Cosmogenic induced activity

Cosmogenic induced activityCosmogenic induced activity

Susana Cebrián

Universidad de Zaragoza / Università di Milano-Bicocca

IDEA (Integrated Double-beta decay European Activities)

Heidelberg, 21st-22nd October 2004

Task leaders: Maura Pavan, Susana Cebrián

Participants:

• Heidelberg: G. Heusser, B. Schwingenheuer

• Milano: S. Capelli, O. Cremonesi, M. Pavan

• Zaragoza: B. Beltrán, J. M. Carmona, S. Cebrián, H. Gómez, G. Luzón, I. G. Irastorza, J. Morales, A.

Rodríguez, J. Ruz, L. Torres

• South Carolina (non-EU, on a self-financing basis)

S. Cebrián, Cosmogenic Induced Activity IDEA meeting, Heidelberg, October 2004

Presentation

“Cosmogenic induced activity” is the Work Package 4 of JRA2 / IDEA in ILIAS, in connection with:

Task 2 (Development of a standard library of background simulation codes) Task 4 (R&D on radiopurity of materials and purification techniques) of

JRA1 (Low background techniques for deep underground science)

• Attendance to JRA1 meeting held in Edinburgh on 10th September 2004

S. Cebrián, Cosmogenic Induced Activity

Detailed implementation plan for first 18 months

IDEA meeting, Heidelberg, October 2004

Outline of the talk

• Task 1: presentation of found results

• Task 2: description of codes and comparison

• Task 3: description and results of the activation study for TeO2

• Future work and summary

Search for p/n activation cross-sections on targets of interest (Ge, Te) on the literature and from nuclear data libraries

Task 1: Collection of available data on cross-sections

DELIVERABLE: Summary of non-existing measurements of cross-sections of interest and existing reliable measurements which can

be used to test the codes

Available at IDEA website: http://idea.dipscfm.uninsubria.it/

Outline of this part

General description and found results for:

- EXFOR - RNAL

- MENDL - Library up to 1.7 GeV

- Individual refences

EXFOR (CSISRS in USA)

http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nndc/exfor/, http://www-nds.iaea.or.at

• compilation of experimental nuclear reaction data

• easy searches into the SQL database, via web

• full access to data and references


information in EXFOR is not enough to make a complete activation study but essential to check calculated results

• some for (n,X) and (p,X) processes on Te and Ge targets

• p+Ge: some results for worrisome products like 60Co and 68Ge/68Ga mainly from an irradiation experiment at 660 MeV

Yu.V.Aleksandrov et al, Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences - Physics, 59 (1995) 895.

• p+Te: some results for I, Sb, and Te products but not for 60Co mainly from an irradiation experiment at 1.7 GeV

E. Porras et al, NIM B 160 (2000) 73

• more data for Cu and Pb

RNAL (Reference Neutron Activation Library)

http://www-nds.iaea.or.at/ndspub/rnal/www/

• library of evaluated cross sections for neutron-induced reactions leading to radioactive products

• format ENDF6

• restricted to 255 reactions: no result for Ge, for some (n,) processes on Te isotopes and for different reactions on Se, Xe, Mo, Cd, Cu or Pb

MENDL-2 (Medium Energy Nuclear Data Library) and MENDL-2P

ftp://iaeand.iaea.or.at/

“Neutron reaction data library for nuclear activation and transmutation at intermediate energies”, “Proton reaction data library for nuclear activation”, by Yu.N. Shubin et al.


not very useful for DBD activation studies, altough some results can be considered for checking

• detailed excitation functions calculated using the ALICE family of codes, checked against experimental data• very wide range of targets and products, but no information on 60Co for Te isotopes• independent results for n and p as projectiles• only up to 100 MeV for neutrons and 200 MeV for protons• used in GEANT4 for calculating isotope production


• comparison of MENDL-2P and EXFOR results for production of some I isotopes on nat Te

