985 through December 31,1985. The figures posted in the "1984" columns were transcribed from the NPS-1 report your State submitted last year. Please complete and return the form by February 14, 1986 to expedite timely pUblication of the data.

In the past, a major problem for national correctional studies has been the inability to collect comparable data from all states because of differing definitions and reporting procedures. We have developed a set of definitions to try to overcome this problem. If you are unable to use our definitions when completing the NPS-1 form, please let us know the specific differences so that we can inform the users of the data.

Although your participation in this endeavor is voluntary, the information you provide is very useful to BJS, the Congresl), the states, and others involved in the formulation of national, state, and local justice policy and decision making_

If you need any help, please call collect on (3011 763-2061.

Thank you for your cooperation.

Sinceraly,

JOHN G. KEANE

PLEASE READ INSTRUCTIONS ON PAGES 5 AND 6 8EFOflEi COMPLETING THIS FORM

BUREAU OF THE CENSUS Attn: Demographic Surveys Division Washington, D.C. 20233

82 Correctional Populations in tHe United States, 1985 f)

0° ..

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

In this report, you are asked to report summary Enter "NA" (Not Applicable) if by law or regulation populations and movements of offenders under the your State cannot have the type of inmates described jurisdiction of your state prison system in 1985, by the Item. Enter "0" (zero), if your State can have whether they were within the custody of your such inmates but did not have any during 1985. Enter state's system or were housed elsewhere. 8ecause "NR" (Not Reported) in the item, if your State had the the NPS-1 is an effort to collect comparable data type of inmates described by the item but you cannot from all states, we urge that you try to adhere to determine the number of such inmates your State had the concepts and ,!,,;-;nitions provided on pages 5 in 1985. If you cannot determine the number of and 6 of this form. inmates separately by item, report the combined

count in one of the items, enter "NR" in the However, If after reviewing the concepts and remaining items and specify in the notes space on definitions, you are not able to report an item using pages 2, 4, or 6 all of the items represented by the our guidelines, please inform us using the following combined count. Please do not leave any item blank. procedure.

FOR PROCEllSING I YEAR I STATE FIPS CODE USEONLY-__ l I I I

SUMMARY OF SENTENCED POPULATION MOVEMENT - 1985

INMATES WITH OVER 1 YEAR MAXIMUM SENTENCE

Item tlescription MAl.E FEMALE

1984 1985 1984 1985

1. Jurisdiction population on January 1 '" 2. Admissions

a. New court commitments

~: Parole violators with new sentences

c. Other conditional release violators with new se'ltences

d. Parole violators only, no new sentences

e. Other conditional release violators only, no new sentences

f. Transfers from other jurisdictions

g.AWOL returns, with or without new sentences

h. Escapee returns, with or without new sentences

I. Returns from appeal/bond

j. Other admissions (Specify;n "Notes" below) .,...

k. TOTAl.. ADMISSIONS (Sum of Items 2a 2J) ~

3. Totallnmate8 handled (Sum ofitem 1 and item 2k) '" NOTES

PLEASE CONTINUE,~~ PAGE 3 FORM NJ'S.1 nO.15-aS]

Pogo 2


FOR PROCESSING .\--y!'rl!. STATE FIPS CODe USE ONLY__ T I

SUMMARY OF SENTENCED POPULATION MOVEMENT - 1985 (Continuedl

INMATES WITH OVER i YEAR MAXIMUM SENTENCE

Item description MALE FEMALE

1984 1985 1984 1985

4. Releases Unconditional

a. Expirations of sentence

b. Commutations

c. Other unconditional releases (Specify in "Notes" on page 4)

Conditional d. Probations

e. Supervised mandatory releases

f. Paroles

g. Other conditional releases (Specify in "Notes" on page 4)

Dealh h. Executions

I. Illnesses/natural causes

j. Suicides ----. k. Accidental injury to self

I. Death caused by another person

m .Other deaths (Specify in "Notes" on page 4)

Olhaf n. AWOLS

o. Escapes from confinement

p. Transfers to other jurisdictions

q. Releases to appeal/bond

r. Other releases (Specify in "Notes" on page 4)

s. TOTAL RELEASES (Sum of Itoms 40-4r) __

JURISDICTION


1984 1985 1984 1985

5. Jurltldlctlon a. Inmates with over 1 year maximum sentence population (Item 3 minus Item 4s) • Dec. 31 b. Inmates with e year or loos

maximum sentence ~

c. Unsontenced Inmates (Enumerate only those In tho State's correctional Jurisdiction. Otharwlsa, report In Item 6c.) ~

d. TOTAL Inmate population (Sum of Items 50, b, and c) '"

CUSTODY

Item description MALE i FEMAI.E

1984 1985 1984 1985

6. Cuotody e. Inmates with over 1 yeer population maximum sentence ~ Dec. 31 -" -b. Inmates with a year or leiS

maximum lilllntonce /lo

c. Unsentenced Inmatoo --'~ -d. TOTAL Inmate population I

(Sum of Items 6a, b, and cJ ~ I PLEASE CONTINUE OF PAGE 4

FORM.NPS·, •• O t5,Sflt Page 3

84 Correctional Populations in the United States/ 1985

FOR PROCESSING YEAR STATE FIPS CODE USE ONLY_

SUMMARY OF SENTENCED POPULATION MOVEMENT -1985 (Continued)

OVERCROWDING


1984 1986 1984 1986

7. Overcrowding a·Number of State inmates housed in local Doc. 31 jails solely to oas!! oVElrcrowding on

Docember 31 • -If any entry in item 7a for 1984 is not "0," DYes DYes please answer item 7b. ONo, o NOt b.Are thasa inmatas included in itam 5d oj.

jurisdiction total? (Explain In (Explain in nNotes" UNotes" below) below)

Item description RACIAL COMPOSITION

Of those enumerated In item 5d, "Total inmate MALE FEMALE population - jurisdiction populatioll December

31," please specify race counts. 1984 19B5 1984 1986

8. Racial T composition a.TOTAL (TranscritJe from item 5dJ ~

Dec:31 b.Raca l!!.ldhite

(2) Black ---.. (3) American Indian or

Alaskan Native

(4) Asian or Pacific Islander (5) Other (Specify in

"Notes" below)

(6) Not known

Item description ETHNIC COMPOSITION

Of thosli enumerated in item 5d. "Total inmate MALE FEMALE population - jurisdiction population December 31." please sptlcify ethnic counts. 1984 1986 1984 1986

9. Ethnic composition a. TOT AL (Transcribe from item 5dJ • Dec. 31 b.Ethnicity !

1(1) Hispanic

---~~ += i (2) Not Hispanic I I (3) Not known I I

NOTES

.~~ .- -- .--.. --- --.----~"-~---.-

~'"'------............ ~-~.- ....-.~"--~--

.-....... ------_ .. --~-.-- ----... --,.....~~~-

-----_ .. - -.-"- .- -.~-

. _ .......... _---_.-. ~- _ .. ~ ~-.~ ---~ -~--.--"~

~-...-... -.~~ -- ~-. --~-.~--.,----~- -------~- .-~-

.... -------.--~-.-~-~ . -._ ....... .--------.. ~~---

--.. ---- -~~- -.--~ -- --.~. .~ -~ .- ---~ ...... ---" .------~-------.-.. -~~---.

-----~--- ------- -~ .~---.. -.--,-- --.-_ .. - - -

(Additional space for notes is provided on page 6)

.-j Date completed 10. R9port .1 Name and title , Telephone

submitted ~ ,;:;.;; ~OdO r"';-';;-be-,--- I Extens~o--;;--' by "'\

!

fORM NPS·, tlo·\O· ... P 4


INSTRUCTIONS

COVERAGE

In this report, you are asked to report populations and movements of all adults and youthful offenders adjudicateu through the adult court and sentenced to n maximum of at least one year and one day and admitted to or released from the jurisdiction of your State prison system, even though they may be housed in another state or in a Federal institution or in a county facility. For example, you should report the admission or release of prisoners sentenced for offenses in your State but housed In another state for safekeeping. You should report the admission or release of state inmates held in local/ails as a direct re&.,lt of overcrowding in state facilities if these inmates are considered to be under your State's jurisdiction while they serve in local jails. You should not report the admission or release of inmates your State was merely housing for other states.

JURISDICTION POPULATION ON JANUARY 1

The jurisdiction population on January 1, 1985 (Item 1) should equal the number of inmates with over 1 year maximum sentence on December 31, 1984 (Item 5al. Revise Item 5a for 1984 if appropriate.

ADMISSIONS

a. New court commitments - Include all inmates who were admitted with all new sentences, that is, these inmates were not readmitted for any sentences. This category includes probation violators entering prison for the first time on the probated offenses. Do not include parole violators with new sentences as new court commitments.

b. Parole violators with new sentences - Include all parolees returned with new sentences.

c. Other conditional release violators with new sentences - Include all conditional releases (other than parolel returned With new sentences, for example, returns from shock probation, from supervised mandatory release, etc.

d. Parole violators only, no new sentences -Include all parolees returned only for formal revocations of parole which were not accompanied by new sentences. If the parole was not formally revoked, that Is, the parolee was held only temporarily pending a hearing, no admission occurred for NPS purposes.

e. Other conditional ralaase violators only, no new sentences - Include ail conditional release violators other than violators returned only for formal revocations of conditional release which were not accompanied by new sentences. If th" conditional release was not formally revoked, that is, the conditional release violator was held only temporarily pending a hearing. no admission occurred for NPS purposes.

f. Transfers from other jurisdictions - Include all inmates transferred to this State's jurisdiction to continue sentences already in force. Do not report the admission if your State does not acquire jurisdiction. Do not report movements from prison to prison within your State.

g. AWOL retums, with 0. without new sentences -Include all returns from AWOL. AWOL is defined as failure to return from authorized temporary absences such as work furlough, study release, mercy furlough, or other authorized temporary absence.

h. Escapeo raturns, with or without new sentences - Include ail returns from escape. Escape ;s defined as unlawful departure from a State correctional facility or from the custody of State correctional personnel.

FOAM NPS,l 00·15,951 Pag.5

ADMISSIONS - Continued

i. Returns from appeal/bond - Include all inmates reinstated to correctional jurisdiction from longterm jurisdictional absences on appeal or bond. Do not report returns from short-term movements (that is, less than 30 days) to court (that is, where the State retains jurisdiction).

j. Othar admissions - Include all other admissions not covered by the above categories. Please specify the nature of these admissions in the "Notes" section on page 2.

RELEASES

Unconditional - An unconditional release occurs only if the released inmate cannot be reimprisoned for any sentence for which he was in prison.

a. Expirations of sentence - Include all inmates whose maximum court sentences minus credits have been served.

b. Commutations - Include all inmates whose maximum sentences have been changed (lowered) to time served to ailow immediate unconditional release.

c. Other unconditional releases - Include all other unconditional releases not covered by the above categories. Please specify the nature of these raleasas in the "Notes" section on page 4 or page 6.

Conditional - A conditional release occurs if the released Inmate, upon violating the conditions of his release, can be imprisoned again for any of the sentences for which he was in prison.

d. Probations - Include ali inmates who have been placod under probation supervision and condi· tionally released. Include all shock probation releases.

e. Supervised mandatory releases - Include all inmates who must, by law, be conditionally released. This type of release may also be called mandatory conditional release.

f. Paroles - Include all inmates conditionally released to parole. Enter only releases officially entitled "parole."

g. Other conditional releases - Include all other conditional releases not covered by the above categories. Please specify the nature of these releasas in the "Notes" section on pogo 4 or poge 6.

Death

h. Exacutions - Self-explanatory

I. Illnesses/natural causes - Self-explanatory

j. Suicides - Self·explanatory

k. Accidental injury to self - Include all inmates who accldentall'{ caused their own deaths (for example, a fall from a ladder, mishandling electrical equipment).

I. Death caused by another persoll - Include all inmates whose deaths were caused accidentally or intentionally by another inmate or prison personnel.

m. Other deaths - Include all other deaths not covered by the above categories. Please specify the nature of these deaths in the "Notes" section on page 4 or page 6.


INSTRUCTIONS

RELEASES - Contlnuod

Other Relea8a8

n. AWOLS - Include all failures to return from an authorized temporary absence such as work furlough, rotudy release, rnercy furlough, or other authorizEld temporary absence.

o. Ellcapo8 from contino mont - Include all unlawful departures from a State correctional facility or from the custody of State correctional personnel.

p. Trlil'lsfers to other jurisdictions - Include all inmates who were transferred from this State's jurisdiction to another to continue sentences already in force. Do not report the release if your State does not relinquish jurisdiction. Do not report movements from prison to prison within your St;lte.

q. Ralea808 to appeal/bond - Include all inmates released from correctional jurisdiction to long· term Jurisdictional absences on appeal or bond. Do not report short-term movements (that is, less than 30 days) to court where the State correctional system retains jurisdiction.

r. Other rele8se8 - Include all other releases not covered by the above categories. Please specify the nature of these releases in the "Notes" section on page 4 or page 6.

JURISDICTION POPULATION DECEMBER 31

Include all inmates underthis State's jurisdiction on December 31, regardless of the location of the inmates. Do not include other jurisdictions' inmates (for example, inmates from other States, pre·trial detainees) merely housed in your prisons. These inmates, however, are enumerated in item 6, "Custody Population."

CUSTODY POPULATION DECEMBER 31

Include all inmates in this State's custody, that is, housed in your State correctional facilities on December 31. Do not include State inmates housed outside State prison facilities (these are reported under "Jurisdiction Population," item 51. Include other jurisdictions' inmates (for example, inmates from other States. the courts, local jails) housed in your State's facilities.

FOAM NPS t '10 1!) 9.51

NOTES

OVERCROWDING DECEMBER 31

Include all inmates housed in local jails on December 31, as a direct result of overcrowding in your State's prisons. Do not include inmates held in local jails for other reasons, (for example, work release, court appearance, etc.). Mark the "Yes" or "No" box to indicate whether or not these inmates are included in 5d, "Total Inmate Population - Jurisdiction Population December 31." If you mark "No," explain in the "Notes" section on page 4 or page 6.

RACE

(1) White - A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europ'l, North Africa, or the Middle East.

(2) Black - A person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa.

(3) American Indian or Alaskan Native - A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North America, and who maintains cultural identification through tribal affiliation or community recognition.

(4) Asian or Pacific Islander - A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, the Indian Subcontinent, or the Pacific Islands. This area includes, for example, China, India, Japan, Korea, the Philippine Islands, and Samoa.

(5) Other - Any other races not covered by the above categories. Please specify the races in the "Notes" section on page 4 or page 6.

(6) Not known - Any inmate whose raCe is unknown should be included here.

ETHNIC ORIGIN

(1) Hispanic - A person of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central Of South American or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race.

(2) Not Hispenic - A person not covered by the above category.

(3) Not known - Anyone whose ethnic origin is unknown should be included here.

Prisoners ilt 1985 87

Parole in 1985

.... po

Tables

6.1 Adults on parole, by national totals for characteristics, 1985 90

6.2 Adults on parole, 1985 91 6.3 Adults on parole, by status

of supervision, 1985 92 6.4 Adults entering parole, by

type of parole, 1985 93 6.5 Adults leaving parole, 1985

94 6.6 Adults on parole, by sex and

Hispanic origin, 1985 95 6.7 Adults on parole, by race,

1985 96 6.8 Adults on parole, by

sentence length, 1935 97

Explanatory notes by jurisdiction 98

Questionnaire 101

Parole in 1985 89

Table 6.1. Adults on parole, by national totals for characteristics, 1985

Characteristics

Number of adults on parole from state or Federal prisons

Percent of those persons with a known sta tus

Stntus of supervision

Active supervision Inactive supervision Absconded from supervision Supervised out of State

Adults entering parole

Discretionary parole Mandatory parole

Adults 1e.'1ving parole

Successful completions Discharged absconders Discharged to detainers/warrants Returned to prison

With new sentence With parole revoked With revocation pending With charges pending

Transferred to another State Death

Ser of adults on parole

Male Female

Race of adults on parole

White Black Other races

Hispanic origin of adults on parole.

Hispanic Non-Hispanic

Note: See the detailed tables, the question., naire, and the explanatory notes for definitions, limitations, and exceptions. For every characteristic there existed persons of unknown status or type; their numbers are in

259,748

213,208 14,635 21,796 10,109

170,671

98,847 71,824

159,156

92,703 3,448 2,921

18,835 32,240

2,402 1,593 3,221 1,693

262,854

245,707 17,147

254,061

137,990 110,906

5,165

187,231

31,315 155,916

the detailed tables.

100%

82 6 8 4

100%

58 42

58 2 2

12 20

2 1 2 1

100%

93 7

100%

54 44

2

100%

17 83

·Jurisdictions failed to report Hispanic origin for 90,207 persons. Caution must be used in interpreting this category.


Table 6.2. Adults on parole, 1985

Percent 1985 change parolees

Parole Parole in parole per popu- popu- popu- 100,000

Regions and lation 1985 lation lation adult jurisdictions 12/31/84 Entries Exits 12/31/85 1984-85 residents

U.s. total 266,992 183,422 172,976 277,438 3.9% 158 Federal 16,854 7,932 7,926 16,860 10 State 250,138 175,490 165,050 260,578 4.2 148

Northeast 54,419 29,631 26,934 57,116 5.0 152 Connee ticu t 868 300 571 597 -31.2 25 Maines 122 0 54 68 -44.3 8 Massachusettsb 4,447 3,382 3,333 4,496 1.1 101 New Hampshire 455 147 149 453 -.4 61 New Jersey 12,206 7,849 6,670 13,385 9.7 235 New York 24,212 12,458 11,391 25,279 4.4 189 Pennsylvania 11,371 5,017 4,188 12,200 7.3 136 Rhode Isband 394 347 339 402 2.0 54 Vermont 344 131 239 236 -31.4 60

Midwest 46,967 30,485 35,140 42,312 -9.9 98 Illinois 11,383 8,268 8,230 11,421 .3 135 Indiana 2,900 3,208 3,311 2,797 -3.6 70 Iowa 1,662 1,932 1,623 1,971 18.6 93 Kansas 1,997 1,207 922 2,282 14.3 128 Michigan 9,365 3,698 6,424 6,639 -29.1 101 Minnesota 1,418 1,327 1,381 1,364 -3.8 45 Mlssourib

4,366 2,507 2,339 4,534 3.8 123 Nebraska 361 396 393 364 .8 31 North Dakota 159 156 149 166 4.4 34 Ohio 9,065 4,792 7,348 6,509 -28.2 83 South Dakota 438 375 398 415 -5.3 83 Wisconsin 3,853 2,619 2,622 3,850 110

South 102,128 65,269 57,978 109,419 7.1 183 Alabama

b 2,194 1,459 1,228 .2,425 10.5 84 Arkansas ,',463 1,673 1,306 3,830 10.6 224 Delaware 830 520 486 864 4.1 186 Dist. of Columbia 2,696 1,256 1,612 2,340 -13.2 474 Florida 5,661 3,947 5,394 4,214 -25.6 48 Georgia 7,246 7,964 6,672 8,538 17.8 198 Kentucky 3,567 2,482 2,578 3,471 -2.7 128 Louisiana 3,087 2,137 1,506 3,718 20.4 119 Maryland 7,046 4,885 4,623 7,308 3.7 222 Mississippi 3,108 1,708 1,514 3,392 9.1 186 North Carolina 3,892 4,575 5,283 3,184 -1&.2 68 Oklahoma 1,880 619 874 1,625 -13.6 68 Sou th Carolina 3,441 1,076 1,256 3,261 -5.2 135 Tennessee 6,524 4,530 3,555 7,499 14.9 212 Texas 40,783 21,291 14,603 47,471 16.4 410 Virginia 5,986 4,690 5,035 5,641 -5.8 132 West Virginia 724 367 4(;1 638 -11.9 45

West 46,624 50,105 44,99\\ 51,731 11.0 148 Alaska 147 114 lOt> 155 5.4 44 Arizona 1,660 2,433 2,376 1,717 3.4 74 California 30,645 36,900 33,562 33,983 10.9 174 Colorado 1,709 2,002 1,708 2,003 17.2 85 Hawaii 526 304 114 716 36.1 94 Idaho 381 302 200 483 26.8 71 Montan~C 691 291 288 694 .4 117 Nevada 1,187 1,242 1,116 1,313 10.6 183 New Mexico 1,194 894 973 1,115 -6.6 111 Oregon 1,764 2,527 2,281 2,010 13.9 102 Utah 1,115 663 604 1,174 5.3 114 Washingtonb 5,253 2,234 1,448 6,039 15.0 187 Wyoming :;62 199 222 329 -6.5 94

- Less than 0.1%. bState estimated some or all of the data. 8 Maine abolished parole in 1976. CMontana repeated 1984 data for 1985.

Parole in 1985 91

It ~_,---"",--__ --, ____ -"n «"~' ___ _

Table 6.3. Adults on parole, by status of supervision, 1985

Numbel' of adults on 2arole Under With Absconded Other or

Regions and active inactive from Out unknown jurisdictions supervision supervision supervision of State status

U.S. total 213,208 14,635 21,796 18,109 9,690

Federal 11,729 72 5,059 0 State 201,479 14,563 16,737 18,109 9,690

Northeast 48,328 1,352 2,982 3,908 546

connegticut8 354 243 * 0 Maine : 68 MassachusettsC 4,4&6 0 0 0 0 New Hampshire 453 New Jersey 12,545 0 0 840 0

New York 20,302 1,3(12 2,030 1,645 0 Pennsylvania

d 10,128 0 709 1,363 0 Rhode Island 328 0 0 49 25 Ve~montC 175 50 11 0

Midwest 35,222 402 2,357 4,201 130

Illinois 9,992 0 752 677 0 Indiana 1,953 402 51 391 0 Iowa 1,532 : 439 0 Kansas 1,588 0 0 694 0 Michigan 5,551 0 726 362 0 Minnesota 1,112 0 135 117 0 Missouric 3,589 0 364 581 0 Nebraska 300 0 13 51 0 North Dakota 133 0 6 27 0 Ohio 5,697 0 0 812 0 South Dakota 353 0 1,2 50 0 Wisconsine 3,422 0 298 0 130

South 76,665 11,467 5,911 7,600 7,776

Alabama 1,601 239 296 289 0 Arkansasc 2,681 306 843 Delaware 663 23 54 124 0 Dlst. oftColumbia 1,799 541 0 0 0 Florida 4,214 0 0 0 0 Georgia 7,796 0 U 742 0

Kentucky 3,188 0 0 283 0 Louisiana 3,116 0 0 602 0 Maryland 3,895 1,850 655 398 510 Mississippi 2,734 0 0 658 0 North Carolina 2,283 193 408 300 0 Oklahoma 1,625

South Carolina 2,805 0 35 421 0 Tennessee 6,455 65 381 598 0 TeKas 32,985 8,250 4,082 2,154 0 Virginia : : 5,641 West Virginia 450 0 0 188 0

West 41,264 1,342 5,487 2,400 1,238

Alaska 100 0 11 44 0 Arizona 1,352 0 150 215 0 California 29,286 0 4,635 62 0 Colorado 1,596 296 111 0 Hawaii 388 36 237 34 21 Idaho 381 102 Montanag 389 11 55 239 0 Nevadac 705 203 405 0 New MeKico 1,115 Ot'egon 1,569 0 0 441 0 Utah 957 0 103 114 0 WashingtonC 4,374 1,092 0 573 0 Wyoming 167 0 0 162 0

••• Not applicable. men held at the Adult Correctional Institu-: Jurisdiction did not know. tion on detention warrants and 6 persons aConnecticut reported an undetermined under Federal supervision. number of parolees supervised out ot' State all eWisconsin categorized under "Other" those sbscondlng from supervision. parolees for whom viola tlon warrants Were

Maine abolished parole in 1976. ~sued. cThe jurisdiction estimated the data. Florida did not report on parolees supervised dRhode Island included under "Out of State" out of State, five men serving sentences Imposed by other States. 1'he "Other" status included 17

gMontana repeated the 1984 figures for 1985.


