Cosmeceutical active molecules and ethoxylated alkylphenol (Triton X-100) in hydroalcoholic...

Accepted Manuscript

Title: Cosmeceutical active molecules and ethoxylatedalkylphenol (Triton X–100) in hydroalcoholic solutions:Transport properties examination

Author: Varun Bhardwaj S. Chauhan Kundan SharmaPoonam Sharma

PII: S0040-6031(13)00610-2DOI: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.tca.2013.12.014Reference: TCA 76727

To appear in: Thermochimica Acta

Received date: 12-11-2013Revised date: 18-12-2013Accepted date: 21-12-2013

Please cite this article as: V. Bhardwaj, S. Chauhan, K. Sharma, P. Sharma,Cosmeceutical active molecules and ethoxylated alkylphenol (Triton Xndash100)in hydroalcoholic solutions: Transport properties examination, Thermochimica Acta(2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2013.12.014

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http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.tca.2013.12.014

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2013.12.014

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Cosmeceutical active molecules and ethoxylated alkylphenol (Triton X – 100) in hydroalcoholic solutions: Transport properties examination

Varun Bhardwaj a, S. Chauhan b, Kundan Sharma b, Poonam Sharma a,*

aDepartment of Biotechnology, Bioinformatics and Pharmacy, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, 173234 Himachal Pradesh, India. bDepartment of Chemistry, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer hill, Shimla 173005 Himachal Pradesh, India.

Corresponding Author (*):

Dr. Poonam Sharma, Tel: +91–1792–239389, Fax: +91–1792–245362

Email:[email protected], [email protected]

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Abstract

This present investigation deals with the effect of antioxidants viz. butylated hydroxyanisole

(BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) on properties of nonionic surfactant i.e. tert–

octylphenol ethoxylated (Triton X – 100). Considering the significance of micellar solution

as carrier, we examine the transport properties by employing controlled approaches. The

positive values of apparent molar volume ( vφ ) and apparent molar adiabatic compression

( κφ ) at all temperatures and concentrations is indicative of the existence of hydrophobic

interactions. A slight linear increase in viscosity was observed up to a certain concentration

of the surfactant and thereafter, a sharp increase confirms the existence of hydrophobic

interactions at higher surfactant concentration. Further, from spectroscopic studies, the order

of shifting suggests the existence of intermolecular interaction especially, in the hydrophilic

region of surfactant. All the studies were found in support of each other with respect to

interaction which would be utilized in different cosmeceutical formulations.

Key words: Triton X–100; Antioxidant; Interaction; Spectroscopy

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1. Introduction

An antioxidant is a bioactive moiety that originally can be referred to molecules that retards

or prevent the utilization of oxygen by human tissues and known to prevent the oxidative

system as a whole. In recent years, they have been commonly employed in combination with

many drugs and bioactive compounds [1, 2]. However, when misused they may affect and

cause serious harm to human health. To overcome the arising health and microbial resistance

problems, antioxidants has emerged as potential indispensible candidates who inhibits

oxidation reaction and retards the process of oxidative degradation of pharmaceutical and

cosmetic products [3–5]. On the other hand, surfactants are extensively employed as

emulsifier and as physical stabilizing, wetting and suspending agents in many topical

pharmaceutical formulations and cosmetic products. Above the critical micelle concentration

(CMC), surfactants are well known to self associate to form thermodynamically stable and

non – covalent aggregates called micelles [6]. The micelles have structural similarity with

lipids because of their hydrophobic interior and hydrophilic surface. They mimic

biomembrane and their structure provides an interesting alternative to study the interaction of

pharmacological active agents with membrane [7]. Moreover, surfactants are well known for

their effects on the permeability characteristics of several biological membranes such as

epidermal skin layer [8] and for this reason they can enhance the skin penetration of other

compounds present in the formulation. Therefore, in recent years they have been employed to

enhance the permeation rates of several drugs/ cosmetic products [9]. Nonionic surfactants

represent an important class of amphiphiles which find extensive applications in

pharmaceutical formulations [10, 11]. The effectiveness and applicability depend on their

structural and solution properties. The presence of additives such as co–solute affects the

physicochemical properties of a surfactant and provides valuable information with regard to

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structural change and interactions in the solution [12]. The mechanism by which nonionic

surfactants adsorb onto a hydrophobic surface is based on a strong hydrophobic attraction

between the solid surface and the surfactant's hydrophobic tail. In continuation of our interest

in bioactive compounds [13, 14], we studied the effect of two hydrophobic synthetic

antioxidant (as pictured below) viz. butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated

hydroxytoluene (BHT), in terms of physicochemical interaction and behavior of Triton X –

100 (tert–octylphenol ethoxylate). However, BHA is available in form of isomeric organic

compounds i.e. 2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole and 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, whereas, 2-

tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole has been undertaken in present investigation.

The purpose of the study on BHA and BHT is because of their potential application in

pharmaceutical formulations as stabilizer, preservatives, excipients and absorption enhancer

in cosmetic products [15, 16]. TX100 is a nonionic surfactant of alkyl phenol ethoxylate

category [17-22] and possesses excellent surfactant performance in detergency, emulsifying

and wetting characteristics over a fairly broad temperature range and is readily

biodegradable. TX100 has carbon branched hydrophobic chain, ~ 9 –10 units ethylene oxide

as the hydrophilic moiety, HLB ~ 13.5 and CMC ~ 0.26 mmol dm–3 [23-24]. Three short

chain alcohols were chosen i.e. methanol, ethanol and 1– propanol (1 to 3 carbon chain

length). Depending on the concentration of these alcohols, they have an anomalous high

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diffusion rate through the epidermis [15] and are used as common solvents in material

science as novel disperser of alkoxides [25], therefore widely employed in cosmeceutical

formulations. These alcohols and hydroalcoholic system (100%, 70% and 30% v/v) were

chosen so as to emphasize (i) the effect of increasing length of hydrocarbon, (ii) region of

micelle formation, and (iii) the effect of aqueous rich and alcohol rich solution on the system.

The whole study was conducted on three temperatures i.e. 25, 30, and 35 °C. The choice of

temperature was based on minimum standard temperature and pressure i.e. 25 °C and

relevance to body temperature which remains near by 35 °C. A cursory survey of literature

reveals that the physicochemical properties of bioactive compounds and human consumable

products have been studied [25–30], but no work has been done so far on hydrophobic

antioxidants (BHA/BHT) with non–ionic surfactant from the point of view of their ultrasonic,

volumetric, viscometric, micellization and spectral behavior for better inhibitory action of

surfactant aided BHA, BHT or in combination to obtain synergism.

2. Material and methods

2.1. Material

Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), tert–octylphenol

ethoxylate or Triton X – 100 (TX100) containing 9 units ethylene oxide as the hydrophilic

moiety (AR grade and purity > 99%) and alcohols i.e. methanol, ethanol absolute (purity ≥

99.9%) and 1–propanol, were obtained from Merck Chemicals. Freshly prepared double

distilled water by double distillation unit obtained from HARCO & Co. was used in the

study. In all the experiments, the concentration of BHA and BHT was fixed at 0.03 and 0.02

mol kg–1, respectively (within the range limit of ADI for average adult i.e. 60 kg) and TX100

concentration ranging from 0.05–0.45 mmol Kg–1.