(equivalent cross-checks can be made for production of Zn, Ga, Ge and As isotopes on Ge)

MENDL is a valuable tool for activation studies, but with a very limited energy range for cosmogenics

Production libraries for n and p to 1.7 GeV

“Production and Validation of Isotope Production Cross-Section Libraries for Neutrons and Protons to 1.7 GeV”, S. G. Mashnik et al, [arXiv:nucl-th/9812071]. “Study of Isotope Production in High Power Accelerators: Detailed Report”, K. A. Van Riper et al, LA-UR-98-5379. http://t2.lanl.gov/publications/publications.html

• evaluated library of excitation functions including available experimental data and calculated results using the most suitable codes

• independent results for n and p as projectiles

• up to 1.7 GeV

• covering ~1/3 of natural elements

• products of medical interest


targets

products

This library can be very useful specially for studying activation in Ge DBD experiments


Results from individual references on Ge

• Calculated neutron-induced excitation functions on natural Ge isotopes for 68Ge, 65Zn, 58Co, A-2Ga and A-3Ga

F. T. Avignone et al., Nucl. Instr. B (Proc. Suppl.) 28A (1992)

and for 68Ge using LAHETMajorana Collaboration, [arXiv.org:nucl-ex/0311013]

• Measured production of 60Co in Ge by p at 800 MeVE. Norman, Poster at Neutrino 2004, Paris. To appear in NPB (PS).


Results from individual references on Te and Mo

• Irradiation experiments at Berkeley with protons at 0.8, 1.85 and 5 GeV, obtaining many production , with recent evaluation of 60Co results

D. W. Bardayan et al, Phys. Rev. C 55 (1997) 820.E. Norman, Poster at Neutrino 2004, Paris. To appear in NPB (PS).

EXFOR, 660 MeV 800 MeV

• Some experimental results are available for relevant production

at fixed energies on Te and Ge from individual references and the

EXFOR database, coming from proton irradiation experiments

o Not sufficient for a complete activation study but extremely

useful to check complementary calculations


Conclusions for Task 1

• The MENDL libraries offer reliable excitation functions for many

targets and products up to 100 MeV for n and 200 MeV for p

• Some evaluated excitation functions have been derived for some

products on Ge isotopes

Collect information on: • Target materials and product isotopes covered• Projectiles allowed• Range of applicable energies• Physical models included and/or experimental data sets considered for cross-sections • Checks with experimental data• “Technical” information: language, code source, support, ...

Task 2: Analysis of computational codes for n/p activation

DELIVERABLE: Report summarizing the features and limitations of the existing codes, deciding on the most suitable ones to

be used/improved in the study of activation in DBD experiments

Coming soon …


- Semiempirical codes

- Hadronic Monte Carlo codes

- General-purpose Monte Carlo codes


Semiempirical codes

Based on Silberberg&Tsao equations for cross-sections of different processes producing residual nuclei (spallation, fission, …)

Ap. J. Suppl. 25 (1973) 315, Ap. J. Suppl. 25 (1973) 335, Ap. J. Suppl. 35 (1977) 129, Ap. J. Suppl. 58 (1985) 873, Phys. Rep. 191 (1990) 351, Ap. J. 501 (1998) 911.

COSMO modified versions with new releases of formulas

different outputs: production , mass yield curves, activity C. J. Martoff, P. D. Lewin, Comput. Phys. Commun. 72 (1992) 96.

for Ge and CuJ. Bockholt, PhD thesis, University of Heidelberg, 1995.