Table 6.4. Adults entering parole, by type of parole, 1985

Number of adults entering: l2arole Regicns and 'fotal Parole t~l2es Other or jurisdictions in 1985 Discrehonary' Mandatoryb unknownO

U.s. total 183,422 98,847 71,824 12,751 Federal 7,932 6,679 1,207 46 states 175,490 92,168 70,617 12,705

Northeast 29,631 27,383 2,097 151 Conne8ticut 300 250 0 50 Maine Massachusetts 3,382 3,382 0 0 New Hampshire 147 147 0 0 New Jersey 7,849 7,849 0 0 New York 12,458 10,361 2,097 0 Pennsylvania 5,017 4,927 0 90 Rhode lsland 347 335 0 11 Vermont 131 131

MidwtlBl; 30,485 14,382 13,528 2,575 Illinois 8,268 40 7,639 589 Indiana 3,208 69 3,112 27 Iowa 1,932 1,520 412 Kansas 1,207 1,118 89 0 Michigan 3;698 3,241 0 457 Minnesota 1,327 110 1,059 158 Missouri 2,507 1,970 527 10 Nebraska 396 355 37 • 4 North Dakota 156 156 0 0 Ohio 4,792 3,971 821 South Dakota 375 278 0 97 Wisconsin 2,619 1,554 1,065 0

Souto 65,269 40,729 21,256 3,284 Alabllmae 1,459 1,459 Arkansase 1,673 1,673 Delaware 520 201 319 0 Dist. of Columbia 1,256 925 36 295 Florida 3,947 3,947 0 Georgia 7,964 7,964 0 0 Kentucky! 2,482 2,106 >I< 376 Louisiana 2,137 987 1,150 0 Maryland 4,885 1,924 2,961 0 Mississippi 1,798 1,719 0 79 North Carolina 4,575 1,623 2,876 76 O!(lahoma 619 619 0 0 South Carolina 1,076 1,076 0 0 Tennessee 4,530 4,226 Hi3 151 Texas 21,291 9,377 11,895 19 Virginia 4,690 1,995 1,866 829 West Virginia 367 367 0 0

West 50,105 9,614 33,736 6,695 Alaska 114 111 0 3 Arizona 2,433 1,040 1,143 250 CaJifornia 36,900 857 29,721 6,322 Colorado 2,002 2,002 0 Hawaii 304 302 0 2 Idaho 302 279 23 0 Montana 291 282 0 9 Nevada 1,242 1,182 60 New Mexico 894 847 47 Oregon 2,527 2,527 0 0 Utah 663 663 0 0 Washington 2,234 2,234 0 0 Wyoming 199 197 2

••• Not applicable. from prison were not decided by a parole : Jurisdiction did not know. board. ·Included in another category. COther or unknown type of entry Includes, aDiscretionary parole entries are persons among others, persons reinstated to parole going on parole because of a parole board ~fter their cases were closed. gecision. Maine has no parole system.

Manda tory parole entries include those eAiabama and Arkansas did not report parole entering because of determinn te sentencing R:pes. statutes, good-time provisions, or emergency Kentucky reported manda tory releases to releases; they are persons whose rei eases parole in the discretionary ca tegory.

Parole in 1985 93

Table 6.5. Adults leaving parole, 1985

Success- Dis- Dis- Trans-

fully charged charged Returned to I2rison or Jail ferred Other

com- as to de- With With With re- With to an- or un-

Regions and pIe ted abscon- tainer, new parole vocation charges other knowu

jurisdiction Total parole del' warrant sentence revoked pending pending State Death status

U.s. total 172,976 92,703 3,448 2,921 18,835 32,240 2,402 1,593 3,221 1,693 13,920

Federal 7,926 5,619 184 1,864 144 115

State 165,050 87,084 3,264 2,921 18,835 30,376 2,402 1,593 3,221 1,549 13,805

Northeast 26,934 16,941 0 403 3,100 5,719 52 217 74 418 10

Connecticut 571 287 0 0 5 0 49 217 10 3 0

MaineR 54 54 0 0 a 0 0 0 0 0 0

Massachusettsb 3,333 2,634 0 0 0 699 0 0 0 0 0

New Hampshire 149 110 0 0 0 39 0 0 0 0 0

New Jersey 6,670 4,634 0 0 482 1,444 0 106 4

New York 11,391 6,838 0 '" 1,511 2,779 '" '" 64 199 0

Pennsylvania 4,188 1,968 '" 399 1,026 689 0 0 0 106 0

Rhode ISbandC 339 252 0 4 43 28 3 0 0 3 6

Vermont 239 164 33 41 1 0

Midwest 35,140 20,239 1,180 0 4,125 3,039 1,564 1,134 900 333 2,626

Illinois 8,230 3,551 0 0 967 766 0 416 380 90 2,060

Indiana 3,311 2,560 181 0 279 109 10 0 150 22 0

Iowa 1,623 803 89 156 7 231 333 4

Kansas 922 344 130 200 9 239

Michigan 6,424 3,948 7 0 947 0 724 701 0 90 7 Minnesota 1,381 997 * '" 148 227 0 0 '" 9 0

Missourib 2,339 1,029 235 0 190 853 0 0 0 32 0

Nebraska 393 281 0 0 0 110 0 0 0 2 0

North Dakota 149 135 0 0 0 10 0 4 0 0 Ohio 7,348 4,551 668 1,296 584 0 0 0 59 190 South Dakota 398 306 0 0 12 74 0 0 0 6 0 Wisconsin 2,622 1,734 0 0 0 99 :;99 13 37 14 126

South 57,978 34,438 1,526 1,787 5,836 7,584 783 241 1,681 547 3,555

Alabama 1,228 1,226 Arkansas 1,306 740 566 Delaware 486 410 73 '" * ... 3 (l

Dist. of Columbia 1,612 440 322 '" 529 '" '" 59 24 238 Florida 5,394 3,262 1,123 '" * '" '" '" * * 1,009 Georgia 6,672 4,138 0 0 165 1,929 0 0 432 8 0

Kentucky 2,578 1,307 0 0 274 490 0 0 486 21 0 Louisiana 1,506 1,115 143 173 16 44 15 0 Maryland 4,623 3,608 236 132 486 109 4 48 0 Mississippi 1,514 884 0 26 227 138 45 164 30 0 North Carolina 5,283 4,573 '" * 687 '" 23 0 Oklahomao 874 477 68 58 13 258

South Carcrna 1,256 755 71 0 185 220 0 0 0 25 0 Tennessee 3,555 1,981 96 57 527 183 51 61 487 48 64 Texas 14,603 7,477 0 0 3,726 3,167 0 0 0 233 0 Virginiag 5,035 2,885 0 1,177 '" '" '" '" 169 51 753 West Virginia 453 386 0 0 35 22 0 0 0 5 5

West 44,998 15,466 558 731 5,774 14,034 3 1 566 251 7,614

Alaska 106 86 0 0 4 12 2 1 0 1 0 Arizona 2,376 1,596 0 232 185 356 0 0 0 1 6 Californiah 33,562 9,616 393 395 5,049 11,704 214 6,191 Colorado 1,708 1,281 115 302 10 0 Haw':8 114 75 0 0 10 25 0 0 0 4 0 Idaho 200 94 106 0 0

Montana! 288 178 13 0 9 85 '" '" '" 3 0 Nevada 1,116 436 84 187 405 4 0 New Mexico 913 402 144 198 128 2 99 Oregon 2,281 1,303 0 0 533 0 6 439 Utah 604 241 8 20 236 94 1 0 0 4 0 Washingtonb 1,448 * • 166 403 * * * '" 879 Wyoming 222 158 0 0 29 0 0 33 2 0

••• Not applicable. in an adjustment category. ~tate cases terminated, and 54 unspecified. : Jurisdiction did not know. eOklahoma included an adjustment residual in California included 6,185 suspended paro-*Included in ano ther ca legory. "Other." lees at large-absconders-under "Other." ~Iaine abolished parole in 1976. fTennessee estimated the number of parolees lMontana reported 1984 data for 1985.

tate estimated parole exit data. who died in 1985. Revoca tions pending were reported as cRhode Island reported under "Other" six gVirginia summarized all releases to prison revoca tions, charges pending as new sen-~bsconders Whose parole was revoked. under "Discharged to detainer, warrant." Under tences, and transfers to other States as

Illinois included under "Other" the following: "Other" Virginia reported the following: 497 successful completions. 545 absconders, 548 other discharges, and 917 transferred to other districts, 202 out-of-


Table 6.6. Adults on parole, by sex; and HL~nic origin, 1985

Number of adults on earole Parole Sex His~lIniC origin

Regions and population Unre- on- Unre-jurisdictions 12/31/85 Male Female ported Hispanic Hl~panic ported

U.S. total 277,438 245,707 17,147 14,584 31,315 155,916 90,207

Federal 16,860 15,752 ~,108 0 1,326 10,481 5,053 State 260,578 229,955 16,039 14,584 29,989 145,435 85,154

Northeast 57,116 54,:168 2,680 68 7,526 48,811 779

Connec ticu t 597 575 22 0 86 511 0 Maines 68 68 68 Massachusettsb 4,496 4,271 225 0 405 4,091 0 New Hampshire 453 439 14 0 453 New Jersey 13,385 12,676 709 0 1,966 11,419 0

New York 25,279 24,178 1,101 0 4,836 20,443 0 Pennsylvania 12,200 11,626 574 0 218 11,960 22 Rhode Island 402 379 23 0 15 387 0 VermontC 236 224 12 0 236

Midwest 43,312 33,064 2,045 7,203 1,033 30,1'/1 11,108 lllinoisb 11,421 10,867 554 0 700 10,716 5 Indialll1 2,797 2,632 165 ° 34 2,763 0 Iowa 1,971 1,843 128 0 : 1,971 Ka~sas 2,282 1,454 134 694 45 1,543 694 Michigan 6,639 6,206 433 0 94 6,545 0 Minnesota 1,364 1,301 63 0 21 1,331 12 Missourib 4,534 4,275 258 0 6 4,528 0 Nebraska 364 333 31 0 11 353 0 North Dakota 166 157 9 0 7 159 0 Ohio 6,509 6,509 6,509 South Dakota 415 374 4l. 0 4 411 0 Wisconsin 3,850 3,621 229 0 111 1,822 1,917

South 109,419 95,734 7,789 5,896 9,633 51,212 48,574 Alabama 2,425 2,425 2,425 Arkansas 3,810 3,639 191 0 3,830 Delaware 864 813 51 0 24 840 0 Dist. of Columbia 2,340 2,198 142 0 2,340 Florida 4,214 3,888 326 0 4,214 Georgia 8,538 8,026 512 0 8,538 Kentucky 3,471 3,471 3,471 Louisiana 3,718 3,448 270 0 3,718 Maryland 7,308 6,966 342 0 7,308 Mississippi 3,392 3,169 223 0 2 3,390 0 North Carolina 3,184 2,991 193 0 3,184 Oklahoma 1,625 1,495 130 0 31 1,588 6 Sou th Carolina 3,261 3,039 222 0 3,261 Tflnn:)lsee 7,499 6,375 1,124 0 76 7,423 0 Texa· 47,471 43,839 3,632 0 9,500 37,971 0 VirginiaC 5,641 5,246 395 0 5,641 West Virginia 638 602 36 0 638

West 51,713 46,789 3,525 1,417 11,797 15,241 24,693 Alaskad 155 140 15 0 3 152 0 Arizona 1,717 1,623 94 0 466 1,251 0 California 33,983 31,487 2,496 0 9,686 1,411 22,886 Colorado 2,003 1,763 240 0 507 1,496 0 Haw~/,t 716 679 37 0 24 692 0 Idaho 483 366 15 102 483 Montanae 694 652 42 0 20 674 0 Nevada 1,313 1,313 1,313 New Mexicob 1,115 1,025 90 0 624 491 0 Oregon 2,010 1,921 89 0 66 1,944 0 Utah 1,174 1,093 79 2 167 1,002 5 Washington 6,039 5,737 302 0 206 5,827 6 Wyoming 329 303 26 0 28 301 0

: Jurisdiction did not know. ca tegories. individuals who were on mandatory parole. BMaine aholished parole in 1976. eState estimated sex data. eMontana repeated its 1984 figures fol' 1985. bState estimated all data in detailed dAlaska did not report on approximately 150

Parole in 1985 95

Table 6.7. Adults on parole, by race, 1985

Number of adults on l2arole American

Parole Indian, Asian, Regions and popUlation Alaskan Pacific jurisdictions 12/31/84 White Black native Islander Other Unknown

u.s. total 277,438 137,990 110,906 1,800 1,165 2,165 6,965

Federal 16,860 10,416 6,083 253 69 0 39 State 260,578 127,574 104,823 I,S47 1,096 2,165 6,926

Northeast 57,116 ~3,465 26,993 305 482 0 5,567

Conneiticut 597 277 234 0 0 0 86 Maine 68 Massachusettsb 4,.496 3,057 944 0 90 0 405 New Hampshire ~53 451 2 0 0 0 0 New Jersey 13,.185 6,123 7,252 1 9 0 0 New York 25,279 7,133 12,637 302 371 0 4,836 Pennsylvania 1~"WO 6,116 5,831 2 11 0 240 Rhode Island 402 308 93 0 1 0 0 Vermont 236

Midwest 42,312 16,107 15,584 372 24 749 1,025

Illinois~ 11,421 3,636 7,062 14 4 700 5 Indiana 2,797 1,729 1,063 5 0 0 0 Iowa 1,971 Kansasb 2,282 1,048 474 18 2 45 694 Michigan 6,639 2,987 3,600 33 ') 0 19 Minnesota 1,364 940 293 98 0 33 Missourib 4,534 2,894 1,632 5 0 0 33 Nebraska 364 233 103 7 0 0 21 North Dakota 166 137 6 16 0 0 7 Ohio 6,509 South Dakota 415 332 8 71 0 4 0 Wisconsin 3,850 2,171 1,343 105 18 0 213

South 109,419 54,720 48,520 141 46 31 65 Alabama 2,425 Arkansasb 3,830 1,877 1,953 : : : Delaware 864 388 476 0 0 0 0 Dist. of Columbia 2,340 47 2,293 0 0 0 0 Florida 4,214 2,'360 1,542 0 0 0 12 Georgia 8,538 4,355 4,183 0 0 ° 0 Kentucky 3,471 Louisiana 3,718 1,427 2,291 0 0 0 0 Maryland 7,308 2,203 5,091 8 6 0 0 Mississippi 3,392 1,178 2,210 2 2 0 0 North Carolina 3,184 1,473 1,618 81 H 0 Oklahoma 1,625 1,129 413 46 0 0 37 Sou th Carolina 3,261 1,479 1,775 0 0 0 7 Tennegseec 7,499 3,934 3,528 2 35 0 0 Texas 47,471 29,427 18,044 0 0 ° 0 Virginiab 5,641 2,631 2,977 2 3 19 9 West Virginia 638 512 126 0 ° 0 0

West 51,731 33,282 13,726 729 544 1,385 269 Alaskad 155 99 19 21 6 10 ° Arizona 1,717 1,347 285 52 12 0 21 California 33,983 21,302 11,407 169 57 1,021 27 Coloraio 2,003 1,542 429 26 6 0 0 Hawaii 716 159 37 3 431 77 9 Idaho 483

Montanae 694 588 15 89 2 0 0 Nevada 1,313 : : : : : New Mexicob 1,115 951 120 38 0 0 6 Oregon 2,010 1,704 250 49 7 0 ° Utah 1,174 864 113 19 6 0 172

Washingtonb 6,039 4,440 1,048 253 15 277 6 Wyoming 329 286 3 10 2 (} 28

: Jurisdiction did not know. ~nd Pacific Islanders. ~Maine abolished parole in 1976. Alaska did not report on approximately 1:>0 State estimated racial group data. ~ersons who were on mandatory parole.

cTennessee estimated the number of Asians Montana repeated its 1984 figures for 1985.


Table 6.8. AduIts.on parole, by sentence length, 1985

Number of adults on earole Length of sentenceS

Regions and Less than 1 year jurisdictions 12 months or more Unreported

U.S. total 1,951 214,036 106

Federal 187 16,673 ° State 1,764 197,363 106

Northeast 1,262 38,854 0

conn~ticut 7 590 0 Maine Massachusetts / / / New Hampshire 0 453 0 New Jersey 1,248 12,137 0

New York 0 25,279 0 Pennsylvania c Rhode Island 7 395 0 Vermont

Midwest 97 40,244 0

Illinois 0 11,421 0 Indian&: 14 2,783 0 Iowa / / / Kansas 0 2,282 0 Michigan 0 6,639 0 Minnesota 0 1,364 0 Missouri ° 4,534 0 Nebraska 30 334 0 North Dakota 40 126 ° Ohio 0 6,509 ° South Dakota 13 402 0 Wisconsin 0 3,850 0

South 220 75,447 ° Alabama Arkansas Delaware / / / Dist. of Columbia Florida Georgia

Kentucky Louisiana 0 3,718 0 Maryland 220 7,088 0 Mississippi ° 3,392 0 North Carolina Oklahoma

Sou th Carolina Tennessee 0 7,499 0 Texas ° 47,471 0 Virginia 0 5,641 0 West Virginia 0 638 0

West 185 42,818 106

Alaska Arizona 175 1,542 0 California 0 33,983 ° Colorado 2,003 0 Hawaii 0 716 0 Idaho 0 381 102 Montanad 0 694 0 Ne\!ada New Mexico Oregon 3 2,003 4 Utah 0 1,174 0 Washington Wyoming 7 322 0

I Jurisdiction did not report category. CPennsylvania reported 11,-117 parolees : Jurisdiction did not know. with maximum sentences longer than 2 years aSentences are the maximum sentences ~nd 783 with sentences shorter than 2 years. ~hen ranges are used. Montana repeated its 1984 figures for

Maine abolished parole in 1976. 1985.

Parole in 1985 97

&planatory notes by jurisdiction

Alabama For adults entering or leaving

parole (tables 6.4 and 6.5) Alabama provided no details.

Alabama did not repOl·t sex, Hispanic origin, and sentence length. It estimated the number of black and white parolees.

Alaska Alaska did not report sentence

length of parolees. Data for approximately 150 parolees on mandatory parole were not available.

Arizona For adults entering parole (table

6.4) "Other" includes interstate compact cases.

Arkansas For adults leaving parole (table

6.5) "Returned to prison or jail, parole revocation" includes all categories of parole revocation.

Arkansas provided almost no detail and estimated data for sex, race, and supervision status.

California California combined counts from

the California Department of Corrections and the California Youth Authority.

For adults entering parole (table 6.4) "Reinstate" includes 6,246 absconders who were reinstated.

For adults leaving parole (table 6.5) California did not report those parolees returned to prison with pending charges and those transferred to other States. "Othet''' includes 6,185 suspended parolees at large, absconders.

Colorado For status of supervision (table

6.3) "Inactive" and nSentences less than 1 year" do not apply.

For adults entering parole (table 6.4) Colorado had only mandatory parolees.

For adults leaving parole (table 6.5) Colorado l'eported only those parolees who were successful, who were returned to prison, or who died.

Connecticut For adults leaving parole (table

6.5) "Absconder" includes some parolees supervised out-of-State.

Delaware For adults leaving parole (table

6.5) those returned to prison were included with those discharged to custody, detainer, or warrant.

District of Columbia The District amended its Decem

ber 31, 1984, figure to include 501 inactive cases. Demographic data were estimated for those cases.

Data fot' Hispanic origin ahd sentence length were unknown.

Florida For adults leaving parole (table

6.5) nOther" includes everyone except those who completed parole successfully or were discharged as absconders.

Florida did not report Hispanic origin and sentence length data and excluded data on persons supervised out of State.

Georgia Georgia did not report data for

Hispanic origin and sentence length.

Hawaii The State Intake Services Center

estimated data for race and Hispanic origin because State policy forbids release of actual numbers.

Idaho Idaho revised its previously

reported December 31, 1984, figure. A corrections department

employee reported estimates of Idaho's numbers by telephone.

Dlinois For adults entering parole (table

6.4) "Other" includes transfers from other states.

FOI' adults leaving parole (table 6.5) "Other" incluues 545 absconders transferred to the apprehension unit, 548 other discharges, and a reporting ajustment of 917.

Illinois estimated all demographic data from the percentage distribution of parolees on active supervision. It had no demographic information on absconders and parolees supervised out of State.

Indiana indiana estimated some of its

racial and Hispanic origin data.

98 Correetional Populations in the United States, 1985

<,:..------------------

£1 WI"*

Iowa For adults leaving parole (table

6.5) Iowa reported no information on I?arolees who died.

Data for race and Hispanic origin were unknown.

Kansas For adults on parole (table 6.3),

the January 1 figure includes an estimated 1,372 regular parolees, an estimatl'ld 100 supervised conditional releaSl3S from prison, and an estimated 525 out-of-State parolees. The December 31 figure includes 1,588 parolees in Kansas as well as conditional releases from prison and 694 out-of-State parolees.

For adults leaving parole (table 6.5) "Other" includes discharged absconders, those discharged to warrant, persons returned to incarceration with pending proceedings, and transferred parolees.