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2.2. Instrument and Methods

DSA– 5000 from Anton Paar, a digital high precision instrument was employed in the study

for all the density ( ρ ) and speed of sound (u ) measurements at three different temperatures

at an interval of 5 °C (25, 30, and 35) °C. The calibration of the instrument was carried out

with de – ionized water (Millipore – Elix system); the conductivity and the pH of water was 1

– 2 × 10–7 S cm–1 and 6.8 – 7.0 respectively. The reproducibility of speed of sound and

density was ± 0.2 ms–1 and ± 2 × 10–6 gcm–3 respectively. The viscosity (η) measurements for

various alcoholic/ hydroalcoholic solutions were obtained in a calibrated jacketed ubbelohde

viscometer using calibrated stopwatch. The viscosity (η) measurements for TX100 in

presence of BHA and BHT were determined at three temperatures with an interval of 5 °C

and accounted for 100%, 70% and 30% (v/v) alcohol (methanol, ethanol and 1– propanol)

compositions with water. The approximate flow time of water was 460 seconds at 25 °C and

volume of solution through the capillary was measured. The viscometer was always placed

vertically in a water thermostat having a digital temperature controller of accuracy ± 0.05 °C.

The samples were kept imperturbable within viscometer for about 10 minutes before every

measurement just to settle time dependent effect. The precision achieved in viscosity

measurement was well within ± 0.01%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)

spectra were recorded at a wave number range of 4000 – 400 cm–1 using Shimadzu Infra Red

Spectrometer, (model FTIR – 8400S). 1H–NMR spectra of the compounds were recorded

with Bruker Avance – II 400 NMR spectrometer operating at 400 MHz. The chemical shifts

are reported in parts per million (ppm).

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3. Result and Discussion

3.1. Volumetric and compressibility measurements

Density ( ρ ) in addition to speed of sound (u ) were determined to gain information arising

from existing interaction via the behavior of solute space in various composite solutions

[100%, 70% and 30% v/v (methanol, ethanol and 1– propanol)]. The study was carried out

for TX100 (0.05–0.45 mmol kg–1) in presence of fixed concentration of BHA (0.03 mol kg–1)

and BHT (0.02 mol kg–1) at three different temperature at an interval of 5 °C. The density and

ultrasonic velocity data for TX100 in presence of BHA and BHT in methanol compositions

have been reported in Table 1 and Table 2, whereas the data for ethanol and 1–propanol

compositions have been provided as supplementary data (ST1–ST4). With increase in

temperature, an observable decrease was found in density values suggesting that thermal

energy is greater than the interactional energy at higher temperatures causes the destruction

of iceberg structure. The obtained data was further utilized to calculate the apparent molar

volume ( vφ ) and apparent molar adiabatic compression ( κφ ) values. These parameters were

calculated using following relation [31, 32].

o

oV m

Mρρ

ρρρ

φ ][ −+=

(1)

o

ossv mρ

κκκφφκ][ −

+= (2)

Where m (mol kg–1) is the molality of the solution calculated from the molar concentration

data using m = 1/[d/C–M/1000] [33], here m (mol kg–1) stands for molal concentration and M

(g mol–1) for relative molar mass of TX100, ρ (kg m–3) is the density of the solution, oρ (kg

m–3) is the density of the solvent system. sκ (TPa–1) stands for isentropic compressibility of

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the solution and sκ was determined by using relation as 21 us ρκ = [34]. In general sκ values

were found to decrease with increase in surfactant concentration whereas increases with rise

in temperature. In addition, the sκ values were found to decrease with increment of hydration

in the solutions i.e. decrease of alcohol concentration. This decrease can be attributed to the

presence of electrostatic interactions which makes the solution rather incompressible [35].

This possible decrease is also indicative of the presence of solute–solvent interactions. Also,

this kind of non – linear trend lends further confirmation of having apparently ideal systems

caused by solute – solvent interactions. A similar kind of behavior has been reported in our

earlier investigation [13]. A more insight into the nature and extent of interaction of TX100 in

presence of BHA and BHT was obtained from the behavior of vφ and κφ . The data could not

be analyzed in terms of limiting apparent molar volume, ( ovφ ) and slope ( *

vS ) values of the

Masson’s equation ( 21*CSv

ovv += φφ ), for the reason that vφ dependence on TX100

concentration is found to be non – linear which is a contrasting feature of electrolytic

solutions [36, 37]. However, to the best of level, an attempt has been made to derive

information with regard to antioxidant – surfactant interaction and region of micelle

formation. The values for vφ and κφ were found to be positive at all temperatures and

concentrations which is indicative of existence of hydrophobic interactions and data have

been reported in Tables 3–6. Errors for vφ and κφ values were calculated and found to lie in

the range of ± 0.4 × 104 m3 mol–1 and ± 0.1 m3 mol–1TPa–1 respectively. The variation in vφ

values in 30% v/v three hydro–alcoholic solutions (methanol, ethanol and 1– propanol) in

presence of BHA and BHT are represented in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, respectively.

From the plots shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, we find four relevant features in vφ trend of

TX100:

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(i) the vφ values decreases significantly with increase in TX100 concentration in case of

all alcoholic compositions and in the presence of both the additives (BHA and BHT),

(ii) the effect of temperature is seen to increase the vφ values over the entire temperature

range studied,

(iii) from the Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, the change in trend of vφ values can be attributed to region

of micelle formation showing that the micellization region shifts with increase in length

of alcohol chain (in case of ethanol when compared to methanol) but decreases in case

of 1–propanol which is in support of earlier reports [13], and

(iv) the effect of vφ values is also reflected in κφ values, thus supporting each other.

With regard to alcohol and alcohol – water solution, evidence from of data on water/alcohol

mixtures at low concentration suggests the formation of cages of fairly regular and longer –

lived hydrogen bonds located around hydrophobic groups [38]. The vφ values were initially

found to decrease at approximation of 0.20 mmol kg –1 concentration value and thereafter a

linear trend was observed. This change is therefore attributed to the proper micellization and

absolute dominance of hydrophobic – hydrophobic interactions. In particular, the pre–

micellar region shows a sharp decrease followed by post micellar region. The results thus

signifies that region with concentration > 0.2 mmol kg–1, where vφ values are practically

independent of surfactant concentration can be attributed to micellization of TX100, but for

concentration < 2 mmol kg–1, where vφ value increases with the surfactant concentration can

be attributed to the pre – micellar effect. This peculiar behavior of vφ as a function of

surfactant concentration is well established in the volumetric properties of the surfactant

solutions [39]. In case of BHA as shown in Fig. 1, the vφ values decreases up to ~ 0.17 mmol

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kg–1 in methanol – water composition, ~ 0.2 mmol kg–1 in ethanol – water composition and ~

0.16 mmol kg–1 in 1 – propanol – water composition, respectively. Considering these values

as CMC, the decrease reflects the early micellization which might be due to the additional

hydrophobicity offered by alcohol molecules [40]. In general, when surfactant is added to an

aqueous solution of any solvent having hydrophobic segments then, due to hydrophobic

effect, it will become thermodynamically favorable for the surfactant to form aggregates with

hydrophobic portion of that solvent moiety preferentially. Therefore, this additional

hydrophobicity offered by the alcohol molecule for the TX100 may be responsible for the

earlier micellization of the surfactant. It is well known that London dispersion forces are the

main attractive forces in the formation of the micelles and that the formation of micelles is

supposed to be the result of hydrophobic interaction [41]. The obtained values are in

agreement with the CMC value of TX100 in water. Whereas, in case of BHT a marginal

decrease in the values is observed. The observed anomalous behavior might be associated

with some kind of hydrophobic clustering of alcohol molecules [42].

