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COST CONTAINMENT OPTIONS IN COST CONTAINMENT OPTIONS IN SEMI-INTENSIVE TILAPIA SEMI-INTENSIVE TILAPIA
CULTURE: EVALUATION OF CULTURE: EVALUATION OF ALTERNATE DAY FEEDING ALTERNATE DAY FEEDING
STRATEGYSTRATEGY
Eddie Boy Jimenez, Remedios B. Eddie Boy Jimenez, Remedios B. Bolivar Bolivar Freshwater Aquaculture Freshwater Aquaculture CenterCenterCentral Luzon State University Central Luzon State University Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Science City of Muñoz, Nueva EcijaEcijaPHILIPINESPHILIPINES
andand
Christopher L. Brown Christopher L. Brown Marine Biology ProgramMarine Biology ProgramFlorida International UniversityFlorida International University3000 NE 151 St. ACI 378, North 3000 NE 151 St. ACI 378, North Miami, Florida, USAMiami, Florida, USA
Aquaculture Collaborative Aquaculture Collaborative Research Support ProgramResearch Support Program
Funding Agency:
US Agency for International Development (USAID)
Intensification of CultureIntensification of Culture Resulted to feed Resulted to feed
dependency dependency 60-70% of 60-70% of
production costs is production costs is due to feed costdue to feed cost
63%
Farm Budget –Tilapia Pond Culture in the Philippines (US$/ha/yr)*
0.80Price/kg (US$)
756.02Fingerlings
5,248.00Feeds
108.34Fertilizers
853.04Diesel
394.36Hired Labor
35%Profit Margin
0.52Cost/kg (US$)
4,535.54Net Income
8,341.52Total Cost
981.76Non-cash Cost
Less: Cash Cost
12,877.06Gross Income (US$)
1 US$=P50
63%
Conceptual FrameworkConceptual FrameworkFeeding Strategies Feeding Strategies
I.I. Delayed feeding onsetDelayed feeding onsetII.II. Sub-satiation feeding Sub-satiation feeding III.III. Two-stage feed reduction Two-stage feed reduction
strategy (delayed feeding strategy (delayed feeding onset + sub-satiation feeding)onset + sub-satiation feeding)
IV.IV. Alternate day feeding strategyAlternate day feeding strategy
I.I. Delayed Feeding OnsetDelayed Feeding Onset
start of feeding 45 days and 75 days after stocking of tilapia fingerlings
Mean weight (g) of Nile tilapia in ponds at two Mean weight (g) of Nile tilapia in ponds at two feeding onsetsfeeding onsets
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150
C ulture per iod ( day s )
Me
an
bo
dy
we
igh
t
E arly
Del ay ed
On-farm mean growth On-farm mean growth performance of Nile tilapia in performance of Nile tilapia in
the two feeding onsetsthe two feeding onsets
PerformancePerformanceOnset of feedingOnset of feeding
45 days45 days 75 days75 days
Mean final weight (g)Mean final weight (g) 164.7164.7± ±
22.922.9151.7151.7± ±
20.420.4
Mean daily weight gain Mean daily weight gain (g day(g day-1-1))
1.101.10±±0.40.400
1.011.01±±0.360.36
Extrapolated gross yield Extrapolated gross yield (kg ha(kg ha--11))
5,1405,140±±555454
4,9264,926±±524524
Feed conversion Feed conversion efficiencyefficiency
1.611.61±±0.10.199
1.251.25±±0.180.18
Survival (%)Survival (%) 8585±±6.36.3 8787±±5.55.5
Quantity of feeds (kg haQuantity of feeds (kg ha--
11))8,2998,299±±997474
6,0686,068±±606606
Partial budget analysis - Partial budget analysis - II
INCOMEINCOME 45 days45 days 75 days75 days
US$ US$ 5,321.035,321.03
US$ US$ 4,929.664,929.66
COSTSCOSTS
FingerlingsFingerlings 320.00320.00 320.00320.00
FeedsFeeds 1,771.071,771.07 1,295.061,295.06
FertilizersFertilizers 123.24123.24 122.40122.40
Diesel & oilDiesel & oil 40.0040.00 40.0040.00
ElectricityElectricity 25.0025.00 25.0025.00
LaborLabor 266.70266.70 190.50190.50
PROFITPROFIT US$ US$ 2,775.022,775.02
US$ US$ 2,936.702,936.70
II.II. Sub-satiation Feeding Sub-satiation Feeding StrategyStrategy
Tilapia were fed at 100% satiation and 67% satiation levels starting at 45 day onset
Mean weight of Nile tilapia in Mean weight of Nile tilapia in ponds at two satiation levelsponds at two satiation levels
020406080
100120140160180