Kansas estimated data for race and Hispanic origin. It reported no demographic data on parolees supervised outside Kansas.

Kentucky Kentucky revised its previously

reported count for December 31, 1984.

For adults entering parole (table 6.4) "Discretionary releases from prison" includes mandatory releases. "Other" includes transfers from other jurisdictions.

For adults leaving parole (table 6.5) those successfully completing parole include releases from active superVision, final discharges, and closed cases.

Kentucky did not report demographic and sentence length data.

Louisiana Louisiana did not report Hispanic

origin.

Maine Maine abolished parole in 1976.

Mary1mld Maryland did not report Hispanic

origin.

Massachusetts Massachusetts revised its pre

viously reported December 31, 1984, figure to exclude out-of-State parolees being supervised in Massachusetts.

Massachusetts estimated all data.

Michigan Michigan revised its previously

reported December 31, 1984, figure to account for late entries.

Minnesota For adults leaving parole (table

6.5) "Successful completion" includes absconding as well as being transferred or discharged to custody, detainer, or warrant.

Missouri Missouri revised its previously

reported figure for December 31, 1984, because an error existed in the computerized reporting system.

The state estimated all data.

Mississippi For adults entering parole (table

6.4) "Othe1'" includes persons on work release (35) and supervised earned release (2). It also includes a data adjustment (6). .

Montana Montana could not report 1985

data because of a computer conversion; all numbers presented came from 1984 data.

F.:>r adults leaving parole (table 6.5) those returned to incarceration with new charges or parole revoca·, tion pending were reported as having completed the proceedings; parolees transferred to other jurisdictions were classified as successful completions.

Nevada Nevada estimated all data

because of budgetary constraints. T'he State did not report demo

graphic and sentence length information.

New Hampshire New Hampshire did not report

data for Hispanic origin and supervision status.

The State places absconders on an inactive case list. When an absconder is found, the authorities decide to reactivate the case, to cite the parolee for a violation, or to discharge him.

New Jersey For adults leaving parole (table

6.5) "Other" includes recalls by the court.

New Mexico New Mexico revised its

previously reported figure for December 31, 1984.

The State estimated demographic data from a random sample of caseloads. It did not report supervision status.

New York For adults leaving parole (table

6,5), those counted as successfully completing parole include parolees discharged to custody, detainer, or warrant. Parolees returned to incarceration with new charges or parole revocation pending were reported as having completed the proceedings.

New York did not include parolees from county jails.

North carolina "Other" on all tables illcludes an

adjustment figure. For adults leaving parole (table

6.5) "Returned to prison with revocation pending" includes all those returned to prison or jail.

North Carolina did not report data for Hispanic origin and sentence length.

Ohio For adults entering parole (table

6.4) "Other" includes parolees placed in other States.

For adults leaving parole (table 6.5) "Other" incl!Jdes compact cases closed.

Ohio did not report demographic data.

Oklahoma Oklahoma revised its previously

reported figure for December 31, 1984, to correct errors and to account for late entries.

For adults entering parole (table 6.4) "Other" includes an adjustment figure.

The State did not report on supervision status and sentence length.

Oregon Oregon revised its previously re

ported figure for December 31, 1984, to reflect a correction in the computer files.

For adults entering parole (table 6.4), those reinsta ted were reported as discretionary releases from prison.

For adults leaving parole (table 6.5) "Other" includes absconders whose files were closed. "Returned to prison, parole revoked" includes all parolees returned to prison.

Oregon excluded inactive cases and misdemeanants.

Pennsylvania For adults leaving parole (table

6.5) "Discharged to custody, detainer, or warrant" includes absconders discharged from parole.

Pennsylvania excluded 19,536 parolees supervised by county parole authorities.

The state parole board has jurisdiction over persons sentenced to a maximum of 2 years or more and over special parolees, offenders with sentences of less than 24 months but certified by a court to board supervision. On December 31, 1985, there were 11,417 regular parolees and 783 special parole cases.

Rhode Island Rhode Island revised its

previously reported figure for December 31, 1984.

For adults on parole (table 6.3) "Supervised out-of-State" includes five men in out-of-State prisons; "Other" includes 17 men held at the Adult Correctional Institution on detention warrants, 2 serving Federal sentences, 2 supervised by the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, and 2 persons supervised in the Federal Witness Program.

For adults leaving parole (table 6.5) "Other" includes six absconclers whose parole was revoked.

South Carolina South Carolina revised previously

reported figure for December 31, 1984, to include provisional parolees.

The State did not report data for Hispanic origin and sentence length.

Parole in 1985 99

.. South Dakota

South Dakota reported on data from June 30, 1984, to June 30, 1985.

For adults entering parole (table 6.4) "Other ll includes those with a suspended sentence to probation and work release.

Tennessee "Other" (tables 6.4 and 6.5)

covers interstate compact cases. For adults leaving parole (table

6.5), the State estimated the number of deaths.

Tennessee estimated the number of Asian and Pacific Islanders in table 6.7.

Texas Texas reported the data for

September 1, 1984, to August 31, 1985.

Texas estimated the demographic data.

Uwh Utah revised its previously

reported figure for December 31, 1984, to exclude compact cases.

Vermont Vermont estimated all reported

data. The State did not report racial,

Hispanic origin, and sentence length data.

Virginia For adults entering I?arole (table

6.4) "Other" includes 469 transferred from other districts, 234 transferred from other States, and 29 Virginia cases transferred from other States.

For adults leaving parole (table 6.5) "Discharged to custody, detainer or warrant" includes all those returned to incarceration; "Othel'" includes 497 parolees transferred and 202 terminations of out-of-State cases.

Virginia estimated the numbers for race and sex based on percents in December 1985.

The state did not report Hispanic origin and supervision status.

Washington Washington estimated all data.

For adults leaving parole (table 6.5) "Other" includes all categories.

Washington did not report sentence length.

West Virginia West Virginia did not report

Hispanic origin.

Wisconsin Wisconsin revised its previously

reported figure for December 31, 1984, to correct errors and to account for late entries.

For ~dults on parole (table 6.3) "Other;" includes parolees with violation warrants issued.

For adults leaving parole (table 6.5) "Other" includes parolees taken off the record.

Wyoming Wyoming revised its previously

reported figure for December 31, 1984, to account for late entries.

Federal parole system The Federal system revised its

previously reported figure for December 31, 1984, which was only 97% complete.

For adults leaving parole (table 6.5) 1I0ther" includes statistical closings.

The Federal system excluded 3,530 special parolees: drug offenders who must serVfl a supplemental period of supervision at the end of the regular parole. Military parolees (391) were also excluded.


OMS No. 1121·0064: Approval Expires 12/31/88


1985 PAROLE DATA SURVEY

Bureau of the Census ATTN: GovernnuIOta Dlvilion Welhlngton, D.C. 20233


REPORT PERIOD COVERED January 1, 1985 - Dacember 31, 1985

Please correct errors in name, address, or ZIP code

On behalf of the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), Department of Justice, the Bureau of the Census is conducting the National Parole Data Survey. The survey will obtain current information on the parole population in calendar year 1985 and the population movement.

State, local, and Federal officials will use the data to assess the changing needs of parole systems and to keep informed of their status. BJS will publish the data in a bulletin entitled Probation and Parole 1985 scheduled for release in fall 1986.

So that we can complete data collection and publish the survey results as soon as possible, please complete this questionnaire within the next 3 weeks and return it in the enclosed envelope. If we can help in completing the questionnaire, please call Stephanie Brown at (301 ) 763-7825.

The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Street Act of 1968, as amended (42 U.S.C. 3732), authorizes this report. Although you are not required legally to respond, we need your participation to make the results of this survey comprehensive, accurate, and timely.

We will therefore appreciate your cooperation in the survey.

Sincerely,

JOHN G. KEANE

Enclosure

Plaue continue on page 2-

Parole in 1985 101

INSTRUCTIONS

Page 2

Please complete each of the items on the questionnaire. When an exact number for an item is not available, please estimate the figure and mark (X) in appropriate column. Do not leave blanks or mark dashes. Mark a "0" if your State can have parolees in the particular category, but has none at this time. Mark "NA" (not applicable) if the item does not apply in your State. Mark "OK" (don't know) if the item applies to parolees in your State, but you are unable to provide the number and/or have included it in another category. Describe difficulties encountered and Items which cannot be estimated in Item 14.

Items 1 and 4 - PAROLE POPULATION

Include all adult parolees who haw been conditionally released to parole supervision (whether by parole board supervision or by mandatory conditional release).

Include both active and inactive supervision cases.

Exclude juveniles.

Include both parolees sentenced to less than one year and those sentenced to a year or more.

For interstate compacts, Include those parolees who are sent to another State for supervision, but exclude those parolees whom your State supervises for another State.

Item 2 - ENTRIES

Individuals entering into the parole system more than once during the year must be counted as mUltiple entries. Classify each separate parole entry into only one of the entry categories provided.

a. Discretionary release from prison - Include all parolees who entered parole as the result of a parole board decision. Also Include persons granted a Governor's pardon or a commutation of sentence, If they are to be supervised.

b. Mandatory release from prlmon - Include all parolces whose releasa from prison was not determined by a Parole Board. Include persons released through determinate sentencing statutes, and/or good-time provisions.

c. Reinstatement - Include all parolees who entered parole as the result of reinstatement. For example, include discharged absconders whose cases have been reopened.

Item 3 - EXITS Individuals exiting from the parole system more than once during the year must be counted as mlJltiple exits. Classify each separate parole exit into only one of the exit categories provided.

a. Comploted parole - Include all parolees who have served full-term sentences or who have been released early due to a parole authority decision, cOI,lmutation, or pardon.

b. Olschorged absconder - Include all parolees i'ormally dlschargod from the parole authority while known to be on absconder status, regardless of whether a warrant has been issued. 'Exclude changes from active to inactive supervision status. Exclude absconders who have been located and returned to prison. Report these in Items 3(d) or 3(e).


c. Discherged to custody , detainer, or warrant -Include ail parolees discharged to another jurisdiction under cu:;tody, detainer or warrant. Also include parolees released from parole jurisdiction to a non correctional agency, e.g., mental hospital or halfway house.

d. Returned to prison or jail with new sentence -Include parolees readmitted into the custody of a prison or jail after receiving a sentence for a new offense.

e. Returned to prison or jail - parole revocation -Include parolees readmitted into the custody of a prison or jail due to the violation of the conditions of parole without receiving a new crimina! sentence.

f. Returned to prison or jail, parole revocation pending -Include persons readmitted into the custody of a jail or prison awaiting revocation headng. or final disposition from a revocation hearing.

g. Returned to prison or jeil with new charges pending -Include parolees readmitted into the custody of a jail or prison awaiting trial or Imposition of sentence for new charges.

h. Transferred to another parole jurisdiction -Include parolees transferred to the jurisdiction of another State while still on parole. Exclude interstate compact cases unless legal responsibility for the parolee is no longer retained by your State.

i. Death

Items 5 through 7 - SEX, RACE, ETHNICITY

These items are self explanatory.

Item 8 - SUPERVISION STATUS

a. Actl'le - Include persons required to make regular contact with the supervisory parole authority (in person, by mail, or telephone).

b. Inactive - Include all parolees who were excused from reporting on a regular basis, but remained under your agency's jurisdiction.

c. Absconder - InclUde all parolees who have not been discharged and who fail to report to the parole authority or leave the geographical area of supervision without permission.

d. Supervised out of State - Include all parolees who are under your jurisdiction, but are supervised out of State. Include both active and inactive cases as defined above.

Item 9 - LEII'~TH OF SENTENCE

a. Less than one year - Include all adult parolees who were originally sentenced to less than one year.

b. One year or more - Include all adult parolees originally sentenced to one year or more.

Items 10 through 13 - COVERAGE AND AVAILABILITY

Please answer these items relating to the ability of your facility to report data on parolees.

FORM CJ-7 (1-22·B61

1985 PAROLE DATA SURVEY

Note: December 31, 1984 Number Number

Mark (X) if es~imate • Items 5 through 9 cover distribution of parole

Mark (XI if estimat"

population reported in 1984 Parole Data Survey was population on December 31, 1985

If line 1 differs, please explain discrepancy in item 14. 5.Sex

1 • Parolo population on a.Male January 1, 1985 ~

2. Entries b. Female

8. Discretionary release from prison c. TOTAL Sum of lines 5a and 5b

S.R8co b. Mandatory release from prison

a.White

c. Reinstatement b. Black

d. Other - Specify y-c.American Indian or Alaskan Native

d. Asian or Pacific Islander o. TOTAL - Sum of lines 2a through 2d

o.Other - Specify ~ 3. Exits

a. Completed parole

f.Not known

b. Discharged absconder g. TOTAL - Sum of lines 6a through 6f

c.Discharged to custody, detainer, 7. Ethnicity or warrant

a.Hispanic

d. Returned to prison or jail with b. Not Hispanic new sentence

e. Returned to prison or jail, c.Not known

parole revocation d. TOTAL - Sum of lines 7a through 7c

f.Returned to prison or jail, parole revocation pending

8. Supervision status

a.Active

g. Returned to prison or jail, new charges pending b.lnactive

h. Transferred to another . c. Absconder

parole jurisdiction d. Supervised out of S ,ate

I.Death e. Other - Specify?

j. Other - Specify? I--

f. TOTAL Sum of lines 8a through 8e

k. TOTAL- Sum of lines 3a through 3j 9. Length of sontence

4. Parole population on a. Less than one year

December 31, 1985 • b. One year or more (Note: This figure should equal line 1

plus line 2e minus line 3k.J c. Not known

Not@: The total number in items 4, 5c, 69, 7d, 8f, and 9d should be identical. d.TOTAL Sum of lines 9a through 9c

FOAM CJ.7 (1·22·861 Page 3

Parole ill 1985 103

------------~~-~-------------------,

10. Coverage of reported data

Does your State have adult parolees other than those reported in this survey (e.g., parolees supervised by county parole authorities or inactive cases for which you could not ,aport) 7

D Ves - Explain M

--. DNQ

11. Reporting period

Does the information reported in this survey represent the calendar year ending on December 31, 1985?

DVes Month Year

D No - Specify when your reporting year ends ~ '" 12. Absconders

a. CUrrent absconders are -

D Included in your total year end parole population (items 1 and 4) D Terminated from parole (omitted from items 1 and 4) D Placed indefinitely on an inactive case load (included in items 1 and 4) D Placed indefinitely on an inactive case load (omitted from items 1 and 4) D Other - Describe

b. Of the absconders reported in item 8c, how many were changed to absconder status during 1985?

13. Data supplied by

Name Title Date T31'3phone Area code rumber jExtenslon

14. Remarks

Page 4 FOAM CJ·7 (1·22·86)

104 Correctional Popl~lations ill the United Stqtes, 1985

Tables

7.1 Status of death penalty, by jurisdiction, 1985 106

Prisoners under sentence of death, December 31, 1985

7.2 Movement of all prisoners under sentence of death, by race, 1985 107

7.3 Movement of women under sentence of death, by race, 1985 108

7.4 Movement of Hispanic prisoners under sentence of death, 1985 108

7.5 Time between sentencing and the yearend for prisoners under sentence of death, by race, 1985 109

7.6 Age of prisoners under sentence of death, by race, 1985 111

7.7 Level of education completed by prisoners under sentence of death, by race, 1985 113

7.8 Marital status at time of imprisonment of prisoners under sentence of death, by race, 1985 115

7.9 Legal status at time of capital offense for prisoners under sentence of death, by race, 1985 117

7.10 Felony history of prisoners under sentence of death, by race,1985 119

Prisoners received from court, January I-December 31, 1985

7.11 Age of prisoners received from court under sentence of death, by race, 1985 121

7.12 Level of education completed by priGoners received from court under sentence of death, by race, 1985 123

7.13 Marital status at time of imprisonment of prisoners received from court under sentence of death, by race, 1985 124

7.14 Legal status at time of capital offense for prisoners received from court under sentence of death, by race, 1985 125

7.15 Felony history of prisoners received from court under sentence of death, by race, 1985 127

Capital punishment in 1985

Prisoners removed from death row Jnnuary I-December 31, 1985

7.16 Status of prisoners removed from death row, by race, 1985 128

7.17 Means of removal for all prisoners who left death row, by race, 1985 129-;;0 .

7.18 Time between sentencing and removal for prisoners removed from death row, by race, 1985 131-32

7.19 Age of prisoners removed from death row, by race, 1985 133-34

7.20 Level of education completed by prisoners removed from de lIth row, by race, 1985 135

7.21 Marital status at time of imprisonment of prisoners removed from death row, by race, 1985 136

7.22 Legal status at time of capital offense for prisoners removed from death row, by race, 1985 137-38

7.23 Felony history of prisoners removed from death row, by race, 1985 139-40

Prisoners executed, 1930-85

7.24 Prisoners executed under civil authority in the United States, by year, region, and jurisdiction, 1930-85 141

7.25 Prisoners executed under civil authority in the United States by race and offense, 1930-85 142

Quesgonnaires 143, 145, 147

Capital Punishment in 1985 105

Table 7.1. Status of death penalty, by juri.'ldiction, 1985

Jurisdictions with death penalty law

With no executions, 1985

Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Idaho Illinois Kentucky Maryland Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico North Carolina Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania South Dakota Tennessee Utah Vermont Washington Wyoming

With executions, 1985

Florida Georgia Indiana Louisiana Nevada Sou th Carolina Texas Virginia

Number of executions

3 3 1 1 1 1 6 2

Jurisdictions that changed a death penalty law in 1985

Arizona Arkansas Colorado Connecticut Montana Nevada New Jersey Texas Virginia

106 Con'ectional Populations in 1M United States, 1985

Jurisdictions without death penalty law

Alaska DlsL of Columbia Hawaii Iowa Kansas Maine Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota New York North Dakota Rhode lsland Wisconsin West Virginia

ll'able 7.2. Movement of all prisoners under sentenee of death, by race, 1985

Prisoners under sentence of deatha

Under death sentence Received fro~ Executtd Dea th sen tence Ii- Under death sentence Regions 12/31/84 court in 1985 in 1985 IlDved in 1985 ,c 12/31/85

and States Total Black White Otherb Total Black White Total Black White Total Black White Total Black White Otherb

U.s. total 1,420 598 806 16 273 111 160 18 7 11 84 30 52 1,591 672 903 16

Northeast 59 27 32 0 20 14 6 0 0 0 6 2 4 73 39 34 0 New Jersey 10 5 5 0 7 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 'I' 10 0 Pennsylvania 49 22 27 0 13 12 1 0 0 0 6 2 4 56 32 24 0

Midwest 174 89 84 1 54 20 34 1 0 1 6 3 3 221 106 114 1 Illinois 70 42 28 0 15 9 6 0 0 0 2 2 0 83 49 34 0 Indiana 26 12 14 0 10 2 8 1 0 1 1 0 1 34 14 20 0 Missouri 29 16 13 0 8 1 7 0 0 0 1 1 0 36 16 20 0 Nebraska 13 2 10 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 12 2 :J 1 Ohio 36 17 19 0 21 8 13 0 0 0 1 0 1 56 25 31 0

Sout.h 900 402 491 7 167 67 98 16 7 S 50 19 30 I,GJl 443 550 8 Alabama 68 49 19 0 13 6 7 0 0 0 2 0 2 79 55 24 0 Arkansas 23 8 15 0 6 2 4 0 0 0 1 0 1 28 10 18 0 Delaware 6 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 4 3 1 0 Florida 215 82 133 0 27 10 17 3 1 2 13 8 5 226 83 143 0 Georgia 112 58 54 0 8 4 4 3 3 0 10 3 7 107 56 51 0 Kentucky 20 2 18 0 6 4 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 25 6 19 0 Louisiana 31 17 14 0 10 3 7 1 0 1 1 0 1 39 20 19 0 Maryland 19 13 5 1 0 U 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 17 12 4 1 Mississippi 39 20 19 0 5 4 1 0 0 0 3 1 2 41 23 18 0 North Carolinab 37 23 ).3 1 20 9 9 0 0 0 1 0 1 56 32 21 3 Oklahomab 50 11 36 3 14 2 12 0 0 0 6 1 4 58 12 44 2 South Carolina 35 19 16 0 9 6 3 1 0 1 1. 1 0 42 24 18 0 Tennessee 37 13 23 1 11 4 7 0 0 0 2 1 1 46 16 29 1 Texas 180 68 112 0 36 13 23 6 0 5 4 3 1 206 77 129 0 Virginia 28 16 11 1 2 0 2 2 2 0 1 0 1 27 14 12 1

W,.st 287 80 199 8 32 10 22 1 0 1 22 6 15 296 84 205 7 Arizonab 56 4 50 2 4 0 4 0 0 0 4 0 3 56 4 51 1 California 167 63 99 5 16 7 9 0 0 0 13 5 8 1'1'0 65 100 5 Colorado 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Idaho 14 0 14 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 14 0 14 0 Montana 4 1 3 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 4 0 Nevada 28 8 20 0 7 1 6 1 0 1 3 1 2 31 8 23 0 New Mexico 5 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 4 0 Utah 5 3 2 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 6 4 2 0 Washington 4 0 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 3 1 Wyoming 3 0 3 () 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 0

Note: The following States with death bTwo American Indian prisoners were the appropriate totl'.ls. No person of a race penalty sta tutes reported no prisoners received from court under sentence of other than black or white was executed. under sentence of death in 1984 or 1985: death In 1985. Both were convicted in ~he reasons other than execution for Connecticut, New Hampshire, Vermont, North Carolina. Two American Indian persons leaving death row included South Dakota, and Oregon. prisoners, one each in Oklahoma and dismissal of indictment, reversal of 8All prisoners under sentence of death in Arizona, were relieved of a death judgment, commutation, resentencing, 1985 had been convicted of murder. sentence. Their numbers are included in order for a new trial, and death.