YIELDXprovided by Tsao with the updated formulas

output: production

Hadronic Monte Carlo codes

Many families of codes based on the Monte Carlo simulation of the hadronic interactions between nucleons and nuclei: HETC, CEM, LAHET, ISABEL, INUCL, CASCADE, ALICE, SHIELD, MARS, GEM, LAQGSM, …


• Versions of many of them available at the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) Data Bank:

http://www.nea.fr/html/dbprog/

• Someones compared and checked against experimental data in a global NEA study (on O, Al, Fe, Co, Zr, and Au targets) :

“International Codes and Model Intercomparison for Intermediate Energy Activation Yields”, NSC/DOC(97)-1, January 1997

http://www.nea.fr/html/science/pt/ieay

and extensively compared with particular measurements of production irradiating targets with protons

M. Gloris et al, NIMB 113 (1996) 429R. Michel et al, NIMB 129 (1997) 153

Gilabert et al, NIMB 145 (1998) 293Yu. E. Titarenko et al, [arXiv:nucl-ex/9908012]

S. G. Mashnik et al, [arXiv:nucl-th/0208075]Yu. E. Titarenko et al, [arXiv:nucl-ex/0401034]

… and many more!


code history physics energy range

LAHET • Developed at Los Alamos based on HETC (Oak Ridge) adding ISABEL/VEGAS• Version 2.8 available at NEA requiring MCNP• Version 3 released in 2001 including INUCL and ABLA• Included in MCNPX 2.4

cascade

+[preequilibtium]

+evaporation

+fission

up to 3.5 GeV for nucleons

CEM • Started at Dubna• CEM95 available at NEA and included in MCNPX 2.4• CEM2k included in MCNPX 2.5• CEM2k merged with GEM2 (fission)

cascade

+preequilibrium

+evaporation

10 MeV-5 GeV

ALICE • ALICE91 available at NEA• Many different versions: AREL, HMS-ALICE, ALICE-IPPE…• Used for the MENDL libraries

precompound decay

up to ~200 MeV

Features of some codes (used to create a library, as considered the most reliable ones)

the relative role of each process giving rise to nuclei production changes with targets, products and projectile energies so for different activation problems the most suitable codes may be different

S. Cebrián, Cosmogenic Induced Activity

• NEA study in 1997: calculations of activation yields may at best have uncertainties of the order of a factor of two. Frequently, average deviations are much larger (may go up to two or three orders of magnitude).

IDEA meeting, Heidelberg, October 2004

Conclusions from intercomparison of codes

(even if not dealing with activation reactions of interest in DBD experiments)

• Measurements during 90s: predictive power of many codes is good (~2) in the near spallation region (products not far from the target) but worse in the deep spallation region or and much worse in the fission region

• Recent efforts to improve description of fission and fragmentation:

o Merging some codes with fission models (CEM2k+GEM2, LAQGSM+GEM2) agreements up to 20-40 % have been reported

General-purpose Monte Carlo codes

code website How to save nuclei production

Physical models and data

GEANT4(C++)

http://geant4.web.cern.ch

/geant4/

(G4IsoParticleChange) G4HadronicProcess::

GetIsotopeProduction

Info()

Different models available, based on parameterizations (GEISHA), evaluated data

(MENDL) and theory (including other codes: HETC,

INUCL, MARS)FLUKA

(FORTRAN77)

http://www.fluka.org RESNUCLEI

estimator

Neutron cross sections and/or information on production of

residual nuclei available for Te / Ge in present version

MCNPX(FORTRAN90)

http://mcnpx.lanl.gov/ FT8 RES tally

(version 2.5)

Includes LAHET 2.8 and CEM95 (version 2.4) and

CEM2k, INCL4 and ABLA (version 2.5)


the user can choose between different models and implementations to describe the hadronic physics

http://mcnpx.lanl.gov/




Monte Carlo codes

+ neutron activation studies possible - very time-consuming (specially for some products)

General-purpose MC codes

+ wide coverage of projectiles, targets and energies in principle

+ easy availability and support

+ different models can be used for the hadronic physics

- not many comparisons with measurements of activation yields available


Which codes should we use in our DBD activation studies?