3.2. Viscosity measurements

The present study was further extended to include viscosity (η) measurements of TX100 in

various hydroalcoholic solutions containing BHA and BHT; however the measurement was

limited to three different temperatures i.e. 25, 30 and 35 °C. The rationale of the study is

based on the proficient function of hydroalcoholic system in topical formulation to disperse

active ingredient and to control the viscosity of different formulations [43, 44]. The variation

and concentration dependence of TX100 viscosity in different composite solutions in addition

to BHA/BHT is presented in Table 7 and Table 8. It is found that the viscosities of the

surfactant solutions depend greatly on temperature. The viscosity of all the composite

solutions decreases with increment in temperature. However, different types of surfactant

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solutions have their own characteristics depending on their milieu. The variation in viscosity

values should be due to change in process of micellization [45]. It was observed that BHA

and BHT significantly increases the viscosity of the surfactant solution indicating that they

are sufficiently hydrophobic in nature to penetrate micelles and link via hydrogen bonds due

to hydroxyl group substitution on molecules, providing a clear indication of inducing micellar

transition. On the basis of earlier report [46], this could be explained that presence of tert–

butyl groups provides an extra hydrophobic force toward the micelle. The Fig. 3 and Fig. 4

depict the variation of viscosity with regard to the concentration of TX100 in BHA and BHT

containing water–methanol/ethanol/1–propanol (30%, v/v) composite solutions. As cohesive

forces increases with increment in additive’s concentration, all the values were found to

increase with increment in surfactant molecules. Initially, a slight linear increase was

observed up to a certain concentration (~ 0.20 mmol kg–1) thereafter a sharp increase was

noticed. Therefore, this point of variation was assumed as the region of micelle formation. In

general, this variation also suggests a solute–solvent interaction which is a measure of

cohesiveness i. e. intermolecular forces present between the molecular ions or solvent

molecules within the various solution systems.

3.3. Spectroscopic analysis (FTIR and 1H NMR)

Preliminary, FTIR was employed as a technique to reveal some kind of information regarding

intermolecular interaction between the moieties. FTIR plays a decisive role in order to attain

knowledge about the existing functional groups within the molecules [47]. The existing

structural changes are interpreted in terms of frequency or band shift. From the spectrum of

tert–octylphenol ethoxylate i.e. TX100 (Fig. 5), the phenolic vibrations were recorded at

3431.19 cm–1. The asymmetric (–CH2–) stretching vibrations were interpreted at 2950.17 and

2874.14 cm–1, respectively, but the vibrations were not easy to distinguish or correspond for

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TX100 hydrophobic and hydrophilic region. In addition, broad band at 1107 cm–1 (C –O– C)

can be explained owing the C–O (ester bond) stretching vibration, whereas the broad band at

951 cm–1 is due to bending of C–H, moreover intense band at 1456 cm–1 can also be

attributed to alkyl –CH– deformation. The substantial shifting was observed in the presence

of BHA and BHT within the provided system. The shifting of the band is presented in Table

9 and spectra are given as supplementary data (SF1–6). The order of shifting suggests that the

environment is tightly packed and existence of intermolecular interaction especially in

hydrophilic region of TX100. Therefore, to gain better insight we intend our study to proton

nuclear magnetic resonance technique to interpret the intermolecular interactions in a well

defined manner.

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) is useful technique to gain more

understanding and observe the change of environment in micellization and to predict the

locus of the molecules via chemical shift caused due to significant interactions. Due to the

precision of the NMR spectrometer, a change of ~ 0.01 ppm or greater is considered a

significant change. The protons of TX100 has been pictured and presented in the Fig. 6. Fig.

7 shows the 1H NMR spectrum of TX100, TX100 in presence of BHA and BHT. In Fig. 8a,

intense resonances at ~ 0.66 pp and ~ 1.66 ppm correspond to the terminal and internal

methyl group protons (T1 and T3) of the alkyl chain of TX100 which forms hydrophobic core

region of the micellar structure. The resonance at ~ 1.28 ppm (T2) is represents the aliphatic

methylene group protons of the chain. However, moving toward the hydrophilic part (shell),

long chain protons (T4, T5 and T6) become less shielded and absorb at quite downfield i.e. ~

3.54, 3.72 and 4.03 ppm. Protons of phenyl ring protons (T7 and T8) resonated at ~ 6.81 and

7.23 ppm respectively. To gain insight on locus of BHA and BHT, different hydroalcoholic

solutions containing moieties, the samples were prepared in 30% v/v via lyophilization. The

1H NMR spectrum is presented in Fig. 8 (a, b, c). The chemical shift was observed in the

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presence of BHA and BHT revealing significant intermolecular interaction. In particular, up

field movement was observed in all the samples. The T4 and T5 protons resonated with an up

field movement of ~ 0.035 ppm and ~ 0.04 ppm, respectively. The T6 and T7 showed the

movement with an average chemical shift of ~ 0.02 and ~ 0.01 ppm, whereas T8 protons were

resonated with higher up field movement as shown in Table 10. This noticeable up field

movement in phenyl ring protons points out that BHA and BHT are located nearby outer

surface and interface of the micellar structure. This might be because of hydrophobic

attraction between nonpolar –CH3– (tert– butyl group in BHA and BHT) and the micellar

interface. The merging of peaks especially, T4 and T5 was observed which is attributed to

micelle growth [48]. Moreover, negligible movement of T1, T2 and T3 protons also indicated

that BHA and BHT do not penetrate into the micellar core. Therefore, at the studied BHA and

BHT concentration it was observed that they interact with less hydrophobic region i.e. shell

region and cooperating up to interface region. A proposed model has been presented in Fig. 9.

4. Conclusion The focus of this paper was on the impact of pharmaceutical active molecules on the

transport properties of TX100. Conclusively, in this context the concentration dependence of

apparent molal volume ( vφ ) and apparent molar adiabatic compression ( κφ ) calculated from

density and speed of sound data shows evidence of critical concentration in hydroalcoholic or

pure alcoholic solutions containing BHA and BHT, which is more pronounced when the data

was plotted in the form of vφ . A clear infection in the plot is considered as the region of

micelle formation moreover positive values indicates the existence of hydrophobic

interactions and solvation effect resulting association of molecules within the environment.