L_. _~ ______ . Capital Punishment in 1985 107

Table 7.3. Movement oC women under sentence oC death, by race, 1985

Women under sentence of dea the

Under death Received Death sentence Under death sentence from court remov(1d sentence

Regions 12/31185 during: 1985b,c during 1985c,d 12/31/85

and States 'rotal Black White Otherc Total White Total White Total Black White Otherc

U.s. total 17 5 11 1 3 3 3 3 17 5 11 1

Northeast 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 New Jersey 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0

Midwest 2 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 3 1 2 0 Indiana 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 Ohio 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0

South 11 3 7 1 2 2 2 2 11 3 7 1 Alabama ~ 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 Arkansas 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Florida 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 1 1 0 Georgia 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 Maryland 2 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 Mississippi 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Oklahoma 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Texas 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 2 0

West 3 1 2 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 0 Idaho 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Nevada 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0

Note: The jurisdictions that do not appear yearend 1985 and not of the white or black race had no women under sentence of death In was an American Indian who had entered prison 1984 or 1985. ~fore 1985. aNo women were executed in 1985. he reasons other than execution for persons bAll 'Nomen received from court under a leaving death row included dismissal of sentence of death in 1985 had been convicted indictment, reversal of judgment, commutation, of murder. resentencing, and order of a new trial. cThe sole woman under sentence of death at

Table 7.4. Movement oC Hillpanic prisoners under sentence of death, 1985

Hiseanic prisoners under sentt.llce of dea the

Under death Received Death sen- Under death Regions sentence from court tence remOted sentence and States 12/31/84 during 1985 Executed during 1985 12/31/85

U.s. total 88 17 2 4 99

Northe&st 1 1 0 0 2 Pennsylvania 1 1 0 0 2

Midwest 8 7 0 0 15 Illinois 6 3 0 0 9 Indiana 1 2 0 0 3 Ohio 1 2 0 0 3

South 42 7 2 1 46 Arkansas 1 0 0 0 1 Florida 10 0 0 0 10 Oklahoma 1 0 0 0 1 North Carolina 0 1 0 0 1 Texas 30 6 2 1 33

West 37 2 0 3 36 Arizona 7 0 0 0 7 California 24 1 0 3 22 Idaho 1 0 0 0 1 Nevada 2 1 0 0 3 New Mexico 2 0 0 0 2 Utah 1 0 0 0 1

Note: Hispanic prisoners may be of any geath in 1985 had been convicted of murder. race. Jurisdictions that do not appear had no The reasons other than execution for persons Hispanic prisoners under sentence of death In leaving death row included dismissal of 1984 or 1985. indictment, reVersal of judgment, commutation, HAll Hispanic prisoners under sentence of resentencing, order for a new trial, and death.

108 COlrectional Populations in the United States, 1985

Table 7.5. Time between sentencing and the yearend for prisoners under sentence of death, by race, 1985

Prisoners under sentence of death

Regions Less than 12-23 24-35 36-47 48-71 More than Median num-and Stat!!s Total 12 months months months months months 71 months ber of months

"All prisoners

U.S. total 1,591 273 275 241 223 303 276 36 mos.

Northeast 73 20 21 16 8 7 1 21 New Jersey 17 7 7 3 0 0 0 15 Pennsyl'lania 56 13 14 13 8 7 1 25

Midwest 221 54 44 39 21 43 20 27 illinois 83 15 12 16 8 24 8 34 Indiana 34 10 6 6 3 7 2 25 Missouri 36 8 7 2 7 10 2 37 Nebraska 12 0 2 0 0 2 8 71+ Ohio 56 21 17 15 3 0 0 16

South 1,001 167 159 138 130 189 218 40 Alabama 79 13 11 15 22 15 3 36 Arkansas 28 6 0 1 2 9 10 61 Delaware 4 0 0 0 2 2 0 * Florida 226 27 37 30 27 36 69 45 Georgia 107 8 12 6 7 19 55 71+ Kentucky 25 6 2 5 6 5 1 33 Louisiana 39 10 8 6 7 5 3 28 Maryland 17 0 7 0 5 4 1 39 Mississippi 41 5 4 5 8 13 6 46 North Carolina 56 20 12 9 4 9 2 18 Oklahoma 58 14 18 8 4 8 6 23 South Carolina 42 9 9 10 1 8 5 30 Tennessee 46 11 8 6 6 9 6 34 Texas 206 36 23 34 25 42 46 41 Virginia 27 2 8 3 4 5 5 38

West 296 32 51 48 64 64 37 39 Arizona 56 4 9 6 10 13 14 45 California 170 16 27 32 38 43 14 39 Colorado 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 * Idaho 14 1 6 0 5 2 0 23

. Montana 5 1 0 1 0 0 3 71+ Nevada 31 7 7 5 4 4 4 29 New Mexico 5 0 0 1 2 2 0 47 Utah 6 2 1 1 0 0 2 22 Washington 5 1 0 2 2 0 0 27 Wyoming 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 *

Black prisoners

U.s. total 672 111 112 98 97 133 121 38 mos.

Northeast 39 14 10 11 2 2 0 21 New Jersey 7 2 3 2 0 0 0 22 Pennsylvania 32 12 7 9 2 2 0 20

Midwest 106 20 21 16 13 26 10 30 illinois 49 9 6 7 6 16 5 41 Indiana 14 2 3 2 1 4 2 32 Missouri 16 1 4 0 4 6 1 4.4 Nebraska 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 * Ohio 25 8 8 7 2 0 0 19

South 443 67 67 57 63 !l7 102 43 Alabama 55 6 6 11 17 12 3 40 Arkansas 10 2 0 1 1 2 4 60 Delaware 3 0 0 0 2 1 0 * Florida 83 10 8 12 11 14 28 49 Georgia 56 4 7 1 2 8 34 71+ Kentucky 6 4 0 1 1 0 0 9 Louisiana 20 3 7 0 6 3 1 21 Maryland 12 0 4 0 4 4 0 39 Mississippi 23 4 2 1 2 10 4 54 North Carolina 32 9 10 5 3 3 2 19 Oklahoma 12 2 3 4 1 1 1 26 South Carolina 24 6 8 4 1 4 1 23

" Tennessee 16 4 2 5 1 3 1 33 Texas 77 13 4 11 10 19 20 49 Virginia 14 0 6 1 1 3 3 25

West 84 10 14 14 19 18 9 39 Arizona 4 0 1 1 0 1 1 * California 65 7 11 9 16 17 5 41 Montana 1 0 0 0 0 0 .1 * Nevada 8 1 2 3 2 0 0 29 New Mexico 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 • Utah 4 1 0 1 0 0 2 • Washington 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 •


Table 7.5. Continued.

Prisoners under sentmce of death

Regions Less than 12-23 24-35 36-47 48-71 More than Median num-and States Total 12 months months months months months 71 months bel' of months

White prisoners

U.S. total 903 160 160 141 123 166 153 35 mos.


Midwest 114 34 23 23 8 16 10 24 illinois 34 6 6 9 2 8 3 30 Indiana 20 8 3 4 2 3 0 24 Missouri :lO 7 3 2 3 4 1 18 Nebraska 9 0 2 0 0 1 6 71+ Ohio 31 13 9 8 1 0 0 14

South 550 98 89 81 66 101 115 37 Alabama 24 7 5 4 5 3 0 24 Arkllrosas IS 4 0 0 1 7 6 62 Delaware 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 $

Florida 143 17 29 18 16 22 41 44 Georgia 51 4 5 5 5 11 21 62 Kentucky 19 ~ 2 4 5 5 1 38 Louisiana 19 7 1 6 1 2 2 28 Maryland 4 0 2 0 1 0 1 '* Mississippi 18 1 2 4 6 3 2 37 North Carolina 21 9 2 4 1 5 0 19 Oklahoma 44 12 13 4 3 7 5 23 South Carolina 18 3 1 6 0 4 4 33 Tennessee 29 7 6 1 5 6 4 40 Texas 129 23 19 23 15 23 26 35 Virginia 12 2 2 2 2 2 2 31

West 205 22 37 32 43 44 27 39 Arizona 51 4 8 5 10 11 13 45 California 100 9 16 22 20 25 8 38 Colorado 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 '* Idaho 14 1 6 0 5 '2 0 23 Montana 4 1 0 1 0 C 2 '* Nevada 23 6 5 2 2 4 4 27 New Mexico 4 0 0 1 1 2 0 ,.. Utah 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 '* Washington J 0 0 1 2 0 0 .. Wyoming 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 '*

Other prioonerzP

U.S. total 16 2 3 2 3 4 2 38 mos. Midwest 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0)

Nebraska 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 '* South 8 2 3 0 1 1 1 21

Maryland 1 !J 1 0 0 0 0 .. North CarolIna 3 2 0 0 Q 1 0 .. Oklahoma 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 (0

Tennessee 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 '* Virginia 1 Q 0 0 1 0 0 * West 7 0 0 2 2 2 1 46

Arizona 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 .. California 5 0 0 1 2 1 1 46 Washington 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 '"

Note: The following States with death *Medians were not calCUlated on fewcr than 5 penalty statutes reported no prisoners on cases. death row in 1985: Connecticut, New a"Other prisoners" incbdes 11 American Indians Hampshire, Vermont, South Dakota, and and 5 Asians. Oregon.

110 Correctional Populations ill the United S'wtI!S, 1985

Table 7.6. Age of prisoners under sentence of death, by race, 1985


Regions All Under 20 to 25 to 30 to 35 to 40 to 5S years and States ages 20 years 24 years 29 years 34 years 39 years 54 years and older

All prisoners

U.S. total 1,591 13 212 428 376 260 271 31


Midwest 221 2 32 61 58 30 35 3 Illinois 83 1 7 21 22 14 18 0 Indiana 34 1 11 10 8 3 1 0 Missouri 36 0 4 12 10 5 4 1 Nebraska 12 0 1 2 5 0 3 1 Ohio 56 0 9 16 13 8 9 1

South 1,001 9 135 272 235 159 169 22 Alabama 79 0 14 23 16 15 9 2 Arkansas 28 2 1 6 10 2 6 1 Delaware 4 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 Florida 226 2 24 55 43 46 52 4 Georgia 107 0 8 25 31 15 23 5 Kentucky 25 0 5 4 5 8 2 1 Louisiana 39 0 7 13 11 5 2 1 Maryland 17 0 5 2 5 3 2 0 Mississippi 41 1 7 14 8 3 5 3 North Carolina 56 1 7 13 9 9 15 2 Oklahoma 58 1 7 18 15 6 9 2 South Carolina 42 0 7 17 8 3 7 0 Tennessee 46 0 2 15 11 10 8 0 Texas 206 2 33 58 57 29 26 1 Virgini&. 27 0 8 8 5 3 3 0

West 296 0 35 74 68 60 53 6 Arizona 56 0 6 10 8 15 16 1 California 170 0 19 47 43 33 24 4 Colorado 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Idaho 14 0 3 5 2 4 0 0 Montana 5 0 0 2 1 1 1 0 Nevada 31 0 6 6 6 4 8 1 New Mexico 5 0 1 1 2 1 0 0 Utah 6 0 0 0 4 0 2 0 Washington 5 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 Wyoming 3 0 0 1 0 1 1 0

Black prisoners

U.S. total 672 7 91 195 186 97 88 8

Northeast :19 1 7 9 12 4 6 0 New Jersey 7 0 2 3 1 0 1 0 Pennsylvania 32 1 5 6 11 4 5 0


South 443 5 62 133 110 69 58 6 Alabama 55 0 9 16 10 12 7 1 Arkansas 10 1 0 3 5 0 1 0 Delaware 3 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 Florida 83 2 10 22 19 16 13 1 Georgia 56 0 4 13 17 7 13 2 Kentucky 6 0 3 1 2 0 0 0 Louisiana 20 0 2 8 7 2 1 0 Maryland 12 0 2 2 5 2 1 0 Mississippi 23 1 1 12 5 1 2 1 North Carolina 32 1 5 5 4 8 8 1 Oklahoma 12 0 1 6 3 2 0 0 South Carolina 24 0 7 9 5 1 2 0 Tennessee 16 0 2 6 2 5 1 0 Texas 77 0 12 26 22 10 7 0 Virginia 14 0 4 3 3 2 '2 0

West 84 Q 10 27 26 10 10 1 Arizona 4 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 California 65 0 8 24 21 7 5 0 Montana 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Nevada 8 0 2 1 1 0 3 1 New Mexico 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Utah 4 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 Washington 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0


Table 7.6. Continued


Regions All Under 20 to 25 to 30 to 35 to 40 to 55 years and States ages 20 years 24 years 29 years 34 years 39 years 54 years and older

White prisoners

U.s. total 903 6 119 229 185 163 179 22



South 550 4 71 138 124 90 108 15 Alabama 24 0 5 7 6 3 2 1 Arkansas 18 1 1 3 5 2 5 1 Delaware 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Florida 143 0 14 33 24 30 39 3 Georgia 51 0 4 12 14 8 10 3 Kentucky 19 0 2 3 3 8 2 1 Louisiana 19 0 5 5 4 3 1 1 Maryland 4 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 Mississippi 18 Q 6 2 3 2 3 2 North Carolina 21 0 2 8 5 1 5 0 Oklahoma 44 1 5 12 11 4 9 2 South Carolina 18 0 0 8 3 2 5 0 Tennessee 29 0 0 8 9 5 7 0 Texas 129 2 21 32 35 19 19 1 Virginia 12 0 3 5 2 1 1 0

West 205 0 25 45 38 50 42 5 Arizona 51 0 6 8 7 14 15 1 California 100 0 11 23 111 26 18 4 Colorado 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Idaho 14 0 3 5 2 4 0 0 Montana 4 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 Nevada 23 0 4 5 5 4 5 0 New Mexico 4 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 Utah 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Washington 3 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 Wyoming 3 0 0 1 0 1 1 0

Other prisoners.

U.s. total 16 0 2 4 5 0 4 1

Mid" ast 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Nebraska 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

South 8 0 2 1 1 0 3 1 Maryland 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 North Carolina 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 Oklahoma 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Tennessee 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Virginia 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

West 7 0 0 2 4 0 1 0 Arizona 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 California 5 0 0 0 4 0 1 0 Washington 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

Note: The following States with death Oregon. penalty sta tutes reported no prisoners under ·"Other prisoners" includes 11 American Indians sentence of death in 1985: Connecticut, New and 5 Asians. Hampshire, Vermont, South Dakota, and




Regions Total 7th grade 8th 9th to 12th Any Not and States number or less grade 11th grade grade college reported

White prisoners

U.S. total 903 86 92 239 271 89 126

Northeast 34 1 6 12 6 0 9 New Jersey lil 0 2 2 2 0 4 Pennsylvania 24 1 4 10 4 0 5

Midwest 114 10 10 38 35 14 7 Illinois 34 2 2 11 13 5 1 Indiana 20 2 3 8 5 1 1 Missouri 20 2 2 10 4 1 1 Nebraska 9 0 0 1 4 4 0 Ohio 31 4 3 8 9 3 4

South 550 65 61 149 157 45 73 Alabama 24 1 3 4 8 0 8 Arkansas 18 1 1 7 6 3 0 Delaware 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Florida 143 13 20 32 39 8 31 Georgia 51 7 5 18 9 5 7 Kentucky 19 3 5 4 5 2 0 Louisiana 19 2 1 2 9 4 1 Maryland 4 0 0 1 2 1 0 Mississippi 18 2 2 5 5 2 2 North Carolina 21 2 7 6 3 3 0 Oklahoma '14 1 6 14 17 4 2 South Carolina 18 5 4 5 3 1 0 Tennessee 29 2 2 8 11 1 5 Texas 129 22 5 42 34 11 15 Virginia 12 3 0 1 6 0 2

West 205 10 15 40 73 30 37 Arizona 51 6 6 8 20 11 0 California 100 3 6 23 22 11 35 Colorado 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 Idaho 14 1 2 2 8 1 0 Montana 4 0 1 L 2 0 0 Nevada 23 0 0 6 13 3 1 New Mexico 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 Utah 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 WaShington 3 0 0 0 0 2 1 Wyoming 3 0 0 0 2 1 0

Other prisoners.

U.s. total 16 4 0 4 4 1 3

Midwest 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Nebraska 1 0 0 0 0 1 0

South 8 3 0 3 2 0 0 Maryland 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 North Carolina 3 2 0 0 1 0 0 Oklahoma 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 Tennessee 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 Virginia 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

West 7 1 0 1 2 0 3 Arizona 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 California 5 1 0 1 1 0 2 Washington 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

Note: The following States with death Oregon. penalty statutes reported no prisoners under .IIOther prisoners" includes 11 American Indians sentence of death in 1985: Connecticut, New and 5 Asians. Hampshire, Vermont, South Dakota, and

114 Correctional Populations 111 tk ,I United States, 1985

Table 'l.8. Marital status at time of imprisonment of prisoners under sentence of death, by race, 1985


Regions Divorced or Never Not and States Total Mlirried separated Widowed married reported

All prisoners

U.S. total 1,591 487 317 34 655 98

Northeast 73 16 10 4 38 5 New Jersey 17 3 3 1 8 2 Pennsylvania 56 13 7 3 30 3

Midwest 221 61 41 3 114 2 Illinois 83 27 15 1 39 1 Indiana 34 4 4 1 25 0 Missouri 36 9 6 0 20 1 Nebraska 12 1 3 0 8 0 Ohio 56 20 13 1 22 0

South 1,001 316 193 22 392 78 Alabama 79 16 4 2 19 38 Arkansas 28 11 7 0 10 0 Delaware 4 1 1 0 2 0 Florida 226 63 54 5 101 3 Georgia 107 30 16 4 41 16 Kentucky 25 5 8 2 8 2 Louisiana 39 7 8 0 22 2 Maryland 17 3 3 0 10 1 Mississippi 41 14 5 2 19 1 North Carolina 56 9 21 2 24 0 Oklahoma 58 31 12 1 9 5 South Carolina 42 13 5 0 24 0 Tennessee 46 15 8 3 12 8 Texas 206 88 35 1 80 2 Virginia 27 10 6 0 11 0

West 296 94 73 5 111 13 Arizona 56 20 18 0 18 0 California 170 58 31 1 69 11 Colorado 1 0 0 1 0 0 Idaho 14 4 4 0 5 1 Montana 5 2 1 0 2 0 New Mexico 5 3 0 1 1 0 Nevada 31 5 12 1 12 1 Utah 6 1 2 0 3 0 Washington 5 0 3 1 1 0 Wyoming 3 1 2 0 0 0

Black prisoners

U.s. total 672 189 81 6 339 57

Northeast 39 7 5 1 24 2 New Jersey 7 0 1 1 4 1 Pennsylvania 32 7 4 0 20 1


South 443 123 50 4 218 48 Alabama 55 9 2 1 14 29 Arkansas 10 2 2 {) 6 0 Delaware 3 0 1 0 2 0 Florida 83 17 13 1 49 3 Georgia 56 16 4 1 27 8 Kentucky 6 0 0 0 5 1 Louisiana 20 4 2 0 13 1 Maryland 12 1 3 0 7 1 Mississippi 23 8 2 0 12 1 North Carolina 32 4 11 1 16 0 Oklahoma 12 9 0 0 2 1 South Carolina 24 7 0 0 17 0 Tennessee 16 6 1 0 6 3 Texas 77 34 8 0 35 0 Virginia 14 6 1 0 7 0

West 84 24 12 0 42 6 Arizona 4 0 1 0 3 0 California 65 21 9 0 30 5 Montana 1 0 0 0 1 0 New Mexico 1 0 0 0 1 0 Nevada 8 2 0 0 5 1 Utl)h 4 1 1 0 2 0 WaShington 1 0 1 0 0 0



Prisoners under sentence of dea th Regions Divorced or Never Not and States Total Married separated Widowed married reported

White prisoners

U.s. total 903 294 233 27 309 40 Northeast 34 9 5 3 14 3

New Jersey 10 3 2 0 4 1 Pennsylvania 24 6 3 3 10 2


South 550 190 140 17 173 30 Alabama 24 7 2 1 5 9 Arkansas 18 9 5 0 4 0 Delaware 1 1 0 0 0 0 Florida 143 46 41 4 52 0 Georgia 51 14 12 :; 14 B I\entucky 19 5 8 2 3 1 Louisiana 19 3 6 0 9 1 Maryland 4 1 0 0 3 0 Mississi/?pi 18 6 3 2 7 0 North Carolina 21 5 8 0 8 0 Oklahoma 44 21 11 1 7 4 South Carolina 18 6 5 0 7 0 Tennessee 29 9 7 3 5 5 Texas 129 54 27 1 45 2 Virginia 12 3 5 0 4 0

West 205 69 61 5 ~1 6 Arizona 51 20 17 0 14 0 California 100 36 22 1 36 5 Colorado 1 0 0 1 0 0 Idaho 14 4 4 0 5 1 Montana 4 2 1 0 1 0 New Mexico 4 3 0 1 0 0 Nevada 23 3 12 1 7 0 Utah 2 0 1 0 1 0 Washington 3 0 2 1 0 0 Wyoming 3 1 2 0 0 0

Other prisoners.

U.s. total 16 4 3 1 7 1 Midwest 1 0 0 0 1 0

Nebraska 1 0 0 0 1 0 South 8 3 3 1 1 0

Maryland 1 1 0 0 0 0 North Carolina 3 0 2 1 0 0 Oklahoma 2 1 1 0 0 0 Tennessee 1 0 0 0 1 0 Virginia 1 1 0 0 0 0

West 7 1 0 0 5 1 Arizona 1 0 0 0 1 0 California 5 1 0 0 3 1 Washington 1 0 0 0 1 0

Note: The following states with death ·"Other prlsonersll Includes 11 American Indian penalty sta tu tes reported no prisoners on and 5 Asiail prisoners. death row in 1985: Connecticut, New Hamp-shire, Vermont, South Dakota and Oregon.