• Semiempirical routine YIELDX

• MC codes like GEANT4 / MCNPX trying different hadronic models

Semiempirical codes

+ wide coverage of targets and products

+ short calculation time and simplicity of use

- only proton-induced reactions


Study using different codes and comparing with data when possible

Task 3: Comparison of results for some problems of interest

DELIVERABLE: Report comparing the performances of different codes for particular problems of interest in DBD

• Identification of the most reliable codes• Quantification of the uncertainties or spread in the estimates• Identification of weak points of the codes when treating our problems

Preliminary results for open questions in activation for DBD


- GEANT4 simulations

- comparisons with measured

- comparisons of excitation functions

- activity yields

Problem of activation in TeO2

Relevant production on Te and the corresponding activation yields have been estimated using YIELDX and GEANT4 and have been compared with all previous results

• GEANT4 version 4.6.0.p01• Projectiles: neutrons and protons• Energy: discrete values from 10 MeV to 5 GeV• Geometry: various samples of irradiation experiments implemented

o nat Te disk (diameter 3.1 cm, height 0.67 cm) from Berkeley measurements at

1.85 GeVo CdTe box (5 x 5 x 2 mm3) from measurement at 1.7 GeV

• Hadronic physics: different models taken into considerationo user-defined physics list: low and high energy parameterized models (LHEP) +

evaluated cross-section data for neutrons up to 20 MeVo QGSP: theory driven model based on Quark Gluon String modelso LHEP-BIC: LHEP + Binary cascade code below 3 GeVo LHEP-BERT: LHEP + Bertini cascade code below 3 GeVo LHEP-PRECO: LHEP + preequilibrium decay model below 100 MeV

J. P. Wellisch, nucl-th/0306006, nucl-th/0306008, nucl-th/0306016

GEANT4 simulations


• Results from p irradiation on natural Te at 1.85 GeV in Berkeley vs GEANT4 simulation with different models

Comparison data-calculations for

Z=27, Co Z=35, Br Z=37, Rb

1,E-03

1,E-02

1,E-01

1,E+00

1,E+01

60 75 76 77 82 84A

sigm

a (m

b)

measurement Berkeley Silberberg & Tsao GEANT4

GEANT4 (QGSP_HP) GEANT4 (LHEP_BIC) GEANT4 (LHEP_BERT)

Z=52, Te

1,E-01

1,E+00

1,E+01

1,E+02

117 119 121 129A

sigm

a (m

b)

measurement Berkeley Silberberg & Tsao GEANT4

GEANT4 (QGSP_HP) GEANT4 (LHEP_BIC) GEANT4 (LHEP_BERT)

model deviation factor F

user physics list 33.5

QGSP 17.4

LHEP-BIC 18.9

LHEP-BERT 2.3

model chosen


• Results for production cross-sections on Te from p irradiation at 1.85 GeV and at 1.7 GeV versus YIELDX semiempirical estimates and GEANT4 simulations

order of the best accuracy expected in this kind of calculations in mb

deviation factor F

measurement-measurement

3.3

GEANT4-GEANT4

1.6

measurement-GEANT4

1.9

measurement-GEANT4

1.9


1.85 GeV 1.7 GeV

exp expYIELDX YIELDXGEANT4 GEANT4

Production cross-section for 60Co

absorption of emissions = continuum in 2|0 region

1,E-05

1,E-04

1,E-03

1,E-02

1,E-01

1,E+00

1,E+01

1,E+02

10 100 1000 10000 100000

energy (MeV)

sig

ma

(m

b)

Silberberg &Tsao (YIELDX) measurement Berkeley measurement CERN

GEANT4 modified COSMO

significant discrepancy COSMO –YIELDX in 1-3 GeV

YIELDX


relevant difference for n/p activation at low energies

acceptable agreement GEANT4 – MENDL/YIELDX

• Contribution to background levels of muon-induced neutrons

Production cross-section for 124Sb

• Cosmogenically induced activity in TeO2 crystals

help to decide if muon-vetos can be necessary in CUORE

help to plan the construction and transport of crystals

1,E-05

1,E-04

1,E-03

1,E-02

1,E-01

1,E+00

1,E+01

1,E+02

1 10 100 1000 10000

energy (MeV)

sig

ma

(m

b)