Viscosity values are in support of volumetric and compressibility measurements in terms of

region of micellization. Spectroscopic analysis provided insight and understanding with

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regard of existing intermolecular interaction. The lyophilization technique limited the affect

of alcohols in the spectra obtained. The intermolecular interactions and locus of BHA or BHT

was determined in terms of chemical shift caused by the presence of antioxidant molecules.

This marginal scale of shifting accounted for interactive forces of varying strength with no

significant structural destruction. These observations provide paramount information

regarding the micellar delivery in addition to hydroalcoholic system for potential use in

cosmeceutical industries. With eminence on the biological diversity of potential synthetic

antioxidants and TX100 in alcoholic/ hydroalcoholic system, further developments on this

subjected area are under progress in our ongoing project.

Acknowledgement

Among authors V. Bhardwaj and P. Sharma would like to thank DST, New Delhi for

financial assistance in the form of major project (Ref. No. SR/FT/CS–59/2009) and SAIF

department, Panjab University, Chandigarh for providing spectral data reports.

Appendix, Supplementary data

The experimental data of density and speed of sound along with FTIR spectrum is presented.

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Figure captions

Fig. 1. Apparent molar volume (φv) versus TX100 30% v/v solution of (a) methanol, (b)

ethanol, and (c) 1–propanol containing BHA at different temperatures.

Fig. 2. Apparent molar volume (φv) versus TX100 30% v/v solution of (a) methanol, (b)

ethanol, and (c) 1–propanol containing BHT at different temperatures.

Fig. 3. Viscosity as a function of TX100 concentration in 30% (v/v) composition of (a)

methanol, (b) ethanol, and (c) 1–propanol containing BHA at different temperatures.


methanol, (b) ethanol, and (c) 1–propanol containing BHT at different temperatures.

Fig. 5. FTIR spectrum of tert–octylphenol ethoxylate (TX100 molecule).

Fig. 6. Structural representation of TX100 molecule.

Fig. 7. The 1H NMR spectrum of TX100 molecule.

Fig. 8. 1H NMR spectra of TX100 molecule prepared in (a) water–methanol mixture

containing; i) BHA and ii) BHT, (b) water–ethanol mixture containing; i) BHA and ii) BHT,

(c) water–1–propanol mixture containing; i) BHA and ii) BHT.

Fig. 9. Proposed hypothetical model of BHA and BHT molecule locus in TX100 micellar

structure.

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List of Tables

Table 1 Density, ρ (kgm–3), ultrasonic velocity, u (ms–1) and Isentropic Compressibility, sκ

(TPa–1) in water–methanol compositions (% v/v) of BHA over three different temperatures.

Table 2 Density, ρ (kgm–3), ultrasonic velocity, u (ms–1) and Isentropic Compressibility, sκ

(TPa–1) in water–methanol compositions (% v/v) of BHT over three different temperatures.

Table 3 Apparent molar volume (φv) (m3mol–1) of TX100 in various compositions of

methanol, ethanol and 1–propanol containing BHA over three different temperatures.

Table 4 Apparent molar volume (φv) (m3mol–1) of TX100 in various compositions of

methanol, ethanol and 1–propanol containing BHT over three different temperatures.

Table 5 Apparent molar compressibility (φk) (m3mol–1TPa–1) of TX100 in various

compositions of methanol, ethanol and 1–propanol containing BHA over three different

temperatures.

Table 6 Apparent molar compressibility (φk) (m3mol–1TPa–1) of TX100 in various

compositions of methanol, ethanol and 1–propanol containing BHT over three different

temperatures.

Table 7 Viscosity, η (centipoise) of TX100 in various compositions of methanol, ethanol and

1–propanol containing BHA over three different temperatures.

Table 8 Viscosity, η (centipoise) of TX100 in various compositions of methanol, ethanol and

1–propanol containing BHT over three different temperatures.

Table 9 FTIR band shift obtained in TX100 in absence and presence of BHA and BHT in

various composite samples.

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Highlights

• Effect of synthetic antioxidants (BHA and BHT) was determined on transport properties of triton X- 100.

• Spectroscopic study revealed the existence of intermolecular interaction.

• BHA and BHT were found to lie at outer surface, cooperating up to interface of the micellar structure.

• Antioxidant molecules undergo structure rearrangement in the provided environment.

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Graphical Abstract

Graphical Abstract (for review)

Page 25 of 53

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iptTable 1 Density, ρ (kgm

-3), ultrasonic velocity, u (ms

-1) and Isentropic Compressibility, s (TPa

-1) of TX100 (0.05–0.45 mmol kg

–1) in water-

methanol compositions (% v/v) of 0.03 mol kg–1

BHA over three different temperatures.

[TX100]

mmol kg-1

100% v/v Methanol 70% v/v Methanol 30% v/v Methanol

25 °C 30 °C 35 °C 25 °C 30 °C 35 °C 25 °C 30 °C 35 °C

(kgm–3

)

0.05 790.992 787.168 782.502 835.482 830.283 826.394 880.832 875.393 870.889

0.10 791.521 787.689 783.405 836.329 830.937 826.948 880.783 875.555 871.323

0.15 792.582 788.408 784.104 837.738 831.538 827.843 881.604 876.432 871.912

0.20 792.608 788.683 784.607 837.702 831.479 827.738 881.564 876.336 871.888

0.25 792.342 788.735 784.503 837.658 831.413 827.645 881.498 876.276 871.758

0.30 791.971 787.975 784.432 837.672 831.357 827.588 881.484 876.222 871.673

0.35 791.801 787.905 784.426 837.573 831.307 827.523 881.387 876.179 871.615

0.40 791.749 787.883 784.347 837.512 831.263 827.475 881.322 876.135 871.567

0.45 791.648 787.802 784.289 837.457 831.211 827.422 881.288 876.068 871.492

u (ms-1

)

0.05 1118.17 1105.36 1082.40 1289.24 1278.49 1269.87 1554.27 1540.43 1530.49

0.10 1118.84 1105.26 1084.34 1289.48 1278.39 1270.17 1554.62 1540.58 1530.77

0.15 1118.99 1106.04 1084.03 1290.76 1279.22 1270.32 1554.59 1540.83 1530.91

0.20 1118.99 1106.83 1084.82 1290.78 1279.35 1270.66 1554.83 1540.99 1531.32

0.25 1119.56 1108.43 1085.45 1290.99 1279.53 1270.78 1555.12 1541.17 1531.54

0.30 1120.15 1109.57 1085.77 1291.05 1279.67 1270.94 1555.35 1541.39 1531.66

0.35 1120.61 1109.64 1085.79 1291.23 1279.93 1271.25 1555.39 1541.83 1531.78

0.40 1121.03 1109.83 1085.83 1291.31 1280.11 1271.37 1555.53 1542.01 1531.95

0.45 1121.31 1109.89 1085.94 1291.55 1280.15 1271.44 1555.61 1542.09 1532.11

s TPa–1

× 10-10

0.05 1.011* 1.039* 1.090* 7.201 7.504 7.504 4.699 4.902 4.902

0.10 1.009 1.039 1.085 7.191 7.495 7.495 4.697 4.897 4.897

0.15 1.007 1.036 1.085 7.164 7.485 7.485 4.693 4.893 4.893

0.20 1.007 1.034 1.083 7.164 7.482 7.482 4.692 4.891 4.891

0.25 1.006 1.031 1.081 7.162 7.481 7.481 4.690 4.890 4.890

0.30 1.006 1.030 1.081 7.162 7.480 7.480 4.689 4.890 4.890

0.35 1.005 1.030 1.081 7.160 7.477 7.477 4.689 4.889 4.889

0.40 1.005 1.030 1.081 7.160 7.476 7.476 4.689 4.888 4.888

0.45 1.004 1.030 1.081 7.158 7.476 7.476 4.689 4.888 4.888

* sTPa

–1 × 10

-9

The uncertainties in density measurements were ± 4 × 10−3

kg m−3

.