Table 7.9. Legal status at time of capital offense for prisoners under sentence of death, by raile, 1985

Prisoners under sentence of death who had the following: legal statuses when the:l committed ca2ital crimes

Regions Not charged with or sen- Charged with Under sentence for another crime Othera

Legal sta tus and States tenced for another crime another crime Total On probation On parole Escaped In prison not reported

All prisoners

U.s. total 776 85 4:11 70 260 36 44 21 299

Northeast 18 3 25 4 20 0 1 1 26 New Jersey 11 0 5 0 5 0 0 0 1 Pennsylvania 7 3 21 4 15 0 1 1 25

Midwest 143 6 65 5 46 0 13 1 7 Illinois 40 4 35 2 28 0 5 0 4 Indiana 30 1 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 Missouri 28 0 8 0 2 0 6 0 0 Nebraska 8 1 3 0 2 0 1 0 0 Ohio 37 0 16 1 13 0 1 1 3

South 502 65 275 48 158 29 25 15 159 Alabama 29 4 22 5 6 5 4 2 24 Arkansas 14 0 14 0 10 4 0 0 0 Delaware 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Florida 131 20 69 9 37 7 12 4 6 Georgia 65 2 31 12 12 4 1 2 9 Kentucky 13 2 10 2 6 0 1 1 0 Louisiana 21 0 3 0 1 1 0 1 15 Maryland 9 1 6 0 4 1 1 0 1 Mississippi 35 0 4 0 4 0 0 0 2 North Caroline. 42 11 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 Oklahoma 33 4 20 7 7 2 2 2 1 South Carolina 18 3 19 3 12 2 1 1 2 Tennessee 34 3 4 0 1 0 2 1 5 Texas 42 12 60 8 49 2 1 0 92 Virginia 13 3 11 2 8 1 0 0 0

West 113 11 65 13 36 7 5 4 107 Arizona 24 4 27 7 11 5 1 3 1 California 37 1 27 3 22 1 1 0 105 Colorado 1 0 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 Idaho 9 2 3 1 1 0 1 0 0 Montana 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 New Mexico 4 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 Nevada 26 3 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 Utah 4 0 2 1 1 !J 0 0 0 Washington 3 0 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 Wyoming 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

Black prisoners

U.S. total 307 28 201 21 137 14 20 9 136 Northeast 6 1 19 2 15 0 1 1 13

New Jersey 4 0 2 0 2 (l 0 0 1 Pennsylvania 2 1 17 2 13 0 1 1 12

Midwest 63 3 37 2 30 0 5 0 3 Illinois 21 2 24 1 21 0 ? Q 2 Indiana 12 0 2 t 1 0 0 0 0 Missouri 13 0 3 0 1 0 2 0 0 Nebraska 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ohio 16 0 8 0 7 () 1 0 ,

South 212 24 124 14 75 13 14 8 83 Alabama 16 3 18 2 5 5 4 2 18 Arkansas 4 0 6 0 5 1 0 0 0 Delaware 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Florida 45 5 30 1 17 3 7 2 3 Georgia 29 1 20 7 10 1 1 1 6 Kentucky 3 0 3 0 1 0 1 1 0 Louisiana 11 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 8 Maryland 4 1 6 0 4 1 1 0 1 Mississippi 21 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 North Carolina 23 6 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 Oklahoma 5 1 6 2 3 1 0 0 0 South Carolina 14 2 7 0 5 1 0 1 1 Tennessee 13 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Texas 15 2 18 2 16 0 0 0 42 Virginia 6 2 6 0 e- O 0 0 0

West 26 0 21 3 17 1 0 0 37 Arizona 1 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 California 11 0 18 3 14 1 0 0 36 Montana 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ii 0 New Mexico 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nevada 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Utah 3 0 1 0 1 0 0 (! 0 Washington 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0



Prisoners under sentence or death who had the following: legal statuses when thel committed caeltal crimes

Regions Not charged with or sen- Charged with Under sentence for another crime OtherS

Legal sta tus and States tenced for another crime another crime 'fotal On probatIOn On parole Escaped In prison no t reported

White prisoners

U.s. total 461 55 228 48 123 22 24 11 159


Midwest 79 3 28 3 16 0 8 1 4 illinois 19 2 11 1 7 0 3 0 2 Indiana 18 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Missouri 15 0 5 0 1 0 4 0 0 Nebraska 6 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 0 Ohio 21 0 8 1 6 0 0 1 2

South 285 39 150 34 83 16 11 6 76 Alabama 13 1 4 3 1 0 0 0 6 Arkansas 10 0 8 0 5 3 0 0 0 Delaware 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Florida 86 15 39 8 20 4 5 2 3 Georgia 36 1 11 5 2 3 0 1 3 Kentucky 11) 2 7 2 5 0 0 0 0 Louisiana 10 Q 2 0 1 1 0 0 7 Maryland 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mississippi 14 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 North Carolina 17 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oklahoma 28 2 13 5 4 1 2 1 1 South Carolina 4 1 12 3 7 1 1 0 1 Teli;Jessee 20 2 4 0 1 0 2 1 3 Texas 27 10 42 6 33 2 1 0 50 Virginia 6 1 5 2 2 1 0 0 0

West uS 11 43 9 19 6 5 4 66 Arizona 23 4 24 6 9 5 1 3 0 California 25 1 9 0 8 U 1 0 65 Colorado 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Idaho 9 2 3 1 1 0 1 0 0 Montana 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 New Mexico 3 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 Nevada 18 3 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 Utah 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Washington 1 0 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 Wyoming 2 0 1 n 0 1 0 0 0

Othw. prloonenf

U.s. total 8 2 2 1 0 0 0 1 4 Midwest 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Nebraska 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 South 5 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0

Maryland 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 North Carolina 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oklahoma 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Tennessee 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Virginia 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

West 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 4 Arizona 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 California 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 it aslllngton 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Note: 'rhe following States with death Oregon. b"Other prisoners" includes 11 American penalty statutes reported no prisoners on a"Other" inclUdes mandatory conditional Indians and 5 Asians. death row in 1985: Connecticut, New release, bail, temporary leaves, wo,'k Hampshire, Vermont, South Dakota, and release or furlougll, and jail.


~~ .... --------------------------~,------------------------

Table 7.10. Felony bistory of prisoners under sentence of death, by race, 1985


With I2rior felon:i convictions With Regions Total with Criminal Other Type of ofren- no prior Felony history and States Total prior felonies homicide offenses ses unreported felonies not reported

All prisoners

U.S. total 1,591 970 116 674 180 496 125

lIortheast 73 37 15 18 4 17 19 New Jersey 17 6 4 2 0 10 1 Pennsylvania 56 31 11 16 4 7 18

Midwest 221 143 17 110 16 62 16 Illinois 83 61 8 46 7 14 8 Indiana 34 21 1 19 1 10 3 Missouri 36 23 5 18 0 13 0 Hebraska 12 7 Q 2 5 5 0 Ohio 56 31 3 25 3 20 5

South 1,001 618 62 418 138 298 85 Alabama 79 46 11 30 5 12 21 Arkansas 28 21 1 10 10 7 0 Delawere 4 2 1 1 0 2 ~ Florida 226 146 14 82 50 72 8 Georgia 107 58 6 28 24 37 12 Ke;ltucky 25 16 2 13 1 9 0 Louisiana 39 17 3 14 0 19 3 Maryland 17 10 0 9 1 5 2 Mississippi 41 10 0 7 3 28 3 North Carolina 56 38 5 31 2 18 0 Oklahoma 58 36 3 23 10 22 0 South Carolina 42 29 1 25 3 13 ~ Tennessee 46 27 3 17 7 14 5 Texas 206 144 9 115 20 31 31 Virginia 27 18 3 13 2 9 0

West 296 172 22 128 22 119 5 Arizona 56 36 2 26 8 20 0 California 170 98 14 75 9 70 2 Colorado 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 Idaho 14 12 1 11 0 2 0 Montana 5 3 0 1 2 1 1 Nevada 31 13 5 7 1 18 0 New Mexico 5 1 0 1 0 4 0 Utah 6 3 0 2 1 2 1 Washington 5 2 0 2 0 2 1 Wyoming 3 3 0 2 1 0 0

Black prisoners

U.S. total 672 432 67 295 70 169 71 Northeast 39 24 11 11 2 5 10

New Jersey 7 2 1 1 0 4 1 Pennsylvania 32 22 10 10 2 1 9


South 443 284 35 193 56 109 50 Alabama 55 32 8 20 4 7 16 Arkansas 10 7 1 2 4 3 0 Delaware 3 1 1 0 0 2 0 Florida 83 61 6 36 19 19 3 Georgia 56 36 6 14 16 13 7 Kentucky 6 3 0 ;3 0 3 0 Louisiana 20 10 1 9 0 8 2 Maryland 12 9 0 8 1 1 2 MlssissipI;li 23 5 0 4 1 17 1 North Carolina 32 22 4 16 2 10 0 Oklahoma 12 11 2 7 2 1 0 South Carolina 24 14 1 13 0 10 0 Tennessee 16 9 1 8 0 4 3 Texas 77 55 2 47 6 6 16 Virginia 14 9 2 6 1 5 0

West 84 51 9 39 3 31 2 Arizona 4 4 0 3 1 0 0 California 65 42 8 33 1 23 0 Montana 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Nevada 8 3 1 2 0 5 0 New Mexico 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Utah 4 2 0 1 1 1 1 Washington 1 0 0 0 0 0 1




With I2rior feJon:t convictions With Regions Total with Criminal Other Type of offen- no prior Felony history and states Total prior felonies homicide offenses ses unreported felonies no t reported

White prisoners

U.s. total 903 528 48 372 108 321 54

Northeast 34 13 4 7 2 12 9 New Jersey 10 4 3 1 0 6 0 Pennsylvania 24 9 1 6 2 6 9

Midwest 114 70 5 58 7 37 7 illinois 34 22 2 18 2 9 3 Indiana 20 14 0 14 0 6 0 Missouri 20 13 2 11 0 7 0 Nebraska 9 6 0 2 4 3 0 Ohio 31 15 1 13 1 12 4

South 550 328 26 221 81 187 35 Alabama 24 14 3 10 1 5 5 Arkansas 18 14 0 8 6 4 0 Delaware 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 Florida 143 85 8 46 31 53 5 Georgia 51 22 0 14 8 24 5 Kentucky 19 13 2 10 1 6 0 Louisiana 19 7 2 5 0 11 1 Maryland 4 0 0 0 0 4 0 Mississippi 18 5 0 3 2 11 2 North Carolina 21 13 0 13 0 8 0 Oklahoma 44 24 1 15 8 20 0 South Carolina 18 15 0 12 3 3 0 Tennessee 29 17 2 9 6 10 2 Texas 129 89 7 68 14 25 15 Virginia 12 9 1 7 1 3 0

West 205 117 13 86 18 85 3 Arizona 51 31 2 22 7 20 0 California 100 53 'l 40 7 45 2 Colorado 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 Idaho 14 12 1 11 0 2 0 Montana 4 3 0 1 2 0 1 Nevada 23 10 4 5 1 13 0 New Mexico 4 1 0 1 0 3 0 Utah 2 1 0 1 0 1 0 Washington 3 2 0 2 0 1 0 Wyoming 3 3 0 2 1 0 0

Other prisoners.

U.s. total 16 10 1 7 2 6 0

Midwest 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Nebraska 1 0 0 0 0 1 0

South 8 6 1 4 1 2 0 Maryland 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 North Carolina 3 3 1 2 0 0 0 Oklahoma 2 1 0 1 0 1 0 Tennessee 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 Virginia 1 0 0 0 Q 1 0

West 7 4 0 3 1 3 0 Arizona 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 California 5 3 0 2 1 2 0 Washington 1 0 0 0 0 1 0

Note: The following States with death penalty ·"Other pri~onersll includes 11 American Indians statutes reported no prisoners under sentence and 5 Asians. of death !n 1985: Connecticut, New Hamp-shire, Vermont, South Dakota, an~ Oregon.


----------------------~---------------------------------------------------

Table 7.11. Age o( prisoners reeeived from court under sentence of death, by race, 1985

Prisoners received from court under sentence of dea th

Regions All Under 20 to 25 to 30 to 35 to 40 to 55 years and states ages 20 years 24 years 29 years 34 years 39 years 54 years and older

All prisoners·

U.s. total 273 12 72 69 54 27 33 6


Midwest 54 2 14 18 11 3 5 1 Illinois 15 1 4 4 5 1 0 0 Indiana 10 1 5 2 1 1 0 0 Missouri 8 0 2 4 1 0 1 0 Ohio 21 0 3 8 4 1 4 1

South 167 9 49 35 33 18 19 4 Alabama 13 0 3 2 4 2 2 0 Arkansas 6 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 Florida 27 3 9 3 4 3 5 0 Georgia 8 0 1 2 2 1 1 1 Kentucky 6 0 2 2 1 1 0 0 Louisiana 10 0 4 2 2 2 0 0 MiSSissippi 5 0 1 3 1 0 0 0 North Carolina· 20 0 4 5 5 0 4 2 Oklahoma 14 0 4 3 3 2 2 0 South Carolina 9 1 4 3 0 1 0 0 Tennessee 11 0 1 2 6 2 0 0 Texas 36 3 13 7 4 4 5 0 Virginia 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0

West 32 0 6 10 4 5 6 1 Arizona 4 0 1 0 1 2 0 0 California 16 0 3 7 1 0 4. 1 Idaho 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Montana 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Nevada 7 0 2 1 1 2 1 0 Utah 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Washington 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

Black prisoners

U.s. total 111 7 29 30 26 7 9 3



South 67 5 2,1 16 13 5 5 2 Alabama 6 0 1 0 2 2 1 0 Arkansas 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 Florida 10 3 4 1 0 0 2 0 Georgia 4 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 Kentucky 4 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 Louisiana 3 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 Mississippi 4 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 North Carolina 9 0 2 2 3 0 1 1 Oklahoma 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 South Carolina 6 1 4 1 0 0 0 0 Tennessee 4 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 Texas 13 0 7 3 1 1 1 0

West 10 0 2 3 2 1 2 0 California 7 0 2 3 1 0 1 0 Nevada 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Utah 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Washington 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0



Prisoners received from court under sentence of death

Regions All Under 20 to 25 to 30 to 35 to 40 to 55 years and states ages 20 years 24 years 29 years 34 years 39 years 54 years and oidel'

White pi:'l80oers

u.s. total 160 5 43 39 28 20 23 2



South 98 4 28 19 20 13 13 1 Alabama 7 0 2 2 2 0 1 0 Arkansas 4 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 Florida 17 0 5 2 4 3 3 0 Georgia 4 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 Kentucky 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 Louisiana 7 0 3 1 2 1 0 0 Mississippi 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 North Carolina 9 0 2 3 2 0 :\ 0 Oklahoma 12 0 4 2 3 1 2 0 Sou th Carolina 3 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 Tennessee 7 0 0 2 3 2 0 0 Texas 23 3 6 4 3 3 4 0 Virginia 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0

West 22 0 4 7 2 4 4 1 Arizona 4 0 1 0 1 2 0 0 California 9 0 1 4 0 0 3 1 Idaho 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Montana 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Nevada 6 0 2 1 1 2 0 0 Utah 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

Note: The following States with death *"All prisoners" includes American Indian penalty statutes reported receiving from prisoners as well as whites and blacks, NOl'th court no prisoners under sentence of dea th in Carolina sentenced to death two American 1985: Connecticut, New Hampshire, Indian prisoners, one of whom was between 40 Vermont, Delaware, Nebraska, South Dakota, lind 54 years old and the other, older than 54 Colorado, Oregon, and Wyoming. years.


Table 7.12. Level of education completed by prisoners received from court under sentence of dea.th, by race, 1985

PrL~oners received from court under sentence of death

Regions Total 8th grade or less 9th to 11th gra-le 12th grade An:;£ coll~e Not reQorted

and states Total Blacl< White Total Black White Total Black White Total Black White Total Black White Total Black White

U.s. total* 273 111 160 35 27 26 99 44 55 76 23 53 21 7 14 22 10 12

Northeast 20 14 6 2 2 0 4 2 2 5 3 2 2 2 0 7 5 2 New Jersey 7 2 5 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 2 0 0 0 4 2 2 Pennsylvania 13 12 1 2 2 0 3 2 1 3 3 0 2 2 0 3 3 0

Midwest 54 20 34 9 2 7 30 11 19 12 6 6 1 0 1 2 1 1 illinois 15 9 6 3 2 1 7 3 4 5 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Indiana 10 2 8 2 0 2 5 1 4 2 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 Missouri 8 1 7 0 0 0 6 0 6 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Ohio 21 8 13 4 0 4 12 7 5 4 0 4 0 0 0 1 1 0

South 167 67 91l 43 23 18 57 28 29 44 11 33 14 4 10 9 1 8 Alabama 13 6 7 4 2 2 4 4 0 5 0 5 0 0 0 0 u 0 Arkansas 6 2 4 1 1 0 4 1 3 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Florida 27 10 17 11 7 4 6 2 4 3 0 3 0 0 0 7 1 6 Georgia 8 4 4 3 2 1 4 1 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kentucky 6 4 2 2 1 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 Louisiana 10 3 7 0 0 0 1 1 0 7 2 5 1 0 1 1 0 1 Mississippi 5 4 1 0 0 0 3 2 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 North Carolina* 20 9 9 9 3 4 5 4 1 4 2 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 Oklahoma 14 2 12 1 1 0 5 1 4 6 0 6 2 0 2 0 0 0 South Carolina 9 6 3 2 2 0 5 3 2 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Tennessee 11 4 7 1 0 1 5 3 2 3 0 3 1 1 0 1 0 1 Texas 36 13 23 9 4 5 13 4 9 10 3 7 4 2 2 0 0 0 Virginia 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 IJ 0 0 0 0

west 32 10 22 1 0 1 8 3 5 15 3 12 4 1 3 4 3 1 Arizona 4 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 California 16 7 9 1 0 1 6 2 4 5 2 3 2 1 1 2 2 0 Idaho 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Montana 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nevada 7 1 6 0 0 0 2 1 1 3 0 3 1 0 1 1 0 1 Utah 2 1 1 ~ 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Washington 1 1 0 0 0 0 IJ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0

Note: The following States with death Hampshire, Vermont, Nebraska, Delaware, prisoners as well as whites and blacks. penalty statutes reported receiving from Colorado, New Mexico, Oregon, and North Carolina sentenced to death in 1985 court no prisoners under a sentence of Wyoming. two American Indian prisoners, both of death In 1985: Connecticut, New >!1J'he totals include American Indian whom had gone to school less than 8 years.


Table 7.13. Marital status at time of imprisonment of prisoners received from court under sentence of death, by race, 1985


Regions Total Married Dlvorced/se~arated Widowed Never married Status unreeorted

and States Total Black White Total Black White Total Black White Total Black White Total Black White Total Black White

U.s. total· 273 111 160 72 27 45 57 16 40 9 1 7 119 58 61 16 9 7


Midwest 54 20 34 18 9 9 8 2 6 2 0 2 24 8 16 2 1 1 lllinois 15 9 6 6 5 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 6 1 5 1 1 0 Indiana 10 2 8 1 0 1 2 0 2 1 0 1 6 2 4 0 0 0 Missouri 8 1 7 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 5 1 0 1 Ohio 21 8 13 10 4 6 4 0 4 1 0 1 6 4 2 0 0 0

South 167 67 98 45 17 28 33 9 23 7 1 5 73 36 37 9 4 5 Alabama 13 6 7 7 4 3 2 1 1 0 0 0 3 1 2 1 0 1 Arkansas 6 2 4 3 1 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 Florida 27 10 17 1 1 0 6 0 6 3 1 2 15 6 9 2 2 0 Georgia 8 4 4 1 1 0 5 1 4 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 Kentucky 6 4 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 1 1 0 Louisiana 10 3 7 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 7 2 5 1 0 1 Mississippi 5 4 1 3 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 North Carolina. 20 9 9 3 1 2 7 4 2 1 0 0 9 4 5 0 0 0 Oklahoma 14 2 12 7 2 5 2 0 2 1 0 1 4 0 4 0 0 0 South Carolina 9 6 3 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 7 6 1 0 0 0 Tennessee 11 4 7 2 0 2 1 1 0 1 0 1 5 3 2 2 0 2 Texas 36 13 23 13 4 9 6 1 5 1 0 1 15 8 7 1 0 1 Virginia 2 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0

West 32 10 22 8 1 7 12 3 9 0 0 0 10 4 6 2 2 0 Arizona 4 0 4 0 0 0 3 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 California 16 7 9 5 1 4 3 1 2 0 0 0 6 3 3 2 2 0 Idaho 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Montana 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nevada 7 1 6 1 0 1 3 0 3 0 0 0 3 1 2 0 0 0 Utah 2 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Washington 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Note: The following States with death Vermont, Nebraska, Delaware, Colorado, North Carolina sentenced to death in 1985 penalty statutes reported receiving from New Mexico, Oregon, and Wyoming. two American Indian prisoners. One was a court no prisoners under sentence of dea th *The totals include American Indian widower, and the other was separated or In 1985: Connecticut, New Hampshire, prisoners as well as whites and blacks. divorced.


, ________________ ~ ____ . ___ c

Table 7.14. Legal status at time oC capital oflense Cor prisoners received from court under sentence of death, by race, 1985

Prisoners received from court who had the following legal statuses when the:z: committed ca2ital crimes

Regions Not charged with or sen- Charged with Under sentence for another crime Legal sta tus and States tenced for another crime another crime Total On proba lion On parole Escaped In prison Othera not reported

All prl80nenP

U.S. total 131 22 76 13 46 6 8 3 44

Northeast 6 2 9 1 8 0 0 0 3 New Jersey 5 0 1 0 1 a 0 0 1 Pennsylvania 1 2 8 1 7 0 0 0 2

Midwest 35 0 16 1 9 0 6 0 3 llli no is 5 0 8 1 5 0 2 0 2 Indiana 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Missouri 5 0 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 Ohio 15 0 5 0 4 0 1 0 1

South 76 19 44 10 25 5 2 2 28 Alabama 7 0 4 1 2 0 0 1 2 Arkansas 5 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 Florida 8 9 7 3 3 0 1 0 3 Georgia 0 1 4 1 3 0 0 0 3 Kentucky 3 1 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 Louisiana 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 1 8 Mississippi 4 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 North Carolinab 16 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oklahoma 10 0 4 1 1 2 a 0 0 South Carolina 3 0 5 2 2 1 0 0 1 Tennessee 9 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 Texas 11 4 11 1 10 0 0 0 10 Virginia 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 0

West 14 1 7 1 4 1 0 1 10 Arizona 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 a California 1 0 5 0 4 1 0 0 10 Idaho 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Montana 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Nevada 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Utah 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Washington 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a

Black prisoners

U.S. total 47 6 39 1 31 3 2 2 19

Northeast 2 1 8 1 7 0 0 a 3 New Jersey 1 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Pennsylvania 1 1 8 1 7 0 0 0 2

Midwest 12 0 7 a 6 0 1 0 1 lllinois 4 a 4 0 4 0 0 0 1 Indiana 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Missouri 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ohio 5 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 0

South 30 5 20 0 15 2 1 2 12 Alabama 2 0 3 0 2 0 0 1 1 Arkansas 2 0 0 a 0 0 (J 0 0 Florida 2 3 3 0 3 0 0 0 2 Georgia 0 0 1 a 1 a 0 0 3 Kentucky 2 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 Louisiana 0 0 :!. 0 0 0 0 1 2 Mississippi 3 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 North Carolina 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 a 0 Oklahoma 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 South Carolina 2 0 3 0 2 1 0 0 1 Tennessee 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Texas 4 1 5 0 5 0 0 0 3

West 3 0 4 0 3 1 0 0 3 California 0 0 4 0 3 1 0 0 3 Nevada 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Utah 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Washington 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Capital Pll11ishment in 1985 125

.~


Prisoners received from court who had the following legal statuHs when the:i committed caEital crimes

Regions Not charged with or sen- Charged with Under sentence for another crime Legal sta tUB and States tenced for another crime another crime Total On proba tion On parole Escaped In prison Othera not reported

White prisoners

U.S. total 82 16 37 12 15 3 6 1 25


Midwest 23 0 9 1 3 0 5 0 2 Illinois 1 0 4 1 1 0 2 0 1 Indiana 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Missouri 4 0 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 Ohio 10 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 1

South 44 14 24 10 10 3 1 0 16 Alabama 5 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 Arkansas 3 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 Florida 6 6 4 3 0 0 1 0 1 Georgia 0 1 3 1 2 0 0 0 0 Kentucky 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Louisiana 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 6 Mississippi 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 North Carolina 6 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oklahoma 9 0 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 South Carolina 1 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 Tennessee 5 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 Texas 7 3 6 1 5 0 0 0 7 Virginia 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 0

West 11 1 3 1 1 0 0 1 7 Arizona 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 California 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 7 Idaho 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Montana 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Nevada fi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Utah 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Note: The following States with death a"Other" includes mandatory conditional North Carolina sentenced to death in 1985 penalty statutes reported receiving from release, ball, temporary leaves, Work two American Indian prisoners against court no prisoners under sentence of death r,elea.se or furlough, and jail. whom no charges were pending when they in 1985: Connecticut, New Hampshire, "All prisoners" includes American Indian committed murder. Vermont, Nebraska, Delaware, Colorado, prisoners as well as whites and blacks. New Mexico, Oregon, and Wyoming.