0 30 60 90 120Culture period (days)
Mea
n w
eigh
t (g)
100% SATIATION 67% SATIATION
On-farm mean growth On-farm mean growth performance of Nile tilapia at performance of Nile tilapia at
two satiation levelstwo satiation levels
PerformancePerformanceSatiation levelsSatiation levels
100%100% 67%67%
Mean final weight (g)Mean final weight (g) 149.05149.05±4±455
154.0154.0±26±26
Mean daily weight gain Mean daily weight gain (g day(g day-1-1))
1.24±0.381.24±0.38 1.28±0.221.28±0.22
Extrapolated gross yield Extrapolated gross yield (kg ha(kg ha--11))
3,1363,136±1,2±1,25757
3,5753,575±1,2±1,25757
Feed conversion Feed conversion efficiencyefficiency
2.39±1.102.39±1.10 2.39±1.102.39±1.10
Survival (%)Survival (%) 5757±22±22 6565±20±20
Quantity of feeds (kg haQuantity of feeds (kg ha-1-1)) 9,396±2,09,396±2,09898
7,554±177,554±175454
Partial budget analysis - Partial budget analysis - IIII
INCOMEINCOME
100% 100% satiation, satiation,
45 day onset45 day onset
67% satiation, 67% satiation, 45 day onset45 day onset
US$ 3,165.13US$ 3,165.13 US$ 3,559.39US$ 3,559.39
COSTSCOSTS
FingerlingsFingerlings 336.00336.00 336.00336.00
FeedsFeeds 2,255.042,255.04 1,813.021,813.02
Diesel & oilDiesel & oil 44.0044.00 44.0044.00
FertilizersFertilizers 126.28126.28 125.64125.64
ElectricityElectricity 20.0020.00 20.0020.00
LaborLabor 195.00195.00 195.00195.00
PROFITPROFIT US$ 188.81US$ 188.81 US$ 1,025.73US$ 1,025.73
III.III. Two-stage Feed Two-stage Feed Reduction StrategyReduction Strategy
To evaluate possible additive To evaluate possible additive effects of two methods of cost effects of two methods of cost reduction – delayed onset of reduction – delayed onset of feeding (75 days feeding onset) feeding (75 days feeding onset) and feeding at sub-satiation and feeding at sub-satiation level in the culture of Nile level in the culture of Nile tilapia.tilapia.
Mean weight of tilapia in the two-stage feed Mean weight of tilapia in the two-stage feed reduction strategyreduction strategy
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 30 60 90 120 150
Culture Period (days)
Mea
n b
od
y w
eig
ht
(g)
100% Satiation 67% Satiation
On-farm mean growth On-farm mean growth performance of Nile tilapia in performance of Nile tilapia in
the two feeding onsetsthe two feeding onsets
PerformancePerformance75 days feeding75 days feeding
100% 100% satiation satiation
levellevel
67% 67% satiation satiation
levellevel
Mean final weight (g)Mean final weight (g) 104.2104.2± ± 37.137.1 91.791.7± ±
21.621.6
Mean daily weight gain (g Mean daily weight gain (g dayday-1-1))
0.690.69±±0.250.25 0.610.61±±0.10.144
Extrapolated gross yield Extrapolated gross yield (kg ha(kg ha--11))
3,1963,196±±1,491,4955
2,8152,815±±1,1,098098
Feed conversion Feed conversion efficiencyefficiency
3.583.58±±1.221.22 2.732.73±±1.71.799
Survival (%)Survival (%) 79.779.7±±1515 76.776.7±±1616
Quantity of feeds (kg haQuantity of feeds (kg ha-1-1)) 10,41610,416±±3,63,64242
7,0947,094±±2,2,554554
Partial budget analysis - Partial budget analysis - IIIIII
INCOMEINCOME
100% 100% satiation, satiation,
75 days onset75 days onset
67% satiation, 67% satiation, 75 days onset75 days onset
US$ 2,801.95US$ 2,801.95 US$ 2,296.15US$ 2,296.15
COSTSCOSTS
FingerlingsFingerlings 360.00360.00 360.00360.00
FeedsFeeds 2,916.282,916.28 1,986.351,986.35
Diesel & oilDiesel & oil 50.0050.00 50.0050.00
FertilizersFertilizers 166.42166.42 166.37166.37
ElectricityElectricity 30.0030.00 30.0030.00
LaborLabor 225.00225.00 225.00225.00
PROFITPROFIT -(US$ 945.75)-(US$ 945.75) -(US$ 521.57)-(US$ 521.57)
IV. Alternate Day Feeding IV. Alternate Day Feeding StrategyStrategy
To determine To determine the effect of the effect of alternate day alternate day feeding on the feeding on the grow-out grow-out efficiency and efficiency and net profit in net profit in semi-intensive semi-intensive tilapia culture.tilapia culture.