Table(s)

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iptTable 2 Density, ρ (kgm

-3), ultrasonic velocity, u (ms

-1) and Isentropic Compressibility, s (TPa

-1) of TX100 (0.05–0.45 mmol kg

–1) in water-

methanol compositions (% v/v) of 0.02 mol kg–1

BHT over three different temperatures.

[TX100]

mmol kg-1


25 °C 30 °C 35 °C 25 °C 30 °C 35 °C 25 °C 30 °C 35 °C

(Kgm–3

)

0.05 795.278 791.150 786.541 856.003 850.242 844.921 883.432 878.895 871.994

0.10 796.484 792.213 787.390 856.242 850.511 845.232 883.583 879.253 872.483

0.15 797.382 793.106 788.546 856.598 850.783 845.498 883.948 879.563 872.749

0.20 797.689 793.518 788.755 856.583 850.701 845.701 883.874 879.452 872.701

0.25 797.636 793.412 788.656 856.512 850.632 845.640 883.756 879.340 872.631

0.30 797.545 793.381 788.585 856.469 850.579 845.572 883.677 879.289 872.568

0.35 797.401 793.242 788.409 856.388 850.497 845.482 883.601 879.213 872.685

0.40 797.359 793.084 788.378 856.301 850.406 845.414 883.534 879.139 872.604

0.45 797.342 792.801 788.193 856.247 850.355 845.381 883.487 879.069 872.549

u (ms–1

)

0.05 1121.66 1105.74 1089.81 1303.23 1294.78 1277.35 1588.59 1574.11 1560.68

0.10 1122.64 1107.01 1091.04 1303.43 1294.84 1277.54 1588.62 1574.39 1560.83

0.15 1124.64 1118.40 1102.57 1303.32 1295.11 1277.49 1588.75 1574.29 1560.93

0.20 1130.56 1114.66 1110.23 1303.56 1295.45 1277.68 1589.02 1574.44 1561.14

0.25 1133.34 1119.42 1113.14 1303.89 1295.62 1277.83 1589.15 1574.63 1561.22

0.30 1134.97 1120.31 1114.36 1304.12 1295.71 1277.94 1589.33 1574.87 1561.49

0.35 1135.53 1121.11 1115.87 1304.77 1295.68 1278.25 1589.46 1574.98 1561.84

0.40 1135.75 1121.32 1115.92 1304.91 1295.82 1278.39 1589.68 1575.12 1561.79

0.45 1135.83 1121.38 1115.91 1305.21 1295.95 1278.54 1589.59 1575.05 1561.88

s TPa–1

× 10-10

0.05 9.994 1.033* 1.070* 6.878 7.016 7.254 4.485 4.592 4.708

0.10 9.961 1.030 1.066 6.874 7.013 7.249 4.484 4.588 4.705

0.15 9.915 1.008 1.043 6.873 7.008 7.247 4.482 4.587 4.703

0.20 9.808 1.014 1.028 6.870 7.005 7.243 4.481 4.587 4.702

0.25 9.760 1.005 1.023 6.867 7.003 7.242 4.481 4.587 4.702

0.30 9.733 1.004 1.021 6.865 7.003 7.241 4.480 4.585 4.701

0.35 9.725 1.002 1.018 6.859 7.004 7.239 4.480 4.585 4.698

0.40 9.722 1.002 1.018 6.858 7.003 7.238 4.479 4.585 4.698

0.45 9.721 1.003 1.018 6.856 7.002 7.236 4.479 4.586 4.698

* sTPa

–1 × 10

-9

Table(s)

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iptTable 3 Apparent molar volume (v) (m

3mol

-1) of TX100 (0.05–0.45 mmol kg

–1) in various compositions of methanol, ethanol and 1-

propanol containing 0.03 mol kg–1


[TX100]

mmol kg-1


25 °C 30 °C 35 °C 25 °C 30 °C 35 °C 25 °C 30 °C 35 °C

0.05 0.000840 0.000845 0.000861 0.000807 0.000810 0.000812 0.000756 0.000761 0.000768

0.10 0.000806 0.000809 0.000814 0.000766 0.000771 0.000775 0.000733 0.000735 0.000736

0.15 0.000788 0.000796 0.000801 0.000745 0.000759 0.000759 0.000718 0.000720 0.000724

0.20 0.000788 0.000793 0.000795 0.000745 0.000757 0.000759 0.000716 0.000719 0.000722

0.25 0.000789 0.000792 0.000796 0.000746 0.000757 0.000759 0.000715 0.000718 0.000722

0.30 0.000792 0.000797 0.000797 0.000746 0.000756 0.000758 0.000714 0.000718 0.000722

0.35 0.000793 0.000797 0.000797 0.000746 0.000756 0.000758 0.000714 0.000717 0.000721

0.40 0.000793 0.000797 0.000797 0.000746 0.000756 0.000758 0.000713 0.000717 0.000721

0.45 0.000793 0.000797 0.000797 0.000746 0.000755 0.000758 0.000713 0.000717 0.000721

100% v/v Ethanol 70% v/v Ethanol 30% v/v Ethanol

0.05 0.000945 0.000949 0.000952 0.000883 0.000950 0.000988 0.000824 0.000826 0.000823

0.10 0.000860 0.000866 0.000875 0.000806 0.000841 0.000863 0.000771 0.000769 0.000768

0.15 0.000831 0.000836 0.000843 0.000778 0.000805 0.000820 0.000744 0.000748 0.000750

0.20 0.000815 0.000816 0.000829 0.000758 0.000782 0.000795 0.000729 0.000737 0.000739

0.25 0.000812 0.000813 0.000825 0.000747 0.000771 0.000780 0.000721 0.000725 0.000731

0.30 0.000809 0.000811 0.000822 0.000744 0.000765 0.000774 0.000719 0.000722 0.000729

0.35 0.000807 0.000809 0.000820 0.000742 0.000761 0.000769 0.000717 0.000721 0.000728

0.40 0.000806 0.000808 0.000819 0.000741 0.000758 0.000766 0.000715 0.000719 0.000726

0.45 0.000805 0.000807 0.000818 0.000740 0.000756 0.000763 0.000714 0.000718 0.000725

100% v/v 1-propanol 70% v/v 1-propanol 30% v/v 1-propanol

0.05 0.000981 0.000994 0.001005 0.000937 0.000929 0.000941 0.000814 0.000824 0.000838