Table 7.15. Felony history of prisoners received from court under sentence of death, by race, 1985


With erior felon:t convictions

Total with Criminal Type of offen- Without Felony history

Regions erior felonies homicide Other offenses ses unreeorted erior felonies not reeorted __


U.s. total. 157 67 88 22 14 7 122 49 72 13 4 9 92 30 62 24 14 10


Midwest 30 11 19 5 2 3 23 8 15 2 1 1 20 7 13 4 2 2 Illinois 10 6 4 2 1 1 8 5 3 0 0 0 2 1 1 3 2 1 Indiana 4 0 4 0 0 0 4 0 4 0 0 0 6 2 4 0 0 0 Missouri 4 0 4 2 0 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 4 1 3 0 0 0 Ohio 12 5 7 1 1 0 9 3 6 2 1 1 8 3 5 1 0 1

South 103 41 60 12 8 3 80 30 49 11 3 8 53 20 33 11 6 5 Alabama 9 4 5 2 2 0 5 1 4 2 1 1 4 2 2 0 0 0 Arkansas 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 Florida 19 8 11 1 1 0 18 7 11 0 0 0 6 1 5 2 1 1 Georgia 5 2 3 2 2 0 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 Kentucky 3 2 1 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 0 0 Louisiana 5 2 3 0 0 0 5 2 3 0 0 0 4 1 3 1 0 1 Mississippi 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 3 3 0 0 0 0 North Carolina· 13 6 5 2 1 0 11 5 5 0 0 0 7 3 4 0 0 0 Oklahoma 8 2 6 1 1 0 3 0 3 4 1 3 6 0 6 0 0 0 South Carolina 7 4 3 1 1 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 Tennessee 5 3 2 0 0 0 3 3 0 2 0 2 5 1 4 1 0 1 Texas 23 7 16 3 0 3 18 6 12 2 1 1 9 3 6 4 3 1 Virginia 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

West 14 6 8 1 1 0 13 5 8 0 0 0 14 2 12 4 2 2 Arizona 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 California 10 6 4 1 1 0 9 5 4 0 0 0 4 1 3 2 0 2 Idaho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Montana 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nevada 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 6 1 5 0 0 0 Utah 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 Washington 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0

Note: The following States with death New Mexico, Oregon, and Wyoming. two American Indian prisoners. One had penalty statutes reported receiving from *The totals include American Indian previously been convicted of homicide, and court no prisoners under sentence of death prisoners as well as whites and blacks. the other had been convicted of a felony or in 1985: Connecticut, New Hampshire, North Carolina sentenced to death in 1985 felonies that were not homicide. Vermont, Nebraska, Delaware, Colorado,


Table 7.16. Status oC prisoners removed from death row, by race, 1985

Prisoners removed from death row

Serving Awaiting Awaiting

Regions life sentence Died new trial new sentence Charges droeeed

and States Total Total Black White Total Black White Total Black White Total Black White Total Black White

U.s. totala,b 102 45 14 30 22 9 13 17 6 10 11 3 8 6 5 1

Northeast 6 5 2 3 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pennsylvania 6 5 2 3 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

MIdwest 7 2 1 1 3 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 Illinois 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Indiana 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Missouri 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nebraska 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ohio 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

South 66 32 8 23 18 8 10 7 5 2 2 0 2 6 5 1 Alabanjaa 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Arkansas 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Delaware 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Florida 16 7 3 4 3 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 5 4 1 Georgia 13 8 2 6 3 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 Kentucky 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Louisiana 2 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Maryland 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mississippi 3 3 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 North Carglina 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oklahoma 6 5 0 4 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 South Carolina 2 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tennessee 2 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Texas 10 1 0 1 6 1 5 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Virginia 3 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0

West 23 6 3 3 1 0 1 8 1 6 8 2 6 0 0 0 Arizonab 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 California 13 5 3 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 7 2 5 0 0 0 Idaho 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Nevada 4 0 0 0 1 0 1 3 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Utah 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Note: The following States with death Wyoming. prisoners as well as whites and blacks. An penalty statutes reported no prisoners 4 The appropriate totals include one white American Indian prisoner In Oklahoma was leaving death row in 1985: Connecticut, prisoner who was removed from Alabama's serving a life sentence after removal from New Hampshire, New Jersey, Vermont, death row In 1985 and who had an unknown death row in 1985. An American Indian South Dakota, Colorado, Montana, New ~tus. removed from death row in Arizona awaited Mexico, Oregon, Washington, and he totals include American Indian a new trial.


Table 7.17. Means or removal ror all prisoners who left death row, by race, 1985


Death by Regions other than Sentence Sentencg Convictbon and States Total Executed execution commuted8 vacated vacated

An prisonersc

U.S. total 102 18 4 4 46 30

Northeast 6 0 0 0 5 1 Pennsylvania 6 0 0 0 5 1


South 66 16 2 3 26 19 Alabama 2 0 0 0 0 2 Arkansas 1 0 0 0 1 0 Delaware 2 0 0 iJ 2 0 Florida 16 3 0 0 6 7 Georgia 13 3 0 0 9 1 Kentucky 1 0 0 0 0 1 Louisiana 2 1 1 0 0 0 Maryland 2 0 0 1 1 0 Mississippi 3 0 0 0 3 0 North Carolina 1 0 0 1 0 0 Oklahomac 6 0 0 0 1 5 South Carolina 2 1 0 0 1 0 Tennessee 2 0 1 0 1 0 Texas 10 6 0 1 0 3 Virginia 3 2 0 0 1 0

West 23 1 0 0 13 9 Arizonac 4 0 0 0 0 4 California 13 0 0 0 11 2 Idaho 1 0 0 0 1 0 Nevada 4 1 0 0 0 3 Utah 1 0 0 0 1 0

Black prisoners

U.s. total 37 7 2 0 15 13

Northeast 2 0 0 0 2 0 Pennsylvania 2 0 0 0 2 0

Midwest 3 0 1 0 2 0 Illinois 2 0 0 0 2 0 Missourid 1 0 1 0 0 0

South 26 7 1 0 7 11 Florida 9 1 0 0 2 6 Georgia 6 3 0 0 2 1 Maryland 1 0 0 0 1 0 Mississippi 1 0 0 0 1 0 Oklahoma 1 0 0 0 0 1 South Carwina 1 0 0 0 1 0 Tennessee 1 0 1 0 0 0 Texas 4 1 0 0 0 3 Virginia 2 2 0 0 0 0

West 6 0 0 0 4 2 California 5 0 0 0 4 1 Nevada 1 0 0 0 0 1




Death by Regions other than Sentence SentencE Convlct&on alld States 'rotal Executed eX6cution commuteda vacated vllcated

White prisoners

U.s. total 63 11 2 4 31 15

Northeast 4 0 0 0 3 1 Pennsylvania 4 ~ 0 0 3 1

Midwest 4 1 1 1 0 1 Indiana 2 1 0 0 0 1 Nebraska 1 0 0 1 0 0 Ohio 1 0 1 0 0 0

South 39 9 1 3 19 7 Alabama 2 0 0 0 0 2 Arkansas 1 0 0 0 1 0 Delaware 2 0 0 0 2 0 Florida 7 2 0 0 4 1 Georgia 7 0 0 0 7 0 Kentucky 1 0 0 0 0 1 Louisianad 2 1 1 0 0 0 Maryland 1 0 0 1 0 0 Mississippi 2 0 0 0 2 0 North Carolina 1 0 0 1 0 0 Oklahoma 4 0 0 0 1 3 South Carolina 1 1 0 0 0 0 Tennessee 1 0 0 0 1 0 Texas 6 5 0 1 0 0 Virginia 1 0 0 0 1 0

West 16 1 0 0 9 6 Arizona 3 0 0 0 0 3 California 8 0 0 0 7 1 Idaho 1 0 0 0 1 0 Nevada 3 1 0 0 0 2 Utah 1 0 0 0 1 0

Note: No death penalty statute, in whole or in bFurther legal proceedings may have followed part, was struck down in 1985. Such court the vacating of sentences and of convictions rulings could have resulted in removing from and may have resulted in new sentences of death row affected groups of prisoners. death. The following States with death penalty stat- cOklahomll and Arizona each vacated the utes reported no prisoners leaving death row conviction of an American Indian prisoner under in 1985: Connecticut, New Hampshire, New ~entence of death. Jersey, Vermont, South Dakota, Colorado, One inmate under sentence of death in Ohio Montana, New Mexico, Oregon, Washington, committed suicide; one each in Missouri and and Wyoming. Tennessee was murdered by another inmate, and tlCommutation changed sentences from one in Louisiana died of natural causes. execution to life in prison or terms of years.

130 Correctional Populations ill the United State~ 1985

Table 7.18. Time between sentencing and removal for prisoners removed from death row, by race, 1985

Prisoner~ removed from death row

R!!gions Less than 12 to 23 24 to 34 35 to 47 48 to 71 More than and States Total 12 months months months months months 71 months

All prisoners.

U.S, total 102 2 22 14 18 26 20

Northeast 6 0 3 2 0 1 0 Pennsylvania 6 0 3 2 0 1 0


South 66 1 11 10 15 9 20 Alabama 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 Arkansas 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 Delaware 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 Florida 10 0 4 1 3 3 5 Georgia 13 0 1 3 1 1 7 Kentucky 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 Louisiana 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 Maryland 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 Mississippi 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 North Carolina 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 Oklahoma· 6 0 0 2 2 1 1 South C.::rolina 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 Tennessee 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 TeKas 10 0 0 1 4 2 3 Virginia 3 1 0 0 0 1 1

West 23 0 6 2 1 14 0 Arizona· 4 0 4 0 0 0 0 California 13 0 0 0 1 12 0 Idaho 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 Nevada 4 0 1 2 0 1 0 Utah 1 0 0 0 0 1 0

Black prisoners

U.S. total 37 0 8 2 6 13 8 Northoost 2 0 2 0 0 0 0

Pennsylvania 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 Midwest 3 0 0 0 1 2 0

illinois 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 Missouri 1 0 0 0 0 1 0

South 26 0 6 2 5 5 8 Florida 9 0 3 0 3 1 2 Georgia 6 0 1 0 0 1 4 Maryland 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 Mississippi 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 Oklahoma 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 South Carolina 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 Tennessee 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 TeKas 4 0 0 0 1 2 1 Virginia 2 0 0 0 0 1 1

West 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 California 5 0 0 0 0 5 0 Nevada 1 0 0 0 0 1 0


---

Table 7.1& .. Continued


Regions Less than 12 to 23 24 to 35 36 to 47 48 to 71 More than and States Total 12 months months months months months 71 months

White prisoners

U.s. total 63 2 13 12 11 13 12


Midwest 4 1 2 0 1 G 0 Indiana 2 0 1 0 1 0 G Nebraska 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 Ohio 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

Sout.h .39 1 5 8 9 4 12 Alabama 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 Arkansas 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 Delaware 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 Florida 7 0 1 1 0 2 3 Georgia 7 0 0 3 1 0 3 Kentucky 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 Louisiana 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 Maryland 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Mississippi 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 North Carolina 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 Oklahoma 4 0 0 1 1 1 1 South Carolina 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Tennessee 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 Texas 6 0 0 1 3 0 2 Virginia 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

West 16 0 5 2 1 8 0 Arizona 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 California 8 0 0 0 1 7 0 Idaho 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 Nevada 3 0 1 2 0 0 0 Utah 1 0 0 0 0 1 0

Note: The following States with death ·"All prisoners" includes American India,} penalty statutes reported no prisoners leaving prisoners as well as whites and blacks. death row in 1985: Conneclicut, New Hamp- Oklahoma removed one American Indian shire, New Jersey, Vermont, illinois, Missouri, prisoner from death row within 36 to 47 months; South Dakota, Colorado, Montana, New Arizona removed one within 12 to 23 months. Mexico, Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming.


Table 7.19. Age of prisoners removed from death row, by race, 1985


Regions All 20 to 25 to 30 to 35 to 40 to 55 years and states ages 24 years 29 years 34 years 39 years 54 years and older

All prisoners.

U.s. total 102 10 31 24 14 21 2


Midwest 7 1 2 2 2 0 0 Illinois 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 Indiana 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 Missollri 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 Nebraska 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 Ohio 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

South 66 8 24 15 7 11 1 Alabama 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 Arkansas 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Delaware 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 Florida 16 0 9 4 1 2 0 Georgia 13 1 4 3 2 3 0 Kentucky 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 Louisiana 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 Maryland 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 Mississippi 3 0 0 2 0 1 0 North Carolina 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Oklahoma· 6 1 3 1 1 0 0 South Carolina 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 Tennessee 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 Texas 10 3 2 2 0 3 0 Virginia 3 0 2 1 0 0 0

West 23 1 5 7 4 5 1 Arizona'" 4 0 0 1 1 2 0 California 13 0 4 6 1 2 0 Idaho 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 Nevada 4 1 0 0 2 1 0 Utah 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

Black prisoners

U.s. total 37 4 15 9 6 3 0


Midwest 3 0 1 1 1 0 0 Illinois 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 Missouri 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

South 26 4 11 6 4 1 0 Florida 9 0 6 2 1 0 0 Georgia 6 1 2 1 1 1 0 Maryland 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Mississippi 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 Oklahoma 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 South Carolina 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 Tennessee 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 Texas 4 2 1 1 0 0 0 Virginia 2 0 1 1 0 0 0

West 6 0 :3 2 1 0 0 California 5 0 3 2 0 0 0 Nevada 1 0 0 0 1 0 0



Prisoners removed fl'om death row

Regions All 20 to 25 to 30 to 35 to 40 to 55 years and States ages 24 years 29 years 34 years 39 years 54 years and older

White prisoners

U.s. total 63 6 16 13 8 18 2

~orth;"ast 4 0 0 0 1 3 0 Pennsylvania 4 0 0 0 1 3 0

Midwest 4 1 1 1 0 0 Indiana 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 Nebraska 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 Ohio 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

Sollth 39 4 13 8 3 10 1 Alabama 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 Arkansas 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Delaware 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 Florida 7 0 3 2 0 2 0 Georgia 7 0 2 2 1 2 0 Kentucky 1 0 L\ 0 1 0 0 Louisiana 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 Maryland 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Mississippi 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 North Carolina 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Oklahoma 4 1 2 0 1 0 0 South Carolina 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 Tennessee 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 Texas 6 1 1 1. 0 3 0 Virginia 1 0 1 0 0 0 0

West 16 1 2 4 3 5 1 Arizona 3 0 0 0 1 2 0 California 8 0 1 4 1 2 0 Idaho 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 Nevada 3 1 0 0 1 0 Utah 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

Note: The following States with death *"All prisoners" Includes American Indian penalty statutes reported no prisoners leaving prisoners as well as whites and blacks. death row in 1985: Connecticut, New Oklahoma and Arizona each removed from Hampshire, New Jersey, Vermont, South death rowan American Indian prisoner who was Dakota, Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, between 30 and 34 years old. Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming.


Table 7.20. Level of education completed by llrisoners removed from death row, by race, 1985


Regions Total 8 th grade or less 9th to 11th grade 12th grade Anl college Not rel20rted

and states Total Black White Total Black White Total Black White Total Black White Total Black White Total Black White

u.s. total- 102 37 63 19 4 14 28 10 18 27 12 14 7 1 6 21 10 11

Northeast 6 2 4 2 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 Pennsylvania 6 2 4 2 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0

Midwest 7 3 4 1 0 1 4 2 2 2 1 1 a a a 0 0 0 lllinois 2 2 0 a a 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Indiana 2 0 2 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Missouri 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nebraska 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ohio 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 !l 0 0 0 0 0 0

South 66 26 39 14 2 11 22 8 14 20 10 10 3 1 2 7 5 2 Alabama 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 Arkansas 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Delaware 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Florida 16 9 7 4 1 3 3 1 \) 7 5 2 1 1 0 1 1 0 Georgia 13 6 7 3 0 3 4 2 2 3 2 1 0 0 0 3 2 1 Kentucky 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Louisiana 2 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Maryland 2 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mississippi 3 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 North Carolina 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oklahoma· 6 1 4 3 0 2 3 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sou th Carolina 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tenne3see 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Texas 10 4 6 1 0 1 5 2 3 3 1 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 Virginia 3 2 1 1 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

West 23 6 16 2 1 1 1 0 1 3 0 2 3 0 3 14 5 9 Arhr.ona* 4 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 2 0 2 0 0 0 California 13 5 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 5 8 Idaho 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nevada 4 1 3 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 a 1 Utah 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 a 0 0 0

Note: The following States with death Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, Oregon, American Indian prisoner removed from penalty statutes reported no prisoners Washington, and Wyoming. death row. The Oklahoma man had leaving death row in 1985: Connecticut, *The totals include American Indian completed less than 9 years of school, and New Hampshire, New Jersey, Vermont, prisoners as well as whites and blacks. the Arizona prisoner had graduated from lll1nois, Missouri, South Dakota, Oklahoma and Arizona each reported an high school.


Table 7.21. Marital status at time of imprisonment of prisoners removed from death row, by race, 1985

Prisoners removed from dee th row

Divorced Regions Total Married or sel2ara ted Widowed Never married Not rel20rted


U.s. total· 102 37 63 36 12 24 14 2 12 4 1 3 43 20 21 5 2 :I

Northeast 6 2 4 4 1 3 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pennsylvania 6 2 4 4 1 3 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Midwest 7 3 4 5 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 Illinois 2 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Indiana 2 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Missouri 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nebr&ska 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ohio 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

South 66 26 39 21 8 13 10 1 9 2 0 2 29 15 13 4 2 2 Alabama 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 a 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Arkansas 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Delaware 2 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Florida 16 9 7 6 3 3 2 1 1 0 0 0 8 5 3 0 0 0 Georgia 13 6 7 3 2 1 3 0 3 0 0 0 5 3 2 2 1 1 Kentucky 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Louisiana 2 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Maryland 2 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Mississippi 3 1 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 North Carolina 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Oklahoma· 6 1 4 3 1 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 South Carolina 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Tennessee 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 Tex8,s 10 4 6 4 2 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 Virginia 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 0 0

West 23 6 16 6 1 5 4 1 3 0 0 0 12 4 7 1 0 1 Arizona· 4 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 California 13 5 8 4 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 4 4 1 0 1 Idaho 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Nevada 4 1 :I 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Utah 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Note: The following States with death Illinois, Missouri, South Dakota, Colorado, prisoners as well as whites and blacks. penalty statutes reported no prisoners Montana, New Mexico, Oregon, Washing- Oklahoma and Arizona each removed from leaving death row in 1985: Connecticut, ton, and Wyoming. death rowan American.Indian prisoner who New Hampshire, New Jersey, Vermont, *The totals include American Indian had never married.


Table 7.22. Legal status at time oC capital olCense for prisoners removed from death row, by race, 1985

Prisoners removed from death row who had the following legal statuses when the ca[!ital crimes occurred

Regions Not charged with or sen- Charged with Under sentence for another crime Legal sta tus and States Totala tenced for another crime another crime Total'" On probatIOn On parole Escaped In prison not reported

All prisoners'!

U.s. total 102 47 3 25 6 14 3 27

Northeast 6 1 0 3 1 2 0 0 2 Pennsylvania 6 1 0 3 1 2 0 0 2

Midwest 7 4 0 2 0 1 0 1 1 Illinois 2 0 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 Indiana 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Missouri 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nebraska 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ohio 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

South 66 36 1 18 4 10 1 2 11 Alabamab 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Arkansas 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Delaware 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Florida 16 11 0 5 2 2 0 1 0 Georgia 13 9 1 1 0 1 0 0 2 Kentucky 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Louisiana 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Maryland 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Mississippi 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 North Carolina 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Oklahomaa 6 2 0 3 1 2 0 0 1 South Carolina 2 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Tennessee 2 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Texas 10 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 7 Virginia 3 0 0 3 0 2 1 0 0

West 23 6 2 2 1 1 0 0 13 Arizonaft 4 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 California 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 Idaho 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nevada 4 2 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 Utah 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Black prisoners

U.s. total 37 16 0 11 2 8 0 1. 10 Northeast 2 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0

Pennsylvania 2 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Midwest 3 1 0 2 0 1 0 1 0

Illinois 2 0 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 Missouri 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

South 26 14 0 7 2 5 0 0 5 Florida 9 6 0 3 2 1 0 0 0 Georgia 6 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Maryland 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mississippi 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oklahoma 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 South Carolina 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Tennessee 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Texas 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 Virginia 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0

West 6 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 5 California 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Nevada 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0



Prisoners remc .. ed from death row who had the followi[!g legal statuses when the cal2ital crimes occurred

Regions Not charged with or sen- Charged with Under sentence for another crime Legal sta tus and States Total tenced for another crime another crime Total On probation On parole Escaped In prison not reported

White prisoners

U.S. total 63 31 3 12 3 5 1 2 17

Northeast 4 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 2 Pennsylvania 4 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 2

Midwest 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Indiana 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Nebraska 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ohio 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

South 39 22 1 10 2 4 1 2 6 Alabamab 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Arkansas 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Delaware 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Florida 7 5 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 Georgia 7 4 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 Kentucky 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Louisiana 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Maryland 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Mississippi 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 North Carolina 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Oklahoma 4 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 Sou th Caroli na 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tennessee 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Texas 6 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 Virginia 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

West 16 6 2 0 0 0 0 0 8 Arizona 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 California 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 Idaho 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nevada 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Utah 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Note' The following States with death allAll prisoners" includes American Indian an American Indian who was on probation at penalty statutes reported no prisoners prisoners as well as whites and blacks. the time of the capital offense. leaving death row in 1985: Connecticut, Oklahoma removed from death rowan Alabama removed from death row a white New Hampshire, New Jersey, Vermont, American Indian who was on parole when prisoner convicted of a murder that South Dakota, Colorado, Montana, New the murder, for which he was convicted, occurred while he was on work release Mexico, Oregon, Washington, and occurred. Arizona removed from death row from prison. He is included in the total. Wyoming.