MENDL-2P YIELDX MENDL-2

GEANT4 (p, LHEP_BERT) GEANT4 (n, LHEP_BERT) experiment 1.7 GeV

GEANT4 (n,LHEP_PRECO) modified COSMO GEANT4 (p, LHEP_PRECO)

124Sb in natTe

emitter with Q=2904.5 keV

MENDL-2 below and YIELDX above 100 MeV

agreement COSMO –YIELDX


1,E-06

1,E-05

1,E-04

1,E-03

1,E-02

1,E-01

1,E+00

1,E+01

1,E+02

1,E+03

1 10 100 1000 10000

energy (MeV)

sig

ma

(m

b)

MENDL-2P YIELDX MENDL-2

GEANT4 (p, LHEP_BERT) measurement Berkeley GEANT4 (n, LHEP_BERT)

GEANT4 (n, LHEP_PRECO) modified COSMO GEANT4 (p, LHEP_PRECO)

125Sb in natTe

Production cross-section for 125Sb

emitter with Q=766.7 keV (only in DM region)

MENDL-2 below and YIELDX above 100 MeV


1,E-10

1,E-09

1,E-08

1,E-07

1,E-06

1,E-05

1,E-04

1,E-03

10 100 1000 10000

energy (MeV)

n/cm

2/s/

Me

V

Ziegler parameterization modified COSMO

Cosmic neutron spectrum (E):

E>20 MeV:4.5 10-3 n/cm2/s 1.5 10-3 n/cm2/s

• From modified COSMO:

D. Lal and B. Peters, Springer, 1967.T. W. Armstrong et al, J. Geophys. Res. 78 (1973) 2715.O.C. Allkofer and P.K.F. Grieder, Physics Data, 25-1, 1984.

• Parameterization based on measurements:

J. F. Ziegler, IBM Journal of Research and Development 42 (1998) 1.


for texp=4 months, tdec=2 years

nuclide T1/2 modified COSMO (CUORE Proposal)

: MENDL/YIELDX

: mod. COSMO

: MENDL/YIELDX

: Ziegler

60Co 5.27 y 0.2 0.024 0.022

124Sb 60.2 d 0.05 0.014 + 0.026 0.05 + 0.06

125Sb 2.76 y 15 6.2 + 6.3 22 +15

Results for activity in TeO2:

• Activity of 60Co is almost one order of magnitude smaller using YIELDX cross-sections, regardless of the neutron spectrum used

• Sb activity could be higher (factor 2) considering other neutron spectrum

in Bq / kg

Contributions below + above 100 MeV

)()( EEdER ndectt eeRA )1( exp


• GEANT4 has been used to estimate some production in Te, compared

with available measurements

o At high energies, LHEP_BERT physics list gives the best agreement,

being the deviation factor ~2

o Deviations between YIELDX (Silberberg&Tsao) and GEANT4 are also

~2



From the activation study in TeO2

• Excitation functions have been described combining MENDL and YIELDX

results below and above 100 MeV

• Activity yields for TeO2 crystals have been derived and compared with

previous estimates based on a modified COSMO


• Task 2: complete analysis of codes

• Task 3: continue the study of particular problems

• activation in TeO2

• activation in Ge

• Task 4: start the design of new irradiation experiments

Future work


Summary

• A report has been prepared describing the available sources of

data for isotope production cross sections of interest in DBD

experiments

• Semiempirical and Monte Carlo codes for activation studies are

being analyzed and compared to find the most suitable ones

• An study of the cosmogenic activation for TeO2 is underway

using different codes and available data

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Cosmogenic induced activity

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