Lecture 13: Machine Processing Intro to IT

COSC1078 Introduction to Information Technology

Lecture 13

Machine ProcessingJames Harland

james.harland@rmit.edu.au

Lecture 13: Machine Processing Intro to IT

Introduction

James Harland• Email: james.harland@rmit.edu.au• URL: www.cs.rmit.edu.au/~jah• Phone: 9925 2045• Office: 14.10.1 • Consultation: Mon 4.30-5.30, • Thu 11.30-12.30

What colour is my office door? Carpet? Chair?

Lecture 13: Machine Processing Intro to IT

Introduction to IT

1 Introduction

2 Images

3 Audio

4 Video WebLearnTest 1

5 Binary Representation Assignment 1

6 Data Storage

7 Machine Processing

8 Operating Systems WebLearn Test 2

9 Processes Assignment 2

10 Internet

11 Internet Security   WebLearn Test 3

12 Future of IT Assignment 3, Peer and Self Assessment

Lecture 13: Machine Processing Intro to IT

Overview

Questions?

Assignments 1 & 2

Machine Processing

Questions?

Lecture 13: Machine Processing Intro to IT

Assignments 1& 2

Assignment 1

Currently being marked

Will have marks out later this week

Assignment 2

Specification has been published

Must be done in groups of 2 or 3

Can change groups from Assignment 1 (if you wish)

Must have a blog on Blackboard

Lecture 13: Machine Processing SE Fundamentals

Questions?

How did you spend 6-8 hours on this course last week?

This week?

Lecture 13: Machine Processing Intro to IT

Processing

ALU

CPUBUS

REGISTERS

MEMORY

Lecture 13: Machine Processing Intro to IT

Machine Instructions

1. Move first value from memory into register 12. Move second value from memory into

register 23. If register 2 is zero, go to Step 64. Divide register 1 by register 2 & store result

in register 35. Store register 3 value in memory6. Stop

“Divide two numbers”

Lecture 13: Machine Processing Intro to IT

Machine Instructions

1. LOAD register 1 from memory2. LOAD register 2 from memory3. JUMP to Step 6 if register 2 is zero4. Divide register 1 by register 2 and store

result in register 35. STORE register 3 value in memory6. Stop

Lecture 13: Machine Processing Intro to IT

Instructions in Binary?01010100001010101010100110100010101001101001010010100011100010101010100101111001001010…

LOAD register 1LOAD register 2JUMP ….STORE ….

1010110010110011000100100011001100111111

MEMORY

Lecture 13: Machine Processing Intro to IT

One Scheme

16-bit operation codes (simple example)

Operation Code(4 bits)

Operand (12 bits)

Represent as 4 Hexadecimal numbers (0-9,A-F)Each instruction is two bytes long

Lecture 13: Machine Processing Intro to IT

One Scheme

156C LOAD register 5 from memory 6C166D LOAD register 6 from memory 6D5056 ADD register 5 & 6 & store in register 0306E STORE register 0 to memory 6EC000 HALT....(up to 216 = 65,536 different instructions)

Lecture 13: Machine Processing Intro to IT

Fetch Decode Execute

FETCH

EXECUTE DECODE

Machinecycle

Lecture 13: Machine Processing Intro to IT

Two special registers

Instruction register: holds current instructionProgram counter: address of next instruction

Fetch: Put instruction specified by program counter into instruction registerIncrement program counter by two

Decode: Work out what to do

Execute: Perform the instruction

Lecture 13: Machine Processing Intro to IT

Processing

A0 15A1 6CA2 16A3 6DA4 50A5 56A6 30A7 C0A8 C0A9 00

Program Counter

InstructionRegister

A0Address Contents

Lecture 13: Machine Processing Intro to IT

Processing

A0 15A1 6CA2 16A3 6DA4 50A5 56A6 30A7 C0A8 C0A9 00

Program Counter

InstructionRegister

A0FETCH

156C

Lecture 13: Machine Processing Intro to IT

Processing

A0 15A1 6CA2 16A3 6DA4 50A5 56A6 30A7 C0A8 C0A9 00

Program Counter

InstructionRegister

A2FETCH

156C

Lecture 13: Machine Processing Intro to IT

Processing

A0 15A1 6CA2 16A3 6DA4 50A5 56A6 30A7 C0A8 C0A9 00

Program Counter

InstructionRegister

A2DECODE

156C

6C 2B

Lecture 13: Machine Processing Intro to IT

Processing

A0 15A1 6CA2 16A3 6DA4 50A5 56A6 30A7 C0A8 C0A9 00

Program Counter

InstructionRegister

A2

EXEC

156C

6C 2B

2B5

Lecture 13: Machine Processing Intro to IT

Processing

A0 15A1 6CA2 16A3 6DA4 50A5 56A6 30A7 C0A8 C0A9 00

Program Counter

InstructionRegister

A2 FETCH

166D

Lecture 13: Machine Processing Intro to IT

Processing

A0 15A1 6CA2 16A3 6DA4 50A5 56A6 30A7 C0A8 C0A9 00

Program Counter

InstructionRegister

A4 FETCH

166D

Lecture 13: Machine Processing Intro to IT

Processing

A0 15A1 6CA2 16A3 6DA4 50A5 56A6 30A7 C0A8 C0A9 00

Program Counter

InstructionRegister

A4 DECODE

166D

Lecture 13: Machine Processing Intro to IT

Processing

A0 15A1 6CA2 16A3 6DA4 50A5 56A6 30A7 C0A8 C0A9 00

Program Counter

InstructionRegister

A4 EXEC

166D

6D FF

FF6

Lecture 13: Machine Processing Intro to IT

Processing

A0 15A1 6CA2 16A3 6DA4 50A5 56A6 30A7 C0A8 C0A9 00

Program Counter

InstructionRegister

A6 FETCH

5056

Lecture 13: Machine Processing Intro to IT

Processing

A0 15A1 6CA2 16A3 6DA4 50A5 56A6 30A7 C0A8 C0A9 00

Program Counter

InstructionRegister

…

Lecture 13: Machine Processing Intro to IT

Processing

Program Counter

InstructionRegister

EXEC

B258

B4

Lecture 13: Machine Processing Intro to IT

Processing

Program Counter

InstructionRegister

EXEC

B258

58

Lecture 13: Machine Processing Intro to IT

Processing

Jump instructions change program counter

Can load any memory address into program counter (!!!)

Often use pipelining for efficiency Fetch next instruction while executing Processor doesn’t wait for fetch to complete

Can do more than one instruction …

Lecture 13: Machine Processing Intro to IT

Connecting devices

??

Lecture 13: Machine Processing Intro to IT

Universal Serial Bus (USB)

Lecture 13: Machine Processing Intro to IT

Memory-mapped I/O

Program Counter

InstructionRegister

C4 EXEC

3634

34 FF

FF6

Just like writing to a memory address

Lecture 13: Machine Processing Intro to IT

Direct Memory Access (DMA)

Put some data in memory!

OK

Lecture 13: Machine Processing Intro to IT

Direct Memory Access

Direct Memory Access means that

doesn’t have to wait for the

Lecture 13: Machine Processing Intro to IT

What are these?

Firewirebottleneck

bandwidth

handshake

Parallel port Serial port

Lecture 13: Machine Processing Intro to IT

Busy Bertie the bus …

Von Neumann bottleneck

Lecture 15: Operating Systems Intro to IT

Conclusion

Work on Assignment 2

Web Quizzes and Web Test 2

Finish reading book!