Table 7.23. Felony history oC prisoners removed from death row, by race, 1985


With I2rior felon:i convictions With Regions Total with Criminal Other Type of offen- no prior Felony history and States Total prior felonies homicide offenses ses unreported felonies not reported

All prisoncrs-

U.S. total 102 59 12 38 9 35 8

Northeast 6 5 3 2 0 0 1 New Jersey 6 5 3 2 0 0 1


South 66 39 7 23 9 20 7 Alabama 2 1 1 0 0 1 0 Arkansas 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Delaware 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 Florida 16 11 1 6 4 5 0 Georgia 13 7 0 3 4 3 3 Kentucky 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 Louisiana 2 1 1 0 0 1 0 Maryland 2 1 0 1 0 1 0 Mississippi 3 2 1 1 0 1 0 North Carolina 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 Oklahoma" 6 4 0 4 0 2 0 South Carolina 2 1 1 0 0 1 0 Tennessee 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 Texas 10 4 1 3 0 2 4 Virginia 3 3 0 2 1 0 0

West 23 10 1 9 0 13 0 Arizona" 4 3 0 3 0 1 0 California 13 2 0 2 0 11 0 Idaho 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Nevada 4 4 1 3 0 0 0 Utah 1 1 0 1 0 0 0

Black prisoners

U.S. total 37 22 4 14 4 11 4 Northeast 2 2 1 0 0 0

Pennsylvania 2 2 1 0 0 0 Midwest 3 3 1 2 0 0 0

Illinois 2 2 1. 1 0 0 0 Missouri 1 1 0 1 0 0 0

South 26 15 2 9 4 7 4 Florida 9 5 0 4 1 4 0 Georgia 6 3 0 1 2 1 2 Maryland 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Mississippi 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 Oklahoma 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 South Carolina 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 Tennessee 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 Texas 4 1 0 1 0 1 2 Virginia 2 2 0 1 1 0 0

West 6 2 0 2 0 4 0 California 5 1 0 1 0 4 0 Nevada 1 1 0 1 0 0 0




With I2rior felon:i convictions With Regions Total with Criminal other Type of offen- no prior Felony history and States Total prior felonies homicide offenses ses unreported felonies not reported

White prisoners

U.S. total 63 35 8 22 5 24 4


Midwest 4 2 0 2 0 2 0 Indiana 2 1 0 1 0 1 0 Nebraska 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Ohio 1 1 0 1 0 0 0

South 39 23 5 13 5 13 3 Alabama 2 1 1 0 0 1 0 Arkansas 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Delaware 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 Florida 7 6 1 2 3 1 0 Georgia 7 4 0 2 2 2 1 Kentucky 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 Louisiana 2 1 1 0 0 1 0 Maryland 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 Mississippi 2 1 1 0 0 1 0 North Carolina 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 Oklahoma 4 2 0 2 0 2 0 South Carolina 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Tennessee 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 Texas 6 3 1 2 0 1 2 Virginia 1 1 0 1 0 0 0

West 16 7 1 6 0 9 0 Arizona 3 2 0 2 0 1 0 California 8 1 0 1 0 7 0 Idaho 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Nevada 3 3 1 2 0 0 0 Utah 1 1 0 1 0 0 0

Note: The following States with death ·"All prisoners" includes American Indian penalty statutes reported no prisoners leaving prisoners as well as whites and blacks. death row in 1985: Connecticut, New Oklahoma and Arizona each removed from Hampshire, New Jersey, Vermont, South death rowan American Indian prisoner with one Dakota, Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, or more past felony convictions that were not Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming. murder.


Table 7.24. Prisoners executed undcr civil authority in the United States, by year, region, and jurisdiction, 1930-1985

Regions and 1980- 1975- 1970- 1965- 1960- 1955- 1950- 1945- 1940- 1935- 1930-jurisdictions Total 1985 1984 1983 1979 1974 1969 1964 1959 1954 1949 1944 1939 1934

United States 3,909 18 21 8 3 0 10 181 304 413 639 645 891 776 Federal 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 6 6 7 9 1 State 3,876 18 21 8 3 0 10 180 301 407 633 638 882 775

Northeast 608 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 51 56 74 110 145 155 Connec ticu t 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 5 5 3 2 Maine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Massachusetts 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 11 7 New Hampshire 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 New Jersey 74 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 9 8 8 6 16 24 New York 329 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 25 27 36 78 73 80 Pennsylvania 152 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 12 19 21 15 41 41 Rhode Island 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vermont 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 1

Midwest 405 1 0 1 0 0 5 16 16 42 64 42 113 105 Illinois 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 8 5 13 27 34 Indiana 43 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 5 2 20 11 Iowa 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 4 3 7 1 Kansas 15 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 5 2 3 0 0 Michigan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Minnesota 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Missouri 62 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 2 5 9 6 20 16 Nebraska 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 North Dakota 0 0 0 0 0 0 D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ohio 172 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 12 20 36 15 39 43 South Dakota 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Wisconsin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

South 2,351 16 21 7 1 0 2 102 183 244 419 413 524 419 Alabama 136 0 0 1 0 0 1 4 6 14 21 29 41 19 Arkansas 118 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 7 11 18 20 33 20 Delaware 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 6 2 Dist. of Columbia 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 3 13 3 5 15 Florida 183 3 8 1 1 0 0 12 27 22 27 38 29 15 Georgia 372 3 2 1 0 0 0 14 34 51 72 58 73 64 Kentucky 103 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 8 15 19 34 18 Louisiana 140 1 5 1 0 0 0 1 13 14 23 24 19 39 Marylancl 68 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 2 19 26 10 6 Mississippi 155 0 0 1 0 0 0 10 21 15 26 34 22 26 North Carolina 265 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 5 14 62 50 80 51 Oklahoma 60 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 3 4 7 6 9 25 South Carolina 163 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 10 16 29 32 30 37 Tennessee 93 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 1 18 19 31 16 Texas 307 6 3 1 0 0 0 29 25 49 36 38 72 48 Virginia 96 2 1 1 0 0 0 6 8 15 22 13 20 8 West Virginia 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 5 9 2 10 10

West 512 1 0 0 2 0 3 45 51 65 76 73 100 96 Alaska 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (j 0 0 0 Arizona 38 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 6 2 3 6 10 7 California 292 0 0 0 0 0 1 29 35 39 45 35 57 51 Colorado 47 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 2 1 7 6 9 16 Hawaii 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Idaho 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 Montana 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 1 Nevada 31 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 9 5 5 3 5 New Mexico 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 2 Oregon 19 0 0 0 iJ 0 0 1 0 4 6 6 1 1 Utah 14 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 4 2 1 3 2 '0 Washington 47 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 4 7 9 13 10 Wyoming 7 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 3


Table 7.25. Prisoners E'.xecuted unde, civil autho,lty in the United States, by mce and offense, 1930-1985

All races White Black Other races Total Other Total Other Total Other Total Other offen- offen- offen- offen- offen- offen- offen- offen-

Year ses Murder Rape ses· ses Murder Rape ses· ses Murder Rape ses· ses Murder Rape ses·

All years 3,909 3,384 455 70 1,784 1,697 48 39 2,083 1,647 405 31 42 40 2 0

1985 18 18 0 0 11 11 0 0 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1984 21 21 0 0 13 13 0 0 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 1983 5 5 0 0 4 4 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1982 2 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1981 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1980 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1979 2 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1978 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1977 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

no executions from 1968 to 1976

1967 2 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1966 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1965 7 7 0 0 6 6 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1964 15 9 6 0 8 5 3 0 7 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 1963 21 18 2 1 13 12 0 1 8 6 2 0 0 0 0 0 1962 47 41 4 2 28 26 2 0 19 15 2 2 0 0 0 0 1961 42 33 8 1 20 18 1 1 22 15 7 0 0 0 0 0 1960 56 44 8 4 21 18 0 3 35 26 8 1 0 0 0 0 1959 49 41 8 0 16 15 1 0 33 26 7 0 0 0 0 0 1958 49 41 7 1 20 20 0 0 28 20 7 1 1 1 0 0 1957 65 54 10 1 34 32 2 0 31 22 8 1 0 0 0 0 1956 65 52 12 1 21 20 0 1 43 31 12 0 1 1 0 0 1955 76 65 7 4 44 41 1 2 32 24 6 2 0 0 0 0 1954 81 71 9 1 38 37 1 0 42 33 8 1 1 1 0 0 1953 62 51 7 4 30 25 1 4 31 25 6 0 1 1 0 0 1952 83 71 12 0 36 35 1 0 47 ~6 11 0 0 0 0 0 1951 105 87 17 1 57 55 2 0 47 31 15 1 1 1 0 0 1950 82 68 13 1 40 36 4 0 42 32 9 1 0 0 0 0 1949 119 107 10 2 50 49 0 1 67 56 10 1 2 2 0 0 1948 119 95 22 2 35 32 1 2 82 61 21 0 2 2 0 0 1947 153 129 23 1 42 40 2 0 111 89 21 1 0 0 0 0 1946 131 107 22 2 46 45 0 1 84 61 22 1 1 1 0 0 1945 117 90 26 1 41 37 4 0 75 52 22 1 1 1 0 0 1944 120 96 24 0 47 45 2 0 70 48 22 0 3 3 0 0 1943 131 118 13 0 54 54 0 0 74 63 11 0 3 1 2 0 1942 147 115 25 7 67 57 4 6 80 58 21 1 0 0 0 0 1941 123 102 20 1 59 55 4 0 63 46 16 1 1 1 0 0 1940 124 105 15 4 49 44 2 3 75 61 13 1 0 0 0 0 1939 160 145 12 3 80 79 0 1 77 63 12 2 3 3 0 0 1938 190 154 25 11 96 89 1 6 92 63 24 5 2 2 0 0 1937 147 133 13 1 69 67 2 0 74 62 11 1 4 4 0 0 1936 195 181 10 4 92 86 2 4 101 93 8 0 2 2 0 0 1935 199 184 13 2 119 115 2 2 77 66 11 0 3 3 0 0 1934 168 154 14 0 65 64 1 0 102 89 13 0 1 1 0 0 1933 160 151 7 2 77 75 1 1 81 74 6 1 2 2 0 0 1932 140 128 10 2 62 62 0 0 75 63 10 2 3 3 0 0 1931 153 137 15 1 77 76 1 0 72 57 14 1 4 4 0 0 1930 155 147 6 2 90 90 0 0 65 57 6 2 0 0 0 0

·rnc!ude executions for armed robbery (25), kidnaping (20), burglary (11), sabotage (6), aggravated assault (6), and espionage (2).


FORM NPS-S U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

1111111 111 .. 21 .. 841 CENSUS USE ONLY

8UREAU OF THe: CENsUS A.CTING AS COl-t..ECTING AGE.NT FOR THE

BUREAU OF JUSTICE STATISTI,,! U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE a. Report year b.

REPORT OF INMATES UNDER SENTENCE OF DEATH NATIONAL PRISONERS STATISTICS 19_ Card_ of_Cards

~ IMPORT ANT - Please read instructions On reverse RETURN) Buroau of the Cen~us ATTN: Demographic Surveys Division

before completing this form. TO Washlngtan, D.C. 20233

1. Stote 100. Prior felony convlction(s) (Mark (X) in appropriate box)

I DYes

2. Inmate nome z El ~o k } Skip to item II 3 n nown Last iFir,! iMiddle lOb. Were ony of these convictions for criminal homicide?

I linltlal I I I 0 Yes - Specify (e.g .. murder. attempted murder,

involuntary manslaughter, vehicular 3. Sex (Mark (X) appropriate box) manslaughter)

IOMale z 0 Female

20No

40. Race (Mark (X) appropriate box) 3D Unknown

10 White 11. Date of original conviction for capital offense z D Black Month Year 3D American Indian or Alaskan Native [IJ-[JJ 4 C Asian or Pacific Islander 5 D Other - Speci f~ 12. Date of first sentence for capital offense

Month Year

b. Hispanic origin (Mark (X) appropriate box) OJ-m 10 Hispanic 130. Inmate status an December 31, 19_ 2 C Non-Hispanic (Mark (X) appropriate box) 3 C Not known 1 D Under sentence of death - Contirue with item b

5. Date of birth 2 D Sentence of death removed - Skip to

items c and d Month Year b. Was this inmate an escape or at a mental

OJ-OJ hospital an December 31? Month Year

6. Capital offense(s) for which imprisoned I D Yes, on escape - Enter CD OJ

month and year of escape. • • -CMurder 2DYes, ata mental hospital-CRape Enter month and year of CD CD D Kidnap transfer to mental hospital • • -

Q Other - Specify aONo No further information required for this inmate

c. Reason for inmate's removal from under ,entence of

I u;i~~Ucy I I I I I I I death (Mark (X) appropriate box) Month Year "-

7. Marital status at time of first imprisonment CD-IT] for capital offense I D Executed ••••••••••••••

1 C Married -Include common law marriage CD-CD 20 Divorced or separated 20 Deceased by other causes •••

3 CWidowed 3 D Capital sentence declared 4 C Never married unconstitutional by State CD-CD 5 l~ No.t known

or U.S. Supreme Court •••••

8. Highest year of education completed at time 40 Sentence commuted ••••••• CD-CD of first imprisonment for capital offense 5 D Conviction affirmed, sentence [IJ-[D Ole 7th grade or less 07 C I st year of college

overturned by appellate court

02 D8th grade 08 L-= 2nd year 6 D Conviction and sentence OJ-OJ overturned by appellate court

03D9th grade 090 3rd year 7 D Other - Specify)!. 040 10th grade 100 4th year CD-IT] 05 C 11th grade 1 I 0 More than 4 ycars 06 C 12th grade - of college e D Information not available at this office

(Include GED) 120 Not known d. Current status of Inmate removed from sentence of .. -

9. Legal status at time of capital offense death (Mark the one box showing the inmate's status

(Mark (X) appropriate box) as of the day you fill out this report. i.e., TODAY)

NOT UNDER SENTENCE I 0 Under new sentence of

I 0 No charges pending 2 C Charges pending 2 D Awaiting retrial to determine guilt

UNDER SENTENCE 3 D Awaiting resentencing only (guilt affirmed)

3 c:: On probation 40 Found not guilty in retrial

4 C On parole 50 All charges on capital offense dropped

5 [-: On esc~pc 60 Other - SpecifYjl

6 [~ Imprisoned 7 C1 Other - Specify legal statu"" 7 0 No action has been taken since removal

from sentence of death 80 Information not ava! lable at this office

e C UNKNOWN 9 D Dead


INSTRUCTIONS

Please complete one card for each person who (1) entered your State's correctional system under sentence of death at any time during the report year, or (2) had received a sentence of death in a previous year but was not previously reported. Attempt to answer all items.

Item b. Card of Cards - Complete this item to insure proper accounting of all persons under sentence of death in your correctional system who have not been previously reported.

Example: If you are reporting 4 persons who were given a sentence of death during the report year, or had not been previously reported, and this card relates to the third person reported, you would enter: Card 3 of 4 Cards

Item 4a. Race

(1) White - A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, North Africa, or the Middle East.

(2) Black - A person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa.

(3) American Indian or Alaskan Native - A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North America, and who maintains cultural identification through tribal affiliation or community recognition.

(4) Asian or Pacific Islander - A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, the Indian Subcontinent, or the Pacific Islands. This area includes, for example, China, India, Japan, Korea, the Philippine Islands, and Samoa.

(5) Other - Any other race not covered by the above categories. Please specify the race in the space provided.

Item 4b. Hispanic Origin - Hispanics are defined as those having an ethnic origin or background in Central America, South America, Mexico, Cuba, Puerto Rico, or Spain.

Item 5. Date of Birth - Enter two digits for month (January=Ol, February=02, etc.) and last two digits of year. •

Item 6. Capital offense for which imprisoned -Mark all and only those offenses for which capital punishment was originally levied.

Item 7. Marital status at time of first imprisonment for capital offense - "Time of first imprisonment" refers to the inmate's original time of arrival at

prison after his first sentencing to death. Separated does not include separation for reason of imp risonment.

Item 8. Highest year of education completed at time of first imprisonment for capital offense -Time frame as in Item 7 above. Include Graduate Equivalent Degree (GED) as "12th grade."

Item 9. Legal status at time of capital offense -If the person was known to be free in all States with no charges pending at the time of the offense, mark "Not under sentence - no charges pending."

If the person was charged but not sentenced, e.g., out on bail, mark "Not under sentencecharges pending."

If person was under sentence (not merely charged) at time of offense, mark "On probation," "On parole," "Imprisoned," "On escape," or "Other" as appropriate.

Item 11. Date of original conviction for capital offense - Enter the first month and year (digits as in item 5) in which the person was found guilty of the capital offense. DO NOT enter the date of appeal rejections or prison admission.

Item 12. Date of first sentence for capital offenseEnter the month and year (digits as in item 5) after the person's original conviction in which inmate was first sentenced to death.

Item 13a. Inmate status on December 31, 19-Indicate whether or not the inmate was under sentence of death at the end of the report year.

Item 13b. If inmate was under sentence of death on December 31, indicate if the inmate was on escape or at a mental hospital. Enter the month and year of escape or transfer to mental hospital.

Item 13c. Manner of removal from sentence of death - Complete this item only if sentence of death was removed during the calendar year. Mark the box which most accurately describes how the inmate was initially removed from sentence of death.

Item 13d. Current status of inmate removed from sentence of death - Mark the one box which most accurately shows the inmate's legal status as of THE DATE THIS REPORT IS COMPLETED. If "Under new sentence" enter new sentence.


--------~----------------------------------------------------~.

OMB No. 1121·0030: A roval Ex ires November 30. 1987

FORMNPS-8B (8·26-85)

NOTICE - These data are being collected in accordance with the 1973 Crime Control Act.

U.s. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BUREAU OF THE CENSUS

ACTING AS COLLECTING AGENT FOR THE BUREAU OF JUSTiCe STATISTICS

U.s. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

STATUS OF DEATH PENALTY STATUTES

NO STATUTE IN FORCE, 1984


1985 . '" , .

RETURN COMPLETED

BUREAU OF THE CENSUS FORM TO •

Attn: Domographic Surveys Div. Washington, D.C. 20233

'. (Please correct any error in name and address including ZIP code)


The Bureau of the Census, at the request of the Bureau of Justice Statistics, annually collects data concerning the status of state and Federal death penalty statutes. The Bureau collects these data under the authority of Title 42, United States Code, Section 3732. The questionnaire on the reverse side of this letter relates to the death penalty laws in your jurisdiction during the period January 1, 1985 through December 31, 1985. Please complete and return this questionnaire by February 18, 1986 to expedite timely publication of these data.

Your response to this request is voluntary and there are no penalties for refusing to supply the information. Your cooperation is extremely important to help us assemble an accurate picture of capital punishment in the United States.

If you need assistance in completing the questionnaire, please call Arlene Rasmussen collect on (301) 763-2061. We will continue to mail publications of the final reports to you as they become available.

Thank you for your past participation in this endeavor.

Sincerely,

JOHN G. KEANE


1. National Prisoner Statistics (NPS) records I o No - Go to Question 4 show that at the end of 1984 your State had I

DYes I NO CAPITAL PUNISHMENT STATUTE. At I any time in 1985 was such a law I Effective date I Citation established? I

I I I Please provide a copy of the law, if possible.

2. During 1985, was that law explicitly struck I I o No - Go to Question 4 by the U.S. or State Supreme Court? I

DYes I I o Wholly struck o By U.S. Supreme Court I o By State Supreme Court I r o By U.S. Supreme Court I o Partially struck I o By State Supreme Court I I Effective date 1 Citation I I I I Please provide ~ copy of the decision, if possible.

3. In the opinion of the Attorney General, I o All wer<:l effectively removed from under sentence of death as of the what was the impact on persons sentenced I decision date; that is, leg .. lly these persons could not be executed I under your State's statute? I under that sentence.

I o None were effectively removed from under sentence of death as of I the decision date; that Is, legally these persons could still possibly I be executed under that sentence, I o Some were effectively removed from under sentence of death as I of the decision date while others were not; that is, legally some I could still possibly be executed under that sentence while others I I could not.

4. As of December 31, 1985, does your State I DNa CONSTITUTION specifically prohibit I DYes capital penalties? I

I .-1 Date JCitation I I

5. As of December 31, 1985, yOUi' State - I o Had a capital punishment statute I I o Hau no capital punIshment statute - Go to item 10 I

6. For what offense(s) carl the death penalty I I

be imposed in your State? I I I I I I I

7. Doea your State provide for automatic I I DYes appeal upon imposition of the death I

penalty, i.e., irrespective of defen·.1ant's I o No wishes? I I

8. What is the minimum age at which persons I Age I

can be sentenced to death in your State? I I

9. What methods of execution are authorized I

in your capital punishment statute? I ! I I I I I

10. Report Name and title Telephone Date completed submitted Area code Number Extension by

146 Con'ectz'onal Populations in the United States, 1985

FORM NPS-8C 18·26·85}

NOTICE - These data are being collected in accordance with the 1973 Crime Control Act.


ACTING AS COLLECTING AGENT FOR THE BUREAU OFJUSTICE STATISTICS

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

STATUS OF DEATH PENALTY STATUTES

STATUTE IN FORCE, 1984


1985 . , r.' .... : AETURN .- . BUREAU OF THE CENSUS

/COMPLETeq. .' jFORMTO '.

Attn: Demographic Surveys Div. Washington, D.C. 20233 , .'

, . ~ ~. ~ (Please correct any error in name and address including ZIP codel


The Bureau of the Census, at the request of the Bureau of Justice Statistics, annually collects data concerning the status of state and Federal death penalty statutes. The Bureau collects these data under the authority of Title 42, United States Code, Section 3732.

The questionnaire on the reverse side of this letter relates to the death penalty laws in your jurisdiction during the period January 1, 1985 through December 31, 1985. Please complete and return this questionnaire by February 18, 1986 to expedite timely publication of these data.