0.10 0.000870 0.000879 0.000891 0.000819 0.000823 0.000832 0.000746 0.000752 0.000763

0.15 0.000841 0.000849 0.000860 0.000789 0.000794 0.000803 0.000728 0.000736 0.000744

0.20 0.000826 0.000835 0.000846 0.000773 0.000780 0.000789 0.000719 0.000727 0.000734

0.25 0.000817 0.000826 0.000838 0.000764 0.000771 0.000780 0.000714 0.000721 0.000729

0.30 0.000811 0.000820 0.000832 0.000758 0.000765 0.000775 0.000711 0.000718 0.000725

0.35 0.000807 0.000815 0.000827 0.000753 0.000761 0.000770 0.000708 0.000715 0.000722

0.40 0.000804 0.000812 0.000824 0.000750 0.000758 0.000767 0.000707 0.000713 0.000720

0.45 0.000801 0.000810 0.000822 0.000747 0.000756 0.000765 0.000705 0.000711 0.000718

Table(s)

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iptTable 4 Apparent molar volume (v) (m

3mol

-1) of TX100 (0.05–0.45 mmol kg

–1) in various compositions of methanol, ethanol and 1-

propanol containing 0.02 mol kg–1


[TX100]

mmol kg-1


25 °C 30 °C 35 °C 25 °C 30 °C 35 °C 25 °C 30 °C 35 °C

0.05 0.000823 0.000830 0.000832 0.000774 0.000774 0.000778 0.000726 0.000729 0.000731

0.10 0.000784 0.000792 0.000799 0.000749 0.000751 0.000754 0.000715 0.000715 0.000717

0.15 0.000774 0.000780 0.000783 0.000739 0.000743 0.000747 0.000709 0.000711 0.000714

0.20 0.000773 0.000778 0.000784 0.000737 0.000741 0.000743 0.000709 0.000712 0.000715

0.25 0.000776 0.000781 0.000786 0.000736 0.000740 0.000743 0.000709 0.000712 0.000716

0.30 0.000778 0.000782 0.000787 0.000735 0.000740 0.000742 0.000709 0.000712 0.000716

0.35 0.000779 0.000784 0.000789 0.000735 0.000739 0.000742 0.000709 0.000712 0.000716

0.40 0.000780 0.000785 0.000790 0.000734 0.000739 0.000742 0.000709 0.000712 0.000716

0.45 0.000780 0.000787 0.000791 0.000734 0.000739 0.000742 0.000709 0.000712 0.000716


0.05 0.001083 0.001108 0.001147 0.000758 0.000766 0.000774 0.000756 0.000757 0.000759

0.10 0.000922 0.000940 0.000996 0.000737 0.000740 0.000744 0.000725 0.000728 0.000732

0.15 0.000835 0.000855 0.000876 0.000722 0.000728 0.000732 0.000711 0.000714 0.000716

0.20 0.000785 0.000823 0.000845 0.000713 0.000718 0.000723 0.000699 0.000704 0.000711

0.25 0.000795 0.000820 0.000839 0.000713 0.000720 0.000725 0.000699 0.000704 0.000709

0.30 0.000802 0.000817 0.000834 0.000716 0.000720 0.000726 0.000699 0.000704 0.000709

0.35 0.000810 0.000817 0.000839 0.000718 0.000721 0.000726 0.000699 0.000704 0.000708

0.40 0.000807 0.000815 0.000835 0.000719 0.000722 0.000727 0.000699 0.000703 0.000708

0.45 0.000806 0.000813 0.000832 0.000719 0.000722 0.000727 0.000699 0.000703 0.000708


0.05 0.000866 0.000864 0.000878 0.000818 0.000854 0.000889 0.000774 0.000799 0.000802

0.10 0.000805 0.000807 0.000814 0.000757 0.000780 0.000806 0.000722 0.000735 0.000737

0.15 0.000777 0.000784 0.000801 0.000745 0.000758 0.000778 0.000705 0.000714 0.000718

0.20 0.000775 0.000782 0.000795 0.000741 0.000750 0.000767 0.000699 0.000707 0.000712

0.25 0.000772 0.000780 0.000795 0.000737 0.000745 0.000761 0.000696 0.000703 0.000708

0.30 0.000772 0.000779 0.000794 0.000735 0.000742 0.000757 0.000694 0.000701 0.000706

0.35 0.000772 0.000778 0.000791 0.000733 0.000740 0.000754 0.000693 0.000699 0.000704

0.40 0.000771 0.000778 0.000791 0.000731 0.000738 0.000752 0.000692 0.000697 0.000703

0.45 0.000770 0.000777 0.000791 0.000730 0.000737 0.000750 0.000691 0.000696 0.000702

Table(s)

Page 29 of 53

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iptTable 5 Apparent molar adiabatic compression (k) (m

3mol

-1TPa

-1) of TX100 (0.05–0.45 mmol kg

–1) in various compositions of

methanol, ethanol and 1-propanol containing 0.03 mol kg–1


[TX100]

mmol kg-1


25 °C 30 °C 35 °C 25 °C 30 °C 35 °C 25 °C 30 °C 35 °C

0.05 0.849403 0.878391 0.939329 0.583264 0.597086 0.609362 0.355231 0.366541 0.376459

0.10 0.813579 0.842277 0.884013 0.550938 0.568097 0.581317 0.344524 0.353909 0.360838

0.15 0.794305 0.825690 0.868761 0.533918 0.557560 0.568483 0.336875 0.345975 0.354592

0.20 0.794114 0.820712 0.861038 0.534284 0.556540 0.568061 0.335888 0.345464 0.353546

0.25 0.795627 0.817787 0.861331 0.534401 0.555911 0.567872 0.335327 0.345032 0.353297

0.30 0.797288 0.821872 0.861494 0.534293 0.555454 0.567536 0.334811 0.344697 0.353046

0.35 0.797308 0.821637 0.861518 0.534571 0.554984 0.567180 0.334705 0.344316 0.352799

0.40 0.796592 0.820994 0.861980 0.534711 0.554638 0.566966 0.334524 0.344108 0.352564

0.45 0.796397 0.820975 0.862124 0.534668 0.554498 0.566854 0.334341 0.344031 0.352438


0.05 0.929016 0.948219 0.987719 0.696715 0.775204 0.849482 0.435613 0.449932 0.457873

0.10 0.844602 0.864311 0.907166 0.635552 0.686226 0.741530 0.407553 0.418902 0.427307

0.15 0.815112 0.834106 0.872583 0.613276 0.656120 0.704351 0.393106 0.407161 0.417175

0.20 0.798478 0.812830 0.857165 0.596191 0.637006 0.681806 0.384712 0.401122 0.410829

0.25 0.795135 0.808916 0.852742 0.587603 0.627495 0.669088 0.380343 0.393703 0.406201

0.30 0.792511 0.806532 0.849628 0.584975 0.622761 0.663304 0.378843 0.392351 0.404958

0.35 0.790622 0.804788 0.847664 0.583298 0.619170 0.659215 0.377772 0.391217 0.404016