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28 29 30 31
Materials and MethodsMaterials and Methods
Nine (9) participating farmsNine (9) participating farms Two ponds in each farm were Two ponds in each farm were
made made available for the studyavailable for the study Ponds were fertilized with Ponds were fertilized with
inorganic inorganic fertilizers at fertilizers at the rates of 28 kg N and the rates of 28 kg N and 5.6 kg P 5.6 kg P haha-1-1 wk wk-1-1
Materials and MethodsMaterials and Methods Stocking of pondsStocking of ponds
Sex-reversed Nile Sex-reversed Nile tilapiatilapia
Stocking rate : 4 Stocking rate : 4 fish mfish m-2-2
Materials and MethodsMaterials and Methods
Feeds & feeding Feeds & feeding Commercial feedsCommercial feeds Feeding guideFeeding guide
Duration of CultureDuration of Culture 120 days120 days
Fish sampling and Fish sampling and water quality water quality monitoringmonitoring Every 2 weeksEvery 2 weeks
Growth trend of Nile tilapia in the Growth trend of Nile tilapia in the
daily and alternate day feedingdaily and alternate day feeding strategiesstrategies
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
160.00
180.00
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120
Culture period (days)
Mea
n w
eig
ht (
g)
Daily
Alternate
On-farm mean growth On-farm mean growth performance of Nile tilapia in the performance of Nile tilapia in the
two feeding frequenciestwo feeding frequencies
PerformancePerformanceFrequency of Frequency of
feedingfeeding
DailyDaily Alternate Alternate dayday
Mean final weight (g)Mean final weight (g) 167.4167.4±±5533
137.8137.8±±7272
Mean daily weight gain Mean daily weight gain (g day(g day-1-1))
1.391.39±±0.40.444
1.151.15±±0.600.60
Extrapolated gross yield Extrapolated gross yield (kg ha(kg ha--11))
2,9942,994±±880808
2,8072,807±±878755
Feed conversion Feed conversion efficiencyefficiency
2.202.20±±0.70.733
1.001.00±±0.340.34
Survival (%)Survival (%) 55.355.3±±2020 63.463.4±±2626
Quantity of feeds (kg haQuantity of feeds (kg ha--
11))6,3316,331±±1,1,088088
2,6892,689±±606011
Partial budget analysis - Partial budget analysis - IVIV
INCOMEINCOMEDaily Daily Alternate DayAlternate Day
US$ 2,730.68US$ 2,730.68 US$ 2,418.40US$ 2,418.40
COSTSCOSTS
FingerlingsFingerlings 392.00392.00 392.00392.00
FeedsFeeds 2,214.442,214.44 963.94963.94
Diesel & oilDiesel & oil 50.0050.00 50.0050.00
FertilizersFertilizers 169.08169.08 169.08169.08
ElectricityElectricity 24.0024.00 24.0024.00
LaborLabor 360.00360.00 180.00180.00
PROFITPROFIT -(US$ -(US$ 478.84)478.84)
US$ 639.38US$ 639.38
ConclusionsConclusions
Alternate day feeding strategy Alternate day feeding strategy can provide another cost can provide another cost containment feeding option for containment feeding option for tilapia farmers.tilapia farmers.
A cost saving of more than 50% A cost saving of more than 50% was realized. The remarkable was realized. The remarkable saving on feed cost was not saving on feed cost was not accompanied by any statistically accompanied by any statistically significant reduction in fish significant reduction in fish yield.yield.
ConclusionsConclusions
Aside from the feed cost saving, the Aside from the feed cost saving, the alternate day feeding strategy alternate day feeding strategy appears cost-effective because of appears cost-effective because of the substantial labor cost that can the substantial labor cost that can also be saved. The farm worker can also be saved. The farm worker can do other farm jobs as necessary.do other farm jobs as necessary.
It is environmentally desirable It is environmentally desirable because of the reduced organic because of the reduced organic loading of the pond system.loading of the pond system.
ConclusionsConclusions
It is easily adoptable because It is easily adoptable because the technique does not the technique does not require any complicated require any complicated procedure or use of other procedure or use of other farm inputs.farm inputs.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTACKNOWLEDGMENT
Farmer-Farmer-collaboratorscollaborators
Project staffProject staff
Thank youThank you