Your response to this request is voluntary and there are no penalties for refusing to supply the information. Your cooperation is extremely important to help us assemble an accurate picture of capital punishment in the United States.

If you need assistance in completing the questionnaire, please call Arlene Rasmussen collect on (301) 763-2061. We will continue to mail publications of the final reports to you as they become available.

Thank you for your past participation in this endeavor.

Sincerely,

JOHN G. KEANE


1. National Prisoner Statistics (NPS) records D No - Go to Question 3 show that at the end of 1984 your State had

DYes a capital punishment statute. During 1985, was that law explicitly struck in whole or In o Wholly struck D By U.S. Supreme Court part by the U.S. or the State Supreme Court? D By State Supreme Court

D Partially struck D By U.S. Supreme Court D By State Supreme Court

I Effectivll date Citation

I I Please provide a copy of the decision, if possible.

2. In the opinion of the Attorney General, I D All were effectively removed from under sentence of death as of the what was the impact on persons sentenced I decision date; that is, legally these persons could not be executed

I under that sentence. under your State's statute? I I D None were effectively removed from under sentence of death as of I the decision date; that is, legally these persons could still possibly I be executed under that sentence. I D Some were effectively removed from under sentence of death as I of the decision date while others were not; that is, legally some I could still possibly be executed under that sentence while others I could not.

3. During 1985, was the capital puntshment I o Revised or modified statute: I

I I Effective date Citation

(Mark (X) all that apply) I I I r Please provide a copy of the revised sections, if possible. I If revised more than once, please specify I

D Replaced (entirely new statute)

I Effective date Citation

Please provide a copy of the new statute, if possible.

D None of the above

4. As of December 31, 1985, your State - D Had a capital punishment statute

1 D Had no capital punishment statute - Go to item 9

5. For what offense(s) can the death penalty I I be imposed in your Stato 1 I I I 1

6. Does your State provide for automatic I I DYes appeal upon imposition of th" death I

penalty, i.e., irrespective of defendant's I D No wishes? : 7. What is the minimum age at which persons I Age

I can be sentenced to death in your State? I

I

8. What methods of execution are authorized I in your capital punishment statute? I

I I I

9. Report Name and title Telephone Date completed submitted Area code Number Extension by

FOAM NPS·8C (8·26·851

148 Correctional Populations in the United States. 1985

'PH

Abscond~, from parole 6.5, 6.3 - from probation 3.4, 3.6

Accldcnts in prison, cause of death, by sex 5.17

Admissions, to jail 2.5 - to prison, by type of admissions

5.100, men 5.110, women 5.128 -. to death row 7.2

Age, jail Inmates 2.1, 2.2, 2.5, 7.3 - prisoners under sentence of dea th

7.5,7.11,7.19 Alaskan natives (see "Race") AmerIcan Indians (see "Race") Appeals, automatic, required in capital

punishment cases 7.1

Bl&cks (see "Race")

capacity, Jails 2.6 Capital punishment 7.1-7.25

- age of prisoners 7.6, 7.11, 7.19 - criminal history of prisoners,

by race 7.10, 7.15, 7.23 • - educational background of pris

oners, by race 7.7, 7.12, 7.20 -legal status at time of capital

crime, by race 7.9,7.14,7.22 - marital status of prisoners, by

race 7.8,7.13,7.21 - prisoners received on death row

7.11-7.15 - prisoners removed from dea th row

7.16-7.23 - prisoners under sentence of death,

by race 7.2-7.10 - time that prisoners spent on death

row, by race 7.5,7.18 - women on death row, by face

1972-85 7.3 Commutations of sentences 5.13,

men 5.14, women 5.15 COmpletion, parole 6.1, 6.5

-probation 3.1, ~.6 Conditions of continement, jails 2.9 Correctional sUpervision, total under

1.1 - percent ot adults under 1.2

Court orders, jail conditions 2.8 - reducing prison crowding 4.5

Criminal history, prisoners on death row 7.10,7.15,7.23

Crowding, jails 2.6,2.7,2.8,2.9,5.5 - percent ot prison Inmates In jail

5.5 - prisons 5.5 - provisions to reduce 4.5

Custody, female prisoners, by sentence length 5.20

- male prisoners, by sentence length 5.19

- prisoners, by jUrisdictions 5.18

Death penalty statute, by jurisdiction 7.1

Deaths, jails 2.10 - ottenders on parole 6.5 - oftenders on probation 3.6 - prIsons 5.10, men 5.11b, women

5.l2b - prisons, by cause and sex 5.17

Detalners, released from parole 6.5 - released trom probation 3.6

Detention status, Jails 2.3

!>u.s. G.P.O. 1988- 202-0:32,60027

.. Educational backgroundt prlsoners

under sentence of death 7.7. 7.12,7.20

Emergency rcleoses, to reduce prison crowding 4.5

Entries, parole 6.2 -proba tion 3.5

Escapes, prisoners returned to prlson 5.10n, lOon 5.Ua, women 5.12a

- prisoners leaving prison 5. lOb, men 5.llb, women 5.12b

Ethnicity (see "HisP4nic origin") Executions, number 7.2,7.24,7.25

-States' totnl~, 1930-85 7.24,7.25 Exits, parole 6.2, 6.4

- probation 3.6

Felony history, prisoners on death roW, by race 7.10,7.15,7.23

Felonies, pn1bated sentences 3.10 Firing squad 7.2

Good-time, automallc and corned 4.3,4.4

Hispanic origin, adults on parole 6.1, 6.6

- adults on probation 3.9 - jail inmates, 1984-85 2.4 - prisoners under sent~nce of dea th

7.4 - prisoners, by State and Sex 5.9

Illness, cause of dCl!th, by sex 5.17 Incarceration rates 5.4

Jails 2.1-2.10 - admissions 2.5 - average daily PopulRtlon, 1983-85

2.2 - by age (legal status) of Inmates

2.1, 2.2, 2.5 - by sex of inmate 2.1,2.2,2.3,

2.4,2.5 - conCinement conditions 2.9 - crowding 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 5.5 - deaths of inmates 2.10 - I-day count, 1983-85 2.2 - rates pel' 100,000 residents 2.1 - releases 2.5 - wIth probation 3.5 - under court orders 2.8

Juvenile offeoders (see also "Youthful otfender'? 4.2

- in jaIl 2.1, 2.2, 2.5

Legal status, time of capital offense, by race 7.9, 7.14, 7.22

Marital status, prjsoners under sentence of death, by race 7.7,7.12, 7.20

~Ien, deaths in prison, by cause 5.17 - in jail 2.1,2.2,2.3,2.4,2.5 - in prL,oo, by Sta Ie and race 5.7 - on parole 6.6 - on probation 3.7 - number under correctional super·

vision 1.2 - prison admiSSions, by type and

State 5.11a - prison releases, by type and State

5.lIb - prisoners, by sentence length,

1984-85 5.2

- prisoners released, by type oC release 5.14

- violators ot parole, by status of sent~nce 5.16

Misdemeanors, probated sentences 3.10

Native Americans (see IIRacell)

otrense types, by probation 3.10 Overcrowding (see "Crowding")

Pucitic Islanders (see "Race II) Parole 6.1-S.8

- by Hispanic orIgin S.6 - by sex 6.1, 6.6 - by status of supervision 6.1, 6.3 - changes in population size,

1984·85 6.2 - completion 6.1, 6.5 - discretionary S.4, abolition of

4.1 - early, to reduce prison crowding

4.5 - entries 6.2, 6.3 - mandatory 4.1,6.4 - men released from prison 5.14 - rates per 100,000 resIdents 6.2 - releases, by State 5.10b, 5.l1b,

5.12b, 6.2 - sentence length 6.8 - types 6.4 - violalion of, admission to prison

5.16, men 5.110, women 5.120 - women released trom prison 5.15

Prior felony conVictions, prIsoners on death row, by race 7.7

Prisoners, admissions, by type 5.100, men 5.11a, women 5.120

- mon, by sentence length, 1984-85 5.2

- releases, by type 5,10b, men 5.11b, women 5.12b

- women, by sentence length, 1984-85 5.2

Probation 3.1-3.10 - by HispanIc origin 3.9 - by race 3.8 - by sex 3.7 - changes in popula tlon, by

State 3.2 - completion 3.6 - entries 3.2 - exits 3.2 - men released from prison

5.1·1 - otfense types 3.10 - prison reieases 5.13 - rates per 100,000 residents

3.2 -status 3.2 -supervisIon 3.4 - types 3.3, 3.4, 3.5 - Women released from prison

5.15

Race, jail Inmates, 1984-85 2.4 -parole 6.1 - probation 3.8 - prisoners 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8 - prisoners under sentence of

death 7.2, 7.3,7,5-7.23,7.25

- time between sentence and execution 7.9

Index

Rates, jails 2.1 - incarcerallon 5.4

Record sealing (see "Youthful ottender status) 4.2

Releases, trom parole 6.2, 6.4 - from prison, by type 5.10b,

men 5.l1b, men 5.14, women 5.12b, women 5.15

- trom probation 3.6 Revoca tlon, parole 6.5

Sen1eoce length, parole 6.8 -prisoners In custOdy 5.18

Sentence rollbacks, prison crOWding 4.5

Sentences, suspended 3.3 SentenCing, guIdelines 4.1

- parole violators 5.16 Sex, by admissions to jon 2.5

- by parole 6.6 - by releases trom jail 2.5 - detention status in Jail 2.5 - jails holding prison Inmates

5.5 - offenders on probation 3.7 - prisoners, by State and race

5.7,5.8, 5.11a-l>, 5.12a-4> - prisoners, by State and sen

tence length men 5.2, women 5.3

- total number ot men and women under correctional supervision 1.2

Suicide, In jail 2.9 - men and women in prison

5.17 SUperVision, parole 6.3

- probation 3.4 Suspended sentences 3.3

Time on den tit row, by race 7.5,7.18

Transfers, parolees to another State S.S

- admissIons to prison 5.10n, men 5.U8, women 5.120

- releases from prison 5.10b, men 5.11b, women 5.12b

Warrants, released from parole 6.5

- released from probation 3.6 Whites (see "Race") Women, des ths In prLo;on, by

cnuse 5.17 -In jail 2.1, 2.2, 2.3,

2.4,2.5 - on death row, 7.3 - on parole 6.6 - on probation 3.7 - prisoners, by type oC admis-

sion 5.128 - prisoners, by sentence

length, 1984-85 5.3 - prisoners, by State and

race 5.8 - prisoners, by type of release

5.12b, 5.15 - violators or parole 5.16

YouthCul otfender status, definition 4.2

Index 149

.----_The 1986 Directory of Automated Criminal Justice Information Systems,_--,

If your company's market researchers want to know which Federal, State, and local criminal justice agencies are fully automated and what computer equipment is currently used, they need a copy of the Bureau of Justice Statistics' 1986 Directot)' of Automated Criminal Justice Information Systems. This one-of-a-kind index lists more than 1,000 computerized information systems being used by police, courts, corrections, and other criminal justice agencies across the United States.

Organized alphabetically by State, city, or county, the Directot)' is a reference guide to information systems that are operational or are being developed. Each entry lists the type of information system in place-whether it be police computer-aided dispatch or Prosecution Management Support System (PMSS). In addition, the Directory supplies information about the status of a system's applications and its statistical and communications capabilities, names hardware and software, and furnishes

key contact names, addresses, and telephone numbers of criminal justice agency administrators and data processing personnel with purchasing authority.

Never before have so many aspects of criminal justice database information systems been systematically compiled and reported. Five indexes help locate systems by jurisdiction, system name, system function, statistical topic, and central processing unit.

The Directot}', prepared by SEARCH Group, Inc., for the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, is a major step in the Bureau's program to provide a CUlTent reference for data processing and criminal justice planners who are developing new systems or who are enhancing existing ones.

The 1986 Directory of Automated Criminal Justice Information Systems costs only $20.

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Bureau of Justice Statistics reports (revised February 1988)

Call toll-free 800-732-3277 (local 301-251-5500) to order BJS reports, to be added to one of the BJS mailing lists, or to speak to a reference specialist in statistics r).t the Justice Statistics Clearinghouse, National Criminal Justice Reference Service, Box 6000, Rockville, MD 20350. Single copies of reports are free; use NCJ number to order. Postage and handling are charged for bulk orders of single reports. For single copies of multiple titles, up to 10 titles are free; 11-40 titles $10; more than 40, $20; libraries call for special rates.

Public-use (apes of BJS data sets and other criminal justice data are available from the Criminal Justice Archive and information Network, P.O. Box 1248, Ann Arbor, M I 48106 (313-763-5010).

National Crime Survey Criminal victimization In the U.S.:

1985 (linal report), NCJ·l 04273. 5/87 1984 (final report). NCJ-l 00435.5/86 1983 (linal report). NCJ-96459, 10/85

BJS special reporls: Elderly victims, NCJ-l07676, 11/87 Violent crime trends, NCJ-l07217,

11/87 Robbery victims, NCJ-l 04638, 4/87 Violent crime by strangers and

non strangers, NCJ-l03702, 1/87 Preventing domestic violence against

women, NCJ-l 02037, 8/86 Crime prevention measures,

NCJ-l 00438,3/86 The use of weapons in committing

crimes, NCJ'99643, 1/86 Reporting crimes to the police, NCJ-

99432, 12/85 Locating city, suburban, and rural

crime, NCJ-99535, 12/85 The risk of violent crime, NCJ-97119,

5/85 The economic cost of crime to Victims,

NCJ-93450, 4/84 Family Violence, NCJ-93449,4/84

BJS bulletins: Criminal victimization 1986, NCJ·

106989, 10/87 Households touched by crime, 1986,

NCJ'105289,6/87 The crime of ralle, NCJ-96777,3/85 Household burglary, NCJ-96021, 1/&5 Violent crime by strangers, NCJ-80829,

4/82 Crime and the elderly, NCJ·79614, 1/82 Measuring crime, NCJ-7571 0, 2/81

Series crimes: Report of a field test (BJS lechnlcal report), NCJ-l04615,4/87

Crime and older Americans Information package, NCJ-l 04569, $1 0, 5/87

Lifetime likelihood of victimization, (BJS technical report), NCJ-l042?4, 3/87

Teenage victims, NCJ·l03138, 12/86 Response to screening questions In the

National Crime Survey (BJS technical report), NCJ·97624, 7/85

Vlctlmlzatfon and fear of crime: World perspectives, NCJ-93872, 1/85

The National Crime Survey: Working papers, vol. I; Current and historical perspectives, NCJ-75374, 8/82 vol, II: Methodological studies, NCJ-90307,12/84

Issues In the measurement of victimization, NCJ-74682, 10/81

The cost of ne9I1gen;::e: Losslls from preventable household burglaries, NCJ·53527, 12/79

Rape Victimization In 26 American cities, NCJ-55878,8/79

Criminal victimization In ur.ban schools, NCJ·56396, 8/79

An Introduction to the National Crime Survey, NCJ-43732, 4/78

l.ocat victim surveys: A review of the Issues, NC'J-39973,8/77

Corrections BJS bulletins and speCial reports:

Capital punishment 1 986, NCJ-l06483, 9/87

Prisoners In 1986, NCJ·l04864, 5/87 Imprisonment In four countries, NCJ·

103967,2/87 Population density In State prisons,

NCJ-l03204,12/86 State and Federal prisoners, 1925-85,

102494, 11/86 Prison admlsssion and releases, 1983,

NCJ-l 00582, 3/86 Examining recidivism, NCJ-96501, 2/85 Returning to prison, NCJ-95700, 11/84 Time served In prison, NCJ-93924,6/84

Correctional populations in the U.S. 1985, NCJ-l 03957.1/88

1984 census of State adult correctional faCilities, NCJ-l05585, 7/87

Historical corrections statistics In the U.S., 1850-1984, NCJ·102529, 4/87

Prisoners in State and Federal Insltltutlens on Dec. 31, 1984, NCJ-10!3768,

3/87 Capital punishment 1984 (Ilnal), NCJ-

99562,5/86

1979 survey o/lnmates of Stale correctional facilities and 1979 census of Stale correctional/acilitles:

BJS speCial reports: The prevalence of Imprisonment,

NCJ·93657,7/85 Career patterns In crime, NCJ-88672,

6/83

BJS bulletinS: Prisoners and drugs, NCJ·87575,

3/83 Prisoners and alCOhol, NCJ·86223,

1/83 Prisons and prisoners, NCJ·80697,

2/82 Veterans in prison, NCJ'79232, 11/81

Census of /alls and survey of /all Inmales: Jail inmates,1986, NCJ-l07123,10f87 Jail Inmates 1985, NCJ·l 05586,7/87 The 1983 Jail census (BJS bulletin),

NCJ'95536,11/84 Census of jailS, 1978: Data lor

indIVIdual )alls, vols. HV, Northeast, North Central, South, West, NCJ-72279-72282,12/81

Profile of Jail Inmates, 1978, NCJ·65412. 2/81

Parole and probation BJS bulletins:


Probation and parole 1985, NCJ· 103683, 1/87

Setting prison terms, NCJ-76218, 8/83

BJS speCial reports: Time served in prison and on parole,

NCJ-l08544, 1/88 Recidivism of young parolees, NCJ-

104916,5/87

Parole In the U.S., 1980 and 1981, NCJ-87387,3/86

Characteristics of persons entering parole during 1978 and 1 979, NCJ· 87243,5/83

Characteristics of the parola population, 1978, NCJ·66479, 4/81

Children in custody: Public Juvenile facilities, 1985

(bulletin), NCJ-l02457, 10{86 1982-83 census of juvenile detention

and correctional facilities, NCJ-101686,9/86

Expenditure and employment BJS bulletins;

Justice expenditure and employment: 1985, NCJ·l04460, 3/87 1983, NCJ-l01776, 7/86 1982, NCJ-98327, 8/85

JUstice expenditure and employment In the U.S.: 1980 and 1981 extracts, NCJ·96007,

6/85 1971-79, NCJ·92596, 11/84

zza

Courts BJS bulletins;

State felony courts and felony laws, NCJ·l06273,8/87

The growth of appeals: 1973-83 trends, NCJ-96381,2/85

Case filings in State courts 1983, NCJ·95111. 10/84

BJS speclaf reports: Felony case-processing time, NCJ-

101985,8/86 Felony sentencing in 18 local JurisdiC

tions, NCJ·97681, 6/85 The prevalence of guilty pleas, NCJ·

96018, 12/84 Sentencin9 practices In 13 States,

NCJ·95399, 10/84 Criminal defense systems: A national

survey, NCJ-94630, 8{84 Habeas corpus, NCJ-92948, 3/84 State court caseload statistics, 1977

and 1981, NCJ·87587,2/83

Sentencing outcomes In 28 felony courts, NCJ'105743, 8/87

National criminal defense systems study, NCJ·94702, 10/86

The prosecution of felony arrests; 1982, NCJ·l06990,l/88 1981, NCJ-l 01380,9/86, $7.60 1980, NCJ-97684, 10/85 1 979, NCJ-86482, 5/84

Felony laws In 50 States and the District of Columbia, 1986, NCJ-l05066, 12/87, $14.70

State court model statistical dictionary, Supplement, NCJ·98326. 9/85 1st edition, NCJ-62320, 9/80

State court organization 1980, NCJ· 76711,7/82

Computer crime: BJS speCial reports'

Electronic fund transfer fraud, NCJ-96666.3/85

Electronic fund transfer and crime, NCJ·92650, 2/84

Electronic fund transfer systems fraud, NCJ-l00461,4/86

Computer security techniques, NCJ-84049,9/82

Electronic fund transfer systems and crime, NCJ·63736. 9/82

Expert witness manual, NCJ-77927, 9/81, $11.50

Crlmlnal)ustice resource manual, NCJ-61550, 12/79

Privacy and security Privacy and security of criminal history information; Compendium of State leglslallon: 1984 overview, NCJ-

98077,9/85

Criminal justice Information policy: Automated fingerprint Identification

systems: Technology and policy issues, NCJ-104342, 4/87

Criminal Justice "hor' files, NCJ·l01850, 12/86

Data quality policies and procedures: Proceedings of a BJS/SEARCH conference, NCJ·101849, 12/86

Crime control and criminal records (BJS special report), NCJ'99176, 10/85

State criminal records repositories (BJS technical report), NCJ·99017, 10/85

Data quality of criminal history records, NCJ·98Q79, 10/85

Intelligence and Investigative records, NCJ·95787,4/85

Victim/witness legislation: An overView, NCJ-94365, 12/84

Information policy and crime control strategies (SEARCH/BJS conference), NCJ·93926, 10/84

Research access to criminal Justfce data, NCJ·84154, 2/83

Privacy and Juvenile Justice records, NCJ -84152, 1/83

Federal justice statistics The Federal civil justice system (BJS

bulletin), NCJ-l 04769, 7/87 Employer perceptions of workplace

crime, NCJ-l01851. 7/87

Federal offenses and offenders BJS special reports:

White-collar crime, NCJ-l 06876,9/87 Pretrial release and misconduct, NCJ·

96132,1/85

BJS bulletins; Bank robbery, NCJ·94463, 8/84 Federal drug law Violators, NCJ·

92692,2/84 Federal iustlce statistics, NCJ-

80814,3/82

General BJS bullelins and speCial reporls:

BJS telephone contacts '87, NCJ· 102909, 12/86

Tracking offenders: White-collar crime, NCJ-l02867,11/86

Police employment and expenditure, NCJ'100117,2/86

Tracking offenders: The chlld Victim, NCJ-95785, 12/84

Tracking offenders, NCJ·91572, 11/83 Victim and witness assistance: New

State laws and the system's response, NCJ'87934,5/83

BJS data report, 1986, I'JCJ·l06679, 10/87

Sourcebook of criminal justice statistics, 1986, NCJ'l 05287.9/87

BJS annual report, IIsca11986, NCJ-103985,4/87

1986 directory of automated criminal jUP~lce information sytems, NCJ· ~,,;1260, 1/87,$20

Publications of BJS, 1971-84: A topical bibliography, TB030012,10/86, $17.50

BJS publications: Selected library In micrOfiche, 1971-84, PR030012,

10/86, $203 domeshc National survey of crime severity, NCJ-

96017,10/85 Criminal victimization of District of

Columbia residents and Capitol HIli employees, 1 982-83, NCJ·97982; Summary, NCJ·98567, 9/85

DC household victimization survey data base: Study implementation, NCJ·98595, $7.60 Documentation, NCJ·98596, $6.40 User manual, NCJ-98597, $8.20

How to gain access to BJS data (ilrochurej, BC'000022, 9/84

Report to the nation on crime and justice: The data, NCJ'87068, 10/83

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