0.40 0.789275 0.803330 0.846244 0.582181 0.616419 0.656079 0.376912 0.390518 0.403274

0.45 0.788178 0.802473 0.844684 0.581200 0.614547 0.653606 0.376431 0.389881 0.402748


0.05 0.833037 0.891443 0.984860 0.545396 0.570728 0.607516 0.364013 0.382748 0.401345

0.10 0.738334 0.788055 0.871614 0.476236 0.505342 0.536326 0.333137 0.348934 0.365151

0.15 0.713039 0.760700 0.842066 0.458510 0.487409 0.517921 0.325212 0.341342 0.355859

0.20 0.700205 0.747933 0.827941 0.449520 0.478792 0.508622 0.321293 0.336979 0.351149

0.25 0.692575 0.739394 0.819466 0.444011 0.473254 0.502668 0.318973 0.334308 0.348343

0.30 0.687598 0.733842 0.813247 0.440346 0.469386 0.498877 0.317359 0.332534 0.346494

0.35 0.683871 0.729730 0.808811 0.437771 0.466749 0.496091 0.316192 0.331131 0.344950

0.40 0.680980 0.726673 0.805215 0.435857 0.464845 0.494047 0.315398 0.330217 0.344011

0.45 0.678672 0.724354 0.802729 0.434219 0.463383 0.492532 0.314737 0.329373 0.343257

Table(s)

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iptTable 6 Apparent molar adiabatic compression (k) (m

3mol

-1TPa

-1) of TX100 (0.05–0.45 mmol kg

–1) in various compositions of

methanol, ethanol and 1-propanol containing 0.02 mol kg–1


[TX100]

mmol kg-1


25 °C 30 °C 35 °C 25 °C 30 °C 35 °C 25 °C 30 °C 35 °C

0.05 0.822942 0.858375 0.891223 0.532569 0.542951 0.564207 0.325817 0.334855 0.344207

0.10 0.781426 0.815928 0.852482 0.514706 0.526341 0.546658 0.320584 0.328187 0.337365

0.15 0.767643 0.786971 0.817532 0.507838 0.520366 0.541016 0.317748 0.326096 0.335906

0.20 0.759028 0.789976 0.806423 0.506142 0.519196 0.538246 0.317692 0.326413 0.336217

0.25 0.757614 0.785926 0.804777 0.505262 0.518495 0.537856 0.317825 0.326599 0.336510

0.30 0.757271 0.785967 0.804580 0.504577 0.518004 0.537646 0.317802 0.326537 0.336609

0.35 0.758215 0.786489 0.804266 0.503872 0.517862 0.537418 0.317795 0.326590 0.336170

0.40 0.758673 0.787610 0.804790 0.503658 0.517683 0.537270 0.317734 0.326616 0.336412

0.45 0.759036 0.789389 0.806159 0.503259 0.517417 0.537016 0.317762 0.326714 0.336502


0.05 1.026494 1.087890 1.167073 0.588760 0.614515 0.642418 0.392130 0.402429 0.410344

0.10 0.871434 0.922628 1.015019 0.572080 0.592753 0.616182 0.375851 0.387237 0.395165

0.15 0.787065 0.835143 0.887359 0.558891 0.581933 0.604929 0.368331 0.379102 0.386249

0.20 0.729438 0.800023 0.852638 0.550861 0.573034 0.596523 0.361933 0.373622 0.382973

0.25 0.740757 0.796364 0.846059 0.549138 0.573680 0.597266 0.361829 0.373330 0.382217

0.30 0.745236 0.792811 0.839865 0.552386 0.571990 0.597501 0.361871 0.373248 0.382074

0.35 0.753075 0.794241 0.846969 0.552597 0.572435 0.598270 0.361864 0.372798 0.381603

0.40 0.750664 0.790197 0.842250 0.552711 0.572473 0.597128 0.361841 0.372603 0.381396

0.45 0.748687 0.788440 0.837731 0.552867 0.572145 0.597202 0.361760 0.372738 0.381397


0.05 0.698912 0.741998 0.827771 0.466304 0.512669 0.569099 0.338110 0.360184 0.372710

0.10 0.648170 0.692410 0.765767 0.431120 0.467251 0.515825 0.315038 0.330995 0.342298

0.15 0.624672 0.671506 0.753195 0.424053 0.454205 0.497234 0.307661 0.321742 0.332959

0.20 0.623400 0.670070 0.747762 0.422218 0.449450 0.490401 0.305139 0.318410 0.330072

0.25 0.620982 0.668314 0.748350 0.419896 0.446405 0.486408 0.303724 0.316647 0.328443

0.30 0.620997 0.667268 0.746595 0.418266 0.444515 0.483640 0.302610 0.315288 0.327237

0.35 0.620283 0.666440 0.743723 0.417175 0.442885 0.481715 0.301875 0.314420 0.326437

0.40 0.619075 0.665501 0.743456 0.416265 0.441859 0.480416 0.301465 0.313774 0.325847

0.45 0.618419 0.665207 0.743254 0.415644 0.441029 0.479216 0.300988 0.313238 0.325329

Table(s)

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iptTable 7 Viscosity, (cP) of TX100 (0.05–0.45 mmol kg

–1) in various compositions of methanol, ethanol and 1-propanol containing

0.03 mol kg–1


[TX100]

mmol kg-1


25 °C 30 °C 35 °C 25 °C 30 °C 35 °C 25 °C 30 °C 35 °C

0.05 1.545 1.404 1.238 1.246 1.139 0.823 0.916 0.805 0.712

0.10 1.558 1.435 1.252 1.263 1.154 0.844 0.938 0.824 0.728

0.15 1.578 1.466 1.275 1.284 1.165 0.865 0.956 0.84 0.746

0.20 1.594 1.502 1.302 1.302 1.187 0.888 0.978 0.862 0.765

0.25 1.654 1.582 1.351 1.347 1.224 0.934 1.022 0.898 0.802

0.30 1.698 1.632 1.414 1.383 1.265 0.965 1.057 0.925 0.845

0.35 1.746 1.668 1.471 1.413 1.296 1.006 1.095 0.958 0.887

0.40 1.788 1.704 1.513 1.445 1.344 1.043 1.124 0.975 0.914

0.45 1.824 1.742 1.542 1.483 1.376 1.084 1.156 0.998 0.946


0.05 2.142 1.918 1.783 1.789 1.596 1.349 1.316 1.123 0.948

0.10 2.154 1.930 1.798 1.800 1.608 1.358 1.328 1.135 0.964

0.15 2.166 1.944 1.811 1.808 1.622 1.372 1.347 1.146 0.982

0.20 2.188 1.964 1.828 1.824 1.637 1.382 1.362 1.158 0.999

0.25 2.225 1.999 1.864 1.848 1.658 1.399 1.394 1.176 1.035

0.30 2.249 2.032 1.892 1.882 1.684 1.425 1.428 1.195 1.072

0.35 2.277 2.057 1.917 1.916 1.709 1.453 1.464 1.222 1.104

0.40 2.296 2.084 1.944 1.952 1.735 1.472 1.491 1.248 1.134

0.45 2.328 2.112 1.966 1.987 1.768 1.496 1.526 1.271 1.177


0.05 3.423 3.258 3.023 3.128 2.936 2.766 2.682 2.384 2.122

0.10 3.436 3.272 3.035 3.141 2.948 2.779 2.694 2.395 2.134

0.15 3.446 3.283 3.044 3.154 2.961 2.788 2.704 2.406 2.145

0.20 3.464 3.294 3.058 3.166 2.974 2.802 2.719 2.418 2.156

0.25 3.492 3.319 3.080 3.189 2.995 2.821 2.744 2.441 2.177

0.30 3.514 3.345 3.102 3.208 3.018 2.844 2.768 2.462 2.198

0.35 3.537 3.366 3.125 3.234 3.042 2.865 2.791 2.484 2.220

0.40 3.562 3.390 3.148 3.258 3.061 2.880 2.813 2.505 2.243

0.45 3.585 3.411 3.176 3.281 3.082 2.899 2.834 2.527 2.265

Table(s)

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iptTable 8 Viscosity, (cP) of TX100 (0.05–0.45 mmol kg

–1) in various compositions of methanol, ethanol and 1-propanol containing

0.02 mol kg–1


[TX100]

mmol kg-1


25 °C 30 °C 35 °C 25 °C 30 °C 35 °C 25 °C 30 °C 35 °C

0.05 1.662 1.528 1.384 1.365 1.208 0.946 1.134 1.004 0.849

0.10 1.678 1.542 1.403 1.382 1.226 0.962 1.148 1.022 0.868

0.15 1.692 1.565 1.426 1.394 1.238 0.980 1.169 1.046 0.886

0.20 1.716 1.585 1.448 1.414 1.255 0.999 1.185 1.068 0.903

0.25 1.756 1.626 1.488 1.452 1.294 1.036 1.228 1.129 0.934

0.30 1.794 1.662 1.531 1.484 1.334 1.071 1.260 1.167 0.958

0.35 1.818 1.694 1.561 1.514 1.368 1.098 1.288 1.195 0.984

0.40 1.845 1.733 1.594 1.542 1.399 1.134 1.328 1.238 1.012

0.45 1.878 1.768 1.622 1.572 1.436 1.166 1.364 1.272 1.038


0.05 2.222 2.094 1.884 1.856 1.642 1.464 1.566 1.358 1.084

0.10 2.234 2.112 1.896 1.870 1.654 1.478 1.578 1.372 1.096

0.15 2.243 2.124 1.908 1.885 1.666 1.489 1.590 1.382 1.108

0.20 2.258 2.135 1.920 1.899 1.677 1.504 1.602 1.394 1.124

0.25 2.284 2.162 1.944 1.922 1.699 1.528 1.625 1.418 1.145

0.30 2.308 2.188 1.965 1.943 1.717 1.558 1.648 1.436 1.164

0.35 2.326 2.211 1.985 1.972 1.734 1.584 1.676 1.457 1.183

0.40 2.346 2.238 2.008 1.998 1.752 1.606 1.696 1.478 1.202

0.45 2.369 2.256 2.034 2.030 1.775 1.632 1.718 1.495 1.224


0.05 3.645 3.458 3.232 3.422 3.216 2.976 3.218 3.004 2.784

0.10 3.658 3.469 3.245 3.435 3.228 2.986 3.229 3.016 2.796

0.15 3.668 3.479 3.257 3.446 3.239 2.994 3.241 3.027 2.807

0.20 3.684 3.490 3.270 3.458 3.252 3.006 3.252 3.038 2.818

0.25 3.706 3.512 3.292 3.481 3.273 3.022 3.274 3.061 2.839

0.30 3.729 3.535 3.314 3.502 3.295 3.043 3.295 3.086 2.862

0.35 3.752 3.559 3.337 3.525 3.318 3.064 3.316 3.105 2.883

0.40 3.774 3.584 3.360 3.548 3.341 3.087 3.336 3.128 2.906

0.45 3.796 3.608 3.384 3.574 3.364 3.111 3.357 3.152 2.928

Table(s)

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Table 9 FTIR band shift obtained in TX100 in absence and in the presence of 0.03

mol kg–1

BHA and 0.02 mol kg–1

BHT in various composite samples.

Codes Asymmetric

-CH2- (Strech.)

C-H (bending) (C-O-C) Phenolic

(O-H)

X 2950.17, 2874.14 951.37 1107.20 3431.19

XAM 2957.13, 2879.22 956.13 1109.07 3436.12

XTM 2758.26, 2879.28 956.10 1111.31 3437.25

XAE 2957.13, 2879.22 956.13 1109.07 3436.12

XTE 2758.43, 2879.37 955.48 1110.19 3436.50

XAP 2957.15, 2879.35 956.46 1110.18 3436.40

XTP 2759.20, 2880.23 956.15 1111.30 3438.63

X stands for TX100, A stands for BHA, and T stands for BHT. All vibrations were recorded in cm-1

Table(s)

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Table 10 Proton chemical shifts obtained in TX100 in absence and presence of 0.03 mol kg–1

BHA and 0.02 mol kg–1

BHT in various composite samples.

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8

XAM - - - 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.13

XTM - - - 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.09

XAE - - - 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.11

XTE - - - 0.04 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.12

XAP - - - 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.12

XTP - - - 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.11

(-) No proton movement was obtained, X stands for TX100, A stands for BHA, and T stands for BHT

Table(s)

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(a)

Figure(s)

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(b)

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(c)

Fig. 1. Apparent molar volume (v) versus TX100 30% v/v solution of (a) methanol, (b) ethanol,

and (c) 1-propanol containing BHA at different temperatures.

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(a)

Figure(s)

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(b)

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(c)

Fig. 2. Apparent molar volume (v) versus TX100 30% v/v solution of (a) methanol, (b) ethanol,

and (c) 1-propanol containing BHT at different temperatures.

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(a)

Figure(s)

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(b)

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(c)


methanol, (b) ethanol, and (c) 1-propanol containing BHA at different temperatures.

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(a)

Figure(s)

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(b)

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(c)


methanol, (b) ethanol, and (c) 1-propanol containing BHT at different temperatures.

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Fig. 5. FTIR spectrum of tert-octylphenol ethoxylate (TX100 molecule).

Figure(s)

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Fig. 6. Structural representation of TX100 molecule.

Figure(s)

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Fig. 7. The 1H NMR spectrum of TX100 molecule.

Figure(s)

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(a)

Figure(s)

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(b)

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(c)

Fig. 8. 1H NMR spectra of TX100 molecule prepared in (a) water-methanol mixture containing; i) BHA and ii) BHT, (b) water-

ethanol mixture containing; i) BHA and ii) BHT, (c) water-1-propanol mixture containing; i) BHA and ii) BHT.

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Fig. 9. Proposed hypothetical model of BHA and BHT molecule locus in TX100 micellar structure.

Figure(s)

Date post:	21-Dec-2016
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Cosmeceutical active molecules and ethoxylated alkylphenol (Triton X-100) in hydroalcoholic...

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